CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dwarf planet - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d4eeb69e-1665-4cca-9b9b-21a24ab65099","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dwarf_planet","wgTitle":"Dwarf planet","wgCurRevisionId":1254930776,"wgRevisionId":1254930776,"wgArticleId":6395779,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Graph extension","Pages with disabled graphs","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Use mdy dates from September 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing German-language text", "Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Pages using Template:Background color with invalid color combination","Solar System","Dwarf planets","1990s neologisms","Minor planets","Planetary-mass objects","Types of planet","Concepts in astronomy"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dwarf_planet","wgRelevantArticleId":6395779,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"} ,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2199","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles" :"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg/800px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg/640px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dwarf planet - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dwarf_planet rootpage-Dwarf_planet skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dwarf+planet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dwarf+planet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dwarf+planet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dwarf+planet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History of the concept </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criteria </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criteria subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbital_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Orbital dominance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrostatic_equilibrium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrostatic_equilibrium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Hydrostatic equilibrium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrostatic_equilibrium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_of_dwarf_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_of_dwarf_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Population of dwarf planets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_of_dwarf_planets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population of dwarf planets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population_of_dwarf_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_likely_dwarf_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_likely_dwarf_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Most likely dwarf planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_likely_dwarf_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Similar objects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Similar_objects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Similar objects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Similar_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_dwarf_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_dwarf_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Former dwarf planets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_dwarf_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary-mass_moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary-mass_moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Planetary-mass moons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary-mass_moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Charon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dwarf planet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergplaneet" title="Dwergplaneet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dwergplaneet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergplanet" title="Zwergplanet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zwergplanet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बौना ग्रह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बौना ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85" title="كوكب قزم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب قزم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nana" title="Planeta nana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Planeta nana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বাওনা গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাওনা গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nanu" title="Planeta nanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planeta nanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बौना ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बौना ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yv%C3%B3ra_mich%C4%A9" title="Yvóra michĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvóra michĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বামন গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বামন গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palanit_kihit" title="Palanit kihit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Palanit kihit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89-he%CC%8Dk-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="É-he̍k-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="É-he̍k-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_cilik" title="Planet cilik – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Planet cilik" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карлікавая планета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карлікавая планета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карлікавая плянэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карлікавая плянэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बौना ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बौना ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Планета джудже – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планета джудже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweagplanet" title="Zweagplanet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zweagplanet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuljasta_planeta" title="Patuljasta planeta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Patuljasta planeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korrblanedenn" title="Korrblanedenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Korrblanedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nan" title="Planeta nan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planeta nan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карликла планета – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карликла планета" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpasli%C4%8D%C3%AD_planeta" title="Trpasličí planeta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trpasličí planeta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planed_gorrach" title="Planed gorrach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planed gorrach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A6rgplanet" title="Dværgplanet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dværgplanet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergplanet" title="Zwergplanet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwergplanet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4busplaneet" title="Kääbusplaneet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kääbusplaneet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πλανήτης νάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλανήτης νάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_enano" title="Planeta enano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeta enano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanplanedo" title="Nanplanedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nanplanedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nano" title="Planeta nano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Planeta nano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87" title="سیاره کوتوله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاره کوتوله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Dwarf planet" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te_naine" title="Planète naine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Planète naine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwerchplaneet" title="Dwerchplaneet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dwerchplaneet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhacphl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad" title="Abhacphláinéad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhacphláinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid_crivassanagh" title="Planaid crivassanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Planaid crivassanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_anano" title="Planeta anano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planeta anano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%9C%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="왜행성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="왜행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B3_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Գաճաճ մոլորակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաճաճ մոլորակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बौना ग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौना ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuljasti_planet" title="Patuljasti planet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Patuljasti planet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obere_mbara_ala" title="Obere mbara ala – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Obere mbara ala" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_katai" title="Planet katai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planet katai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nano" title="Planeta nano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Planeta nano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvergreikistjarna" title="Dvergreikistjarna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dvergreikistjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_nano" title="Pianeta nano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianeta nano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99" title="כוכב לכת ננסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב לכת ננסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit_cilik" title="Planit cilik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Planit cilik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჯუჯა პლანეტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯუჯა პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ергежейлі планеталар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ергежейлі планеталар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_korr" title="Planet korr – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Planet korr" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayari_kibete" title="Sayari kibete – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayari kibete" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetulus" title="Planetulus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planetulus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundurplan%C4%93ta" title="Pundurplanēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pundurplanēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwergplan%C3%A9it" title="Zwergplanéit – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zwergplanéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyk%C5%A1tukin%C4%97_planeta" title="Nykštukinė planeta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nykštukinė planeta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergplaneet" title="Dwergplaneet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dwergplaneet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nana" title="Planeta nana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planeta nana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmaplini" title="cmaplini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmaplini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_nano" title="Pianeta nano – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pianeta nano" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rpebolyg%C3%B3" title="Törpebolygó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törpebolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Џуџеста планета – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џуџеста планета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="കുള്ളൻഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുള്ളൻഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बटुग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बटुग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჯუკუ პლანეტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯუკუ პლანეტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85" title="كوكب قزم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوكب قزم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_kerdil" title="Planet kerdil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Planet kerdil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nano" title="Planeta nano – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Planeta nano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Одой гараг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одой гараг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂြိုဟ်သိမ်ဂြိုဟ်မွှား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂြိုဟ်သိမ်ဂြိုဟ်မွှား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwergplaneet" title="Dwergplaneet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwergplaneet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="準惑星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="準惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianeta_nano" title="Chianeta nano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Chianeta nano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweragplaneet" title="Sweragplaneet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sweragplaneet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvergplanet" title="Dvergplanet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dvergplanet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvergplanet" title="Dvergplanet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dvergplanet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragot_d%27plian%C3%A8te" title="Ragot d'plianète – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ragot d'plianète" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_nana" title="Planeta