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id="toc-Enceladus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enceladus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Enceladus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enceladus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ganymede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ganymede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ganymede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ganymede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ceres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_giants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_giants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ice giants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_giants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pluto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Pluto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicators,_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicators,_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indicators, methods of detection and confirmation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indicators,_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indicators, methods of detection and confirmation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indicators,_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spectroscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spectroscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetic_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Magnetic fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Geological indicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Volcanic observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Gravitational evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_penetrating_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_penetrating_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ground penetrating radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_penetrating_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Density_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Density calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_of_radioactive_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_of_radioactive_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Models of radioactive decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models_of_radioactive_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_differentiation_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_differentiation_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Internal differentiation models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_differentiation_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitable_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitable_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Habitable zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitable_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_rich_circumstellar_disks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_rich_circumstellar_disks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Water rich circumstellar disks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_rich_circumstellar_disks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_water_on_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_water_on_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient water on Venus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_water_on_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence_of_past_surface_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_of_past_surface_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evidence of past surface water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_of_past_surface_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid_water_on_comets_and_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid_water_on_comets_and_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Liquid water on comets and asteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid_water_on_comets_and_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrasolar_habitable_zone_candidates_for_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrasolar_habitable_zone_candidates_for_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Extrasolar habitable zone candidates for water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrasolar_habitable_zone_candidates_for_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="ماء سائل خارج الأرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء سائل خارج الأرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2" title="বহির্জাগতিক তরল জল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহির্জাগতিক তরল জল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_extraterrestre" title="Agua extraterrestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua extraterrestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_liquide_dans_l%27Univers" title="Eau liquide dans l'Univers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau liquide dans l'Univers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_cair_ekstraterestrial" title="Air cair ekstraterestrial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air cair ekstraterestrial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_liquida_extraterrestre" title="Acqua liquida extraterrestre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua liquida extraterrestre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماورائے ارض مائع پانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماورائے ارض مائع پانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A1n_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Oceán (astronómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceán (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="น้ำเหลวนอกโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำเหลวนอกโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1_s%C4%B1v%C4%B1_su" title="Dünya dışı sıvı su – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dünya dışı sıvı su" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماورائے ارض مائع پانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماورائے ارض مائع پانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A4%96%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地外液態水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地外液態水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1319471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Earth</div> <p><b>Extraterrestrial liquid water</b> is <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> state that naturally occurs outside <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. It is a subject of wide interest because it is recognized as one of the key prerequisites for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> as we know it and is thus surmised to be essential for <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150407-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, Earth is the only celestial body known to have stable bodies of liquid water on its surface, with <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</a> water covering 71% of its surface,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is essential to life on Earth. The presence of liquid water is maintained by <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">Earth's atmospheric pressure</a> and stable orbit in the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">circumstellar habitable zone</a>, however, the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">origin of Earth's water</a> remains uncertain. </p><p>The main methods currently used for confirmation are <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>. These techniques have proven effective for atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> and ice. However, using current methods of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomical spectroscopy</a> it is substantially more difficult to detect liquid <a href="/wiki/Water_on_terrestrial_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Water on terrestrial planets">water on terrestrial planets</a>, especially in the case of subsurface water. Due to this, astronomers, astrobiologists and planetary scientists use habitable zone, gravitational and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">tidal theory</a>, models of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">planetary differentiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiometry" title="Radiometry">radiometry</a> to determine the potential for liquid water. Water observed in <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> activity can provide more compelling indirect evidence, as can <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> features and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> agents, such as salts or <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. </p><p>Using such methods, many scientists infer that liquid water once covered large areas of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Owen_2007_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen_2007-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water is thought to exist as liquid beneath the surface of some planetary bodies, similar to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> on Earth. Water vapour is sometimes considered conclusive evidence for the presence of liquid water, although atmospheric water vapour may be found to exist in many places where liquid water does not. Similar indirect evidence, however, supports the existence of liquids below the surface of several <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> elsewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150407-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some are speculated to be large <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Extraterrestrial_oceans" title="Ocean">extraterrestrial "oceans"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150407-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid water is thought to be common in other <a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">planetary systems</a>, despite the lack of conclusive evidence, and there is a growing <a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">list of extrasolar candidates for liquid water</a>. In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA scientists</a> reported that it is likely that <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a> with oceans may be common in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way galaxy</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20200618_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20200618-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20200618_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20200618-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water is a fundamental element for the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> of all known living beings. Although some areas of Earth such as deserts are dryer than others, their local lifeforms are adapted to make efficient use of the scarce available water. No known lifeform can live completely without water. Although life eventually adapted to live on land, the first process of <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> took place in an aquatic medium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the search for extraterrestrial water is closely related with the search of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> is one of the simplest molecules, composed of one <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms, and can be found in all celestial bodies of the solar system. However, water is only useful for life in a liquid state, and extraterrestrial water is commonly found as <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>. Liquid water also has several properties that are beneficial for lifeforms. For example, unlike most other liquids, it becomes less dense when it solidifies rather than denser. As a result, if a body of water gets cold enough, the ice floats and eventually creates an ice layer, trapping liquid water and its ecosystems below. Without this property, lakes and oceans would become ice in their full size, along with any creatures living in them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liquid_water_in_the_Solar_System">Liquid water in the Solar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liquid water in the Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_on_terrestrial_planets_of_the_Solar_System" title="Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System">Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System</a></div> <p>As of December 2015, the confirmed liquid water in the Solar System outside Earth is 25–50 times the volume of Earth's water (1.3 billion km<sup>3</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. about 3.25-6.5 × 10<sup>10</sup> km<sup>3</sup> (32.5 to 65 billion km<sup>3</sup>) and 3.25-6.5 × 10<sup>19</sup> tons (32.5 to 65 billion tons) of water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_theory" title="Mars ocean theory">Mars ocean theory</a> suggests that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was once covered by water, though the water on Mars is no longer oceanic. Much of it now resides in the <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">ice caps</a>, in a solid state. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg/220px-Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg/330px-Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg/440px-Mars_exposed_subsurface_ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A cross-section of Mars underground ice is exposed at the steep slope that appears bright blue in this enhanced-color view from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-exposed_ice_2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exposed_ice_2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scene is about 500 meters wide. The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground in the upper third of the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>Water on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> exists today almost exclusively as ice, with a small amount present in the atmosphere as <a href="/wiki/Vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour">vapour</a>. Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today but only under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No large standing bodies of liquid water exist because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 <a href="/wiki/Pascals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascals">pascals</a> (0.087 psi)—about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure—and because the global average temperature is far too low (210 K (−63 °C)), leading to either rapid evaporation or freezing. Features called <a href="/wiki/Recurring_slope_lineae" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurring slope lineae">recurring slope lineae</a> are thought to be caused by flows of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> — hydrated salts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wall-Brines_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-Brines_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ojha_NG2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojha_NG2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, scientists from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a> reported the detection of a <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">subglacial lake</a> on Mars, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) below the <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">southern polar ice cap</a>, and spanning 20 kilometres (12 mi) horizontally, the first evidence for a stable body of liquid water on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180725_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180725-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180725_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180725-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the temperature at the base of the polar cap is estimated at 205 K (−68 °C; −91 °F), scientists assume that the water may remain liquid due to the antifreeze effect of magnesium and calcium <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180725_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180725-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1.5-kilometre (0.93 mi) ice layer covering the lake is composed of water ice with 10 to 20% admixed dust, and seasonally covered by a 1-metre (3 ft 3 in)-thick layer of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> ice.<sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20180725_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20180725-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europa">Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists' consensus is that a layer of liquid water exists beneath the surface of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, a moon of Jupiter and that heat from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flexing">tidal flexing</a> allows the subsurface ocean to remain liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that the outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10–30 km (6–19 mi) thick, including a ductile "warm ice" layer, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100 km (60 mi) deep.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3 × 10<sup>18</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (3 billion km<sup>3</sup>), slightly more than twice the volume of Earth's oceans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enceladus">Enceladus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enceladus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, a moon of Saturn, has shown geysers of water, confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini spacecraft"><i>Cassini</i> spacecraft</a> in 2005 and analyzed more deeply in 2008. Gravimetric data in 2010–2011 confirmed a subsurface ocean. While previously believed to be localized, most likely in a portion of the southern hemisphere, evidence revealed in 2015 now suggests the subsurface ocean is global in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to water, these geysers from vents near the south pole contained small amounts of salt, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and volatile hydrocarbons. The melting of the ocean water and the geysers appear to be driven by <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal flux</a> from Saturn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ganymede">Ganymede</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ganymede"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subsurface saline ocean is theorized to exist on <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, a moon of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, following observation by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> in 2015. Patterns in auroral belts and rocking of the magnetic field suggest the presence of an ocean. It is estimated to be 100 km deep with the surface lying below a crust of 150 km of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2015, the precise quantity of liquid water on Ganymede is highly uncertain (1–33 times as much as Earth).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceres">Ceres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> appears to be <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiated</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rocky</a> <a href="/wiki/Core_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Core (geology)">core</a> and icy <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, and may have a remnant <a href="/wiki/Internal_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal ocean">internal ocean</a> of liquid water under the layer of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-McCord2005-jgrp_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCord2005-jgrp-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carey2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface is probably a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrated</a> minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay_mineral" title="Clay mineral">clay</a>. In January 2014, emissions of water vapor were detected from several regions of Ceres.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was unexpected, because large bodies in the asteroid belt do not typically emit vapor, a hallmark of comets. Ceres also features a mountain called <a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Mons" title="Ahuna Mons">Ahuna Mons</a> that is thought to be a <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanic">cryovolcanic</a> dome that facilitates the movement of high viscosity cryovolcanic magma consisting of water ice softened by its content of salts.<sup id="cite_ref-Skibba2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skibba2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruesch2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruesch2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_giants">Ice giants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ice giants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a>" (sometimes known as "water giant") planets <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> are thought to have a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical</a> water ocean beneath their clouds, which accounts for about two-thirds of their total mass,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most likely surrounding small rocky cores, although a 2006 study by Wiktorowicz and Ingersall ruled out the possibility of such a water "ocean" existing on Neptune.<sup id="cite_ref-WiktorowiczIngersoll2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WiktorowiczIngersoll2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This kind of planet is thought to be common in extrasolar planetary systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluto">Pluto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pluto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2020, astronomers reported evidence that the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> may have had a <a href="/wiki/Ocean#Extraterrestrial_oceans" title="Ocean">subsurface ocean</a>, and consequently may have been <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitable</a>, when it was first formed.