nana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Planeta nana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafjoo_cuggee" title="Lafjoo cuggee – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafjoo cuggee" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlik_sayyora" title="Karlik sayyora – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karlik sayyora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بونا سیارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بونا سیارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AB%DB%8D" title="سیاره‌ګۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیاره‌ګۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_nan" title="Pianeta nan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pianeta nan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwargplanet" title="Dwargplanet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dwargplanet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_kar%C5%82owata" title="Planeta karłowata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planeta karłowata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_an%C3%A3o" title="Planeta anão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Planeta anão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwerchplaneet" title="Zwerchplaneet – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Zwerchplaneet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet%C4%83_pitic%C4%83" title="Planetă pitică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Planetă pitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%27i_pachahina" title="Sit'i pachahina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sit'i pachahina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карликовая планета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карликовая планета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeti_xhuxh" title="Planeti xhuxh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Planeti xhuxh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_nanu" title="Pianeta nanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianeta nanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="වාමන ග්‍රහලෝක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාමන ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dwarf planet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trpasli%C4%8Dia_plan%C3%A9ta" title="Trpasličia planéta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Trpasličia planéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritlikavi_planet" title="Pritlikavi planet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pritlikavi planet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%DB%95" title="ھەسارەی شەموولە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەسارەی شەموولە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Патуљаста планета – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Патуљаста планета" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patuljasta_planeta" title="Patuljasta planeta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patuljasta planeta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A9t_kat%C3%A9" title="Planét katé – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Planét katé" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4pi%C3%B6planeetta" title="Kääpiöplaneetta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kääpiöplaneetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C3%A4rgplanet" title="Dvärgplanet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dvärgplanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetang_unano" title="Planetang unano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Planetang unano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="குறுங்கோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுங்கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtiweg_agezlan" title="Amtiweg agezlan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amtiweg agezlan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кәрлә планета – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәрлә планета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="మరుగుజ్జు గ్రహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మరుగుజ్జు గ్రహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="ดาวเคราะห์แคระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์แคระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCce_gezegen" title="Cüce gezegen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cüce gezegen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A7i_planeta" title="Kiçi planeta – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kiçi planeta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1bapi%CC%B1lanet" title="A̱bapi̱lanet – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱bapi̱lanet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карликова планета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карликова планета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="بونا سیارہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بونا سیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%83_%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%87%D8%B2" title="پەتەك يۇلتۇز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەتەك يۇلتۇز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_nano" title="Pianeta nano – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianeta nano" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_tinh_l%C3%B9n" title="Hành tinh lùn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tinh lùn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4b%C3%A4tshod%27ot%C3%A4ht" title="Kääbätshod'otäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kääbätshod'otäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="矮行星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duwende_nga_planeta" title="Duwende nga planeta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Duwende nga planeta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="矮行星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7-%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98" title="קארליק-פלאנעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארליק-פלאנעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="矮行星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="矮行星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="矮行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dwarf_planet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dwarf_planet" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dwarf_planet" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&oldid=1254930776" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dwarf_planet&id=1254930776&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDwarf_planet">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDwarf_planet">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dwarf_planet&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dwarf_planets" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2199" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small planetary-mass object</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nine likeliest<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> dwarf planets and dates of discovery</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg/150px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg/225px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg/300px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="950" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (1801)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/150px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/225px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/300px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> (1930)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg/98px-Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg/147px-Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg/196px-Quaoar-weywot_hst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="348" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> (2002)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg/98px-Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg/147px-Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg/196px-Sedna_PRC2004-14d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> (2003)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg/98px-Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg/147px-Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg/196px-Orcus-Vanth_10801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> (2004)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Haumea_Hubble.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haumea_Hubble.png/73px-Haumea_Hubble.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haumea_Hubble.png/110px-Haumea_Hubble.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haumea_Hubble.png/146px-Haumea_Hubble.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> (2004)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg/73px-Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg/110px-Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg/146px-Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="384" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> (2005)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg/73px-Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg/110px-Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg/146px-Makemake_and_its_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> (2005)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_(clean).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png/73px-225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png/110px-225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png/146px-225088_Gonggong_and_Xiangliu_by_Hubble_%28clean%29.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="466" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> (2007)</div></div></div></div></div> A dwarf planet is a small <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass object</a> that is in direct orbit around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">massive</a> enough to be <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">gravitationally rounded</a>, but insufficient to achieve <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">orbital dominance</a> like the eight classical <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The prototypical dwarf planet is <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, which for decades was regarded as a planet before the "dwarf" concept was adopted in 2006. Dwarf planets are capable of being geologically active, an expectation that was borne out in 2015 by the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> mission to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> mission to Pluto. <a href="/wiki/Planetary_geology" title="Planetary geology">Planetary geologists</a> are therefore particularly interested in them. Astronomers are in general agreement that at least the <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets#Likeliest_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">nine largest candidates</a> are dwarf planets – in rough order of size, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a>. Considerable uncertainty remains over the tenth largest candidate <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a>, which may thus be considered a borderline case. Of these ten, two have been visited by spacecraft (Pluto and Ceres) and seven others have at least one known moon (Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Salacia), which allows their masses and thus an estimate of their densities to be determined. Mass and density in turn can be fit into geophysical models in an attempt to determine the nature of these worlds. Only one, Sedna, has neither been visited nor has any known moons, making an accurate estimate of mass difficult. Some astronomers include many smaller bodies as well,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> but there is no consensus that these are likely to be dwarf planets. The term dwarf planet was coined by planetary scientist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a> as part of a three-way categorization of planetary-mass objects in the Solar System: classical planets, dwarf planets, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite planet">satellite planets</a>. Dwarf planets were thus conceived of as a category of planet. In 2006, however, the concept was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) as a category of sub-planetary objects, part of a <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">three-way recategorization</a> of bodies orbiting the Sun: planets, dwarf planets, and <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Solar System bodies">small Solar System bodies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-finalresolution-3">[2]</a> Thus Stern and other planetary geologists consider dwarf planets and large satellites to be planets,<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> but since 2006, the IAU and perhaps the majority of astronomers have excluded them from the roster of planets. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geophysical_definition_of_planet" title="Geophysical definition of planet">Geophysical definition of planet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition of planet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/220px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/330px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/440px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Composite exaggerated-color image of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>. Separation not to scale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesta_in_natural_color_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Vesta_in_natural_color_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, an asteroid that was once a dwarf planet<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> Starting in 1801, astronomers discovered <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and other bodies between <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and Jupiter that for decades were considered to be planets. Between then and around 1851, when the number of planets had reached 23, astronomers started using the word <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> (from Greek, meaning 'star-like' or 'star-shaped') for the smaller bodies and began to distinguish them as minor planets rather than major planets.