<sup id="cite_ref-INV-20200622_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INV-20200622-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGS-20200622_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGS-20200622-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indicators,_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation"><span id="Indicators.2C_methods_of_detection_and_confirmation"></span>Indicators, methods of detection and confirmation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indicators, methods of detection and confirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most known <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planetary systems</a> appear to have very different compositions to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, though there is probably <a href="/wiki/Sample_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample bias">sample bias</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">detection methods</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spectroscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png/220px-Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png/330px-Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png/440px-Absorption_spectrum_of_liquid_water.png 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Absorption spectrum of liquid water</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg/220px-PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg/330px-PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg/440px-PIA17934-MartianSlope-SeasonalDarkFlows-20140210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>Liquid water has not been detected in spectroscopic analysis of suspected seasonal Martian flows.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liquid water has a distinct <a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy" title="Absorption spectroscopy">absorption spectroscopy</a> signature compared to other states of water due to the state of its hydrogen bonds. Despite the confirmation of extraterrestrial water vapor and ice, however, the spectral signature of liquid water is yet to be confirmed outside of Earth. The signatures of surface water on terrestrial planets may be undetectable through thick atmospheres across the vast distances of space using current technology. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes</a>, though strongly suggestive of briny liquid water, have yet to indicate this in spectroscopic analysis. </p><p>Water vapor has been confirmed in numerous objects via spectroscopy, though it does not by itself confirm the presence of liquid water. However, when combined with other observations, the possibility might be inferred. For example, the density of <a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a> would suggest that a large fraction of its mass is water and follow-up detection by the Hubble telescope of the presence of water vapor strongly suggests that exotic materials like 'hot ice' or 'superfluid water' may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Distant_'waterworld'_is_confirmed_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distant_'waterworld'_is_confirmed-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SD_2012-02-21_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD_2012-02-21-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetic_fields">Magnetic fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magnetic fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the Jovian moons Ganymede and Europa, the existence of a sub-ice ocean is inferred from the measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> of Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since conductors moving through a magnetic field produce a counter-electromotive field, the presence of the water below the surface was deduced from the change in magnetic field as the moon passed from the northern to southern magnetic hemisphere of Jupiter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_indicators">Geological indicators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geological indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater on Mars</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gold" title="Thomas Gold">Thomas Gold</a> has posited that many Solar System bodies could potentially hold groundwater below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold1992_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold1992-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">liquid water</a> may exist in the Martian subsurface. Research suggests that in the past there was liquid water flowing on the surface,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating large areas similar to Earth's oceans. However, the question remains as to where the water has gone.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of direct and indirect proofs of water's presence either on or <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">under the surface</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream beds</a>, polar caps, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic measurement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> craters or <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> directly connected to the existence of liquid water (such as <a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">Goethite</a>). In an article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>, scientists studied <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a> in Antarctica and discovered that it may have implications for liquid water still being on Mars. Through their research, scientists came to the conclusion that if Lake Vostok existed before the perennial glaciation began, that it is likely that the lake did not freeze all the way to the bottom. Due to this hypothesis, scientists say that if water had existed before the polar ice caps on Mars, it is likely that there is still liquid water below the ice caps that may even contain evidence of life.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a>", a common feature on Europa's surface, is interpreted by researchers studying images of Europa taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft as regions where the subsurface ocean has melted through the icy crust.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_observation">Volcanic observation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Volcanic observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg/350px-Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg/525px-Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg/700px-Enceladus_Cold_Geyser_Model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption>A possible mechanism for cryovolcanism on bodies like Enceladus</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geysers</a> have been found on <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, a moon of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, moon of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20131212-EU_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20131212-EU-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These contain water vapour and could be indicators of liquid water deeper down.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could also be just ice.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2009, using data gathered by NASA's Casini spacecraft, researchers noticed that Enceladus wobbled in a certain way as it orbited Saturn. That wobble indicated that the moon's icy crust didn't extend all the way to its core — instead, it rested on a global ocean, the researchers concluded. was put forward for salty subterranean oceans on Enceladus.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 April 2014, NASA reported that evidence for a large underground <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> of liquid water on Enceladus had been found by the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini (spacecraft)">Cassini spacecraft</a>. According to the scientists, evidence of an underground ocean suggests that Enceladus is one of the most likely places in the solar system to "host <a href="/wiki/Microbial_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial life">microbial life</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Material from Enceladus' south polar jets contains salty water and organic molecules, the basic chemical ingredients for life," said Linda Spilker, Cassini's project scientist at JPL. "Their discovery expanded our view of the 'habitable zone' within our solar system and in planetary systems of other stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions of water vapor have been detected from several regions of the dwarf planet Ceres,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with evidence of ongoing cryovalcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-SoriByrne2017_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoriByrne2017-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_evidence">Gravitational evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gravitational evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mimas_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/220px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/330px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Mimas_Cassini.jpg/440px-Mimas_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Saturn's tiny moon Mimas, the Solar System's smallest round body, may be a new class of "stealth ocean world".</figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists' consensus is that a layer of liquid water exists beneath Europa's surface, and that heat energy from <a href="/wiki/Tidal_flexing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal flexing">tidal flexing</a> allows the <a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsurface ocean">subsurface ocean</a> to remain liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-geology_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geology-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-greenberg_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenberg-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first hints of a subsurface ocean came from theoretical considerations of tidal heating (a consequence of Europa's slightly eccentric orbit and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a> with the other Galilean moons). </p><p>Scientists used gravitational measurements from the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini (spacecraft)">Cassini spacecraft</a> to confirm a water ocean under the crust of <a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tidal models have been used as theories for water layers in other Solar System moons. According to at least one gravitational study on Cassini data, <a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a> has an ocean 100 kilometers below the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-BeutheRivoldini2016_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeutheRivoldini2016-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anomalies in the orbital libration of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a> combined with models of tidal mechanics led scientists in 2022 to propose that it harbours an internal ocean. The finding has surprised many who believed it was not possible for the Solar System's smallest round body, which was previously believed to be frozen solid, and has led to the classification of a new type of "stealth ocean world".<sup id="cite_ref-Rhoden_Walker_2022_p=114872_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhoden_Walker_2022_p=114872-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20220121_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20220121-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_penetrating_radio">Ground penetrating radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ground penetrating radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/150px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/225px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg/300px-Mars-SubglacialWater-SouthPoleRegion-20180725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Site of south polar <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Martian subglacial water body</a> (reported July 2018)</figcaption></figure> <p>Scientists have detected liquid water using radio signals. The radio detection and ranging (<a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">RADAR</a>) instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Cassini_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini probe">Cassini probe</a> was used to detect the existence of a layer of liquid water and ammonia beneath the surface of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> that are consistent with calculations of the moon's density.