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> With the discovery of Pluto in 1930, most astronomers considered the Solar System to have nine major planets, along with thousands of significantly smaller bodies (<a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>). For almost 50 years, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was thought to be larger than <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> but with the discovery in 1978 of Pluto's moon <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>, it became possible to measure Pluto's mass accurately and to determine that it was much smaller than initial estimates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> It was roughly one-twentieth the mass of Mercury, which made Pluto by far the smallest planet. Although it was still more than ten times as massive as the largest object in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, Ceres, it had only one-fifth the mass of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> and a high <a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">orbital inclination</a>, it became evident that it was a different kind of body from any of the other planets.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> In the 1990s, astronomers began to find objects in the same region of space as Pluto (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>), and some even farther away.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Many of these shared several of Pluto's key orbital characteristics, and Pluto started being seen as the largest member of a new class of objects, the <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>. It became clear that either the larger of these bodies would also have to be classified as planets, or Pluto would have to be reclassified, much as Ceres had been reclassified after the discovery of additional asteroids.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> This led some astronomers to stop referring to Pluto as a planet. Several terms, including subplanet and planetoid, started to be used for the bodies now known as dwarf planets.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Astronomers were also confident that more objects as large as Pluto would be discovered, and the number of planets would start growing quickly if Pluto were to remain classified as a planet.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> (then known as 2003 UB313) was discovered in January 2005;<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> it was thought to be slightly larger than Pluto, and some reports informally referred to it as the <a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune" title="Planets beyond Neptune">tenth planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> As a consequence, the issue became a matter of intense debate during the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union#The_XXVIth_General_Assembly_and_the_definition_of_a_planet" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU General Assembly</a> in August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> The IAU's initial draft proposal included Charon, Eris, and Ceres in the list of planets. After many astronomers objected to this proposal, an alternative was drawn up by the Uruguayan astronomers <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Julio Ángel Fernández">Julio Ángel Fernández</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Tancredi" title="Gonzalo Tancredi">Gonzalo Tancredi</a>: They proposed an intermediate category for objects large enough to be round but that had not cleared their orbits of <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>. Beside dropping Charon from the list, the new proposal also removed Pluto, Ceres, and Eris, because they have not cleared their orbits.<a href="#cite_note-19aug-20">[19]</a> Although concerns were raised about the classification of planets orbiting other stars,<a href="#cite_note-Draft_Resolution_5-21">[20]</a> the issue was not resolved; it was proposed instead to decide this only when dwarf-planet-size objects start to be observed.<a href="#cite_note-19aug-20">[19]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the IAU definition of dwarf planet, some scientists expressed their disagreement with the IAU resolution.<a href="#cite_note-Stern-22">[21]</a> Campaigns included car bumper stickers and T-shirts.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Mike Brown</a> (the discoverer of Eris) agrees with the reduction of the number of planets to eight.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> NASA announced in 2006 that it would use the new guidelines established by the IAU.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a>, the director of <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">NASA's mission to Pluto</a>, rejects the current IAU definition of planet, both in terms of defining dwarf planets as something other than a type of planet, and in using orbital characteristics (rather than intrinsic characteristics) of objects to define them as dwarf planets.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Thus, in 2011, he still referred to Pluto as a planet,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> and accepted other likely dwarf planets such as Ceres and Eris, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite planet">larger moons</a>, as additional planets.<a href="#cite_note-News.discovery.com-28">[27]</a> Several years before the IAU definition, he used orbital characteristics to separate "überplanets" (the dominant eight) from "unterplanets" (the dwarf planets), considering both types "planets".<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2002-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/220px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/330px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg/440px-Euler-Diagram_bodies_in_the_Solar_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the IAU Executive Committee conception of the types of bodies in the Solar System (except the Sun)</figcaption></figure> Names for large subplanetary bodies include dwarf planet, planetoid (more general term), <a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">meso-planet</a> (narrowly used for sizes between Mercury and Ceres), quasi-planet, and (in the transneptunian region) plutoid. Dwarf planet, however, was originally coined as a term for the smallest planets, not the largest sub-planets, and is still used that way by many planetary astronomers. Alan Stern coined the term dwarf planet, analogous to the term <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_star" title="Dwarf star">dwarf star</a>, as part of a three-fold classification of planets, and he and many of his colleagues continue to classify dwarf planets as a class of planets. The IAU decided that dwarf planets are not to be considered planets, but kept Stern's term for them. Other terms for the IAU definition of the largest subplanetary bodies that do not have such conflicting connotations or usage include quasi-planet<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> and the older term planetoid ("having the form of a planet").<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a> stated that planetoid is "a perfectly good word" that has been used for these bodies for years, and that the use of the term dwarf planet for a non-planet is "dumb", but that it was motivated by an attempt by the IAU division III plenary session to reinstate Pluto as a planet in a second resolution.<a href="#cite_note-killed-32">[31]</a> Indeed, the draft of Resolution 5A had called these median bodies planetoids,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> but the plenary session voted unanimously to change the name to dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-finalresolution-3">[2]</a> The second resolution, 5B, defined dwarf planets as a subtype of planet, as Stern had originally intended, distinguished from the other eight that were to be called "classical planets". Under this arrangement, the twelve planets of the rejected proposal were to be preserved in a distinction between eight classical planets and four dwarf planets. Resolution 5B was defeated in the same session that 5A was passed.<a href="#cite_note-killed-32">[31]</a> Because of the semantic inconsistency of a dwarf planet not being a planet due to the failure of Resolution 5B, alternative terms such as nanoplanet and subplanet were discussed, but there was no consensus among the CSBN to change it.<a href="#cite_note-D3-PSS-Cambridge-35">[34]</a> In most languages equivalent terms have been created by translating dwarf planet more-or-less literally: French planète <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nain#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:nain">naine</a>, Spanish planeta enano, German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zwerg" class="extiw" title="wikt:Zwerg">Zwergplanet</a>, Russian karlikovaya planeta (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:Карлик">карликовая</a> планета), Arabic kaukab qazm (كوكب <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:قزم">قزم</a>), Chinese ǎixíngxīng (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:矮">矮</a>行星), Korean waesohangseong (왜소행성 / 矮小行星) or waehangseong (왜행성 / 矮行星), but in Japanese they are called junwakusei (準惑星), meaning "quasi-planets" or "peneplanets" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pene-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:pene-">pene-</a> meaning "almost"). IAU Resolution 6a of 2006<a href="#cite_note-Resolution_Result-36">[35]</a> recognizes Pluto as "the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects". The name and precise nature of this category were not specified but left for the IAU to establish at a later date; in the debate leading up to the resolution, the members of the category were variously referred to as plutons and plutonian objects but neither name was carried forward, perhaps due to objections from geologists that this would create confusion with their <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">pluton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-finalresolution-3">[2]</a> On June 11, 2008, the IAU Executive Committee announced a new term, plutoid, and a definition: all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets are plutoids.<a href="#cite_note-IAU2008-37">[36]</a> Other departments of the IAU have rejected the term: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">...in part because of an email miscommunication, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">WG-PSN [Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature]</a> was not involved in choosing the word plutoid. ... In fact, a vote taken by the WG-PSN subsequent to the Executive Committee meeting has rejected the use of that specific term..."<a href="#cite_note-D3-PSS-Cambridge-35">[34]</a></blockquote> The category of 'plutoid' captured an earlier distinction between the 'terrestrial dwarf' Ceres and the 'ice dwarfs' of the outer Solar system,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> part of a conception of a threefold division of the Solar System into inner <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a>, and outer ice dwarfs, of which Pluto was the principal member.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> 'Ice dwarf' also saw some use as an umbrella term for all trans-Neptunian <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a>, or for the ice <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> of the outer Solar System; one attempted definition was that an ice dwarf "is larger than the <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">nucleus</a> of a normal <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> and icier than a typical asteroid."<a href="#cite_note-darling-40">[39]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> mission, it has been recognized that Ceres is a geologically icy body that may have originated from the outer Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Ceres has since been called an ice dwarf as well.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criteria">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:center; width: 330px;"> <caption>Planetary discriminants<a href="#cite_note-soter-44">[43]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Body </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight: normal;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>⁠m/<var>M</var>E ⁠ [†] </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight: normal;">Λ [‡] </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight: normal;">µ [§] </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight: normal;">Π [#] </th></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </th> <td>0.055 </td> <td>1.95×103 </td> <td>9.1×104 </td> <td>1.3×102 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </th> <td>0.815 </td> <td>1.66×105 </td> <td>1.35×106 </td> <td>9.5×102 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> </th> <td>1 </td> <td>1.53×105 </td> <td>1.7×106 </td> <td>8.1×102 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </th> <td>0.107 </td> <td>9.42×102 </td> <td>1.8×105 </td> <td>5.4×101 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E8E0FF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> </th> <td>0.00016 </td> <td>8.32×10−4 </td> <td>0.33 </td> <td>4.0×10−2 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </th> <td>317.7 </td> <td>1.30×109 </td> <td>6.25×105 </td> <td>4.0×104 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </th> <td>95.2 </td> <td>4.68×107 </td> <td>1.9×105 </td> <td>6.1×103 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> </th> <td>14.5 </td> <td>3.85×105 </td> <td>2.9×104 </td> <td>4.2×102 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #FFF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> </th> <td>17.1 </td> <td>2.73×105 </td> <td>2.4×104 </td> <td>3.0×102 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E8E0FF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </th> <td>0.0022 </td> <td>2.95×10−3 </td> <td>0.077 </td> <td>2.8×10−2 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E8E0FF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> </th> <td>0.0028 </td> <td>2.13×10−3 </td> <td>0.10 </td> <td>2.0×10−2 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E8E0FF;"> <th scope="row" align="left"><a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a> </th> <td>0.0002 </td> <td>3.64×10−7 </td> <td> < 0.07<a href="#cite_note-46">[b]</a> </td> <td>1.6×10−4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5" style="font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; padding: 4px;"> Planetary discriminants of the planets ( white ), and of the largest known dwarf planet ( light purple ) in each orbital population (<a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">sednoids</a>). All other known objects in these populations have smaller discriminants than the one shown. </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"> <table style="font-size: 0.9em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; padding: 4px"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top">[†]</td> <td>Mass in <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass"><var>M</var>E</a>, the unit of mass equal to that of Earth ( 5.97 × 1024 kg ). </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">[‡]</td> <td> Λ  is the capacity to <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">clear the neighbourhood</a> (greater than 1 for planets) by Stern & Levison (2002):<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2002-29">[28]</a> Λ = k m2 a<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠− + 3 /2⁠ , where k = 0.0043 for  m  in units of <a href="/wiki/Yottagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Yottagram">yottagrams</a> (1018 <a href="/wiki/Metric_ton" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric ton">metric tons</a>) and  a  in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU), where  a  is the body's semi-major axis.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2002-29">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">[§]</td> <td> µ  is Soter's planetary discriminant, which he finds greater than 100 for planets.  µ = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠m/ M − m ⁠ , where  m  is the mass of the body, and  M  is the aggregate mass of all the bodies that occupy its orbital zone.<a href="#cite_note-soter-44">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">[#]</td> <td> Π   is the capacity to <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">clear the neighbourhood</a> (greater than 1 for planets) by Margot.  Π = k m a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035">⁠− + 9 /8⁠   , where  k = 807 for units of <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth masses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Margot_2015-47">[45]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr></tbody></table> The category dwarf planet arose from a conflict between dynamical and geophysical ideas of what a useful conception of a planet would be. In terms of the dynamics of the Solar System, the major distinction is between bodies that gravitationally dominate their neighbourhood (Mercury through Neptune) and those that do not (such as the asteroids and Kuiper belt objects). A celestial body may have a dynamic (planetary) geology at approximately the mass required for its mantle to become plastic under its own weight, which results in the body acquiring a round shape. Because this requires a much lower mass than gravitationally dominating the region of space near their orbit, there are a population of objects that are massive enough to have a world-like appearance and planetary geology, but not massive enough to clear their neighborhood. Examples are Ceres in the asteroid belt and Pluto in the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-48">[46]</a> Dynamicists usually prefer using gravitational dominance as the threshold for planethood, because from their perspective smaller bodies are better grouped with their neighbours, e.g. Ceres as simply a large asteroid and Pluto as a large Kuiper belt object.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> Geoscientists usually prefer roundness as the threshold, because from their perspective the internally driven geology of a body like Ceres makes it more similar to a classical planet like Mars, than to a small asteroid that lacks internally driven geology. This necessitated the creation of the category of dwarf planets to describe this intermediate class.<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_dominance">Orbital dominance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Orbital dominance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">Clearing the neighbourhood</a></div> Alan Stern and <a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Levison" title="Harold F. Levison">Harold F. Levison</a> introduced a parameter Λ (upper case <a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">lambda</a>) in 2000, expressing the likelihood of an encounter resulting in a given deflection of orbit.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2002-29">[28]</a> The value of this parameter in Stern's model is proportional to the square of the mass and inversely proportional to the period. This value can be used to estimate the capacity of a body to <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">clear the neighbourhood</a> of its orbit, where  Λ > 1  will eventually clear it. A gap of five orders of magnitude in Λ was found between the smallest <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a> and the largest asteroids and Kuiper belt objects.<a href="#cite_note-soter-44">[43]</a> Using this parameter, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Soter" title="Steven Soter">Steven Soter</a> and other astronomers argued for a distinction between planets and dwarf planets based on the inability of the latter to "clear the neighbourhood around their orbits": planets are able to remove smaller bodies near their orbits by collision, capture, or gravitational disturbance (or establish orbital resonances that prevent collisions), whereas dwarf planets lack the mass to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Stern_2002-29">[28]</a> Soter went on to propose a parameter he called the planetary discriminant, designated with the symbol µ (<a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">mu</a>), that represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone (where µ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone), where  µ > 100  is deemed to be cleared.<a href="#cite_note-soter-44">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot" title="Jean-Luc Margot">Jean-Luc Margot</a> refined Stern and Levison's concept to produce a similar parameter Π (upper case <a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Pi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Margot_2015-47">[45]</a> It is based on theory, avoiding the empirical data used by Λ .  Π > 1  indicates a planet, and there is again a gap of several orders of magnitude between planets and dwarf planets. There are several other schemes that try to differentiate between planets and dwarf planets,<a href="#cite_note-Stern-22">[21]</a> but the 2006 definition uses this concept.<a href="#cite_note-finalresolution-3">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrostatic_equilibrium">Hydrostatic equilibrium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrostatic equilibrium">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">Hydrostatic equilibrium</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:240px"><div class="center noresize" style="width:240px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Comparative masses of the likeliest dwarf planets, with <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> for comparison. The unit of mass is ~1021 kg. <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> and Pluto dominate. Unmeasured <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" class="mw-redirect" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a> is excluded, but is likely on the order of Ceres. The Moon in contrast is 73.5×1021, over four times more massive than Eris.</div></div></div> Enough internal pressure, caused by the body's gravitation, will turn a body <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plastic</a>, and enough plasticity will allow high elevations to sink and hollows to fill in, a process known as gravitational relaxation. Bodies smaller than a few kilometers are dominated by non-gravitational forces and tend to have an irregular shape and may be rubble piles. Larger objects, where gravity is significant but not dominant, are potato-shaped; the more massive the body, the higher its internal pressure, the more solid it is and the more rounded its shape, until the pressure is enough to overcome its <a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">compressive strength</a> and it achieves <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>. Then, a body is as round as it is possible to be, given its rotation and tidal effects, and is an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsoid" title="Ellipsoid">ellipsoid</a> in shape. This is the defining limit of a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> If an object is in hydrostatic equilibrium, a global layer of liquid on its surface would form a surface of the same shape as the body, apart from small-scale surface features such as craters and fissures. The body will have a spherical shape if it does not rotate and an ellipsoidal one if it does. The faster it rotates, the more <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Scalene_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalene ellipsoid">scalene</a> it becomes. If such a rotating body were heated until it melts, its shape would not change. The extreme example of a body that may be scalene due to rapid rotation is <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, which is twice as long on its major axis as it is at the poles. If the body has a massive nearby companion, then tidal forces gradually slow its rotation until it is tidally locked; that is, it always presents the same face to its companion. Tidally locked bodies are also scalene, though sometimes only slightly so. Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is tidally locked, as are all the rounded satellites of the gas giants. Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other, as are Eris and <a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a>, and probably also Orcus and <a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a>. There are no specific size or mass limits of dwarf planets, as those are not defining features. There is no clear upper limit: an object very far out in the Solar System that is more massive than <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> might not have had time to clear its neighbourhood, and such a body would fit the definition of dwarf planet rather than planet. Indeed, Mike Brown set out to find such an object.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The lower limit is determined by the requirements of achieving and retaining hydrostatic equilibrium, but the size or mass at which an object attains and retains equilibrium depends on its composition and thermal history, not simply its mass. An <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a> 2006 press release<a href="#cite_note-Q&A-53">[51]</a> question-and-answer section estimated that objects with mass above 0.5×1021 kg and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size#Larger_than_400_km" title="List of Solar System objects by size">radius greater than 400 km</a> would "normally" be in hydrostatic equilibrium (the shape ... would normally be determined by self-gravity), but that all borderline cases would need to be determined by observation.<a href="#cite_note-Q&A-53">[51]</a> This is close to what as of 2019 is believed to be roughly the limit for objects beyond Neptune that are fully compact, solid bodies, with <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> ( r = 423±11 km , m = (0.492±0.007)×1021 kg ) being a borderline case both for the 2006 Q&A expectations and in more recent evaluations, and with <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> being just above the expected limit.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-54">[52]</a> No other body with a measured mass is close to the expected mass limit, though <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size#From_200_to_399_km" title="List of Solar System objects by size">several without a measured mass</a> approach the expected size limit. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_of_dwarf_planets">Population of dwarf planets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population of dwarf planets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg/330px-Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg/495px-Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg/660px-Trans-Neptunians_Size_Albedo_Color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of sizes, albedo, and colors of various large trans-Neptunian objects with sizes of >700 km. The dark colored arcs represent uncertainties of the object's size.</figcaption></figure> Though the definition of a dwarf planet is clear, evidence about whether a given trans-Neptunian object is large and malleable enough to be shaped by its own gravitational field is often inconclusive. There are also outstanding questions relating to the interpretation of the IAU criterion in certain instances. Consequently the number of currently conformed TNOs which meet the hydrostatic equilibrium criterion is uncertain. The three objects under consideration during the debates leading up to the 2006 IAU acceptance of the category of dwarf planet – Ceres, Pluto and Eris – are generally accepted as dwarf planets, including by those astronomers who continue to classify dwarf planets as planets. Only one of them – Pluto – has been observed in enough detail to verify that its current shape fits what would be expected from hydrostatic equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo2017-55">[53]</a> Ceres is close to equilibrium, but some gravitational anomalies remain unexplained.<a href="#cite_note-EPSC-56">[54]</a> Eris is generally assumed to be a dwarf planet because it is more massive than Pluto. In order of discovery, these three bodies are: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> – discovered January 1, 1801, and announced January 24, 45 years before <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>. Considered a planet for half a century before reclassification as an asteroid. Considered a dwarf planet by the IAU since the adoption of Resolution 5A on August 24, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> – discovered February 18, 1930, and announced March 13. Considered a planet for 76 years. Explicitly reclassified as a dwarf planet by the IAU with Resolution 6A on August 24, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Five known moons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> (2003 UB313) – discovered January 5, 2005, and announced July 29. Called the "<a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune" title="Planets beyond Neptune">tenth planet</a>" in media reports. Considered a dwarf planet by the IAU since the adoption of Resolution 5A on August 24, 2006, and named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on September 13 of that year. One known moon.</li></ol> The IAU only established guidelines for which committee would oversee the naming of likely dwarf planets: any unnamed trans-Neptunian object with an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> brighter than +1 (and hence a minimum diameter of 838 km at the maximum <a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric albedo</a> of 1)<a href="#cite_note-bruton-58">[56]</a> was to be named by a joint committee consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> and the planetary working group of the IAU.