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground penetrating radar and <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_permittivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric permittivity">dielectric permittivity</a> data from the <a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a> instrument on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> indicates a 20-kilometer-wide stable body of briny liquid water in the <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a> region of planet Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-OroseiLauro2018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OroseiLauro2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density_calculation">Density calculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Density calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/220px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/330px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg/440px-PIA19656-SaturnMoon-Enceladus-Ocean-ArtConcept-20150915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2812" /></a><figcaption>Artists conception of the subsurface water ocean confirmed on Enceladus</figcaption></figure> <p>Planetary scientists can use calculations of density to determine the composition of planets and their potential to possess liquid water, though the method is not highly accurate as the combination of many compounds and states can produce similar densities. </p><p>Models of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> density indicate the presence of a subsurface ocean layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar density estimations are strong indicators of an subsurface ocean on Enceladus.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140403_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140403-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20140404_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140404-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial analysis of <a href="/wiki/55_Cancri_e" title="55 Cancri e">55 Cancri e</a>'s low density indicated that it consisted 30% <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> which Diana Valencia of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology proposed could be in the form of salty <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercritical water">supercritical water</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newscientist.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newscientist.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though follow-up analysis of its transit failed to detect traces of either water or hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-transitatmo_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transitatmo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/GJ_1214_b" title="GJ 1214 b">GJ 1214 b</a> was the second exoplanet (after CoRoT-7b) to have an established mass and radius less than those of the giant Solar System planets. It is three times the size of Earth and about 6.5 times as massive. Its low density indicated that it is likely a mix of rock and water,<sup id="cite_ref-The_small_planet_with_a_thick_coat_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_small_planet_with_a_thick_coat-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and follow-up observations using the Hubble telescope now seem to confirm that a large fraction of its mass is water, so it is a large waterworld. The high temperatures and pressures would form exotic materials like 'hot ice' or 'superfluid water'.<sup id="cite_ref-Distant_'waterworld'_is_confirmed_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distant_'waterworld'_is_confirmed-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SD_2012-02-21_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD_2012-02-21-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models_of_radioactive_decay">Models of radioactive decay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Models of radioactive decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Models of heat retention and heating via <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> in smaller icy Solar System bodies suggest that <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(dwarf_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluto (dwarf planet)">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a> may have oceans underneath solid icy crusts approximately 100 km thick.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of particular interest in these cases is the fact that the models indicate that the liquid layers are in direct contact with the rocky core, which allows efficient mixing of minerals and salts into the water. This is in contrast with the oceans that may be inside larger icy satellites like Ganymede, Callisto, or Titan, where layers of high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Ice_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice V">phases of ice</a> are thought to underlie the liquid water layer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Models of radioactive decay suggest that <a href="/wiki/MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb" title="MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb">MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb</a>, a small planet orbiting a small star could be as warm as the Earth and completely covered by a very deep ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-http_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_differentiation_models">Internal differentiation models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Internal differentiation models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/220px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/330px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg/440px-Ceres_Cutaway-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a possible internal structure of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Models of Solar System objects indicate the presence of liquid water in their internal differentiation. </p><p>Some models of the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, largest object in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> indicate the possibility of a wet interior layer. Water vapor detected to be emitted by the dwarf planet<sup id="cite_ref-KüppersO'Rourke2014_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KüppersO'Rourke2014-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140122_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140122-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be an indicator, through sublimation of surface ice. </p><p>A global layer of liquid water thick enough to decouple the crust from the mantle is thought to be present on <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> and, with less certainty, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycSolSys-Triton_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycSolSys-Triton-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocean_triton_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocean_triton-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other icy moons may also have internal oceans, or have once had internal oceans that have now frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussmann_Sohl_et_al._2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitable_zone">Habitable zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Habitable zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone#Extrasolar_discoveries" title="Habitable zone">Habitable zone § Extrasolar discoveries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_in_the_habitable_zone" title="Category:Exoplanets in the habitable zone">Category:Exoplanets in the habitable zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/200px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/300px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg/400px-UpsilonAndromedae_D_moons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of a <a href="/wiki/Sudarsky_extrasolar_planet_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudarsky extrasolar planet classification">class II</a> planet with water vapor clouds, as seen from a hypothetical large moon with surface liquid water</figcaption></figure> <p>A planet's orbit in the circumstellar habitable zone is a popular method used to predict its potential for surface water at its surface. Habitable zone theory has put forward several extrasolar candidates for liquid water, though they are highly speculative as a planet's orbit around a star alone does not guarantee that a planet it has liquid water. In addition to its orbit, a planetary mass object must have the potential for sufficient atmospheric pressure to support liquid water and a sufficient supply of hydrogen and oxygen at or near its surface. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581_planetary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 581 planetary system">Gliese 581 planetary system</a> contains multiple planets that may be candidates for surface water, including <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581c" title="Gliese 581c">Gliese 581c</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Space.com_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581d" title="Gliese 581d">Gliese 581d</a>, might be warm enough for oceans if a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> was operating,<sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gliese_581e" title="Gliese 581e">Gliese 581e</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 667 C">Gliese 667 C</a> has three of them are in the habitable zone<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cc" title="Gliese 667 Cc">Gliese 667 Cc</a> is estimated to have surface temperatures similar to Earth and a strong chance of liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-astronomynow.com_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronomynow.com-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kepler-22b" title="Kepler-22b">Kepler-22b</a> one of the first 54 candidates found by the Kepler telescope and reported is 2.4 times the size of the Earth, with an estimated temperature of 22 °C. It is described as having the potential for surface water, though its composition is currently unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the 1,235 possible extrasolar planet candidates detected by NASA's planet-hunting <a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a> during its first four months of operation, 54 are orbiting in the parent star's habitable 'Goldilocks' zone where liquid water could exist.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of these are near Earth-size.