<a href="#cite_note-IAU2008-37">[36]</a> At the time (and still as of 2023), the only bodies to meet this threshold were <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>. These bodies are generally assumed to be dwarf planets, although they have not yet been demonstrated to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and there is some disagreement for Haumea:<a href="#cite_note-Ortiz2017-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunham2019-60">[58]</a> <div><ol start="4"><li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> (2003 EL61) – discovered by Brown et al. December 28, 2004, and announced by Ortiz et al. on July 27, 2005. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on September 17, 2008. Two known moons and one known ring.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> (2005 FY9) – discovered March 31, 2005, and announced July 29. Named by the IAU dwarf-planet naming committee on July 11, 2008. One known moon.</li></ol></div> These five bodies – the three under consideration in 2006 (Pluto, Ceres and Eris) plus the two named in 2008 (Haumea and Makemake) – are commonly presented as the dwarf planets of the Solar System, though the limiting factor (albedo) is not what defines an object as a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-WGPSN-61">[59]</a> The astronomical community commonly refers to other larger TNOs as dwarf planets as well.<a href="#cite_note-Pinilla-Alonso-62">[60]</a> At least four additional bodies meet the preliminary criteria of Brown, of Tancredi et al., of Grundy et al., and of Emery et al. for identifying dwarf planets, and are generally called dwarf planets by astronomers as well: <div><ol start="6"><li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> (2002 LM60) – discovered June 5, 2002, and announced October 7 of that year. One known moon and two known rings.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> (2003 VB12) – discovered November 14, 2003, and announced March 15, 2004.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> (2004 DW) – discovered February 17, 2004, and announced two days later. One known moon.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> (2007 OR10) – discovered July 17, 2007, and announced January 2009. One known moon.</li></ol></div> For instance, JPL/NASA called <a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a> a dwarf planet after observations in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-OR10-63">[61]</a> and Simon Porter of the Southwest Research Institute spoke of "the big eight [TNO] dwarf planets" in 2018, referring to Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PorterTwitter-64">[62]</a> The IAU itself has called Quaoar a dwarf planet in a 2022–2023 annual report.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> More bodies have been proposed, such as <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> and <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS4</a> by Brown; <a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a> by Tancredi et al., and <a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">(532037) 2013 FY27</a> by <a href="/wiki/Scott_S._Sheppard" title="Scott S. Sheppard">Sheppard</a> et al.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Most of the larger bodies have moons, which enables a determination of their mass and thus their density, which inform estimates of whether they could be dwarf planets. The largest TNOs that are not known to have moons are Sedna, <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS4</a>, <a href="/wiki/(55565)_2002_AW197" title="(55565) 2002 AW197">(55565) 2002 AW197</a> and Ixion. In particular, Salacia has a known mass and diameter, putting it as a borderline case by the IAU's 2006 Q&A. <div><ol start="10"><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> (2004 SB60) – discovered September 22, 2004. One known moon.</li></ol></div> At the time Makemake and Haumea were named, it was thought that <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs) with icy cores would require a diameter of only about 400 km (250 mi), or 3% the size of Earth – the size of the moons <a href="/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, the smallest moon that is round, and <a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a>, the largest that is not – to relax into gravitational equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-67">[65]</a> Researchers thought that the number of such bodies could prove to be around 200 in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, with thousands more beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Brown-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-BrownList-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stern2012-69">[67]</a> This was one of the reasons (keeping the roster of 'planets' to a reasonable number) that Pluto was reclassified in the first place. Research since then has cast doubt on the idea that bodies that small could have achieved or maintained equilibrium under the typical conditions of the Kuiper belt and beyond. Individual astronomers have recognized a number of objects as dwarf planets or as likely to prove to be dwarf planets. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Tancredi" title="Gonzalo Tancredi">Tancredi</a> et al. advised the IAU to officially accept Orcus, Sedna and Quaoar as dwarf planets (Gonggong was not yet known), though the IAU did not address the issue then and has not since. Tancredi also considered the five TNOs <a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a>, <a href="/wiki/(208996)_2003_AZ84" title="(208996) 2003 AZ84">2003 AZ84</a>, <a href="/wiki/(90568)_2004_GV9" title="(90568) 2004 GV9">2004 GV9</a>, and <a href="/wiki/(55565)_2002_AW197" title="(55565) 2002 AW197">2002 AW197</a> to most likely be dwarf planets as well.<a href="#cite_note-Tancredi2008-70">[68]</a> Since 2011, Brown has maintained a list of hundreds of candidate objects, ranging from "nearly certain" to "possible" dwarf planets, based solely on estimated size.<a href="#cite_note-free-71">[69]</a> As of September 13, 2019, Brown's list identifies ten <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> with diameters then thought to be greater than 900 km (the four named by the IAU plus <a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS4</a>, and <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a>) as "near certain" to be dwarf planets, and another 16, with diameter greater than 600 km, as "highly likely".<a href="#cite_note-BrownList-68">[66]</a> Notably, Gonggong may have a larger diameter (1230±50 km) than Pluto's round moon Charon (1212 km). But in 2019 Grundy et al. proposed, based on their studies of <a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a>, that dark, low-density bodies smaller than about 900–1000 km in diameter, such as Salacia and <a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a>, never fully collapsed into solid planetary bodies and retain internal porosity from their formation (in which case they could not be dwarf planets). They accept that brighter (albedo > ≈0.2)<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> or denser (> ≈1.4 g/cc) Orcus and Quaoar probably were fully solid:<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-54">[52]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Orcus and Charon probably melted and differentiated, considering their higher densities and spectra indicating surfaces made of relatively clean H2O ice. But the lower albedos and densities of <a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a>, <a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">55637</a>, Varda, and Salacia suggest that they never did differentiate, or if they did, it was only in their deep interiors, not a complete melting and overturning that involved the surface. Their surfaces could remain quite cold and uncompressed even as the interior becomes warm and collapses. The liberation of volatiles could further help transport heat out of their interiors, limiting the extent of their internal collapse. An object with a cold, relatively pristine surface and a partially collapsed interior should exhibit very distinctive surface geology, with abundant thrust faults indicative of the reduction in total surface area as the interior compresses and shrinks.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-54">[52]</a></blockquote> Salacia was later found to have a somewhat higher density, comparable within uncertainties to that of Orcus, though still with a very dark surface. Despite this determination, Grundy et al. call it "dwarf-planet sized", while calling Orcus a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy-orbits-73">[71]</a> Later studies on Varda suggest that its density may also be high, though a low density could not be excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Souami2020-74">[72]</a> In 2023, Emery et al. wrote that <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (JWST) in 2022 suggests that Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar underwent internal melting, differentiation, and chemical evolution, like the larger dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, but unlike "all smaller KBOs". This is because light hydrocarbons are present on their surfaces (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>), which implies that methane is continuously being resupplied, and that methane would likely come from internal geochemistry. On the other hand, the surfaces of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar have low abundances of CO and CO2, similar to Pluto, Eris, and Makemake, but in contrast to smaller bodies. This suggests that the threshold for dwarf planethood in the trans-Neptunian region is a diameter of ~900 km (thus including only Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Gonggong, Quaoar, Orcus, and Sedna), and that even Salacia may not be a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-JWST-75">[73]</a> A 2023 study of (307261) 2002 MS4 shows that it probably has an extremely large crater, whose depth takes up 5.7% of its diameter: this is proportionally larger than the Rheasilvia crater on Vesta, which is the reason Vesta is not usually considered a dwarf planet today.<a href="#cite_note-Rommel2023-76">[74]</a> In 2024, Kiss et al. found that Quaoar has an ellipsoidal shape incompatible with hydrostatic equilibrium for its current spin. They hypothesised that Quaoar originally had a rapid rotation and was in hydrostatic equilibrium, but that its shape became "frozen in" and did not change as it spun down due to tidal forces from its moon <a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiss2024-77">[75]</a> If so, this would resemble the situation of Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>, which is too oblate for its current spin.<a href="#cite_note-Science_News-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2010-79">[77]</a> Iapetus is generally still considered a <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">planetary-mass moon</a> nonetheless,<a href="#cite_note-planetarysociety-48">[46]</a> though not always.<a href="#cite_note-ChenKipping-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_likely_dwarf_planets">Most likely dwarf planets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Most likely dwarf planets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></div> The trans-Neptunian objects in the following tables, except Salacia, are agreed by Brown, Tancredi et al., Grundy et al., and Emery et al. to be probable dwarf planets, or close to it. Salacia has been included as the largest TNO not generally agreed to be a dwarf planet; it is a borderline body by many criteria, and is therefore italicized. Charon, a moon of Pluto that was proposed as a dwarf planet by the IAU in 2006, is included for comparison. Those objects that have absolute magnitude greater than +1, and so meet the threshold of the joint planet–minor planet naming committee of the IAU, are highlighted, as is Ceres, which the IAU has assumed is a dwarf planet since they first debated the concept. The masses of given dwarf planets are listed for their systems (if they have satellites) with exceptions for Pluto and Orcus. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Orbital attributes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Region of the Solar System </th> <th scope="col">Semi-major axis (<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period</a> (years) </th> <th scope="col">Mean orbital speed (km/s) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">Inclination to ecliptic</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Orbital eccentricity</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighbourhood" title="Clearing the neighbourhood">Planetary discriminant</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a> </td> <td>2.768 </td> <td>4.604 </td> <td>17.90 </td> <td>10.59° </td> <td>0.079 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant</a> – <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">2:3</a>) </td> <td>39.40 </td> <td>247.3 </td> <td>4.75 </td> <td>20.58° </td> <td>0.220 </td> <td>0.003 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant</a> – <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">2:3</a>) </td> <td>39.48 </td> <td>247.9 </td> <td>4.74 </td> <td>17.16° </td> <td>0.249 </td> <td>0.08 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">cubewano</a>) </td> <td>42.18 </td> <td>274.0 </td> <td>4.57 </td> <td>23.92° </td> <td>0.106 </td> <td>0.003 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object#Haumea" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant – 7:12</a>) </td> <td>43.22 </td> <td>284.1 </td> <td>4.53 </td> <td>28.19° </td> <td>0.191 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">cubewano</a>) </td> <td>43.69 </td> <td>288.8 </td> <td>4.51 </td> <td>7.99° </td> <td>0.040 </td> <td>0.007 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">cubewano</a>) </td> <td>45.56 </td> <td>307.5 </td> <td>4.41 </td> <td>28.98° </td> <td>0.158 </td> <td>0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object#Other_resonances" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">resonant – 3:10</a>) </td> <td>67.49 </td> <td>554.4 </td> <td>3.63 </td> <td>30.74° </td> <td>0.503 </td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a> </td> <td>67.86 </td> <td>559.1 </td> <td>3.62 </td> <td>44.04° </td> <td>0.441 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a> </td> <td>506.8 </td> <td data-sort-value="11400">≈ 11,400 </td> <td data-sort-value="1.3">≈ 1.3 </td> <td>11.93° </td> <td>0.855 </td> <td data-sort-value="0.06">< 0.07 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Other attributes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="54">Name </th> <th scope="col">Diameter relative to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </th> <th scope="col">Diameter (km) </th> <th scope="col">Mass relative to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </th> <th scope="col">Mass (×1021 kg) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (g/cm3) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotation period">Rotation period</a> (hours) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">Albedo</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">H</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> </th> <td>27% </td> <td>939.4±0.2 </td> <td>1.3% </td> <td>0.93835±0.00001 </td> <td>2.16 </td> <td>9.1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>3.33 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> </th> <td>26% </td> <td>910+50 −40 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>0.55±0.01 </td> <td>1.4±0.2 </td> <td>13±4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">1</a> </td> <td>0.23+0.02 −0.01 </td> <td>2.19 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> </th> <td>68% </td> <td>2377±3 </td> <td>17.7% </td> <td>13.03±0.03 </td> <td>1.85 </td> <td data-sort-value="7002153300000000000♠">6d 9.3h </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">5</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="6999575000000000000♠">0.49 to 0.66 </td> <td>−0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left" data-sort-value="Charon">(<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a>) </th> <td>35% </td> <td>1212±1 </td> <td>2.2% </td> <td>1.59±0.02 </td> <td>1.70±0.02 </td> <td data-sort-value="7002153300000000000♠">6d 9.3h </td> <td>– </td> <td data-sort-value="6999350000000000000♠">0.2 to 0.5 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a> </th> <td>24% </td> <td>846±21 </td> <td>0.7% </td> <td>0.49±0.01 </td> <td>1.50±0.12 </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actaea_(moon)" title="Actaea (moon)">1</a> </td> <td>0.04 </td> <td>4.27 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> </th> <td data-sort-value="45%">≈ 45% </td> <td data-sort-value="7003156000000000000♠">≈ 1560<a href="#cite_note-Dunham2019-60">[58]</a> </td> <td>5.5% </td> <td>4.01±0.04 </td> <td data-sort-value="7000202000000000000♠">≈ 2.02<a href="#cite_note-Dunham2019-60">[58]</a> </td> <td>3.