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 January 2015, NASA announced further observations conducted from May 2009 to April 2013 which included eight candidates between one and two times the size of Earth, orbiting in a habitable zone. Of these eight, six orbit stars that are similar to the Sun in size and temperature. Three of the newly confirmed exoplanets were found to orbit within <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>: two of the three, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-438b" title="Kepler-438b">Kepler-438b</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kepler-442b" title="Kepler-442b">Kepler-442b</a>, are near-Earth-size and likely rocky; the third, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-440b" title="Kepler-440b">Kepler-440b</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150106_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150106-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_rich_circumstellar_disks">Water rich circumstellar disks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water rich circumstellar disks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar disk">Circumstellar disk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/220px--Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="57" data-mwtitle="Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/76/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm/Artist_impression_of_the_protoplanetary_disc_surrounding_the_young_star_MWC_480.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Artist impression of the protoplanetary disc surrounding MWC 480 which contains large quantities of water and organic molecules – building blocks of life</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Long before the discovery of water on asteroids, on comets, and on dwarf planets beyond Neptune, the Solar System's circumstellar disks, beyond the snow line, including the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> were thought to contain large amounts of water and these were believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin of water on Earth</a>. Given that many types of stars are thought to blow volatiles from the system through the photoevaporation effect, water content in circumstellar disks and rocky material in other planetary systems are very good indicators of a planetary system's potential for liquid water and a potential for organic chemistry, especially if detected within the planet forming regions or the habitable zone. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a> can be used for this.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2007, such a disk was found in the habitable zone of <a href="/wiki/MWC_480" title="MWC 480">MWC 480</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisner2007_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisner2007-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, such a disk was found around the star <a href="/wiki/AA_Tauri" title="AA Tauri">AA Tauri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrNajita2008_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrNajita2008-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a similar disk was discovered around the young star <a href="/wiki/HD_142527" title="HD 142527">HD 142527</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HondaInoue2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HondaInoue2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, a water-rich debris disk around <a href="/wiki/GD_61" title="GD 61">GD 61</a> accompanied by a confirmed rocky object consisting of magnesium, silicon, iron, and oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-watery_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watery-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, another water rich disk was spotted around <a href="/wiki/HD_100546" title="HD 100546">HD 100546</a> has ices close to the star.<sup id="cite_ref-HondaKudo2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HondaKudo2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">There is no guarantee that the other conditions will be found that allow liquid water to be present on a planetary surface. Should planetary mass objects be present, a single, gas giant, with or without planetary mass moons, orbiting close to the circumstellar habitable zone, could prevent the necessary conditions from occurring in the system. However, it would mean that planetary mass objects, such as the icy bodies of the solar system, could have abundant quantities of liquid within them.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Lunar maria</a> are vast basaltic plains on the Moon that were thought to be bodies of water by early astronomers, who referred to them as "seas". <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> expressed some doubt about the lunar 'seas' in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems" title="Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems">Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salviati_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salviati-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before space probes were landed, the idea of oceans on Venus was credible science, but the planet was discovered to be much too hot. </p><p>Telescopic observations from the time of Galileo onward have shown that Mars has no features resembling watery oceans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mars' dryness was long recognized, and gave credibility to the spurious <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_water_on_Venus">Ancient water on Venus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancient water on Venus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a> and others have postulated that <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> may have had a shallow ocean in the past for up to 2 <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> years,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WV2016_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV2016-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with as much water as Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-ESAH_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAH-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the parameters used in their theoretical model, the last liquid water could have evaporated as recently as 715 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-WV2016_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WV2016-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the only known <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Venus" title="Water on Venus">water on Venus</a> is in the form of a tiny amount of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmospheric</a> vapor (20 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Basilevsky2003_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basilevsky2003-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bertaux2007_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertaux2007-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a>, a component of water, is still being lost to space as detected by <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-ESAH_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESAH-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence_of_past_surface_water">Evidence of past surface water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Evidence of past surface water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientMars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AncientMars.jpg/220px-AncientMars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AncientMars.jpg/330px-AncientMars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/AncientMars.jpg/440px-AncientMars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8828" data-file-height="8828" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of ancient Mars and its hypothesized oceans based on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Ocean_Hypothesis#Observational_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Ocean Hypothesis">geological data</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Assuming that the <i><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">giant-impact hypothesis</a></i> is correct, there were never real seas or oceans on the Moon, only perhaps a little moisture (liquid or ice) in some places, when the Moon had a thin atmosphere created by degassing of volcanoes or impacts of icy bodies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i> space probe</a> found possible evidence of past water flow on <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">the asteroid Vesta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to speculation of underground reservoirs of water-ice.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astronomers speculate that <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Venus</a> had liquid water and perhaps oceans in its very early history.<sup id="cite_ref-JamesOwen_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JamesOwen-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that Venus has been completely <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">resurfaced</a> by its own active geology, the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Water_on_terrestrial_planets#Water_inventories" class="mw-redirect" title="Water on terrestrial planets">primeval ocean</a> is hard to test. Rock samples may one day give the answer.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was once thought that Mars might have dried up from something more Earth-like. The initial discovery of a cratered surface made this seem unlikely, but further evidence has changed this view. Liquid water may have existed on the surface of Mars in the distant past, and several basins on Mars have been proposed as dry sea beds.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest is <a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a>; others include <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argyre_Planitia" title="Argyre Planitia">Argyre Planitia</a>. </p><p>There is currently much debate over whether Mars once had an ocean of water in its northern hemisphere, and over what happened to it if it did. Findings by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> mission indicate it had some long-term standing water in at least one location, but its extent is not known. The Opportunity Mars rover photographed bright veins of a mineral leading to conclusive confirmation of deposition by liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 December 2013, NASA reported that the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> had a large <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater lake">freshwater lake</a> (which could have been a hospitable environment for <a href="/wiki/Microbial_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial life">microbial life</a>) based on evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> near <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolis Mons">Mount Sharp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131209_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131209-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SCI-20131209_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20131209-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Mars ocean hypothesis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liquid_water_on_comets_and_asteroids">Liquid water on comets and asteroids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Liquid water on comets and asteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a> contain large proportions of water ice, but are generally thought to be completely frozen due to their small size and large distance from the Sun. However, studies on dust collected from comet <a href="/wiki/Wild-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild-2">Wild-2</a> show evidence for liquid water inside the comet at some point in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is yet unclear what source of heat may have caused melting of some of the comet's water