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">2</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="6999660000000000000♠">≈ 0.66 </td> <td>0.23 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> </th> <td>32% </td> <td>1086±4 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>1.2±0.05 </td> <td>1.7±0.1 </td> <td>17.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weywot_(moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weywot (moon)">1</a> </td> <td>0.11±0.01 </td> <td>2.42 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> </th> <td>41% </td> <td>1430+38 −22 </td> <td data-sort-value="4.2%">≈ 4.2% </td> <td data-sort-value="7000310000000000000♠">≈ 3.1 </td> <td>1.9±0.2 </td> <td>22.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">1</a> </td> <td>0.81+0.03 −0.05 </td> <td>−0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a> </th> <td>35% </td> <td>1230±50 </td> <td>2.4% </td> <td>1.75±0.07 </td> <td>1.74±0.16 </td> <td>22.4±0.2? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">1</a> </td> <td>0.14±0.01 </td> <td>1.86 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #E5E5FF;"> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> </th> <td>67% </td> <td>2326±12 </td> <td>22.4% </td> <td>16.47±0.09 </td> <td>2.43±0.05 </td> <td data-sort-value="7002378864000000000♠">15d 18.9h </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">1</a> </td> <td>0.96±0.04 </td> <td>−1.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a> </th> <td>26% </td> <td>906+314 −258 </td> <td data-sort-value="1%">≈ 1%? </td> <td data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠">≈ 1? </td> <td>? </td> <td>10±3 </td> <td>0? </td> <td>0.41+0.393 −0.186 </td> <td>1.52 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol#Symbols_for_trans-Neptunian_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">Astronomical symbol § Symbols for trans-Neptunian objects</a></div> Ceres <a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚳"><img alt="⚳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><a href="#cite_note-bode-1801-81">[79]</a> and Pluto <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_monogram_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♇"><img alt="♇" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Pluto_monogram_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><a href="#cite_note-popular-astronomy-82">[80]</a> received planetary symbols, as they were considered to be planets when they were discovered. By the time the others were discovered, <a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary symbol">planetary symbols</a> had mostly fallen out of use among astronomers. <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> includes symbols for Quaoar <a href="/wiki/File:Quaoar_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝾"><img alt="🝾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Sedna <a href="/wiki/File:Sedna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯲"><img alt="⯲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Orcus <a href="/wiki/File:Orcus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝿"><img alt="🝿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Haumea <a href="/wiki/File:Haumea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝻"><img alt="🝻" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Eris <a href="/wiki/File:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯰"><img alt="⯰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Makemake <a href="/wiki/File:Makemake_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝼"><img alt="🝼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, and Gonggong <a href="/wiki/File:Gonggong_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝽"><img alt="🝽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> that are primarily used by astrologers: they were devised by Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer in Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-anderson-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-DPU-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unicode-1F700-85">[83]</a> NASA has used his Haumea, Eris, and Makemake symbols, as well as the traditional astrological symbol for Pluto <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_symbol_(large_orb,_fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯓"><img alt="⯓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><a href="#cite_note-DP-86">[84]</a> when referring to it as a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-DPU-84">[82]</a> Symbols have been proposed for the next-largest named candidates, but do not have consistent usage among astrologers.<a href="#cite_note-DPU-84">[82]</a> The Unicode proposal for Quaoar, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, and Gonggong mentions the following symbols for named objects over 600 km diameter: Salacia <a href="/wiki/File:Salacia_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Salacia_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Varda <a href="/wiki/File:Varda_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Varda_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Ixion <a href="/wiki/File:Ixion_symbol_(Latin,_fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Ixion_symbol_%28Latin%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà <a href="/wiki/File:G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg/20px-G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg/30px-G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg/40px-G%C7%83kun%C7%81%CA%BChomdima_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> and Varuna <a href="/wiki/File:Varuna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Varuna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>.<a href="#cite_note-DPU-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-constellations-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg/220px-PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg/330px-PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg/440px-PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>The dwarf planet Ceres, as imaged by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> spacecraft</figcaption></figure> As of 2024, only two missions have targeted and explored dwarf planets up close. On March 6, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> spacecraft entered orbit around <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, becoming the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150306-88">[86]</a> On July 14, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> space probe flew by <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> and its five moons. Ceres displays such evidence of an active geology as salt deposits and <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanos</a>, while Pluto has water-ice mountains drifting in nitrogen-ice glaciers, as well as a significant atmosphere. Ceres evidently has brine percolating through its subsurface, while there is evidence that Pluto has an actual subsurface ocean. Dawn had previously orbited the asteroid Vesta. Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a> has been imaged by Cassini and before that by Voyager 2, which also encountered Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>. All three bodies show evidence of once being dwarf planets, and their exploration helps clarify the evolution of dwarf planets. New Horizons has captured distant images of Triton, Quaoar, Haumea, Eris, and Makemake, as well as the smaller candidates Ixion, 2002 MS4, and <a href="/wiki/(556416)_2014_OE394" title="(556416) 2014 OE394">2014 OE394</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Verbiscer2022-89">[87]</a> One of the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a>'s two <a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a> probes has been proposed to visit Quaoar in 2040.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceNews-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_objects">Similar objects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similar objects">edit</a>]</div> A number of bodies physically resemble dwarf planets. These include former dwarf planets, which may still have equilibrium shape or evidence of active geology; planetary-mass moons, which meet the physical but not the orbital definition for dwarf planet; and Charon in the Pluto–Charon system, which is arguably a binary dwarf planet. The categories may overlap: Triton, for example, is both a former dwarf planet and a planetary-mass moon. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_dwarf_planets">Former dwarf planets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former dwarf planets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triton.usgs23.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Triton.usgs23.png/220px-Triton.usgs23.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Triton.usgs23.png/330px-Triton.usgs23.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Triton.usgs23.png/440px-Triton.usgs23.png 2x" data-file-width="4508" data-file-height="4264" /></a><figcaption>A monochrome mosaic of Triton, from images by Voyager 2. Triton is thought to be a captured dwarf planet.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>, the next-most-massive body in the asteroid belt after Ceres, was once in hydrostatic equilibrium and is roughly spheroidal, deviating mainly due to massive impacts that formed the <a href="/wiki/Rheasilvia" title="Rheasilvia">Rheasilvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneneia" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneneia">Veneneia</a> craters after it solidified.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Its dimensions are not consistent with it currently being in <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Asmar_2012-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russel_2012-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> is more massive than Eris or Pluto, has an equilibrium shape, and is thought to be a captured dwarf planet (likely a member of a binary system), but no longer directly orbits the sun.<a href="#cite_note-Agnor06-94">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a> is a captured <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(austronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (austronomy)">centaur</a> that, like Vesta, is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, but is thought to have been so early in its history due to <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic heating">radiogenic heating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary-mass_moons">Planetary-mass moons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Planetary-mass moons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_moon" title="Planetary-mass moon">Planetary-mass moon</a></div> At least nineteen <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a> have equilibrium shape from having relaxed under self-gravity at some point, though some have since frozen solid and are no longer in equilibrium. Seven are more massive than either Eris or Pluto. These moons are not physically distinct from the dwarf planets, but do not fit the IAU definition because they do not directly orbit the Sun. (Indeed, Neptune's moon Triton is a captured dwarf planet, and Ceres formed in the same region of the Solar System as the moons of Jupiter and Saturn.) Alan Stern calls planetary-mass moons "<a href="/wiki/Satellite_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite planet">satellite planets</a>", one of three categories of planet, together with dwarf planets and classical planets.<a href="#cite_note-News.discovery.com-28">[27]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Planemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Planemo">planemo</a> ("planetary-mass object") also covers all three populations.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charon">Charon</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Charon">edit</a>]</div> There has been some debate as to whether the Pluto–<a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> system should be considered a <a href="/wiki/Binary_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary planet">double dwarf planet</a>. In a draft resolution for the <a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition of planet</a>, both Pluto and Charon were considered planets in a binary system.<a href="#cite_note-Draft_Resolution_5-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[c]</a> The IAU currently says Charon is not considered a dwarf planet but rather a satellite of Pluto, though the idea that Charon might qualify as a dwarf planet may be considered at a later date.