ice. </p><p>Nevertheless, on 10 December 2014, scientists reported that the composition of water vapor from comet <a href="/wiki/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Churyumov–Gerasimenko">Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a>, as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i> spacecraft</a>, is substantially different from that found on Earth. That is, the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> in the water from the comet was determined to be three times that found for terrestrial water. This makes it very unlikely that water found on Earth came from comets such as comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko according to the scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20141210-DCA_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20141210-DCA-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141210-KC_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141210-KC-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/24_Themis" title="24 Themis">24 Themis</a> was the first found to have water, including liquid pressurised by non-atmospheric means, dissolved into mineral through ionising radiation. Water has also been found to flow on the large asteroid <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a> heated through periodic impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-DeSanctis2012b_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeSanctis2012b-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extrasolar_habitable_zone_candidates_for_water">Extrasolar habitable zone candidates for water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Extrasolar habitable zone candidates for water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg/200px-NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg/300px-NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg/400px-NASA-Exoplanet-WaterWorlds-20180817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Exoplanets potentially containing water (artwork; 17 August 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-PHYS-20180817_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHYS-20180817-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Kepler-22b" title="Kepler-22b">Kepler-22b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-69c" title="Kepler-69c">Kepler-69c</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-452b" title="Kepler-452b">Kepler-452b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">Kepler-62f</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler-186f" title="Kepler-186f">Kepler-186f</a>.)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Most known <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planetary systems</a> appear to have very different compositions compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, though there may be <a href="/wiki/Sample_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample bias">sample bias</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_extrasolar_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Methods of detecting extrasolar planets">detection methods</a>. </p><p>The goal of current searches is to find Earth-sized planets in the <a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone" title="Habitable zone">habitable zone</a> of their planetary systems (also sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">"Goldilocks zone"</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planets with oceans could include Earth-sized moons of giant planets, though it remains speculative whether such 'moons' really exist. There is speculation that rocky planets hosting water may be commonplace throughout the Milky Way.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, water was detected on the exoplanet <a href="/wiki/WASP-96b" title="WASP-96b">WASP-96b</a> based on spectrum studies with the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20220712_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220712-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2022, water was detected on the exoplanet <a href="/wiki/TOI-1452_b" title="TOI-1452 b">TOI-1452 b</a> based on studies with data from the <a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a> (TESS).<sup id="cite_ref-UM-20220824_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UM-20220824-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA029229824_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA029229824-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_(NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum)_(weic2206a).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/600px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="600" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/900px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg/1200px-Exoplanet_WASP-96_b_%28NIRISS_Transmission_Spectrum%29_%28weic2206a%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption><div align="center">Water detected on exoplanet <a href="/wiki/WASP-96b" title="WASP-96b">WASP-96b</a> based on <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> spectral studies<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20220712_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20220712-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#Extraterrestrial" title="Water vapor">Water vapor § Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_and_seas_in_the_Solar_System" title="List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System">List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_terrestrial_planets_of_the_Solar_System" title="Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System">Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAguilera_Mochon2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguilera Mochon, Juan Antonio (2017). <i>El agua en el cosmos</i> [<i>Water in the cosmos</i>] (in Spanish). Spain: RBA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-473-9082-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-473-9082-3"><bdi>978-84-473-9082-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+agua+en+el+cosmos&rft.place=Spain&rft.pub=RBA&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-84-473-9082-3&rft.aulast=Aguilera+Mochon&rft.aufirst=Juan+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extraterrestrial_liquid_water&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Explanatory notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Salviati-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salviati_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 'Salviati', who normally gives Galileo's own opinions, says: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I say then that if there were in nature only one way for two surfaces to be illuminated by the sun so that one appears lighter than the other, and that this were by having one made of land and the other of water, it would be necessary to say that the moon's surface was partly terrene and partly aqueous. But because there are more ways known to us that could produce the same effect, and perhaps others that we do not know of, I shall not make bold to affirm one rather than another to exist on the moon... </p><p>What is clearly seen in the moon is that the darker parts are all plains, with few rocks and ridges in them, though there are some. The brighter remainder is all fill of rocks, mountains, round ridges, and other shapes, and in particular there are great ranges of mountains around the spots... </p><p>I think that the material of the lunar globe is not land and water, and this alone is enough to prevent generations and alterations similar to ours. </p> </blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20150407-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150407_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDychesChou2015" class="citation web cs1">Dyches, Preston; Chou, Felcia (7 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150410113514/http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/">"The Solar System and Beyond is Awash in Water"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/jpl/the-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water/">the original</a> on 10 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=The+Solar+System+and+Beyond+is+Awash+in+Water&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft.aulast=Dyches&rft.aufirst=Preston&rft.au=Chou%2C+Felcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fjpl%2Fthe-solar-system-and-beyond-is-awash-in-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nineplanets.org/earth.html">"Earth"</a>. Nineplanets.org. 6 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Earth&rft.pub=Nineplanets.org&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnineplanets.org%2Fearth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070613131912.htm">"Mars Probably Once Had A Huge Ocean"</a>. Sciencedaily.com. 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+Probably+Once+Had+A+Huge+Ocean&rft.pub=Sciencedaily.com&rft.date=2007-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F06%2F070613131912.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owen_2007-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owen_2007_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2007" class="citation news cs1">Owen, James (28 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130153031/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071128-venus-earth_2.html">"Venus Craft Reveals Lightning, Supports Watery Past"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071128-venus-earth_2.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://exoplanet.eu/home/">The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstronomy_&_Astrophysics2007" class="citation web cs1">Astronomy & Astrophysics (14 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213101403.htm">"Gliese 581: Extrasolar Planet Might Indeed Be Habitable"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Gliese+581%3A+Extrasolar+Planet+Might+Indeed+Be+Habitable&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.au=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F12%2F071213101403.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Texas_at_Austin2007" class="citation web cs1">University of Texas at Austin (14 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071213180823.htm">"Jupiter's Moon Europa: What Could Be Under The Ice?"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Moon+Europa%3A+What+Could+Be+Under+The+Ice%3F&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft.au=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F12%2F071213180823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Florida2007" class="citation web cs1">University of Florida (24 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071221105611.htm">"To Curious Aliens, Earth Would Stand Out As Living Planet"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=To+Curious+Aliens%2C+Earth+Would+Stand+Out+As+Living+Planet&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.au=University+of+Florida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F12%2F071221105611.