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Nonetheless, it is no longer clear that Charon is in hydrostatic equilibrium. Also, the location of the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass#Barycenter_in_astrophysics_and_astronomy" title="Center of mass">barycenter</a> depends not only on the relative masses of the bodies, but also on the distance between them; the barycenter of the Sun–Jupiter orbit, for example, lies outside the Sun, but they are not considered a binary object. Thus, a formal definition of what constitutes a binary (dwarf) planet must be established before Pluto and Charon are formally defined as binary dwarf planets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Outer Space">Outer Space portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_astronomical_objects" title="Lists of astronomical objects">Lists of astronomical objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_planets" title="List of former planets">List of former planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_planets" title="Lists of planets">List of planetary bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Lists of small Solar System bodies">Lists of small Solar System bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_belts" title="Solar System belts">Solar System belts</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a> criterion of a dwarf planet cannot be confirmed unless a spacecraft directly visits the object. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Calculated using the minimum estimate from 15 objects in its region with at least Sedna's mass, as estimated by Schwamb, Brown, & Rabinowitz (2009).<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> The footnote in the original text reads: "For two or more objects comprising a multiple object system. ... A secondary object satisfying these conditions i.e. that of mass, shape is also designated a planet if the system barycentre resides outside the primary. Secondary objects not satisfying these criteria are "satellites". Under this definition, Pluto's companion Charon is a planet, making Pluto–Charon a double planet."<a href="#cite_note-Draft_Resolution_5-21">[20]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/plutosystem2019/pdf/7016.pdf">"Dwarf planets are planets, too: Planetary pedagogy after New Horizons"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627154315/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/plutosystem2019/pdf/7016.pdf">Archived</a> June 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-finalresolution-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finalresolution_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finalresolution_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finalresolution_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-finalresolution_3-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIAU2006" class="citation news cs1">IAU (August 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf">"Definition of a Planet in the Solar System: Resolutions 5 and 6"</a> (PDF). IAU 2006 General Assembly. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620102000/http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAU+2006+General+Assembly&rft.atitle=Definition+of+a+Planet+in+the+Solar+System%3A+Resolutions+5+and+6&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft.au=IAU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FResolution_GA26-5-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerGrundySykesStern2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Metzger" title="Philip T. Metzger">Metzger, Philip T.</a>; Grundy, W. M.; Sykes, Mark V.; et al. (March 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768">"Moons Are Planets: Scientific Usefulness Versus Cultural Teleology in the Taxonomy of Planetary Science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 374: 114768. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.15285">2110.15285</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Icar..37414768M">2022Icar..37414768M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768">10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114768</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240071005">240071005</a>. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Moons+Are+Planets%3A+Scientific+Usefulness+Versus+Cultural+Teleology+in+the+Taxonomy+of+Planetary+Science&rft.volume=374&rft.pages=114768&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2110.15285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240071005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Icar..37414768M&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Philip+T.&rft.au=Grundy%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Stern%2C+Alan&rft.au=Bell+III%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Detelich%2C+Charlene+E.&rft.au=Runyon%2C+Kirby&rft.au=Summers%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2021.114768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth">"In Depth | 4 Vesta"</a>. NASA Solar System Exploration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229050949/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth/">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved February 29, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Solar+System+Exploration&rft.atitle=In+Depth+%26%23124%3B+4+Vesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsolarsystem.nasa.gov%2Fasteroids-comets-and-meteors%2Fasteroids%2F4-vesta%2Fin-depth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauro_Murzi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mauro Murzi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3418/">"Changes in a scientific concept: what is a planet?"</a>. Preprints in Philosophy of Science (Preprint). University of Pittsburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611023948/http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3418/">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preprints+in+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Changes+in+a+scientific+concept%3A+what+is+a+planet%3F&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Mauro+Murzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F3418%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMager" class="citation web cs1">Mager, Brad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004610/http://www.discoveryofpluto.com/pluto06.html">"Pluto Revealed"</a>. discoveryofpluto.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveryofpluto.com/pluto06.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pluto+Revealed&rft.pub=discoveryofpluto.com&rft.aulast=Mager&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveryofpluto.com%2Fpluto06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuk,_MatijaMasters,_Karen2007" class="citation web cs1">Cuk, Matija; Masters, Karen (September 14, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012225232/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=624">"Is Pluto a planet?"</a>. Cornell University, Astronomy Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=624">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Pluto+a+planet%3F&rft.pub=Cornell+University%2C+Astronomy+Department&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft.au=Cuk%2C+Matija&rft.au=Masters%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurious.astro.cornell.edu%2Fquestion.php%3Fnumber%3D624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuieGrundy,_William_M.Young,_Eliot_F.Young,_Leslie_A.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Buie, Marc W.; Grundy, William M.; Young, Eliot F.; Young, Leslie A.; Stern, S. Alan (2006). "Orbits and Photometry of Pluto's Satellites: Charon, S/2005 P1, and S/2005 P2". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (1): 290–298. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0512491">astro-ph/0512491</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132..290B">2006AJ....132..290B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F504422">10.1086/504422</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119386667">119386667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Orbits+and+Photometry+of+Pluto%27s+Satellites%3A+Charon%2C+S%2F2005+P1%2C+and+S%2F2005+P2&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=290-298&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0512491&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119386667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F504422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AJ....132..290B&rft.aulast=Buie&rft.aufirst=Marc+W.&rft.au=Grundy%2C+William+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+Eliot+F.&rft.au=Young%2C+Leslie+A.&rft.au=Stern%2C+S.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewittDelsanti,_Audrey2006" class="citation book cs1">Jewitt, David; Delsanti, Audrey (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525051103/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf">The Solar System Beyond The Planets in Solar System Update : Topical and Timely Reviews in Solar System Sciences</a> (PDF). Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-37683-6">10.1007/3-540-37683-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-37683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-37683-5"><bdi>978-3-540-37683-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 25, 2006. Retrieved February 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solar+System+Beyond+The+Planets+in+Solar+System+Update+%3A+Topical+and+Timely+Reviews+in+Solar+System+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-37683-6&rft.isbn=978-3-540-37683-5&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Delsanti%2C+Audrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifa.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjewitt%2Fpapers%2F2006%2FDJ06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2006" class="citation book cs1">Weintraub, David A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isplutoplanethis00wein/page/1">Is Pluto a Planet? A Historical Journey through the Solar System</a>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isplutoplanethis00wein/page/1">1–272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12348-6"><bdi>978-0-691-12348-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Pluto+a+Planet%3F+A+Historical+Journey+through+the+Solar+System&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=1-272&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12348-6&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisplutoplanethis00wein%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsPhillips,_Amelia2006" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Tony; Phillips, Amelia (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125225956/http://www.plutopetition.com/unplanet.php">"Much Ado about Pluto"</a>. PlutoPetition.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plutopetition.com/unplanet.php">the original</a> on January 25, 2008. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Much+Ado+about+Pluto&rft.pub=PlutoPetition.com&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Amelia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plutopetition.com%2Funplanet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719160217/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/sedna/index.html#planets">"What is the definition of a planet?"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/sedna/index.html#planets">the original</a> on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+definition+of+a+planet%3F&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Department+of+Geological+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fsedna%2Findex.html%23planets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicher2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> (July 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2007/07/32-should-pluto-be-considered-a-planet">"Should Pluto Be Considered a Planet?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128115033/https://astronomy.com/magazine/greatest-mysteries/2007/07/32-should-pluto-be-considered-a-planet">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy&rft.atitle=Should+Pluto+Be+Considered+a+Planet%3F&rft.date=2007-07-21&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastronomy.com%2Fmagazine%2Fgreatest-mysteries%2F2007%2F07%2F32-should-pluto-be-considered-a-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2004/news-2004-14.html/">"Hubble Observes Planetoid Sedna, Mystery Deepens"</a>. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site. April 14, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113110507/https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2004/news-2004-14.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hubble+Observes+Planetoid+Sedna%2C+Mystery+Deepens&rft.date=2004-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fcontents%2Fnews-releases%2F2004%2Fnews-2004-14.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Mike2006" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mike (August 16, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/opinion/16brown.html">"War of the Worlds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213193022/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/opinion/16brown.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=War+of+the+Worlds&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft.au=Brown%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F16%2Fopinion%2F16brown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/">"California Institute of Technology, Retrieved 4-12-2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517130215/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/planetlila/">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Retrieved+4-12-2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fplanetlila%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/24/full/">"Astronomers Measure Mass of Largest Dwarf Planet"</a>. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site. June 14, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807132150/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2007/24/full/">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Astronomers+Measure+Mass+of+Largest+Dwarf+Planet&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2007%2F24%2Ffull%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/whatsaplanet/">"What makes a planet?"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516023200/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/whatsaplanet/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+makes+a+planet%3F&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Department+of+Geological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fwhatsaplanet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19aug-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19aug_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19aug_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritt2006" class="citation web cs1">Britt, Robert Roy (August 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html">"Details Emerge on Plan to Demote Pluto"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232939/http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060819_new_proposal.