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhio_State_University2008" class="citation web cs1">Ohio State University (16 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215091011.htm">"Ocean-bearing Planets: Looking For Extraterrestrial Life In All The Right Places"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Ocean-bearing+Planets%3A+Looking+For+Extraterrestrial+Life+In+All+The+Right+Places&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft.au=Ohio+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F12%2F081215091011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExtraterrestrial+liquid+water" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/32px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extraterrestrial_life" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Template talk:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extraterrestrial life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extraterrestrial_life" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Events and objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shergotty_meteorite" title="Shergotty meteorite">Shergotty meteorite</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhla_meteorite" title="Nakhla meteorite">Nakhla meteorite</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteorite</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking lander biological experiments</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_77005" title="Allan Hills 77005">Allan Hills 77005</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato 000593</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI1_fossils" title="CI1 fossils">CI1 fossils</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Signals of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Misidentified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PSR_B1919%2B21" title="PSR B1919+21">CP 1919</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified pulsar)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTA-102" title="CTA-102">CTA-102</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(misidentified quasar)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Stars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">KIC 8462852</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPIC_204278916" title="EPIC 204278916">EPIC 204278916</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VVV-WIT-07" title="VVV-WIT-07">VVV-WIT-07</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unusual light fluctuations)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_164595" title="HD 164595">HD 164595 signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SHGb02%2B14a" title="SHGb02+14a">SHGb02+14a</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio source)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wow!_signal" title="Wow! signal">Wow! signal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(inconclusive)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_radio_burst" title="Fast radio burst">Fast radio burst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unknown origin)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLC1" title="BLC1">BLC1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(radio signal)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Life in the Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability_in_the_Solar_System" title="Planetary habitability in the Solar System">Planetary habitability in the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Titan" title="Life on Titan">Life on Titan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology#Missions" title="Astrobiology">Space missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foton-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Foton-M">Foton-M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_mission" title="Tanpopo mission">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Mare_Explorer" title="Titan Mare Explorer">Titan Mare Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">Venus In Situ Explorer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_communication" title="Interstellar communication">Interstellar<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_SETI" title="Active SETI">Active SETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Telescope_Array" title="Allen Telescope Array">Allen Telescope Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_SETI_Research_Center" title="Berkeley SETI Research Center">Berkeley SETI Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracewell_probe" title="Bracewell probe">Bracewell probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_with_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence">Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_Pythagorean_right_triangle_proposal" title="Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal">Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolinguistics" title="Astrolinguistics">Astrolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincos_language" title="Lincos language">Lincos language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIROSETI" title="NIROSETI">NIROSETI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cyclops" title="Project Cyclops">Project Cyclops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Ozma" title="Project Ozma">Project Ozma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Phoenix_(SETI)" title="Project Phoenix (SETI)">Project Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERENDIP" title="SERENDIP">SERENDIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SetiQuest" title="SetiQuest">setiQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hole_(radio)" title="Water hole (radio)">Water hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Xenolinguistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged<br /> extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_pluralism" title="Cosmic pluralism">Cosmic pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" title="Directed panspermia">Directed panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocrity_principle" title="Mediocrity principle">Mediocrity principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a> solutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_hypothesis" title="Aestivation hypothesis">Aestivation hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berserker_hypothesis" title="Berserker hypothesis">Berserker hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_forest_hypothesis" title="Dark forest hypothesis">Dark forest hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firstborn_hypothesis" title="Firstborn hypothesis">Firstborn hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Filter" title="Great Filter">Great Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart%E2%80%93Tipler_conjecture" title="Hart–Tipler conjecture">Hart–Tipler conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatastrophism" title="Neocatastrophism">Neocatastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetarium_hypothesis" title="Planetarium hypothesis">Planetarium hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_Earth_hypothesis" title="Rare Earth hypothesis">Rare Earth hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo_hypothesis" title="Zoo hypothesis">Zoo hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_extraterrestrial_life" title="Outline of extraterrestrial life">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroecology" title="Astroecology">Astroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_extraterrestrial_life_debate" title="History of the extraterrestrial life debate">History of the extraterrestrial life debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noosphere" title="Noosphere">Noogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_cultural_impact_of_extraterrestrial_contact" title="Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact">Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_Scale" title="San Marino Scale">San Marino Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exoplanets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Exoplanet" title="Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Exoplanet" title="Template talk:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Exoplanet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exoplanets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Exoplanets</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">Exoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters" title="Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters">Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Methods of detecting exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet-hosting_star" title="Planet-hosting star">Planet-hosting stars</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/PDS_70" title="PDS 70"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/100px-PDS_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/150px-PDS_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/PDS_70.jpg/200px-PDS_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Sizes<br />and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_planet_types" title="List of planet types">types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_planet" title="Carbon planet">Carbon planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreless_planet" title="Coreless planet">Coreless planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_planet" title="Desert planet">Desert planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_planet" title="Ice planet">Ice planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_planet" title="Iron planet">Iron planet</a> (Super-Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_planet" title="Lava planet">Lava planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega-Earth" title="Mega-Earth">Mega-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">Super-Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gaseous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-Neptune" title="Mini-Neptune">Mini-Neptune</a> (Gas dwarf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Neptune" title="Hot Neptune">Hot Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Neptune" title="Super-Neptune">Super-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-puff" title="Super-puff">Super-puff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Jupiter">Ultra-hot Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-hot_Neptune" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-hot Neptune">Ultra-hot Neptune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanet" title="Blanet">Blanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonian_planet" title="Chthonian planet">Chthonian planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumbinary_planet" title="Circumbinary planet">Circumbinary planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumtriple_planet" title="Circumtriple planet">Circumtriple planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenopolis" title="Ecumenopolis">Ecumenopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeball_planet" title="Eyeball planet">Eyeball planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">Planemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Low-mass_brown_dwarfs_versus_high-mass_planets" title="Brown dwarf">Planet/Brown dwarf boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">Protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub-brown dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Neptune" title="Sub-Neptune">Sub-Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_planet" title="Toroidal planet">Toroidal planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-cool_dwarf" title="Ultra-cool dwarf">Ultra-cool dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet" title="Ultra-short period planet">Ultra-short period planet (USP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation <br />and <br />evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_interiors" title="Exoplanet interiors">Internal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplanetary space">Interplanetary space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">Interstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Planetary migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Planet formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar comet">Interstellar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomoon" title="Exomoon">Exomoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidally_detached_exomoon" title="Tidally detached exomoon">Tidally detached</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li> <li>Orbits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrograde_and_prograde_motion#Exoplanets" title="Retrograde and prograde motion">Retrograde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojans" title="Co-orbital configuration">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance#Mean-motion_resonances_among_extrasolar_planets" title="Orbital resonance">Mean-motion resonances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law#Lunar_systems_and_other_planetary_systems" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system#Planet-hosting_stars" title="Planetary system">Host stars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star#Planets" title="Binary star">Binary star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf#Planets_around_brown_dwarfs" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="F-type main-sequence star">F/Yellow-white dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="G-type main-sequence star">G/Yellow dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star#Planets" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star#Planets" title="K-type main-sequence star">K/Orange dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf#Planets" title="Red dwarf">M/Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_planet" title="Pulsar planet">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant#Planets" title="Red giant">Red giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems" title="Subdwarf B star">Subdwarf B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant#Planets" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star#Planets" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Debris_disks_and_planets" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant#Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow giants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Detection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Direct_imaging" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Direct imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directly_imaged_exoplanets" title="List of directly imaged exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Microlensing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_microlensing" title="List of exoplanets detected by microlensing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Pulsar_timing" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Timing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_timing" title="List of exoplanets detected by timing">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_spectroscopy" title="Doppler spectroscopy">Radial velocity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_detected_by_radial_velocity" title="List of exoplanets detected by radial velocity">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methods_of_detecting_exoplanets#Transit_photometry" title="Methods of detecting exoplanets">Transit method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transiting_exoplanets" title="List of transiting exoplanets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-timing_variation" title="Transit-timing variation">Transit-timing variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrooceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrooceanography">Astrooceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Catalogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalog_of_Nearby_Habitable_Systems" title="Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems">Nearby Habitable Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_Data_Explorer" title="Exoplanet Data Explorer">Exoplanet Data Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_Planets_Encyclopaedia" title="Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia">Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Exoplanet_Archive" title="NASA Exoplanet Archive">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Star_and_Exoplanet_Database" title="NASA Star and Exoplanet Database">NASA Star and Exoplanet Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Exoplanet_Catalogue" title="Open Exoplanet Catalogue">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Exoplanetary systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanetary_host_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exoplanetary host stars">Host stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">Multiplanetary systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_proplyds" title="List of stars with proplyds">Stars with proto-planetary discs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of exoplanets">Exoplanets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_extremes" title="List of exoplanet extremes">Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_firsts" title="List of exoplanet firsts">Firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_exoplanets" title="List of nearest exoplanets">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_exoplanets" title="List of largest exoplanets">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_exoplanets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most massive exoplanets">Heaviest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_terrestrial_exoplanet_candidates" title="List of nearest terrestrial exoplanet candidates">Terrestrial candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1%E2%80%93500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1–500">1–500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_501%E2%80%931000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 501–1000">501–1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1001%E2%80%931500" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1001–1500">1001–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_by_the_Kepler_space_telescope:_1501%E2%80%932000" title="List of exoplanets discovered by the Kepler space telescope: 1501–2000">1501–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_observed_during_Kepler%27s_K2_mission" title="List of exoplanets observed during Kepler's K2 mission">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">Potentially habitable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_exoplanets" title="List of proper names of exoplanets">Proper names</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Discovered exoplanets by year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_before_2000" title="List of exoplanets discovered before 2000">before 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_between_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of exoplanets discovered between 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2010" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2011" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2012" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2013" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2014" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2015" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2016" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2017" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2018" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2019" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2021" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2022" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2023" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2024" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanet_naming_convention" title="Exoplanet naming convention">Exoplanet naming convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_curve_(astronomy)#Exoplanets" title="Phase curve (astronomy)">Exoplanet phase curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">Extragalactic planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_terrestrial_exoplanets" title="Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets">Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunian_desert" title="Neptunian desert">Neptunian desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster#Planets" title="Globular cluster">Planets in globular clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_planet_radius_gap" title="Small planet radius gap">Small planet radius gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudarsky%27s_gas_giant_classification" title="Sudarsky's gas giant classification">Sudarsky's gas giant classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_of_exoplanets" title="Discoveries of exoplanets">Discoveries of exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanet_search_projects" title="List of exoplanet search projects">Search projects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astrobiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Water" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Water" title="Template:Water"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Water" title="Template talk:Water"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Water" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Water"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Water" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_water" title="Outline of water">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_(data_page)" title="Water (data page)">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_model" title="Water model">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_drop_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water droplet"><img alt="Water droplet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/70px-Water_drop_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/105px-Water_drop_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Water_drop_001.jpg/140px-Water_drop_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>Water droplet</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">Vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">Steam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superheated_steam" title="Superheated steam">superheated</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium-depleted_water" title="Deuterium-depleted water">Deuterium-depleted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">Semiheavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">Tritiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_labeled_water" title="Doubly labeled water">Doubly labeled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_on_Earth" title="Water distribution on Earth">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraterrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_world" title="Ocean world">Ocean world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hycean_planet" title="Hycean planet">Hycean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extrasolar_candidates_for_liquid_water" title="List of extrasolar candidates for liquid water">List of Candidates</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specific <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Subsurface_ocean" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus#Subsurface_water_ocean" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical parameters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">Stratification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Ocean stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" 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