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Details+Emerge+on+Plan+to+Demote+Pluto&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2006-08-19&rft.aulast=Britt&rft.aufirst=Robert+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2F060819_new_proposal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draft_Resolution_5-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Draft_Resolution_5_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draft_Resolution_5_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Draft_Resolution_5_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0601/">"The IAU draft definition of "planet" and "plutons""</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>. August 16, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050716/http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0601/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved May 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+IAU+draft+definition+of+%22planet%22+and+%22plutons%22&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fdetail%2Fiau0601%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRincon2006" class="citation news cs1">Rincon, Paul (August 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm">"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723033823/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pluto+vote+%27hijacked%27+in+revolt&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft.aulast=Rincon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F5283956.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2006" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Alicia (August 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-25-pluto-memorabilia_x.htm">"Online merchants see green in Pluto news"</a>. USA Today. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511172619/http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-25-pluto-memorabilia_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved January 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Online+merchants+see+green+in+Pluto+news&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2006-08-25-pluto-memorabilia_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162512/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/">"The Eight Planets"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/">the original</a> on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Eight+Planets&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Department+of+Geological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Feightplanets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629155731/http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/erisf-20060914.html">"Hotly-Debated Solar System Object Gets a Name"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. September 14, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/erisf-20060914.html">the original</a> on June 29, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotly-Debated+Solar+System+Object+Gets+a+Name&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fvision%2Funiverse%2Fsolarsystem%2Ferisf-20060914.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2006" class="citation web cs1">Stern, Alan (September 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207024954/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspectives/piPerspective_09_06_2006.php">"Unabashedly Onward to the Ninth Planet"</a>. New Horizons Web Site. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspectives/piPerspective_09_06_2006.php">the original</a> on December 7, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unabashedly+Onward+to+the+Ninth+Planet&rft.pub=New+Horizons+Web+Site&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpluto.jhuapl.edu%2Foverview%2FpiPerspectives%2FpiPerspective_09_06_2006.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2011" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (August 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html">"Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern"</a>. Space.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814212232/http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pluto%27s+Planet+Title+Defender%3A+Q+%26+A+With+Planetary+Scientist+Alan+Stern&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2011-08-24&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News.discovery.com-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-News.discovery.com_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-News.discovery.com_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505221146/http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html">"Should Large Moons Be Called 'Satellite Planets'?"</a>. News.discovery.com. May 14, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/space/should-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html">the original</a> on May 5, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Should+Large+Moons+Be+Called+%27Satellite+Planets%27%3F&rft.pub=News.discovery.com&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fspace%2Fshould-large-moons-be-called-satellite-planets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern_2002-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_2002_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_2002_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_2002_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_2002_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stern_2002_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternLevison2000" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Stern, S.A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Levison" title="Harold F. Levison">Levison, H.F.</a> (August 7–18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/PDF/planet_def.pdf">Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes</a> (PDF). XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU – 2000. Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 12. Manchester, UK (published 2002). pp. 205–213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002HiA....12..205S">2002HiA....12..205S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1539299600013289">10.1017/S1539299600013289</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220319/http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/PDF/planet_def.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Highlights+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Regarding+the+criteria+for+planethood+and+proposed+planetary+classification+schemes&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=205-213&rft.date=2000-08-07%2F2000-08-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1539299600013289&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002HiA....12..205S&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft.au=Levison%2C+H.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boulder.swri.edu%2F~hal%2FPDF%2Fplanet_def.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2015" class="citation news cs1">Service, Tom (July 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/jul/15/sounds-pluto-new-horizons-colin-matthews-holst">"Sounds of the solar system: probing Pluto's predicted score"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226002852/https://www.theguardian.com/music/tomserviceblog/2015/jul/15/sounds-pluto-new-horizons-colin-matthews-holst">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sounds+of+the+solar+system%3A+probing+Pluto%27s+predicted+score&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Ftomserviceblog%2F2015%2Fjul%2F15%2Fsounds-pluto-new-horizons-colin-matthews-holst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunen2007" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen; et al., eds. (2007). <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Astronomy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Astronomy (book)">Fundamental Astronomy</a> (5 ed.). Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-killed-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-killed_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-killed_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2010" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Mike (2010). <a href="/wiki/How_I_Killed_Pluto_and_Why_It_Had_It_Coming" title="How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming">How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming</a>. Spiegel & Grau. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howikilledplutow00mike/page/223">223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+I+Killed+Pluto+and+Why+It+Had+It+Coming&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Spiegel+%26+Grau&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Mark E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.cas.cz/nuncius/appendix.html">"Comments & discussions on Resolution 5: The definition of a planet – Planets Galore"</a>. Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo, Series Tertia – official newspaper of the IAU General Assembly 2006. Astronomical Institute Prague. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030946/http://astro.cas.cz/nuncius/appendix.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dissertatio+cum+Nuncio+Sidereo%2C+Series+Tertia+%E2%80%93+official+newspaper+of+the+IAU+General+Assembly+2006&rft.atitle=Comments+%26+discussions+on+Resolution+5%3A+The+definition+of+a+planet+%E2%80%93+Planets+Galore&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastro.cas.cz%2Fnuncius%2Fappendix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220063342/http://www.ici.edu.uy/perfilASTRO.htm">"Dos uruguayos, Julio Fernández y Gonzalo Tancredi en la historia de la astronomía:reducen la cantidad de planetas de 9 a 8 ...&Anotaciones de Tancredi"</a> (in Spanish). Science and Research Institute, Mercedes, Uruguay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ici.edu.uy/perfilASTRO.htm">the original</a> on December 20, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dos+uruguayos%2C+Julio+Fern%C3%A1ndez+y+Gonzalo+Tancredi+en+la+historia+de+la+astronom%C3%ADa%3Areducen+la+cantidad+de+planetas+de+9+a+8+...%26Anotaciones+de+Tancredi&rft.pub=Science+and+Research+Institute%2C+Mercedes%2C+Uruguay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ici.edu.uy%2FperfilASTRO.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D3-PSS-Cambridge-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D3-PSS-Cambridge_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D3-PSS-Cambridge_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowellMeechWilliamsBoss2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._G._Bowell" title="Edward L. G. Bowell">Bowell, Edward L.G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karen_Jean_Meech" title="Karen Jean Meech">Meech, Karen J.</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_Williams" class="extiw" title="fr:Iwan Williams">Williams, Iwan P.</a> [in French]; et al. (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921308025398">"Division III: Planetary Systems Sciences"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_International_Astronomical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union">Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union</a>. 4 (T27A). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 149–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921308025398">10.1017/S1743921308025398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union&rft.atitle=Division+III%3A+Planetary+Systems+Sciences&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=T27A&rft.pages=149-153&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921308025398&rft.aulast=Bowell&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.G.&rft.au=Meech%2C+Karen+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&rft.au=Boss%2C+Alan+P.&rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&rft.au=Courtin%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Julio+A.&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+Bo+%C3%85.+S.&rft.au=Huebner%2C+Walter+F.&rft.au=Levasseur-Regourd%2C+Anny-Chantal&rft.au=Marov%2C+Mikhail+Ya.&rft.au=Mayor%2C+Michel&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Rita+M.&rft.au=Spurn%C3%BD%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Valsecchi%2C+Giovanni+B.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Jun-ichi&rft.au=Witt%2C+Adolf+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1743921308025398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Resolution_Result-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Resolution_Result_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/">"International Astronomical Union 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a>. August 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429212224/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAU&rft.atitle=International+Astronomical+Union+2006+General+Assembly%3A+Result+of+the+IAU+Resolution+votes&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fdetail%2Fiau0603%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU2008-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAU2008_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU2008_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/">"Plutoid chosen as name for Solar System objects like Pluto"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a>. Paris. June 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123162642/https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0804/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAU&rft.atitle=Plutoid+chosen+as+name+for+Solar+System+objects+like+Pluto&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fdetail%2Fiau0804%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2011" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Mary Kay (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faroutguidetoicy0000cars/mode/2up">Far-Out Guide to the Icy Dwarf Planets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enslow_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslow Publishers">Enslow Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766031876" title="Special:BookSources/9780766031876"><bdi>9780766031876</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441945398">441945398</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Out+Guide+to+the+Icy+Dwarf+Planets&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441945398&rft.isbn=9780766031876&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffaroutguidetoicy0000cars%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2010" class="citation book cs1">Lew, Kristi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dwarfplanetpluto0000lewk">Space! The Dwarf Planet Pluto</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_Benchmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish Benchmark">Marshall Cavendish Benchmark</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761445531" title="Special:BookSources/9780761445531"><bdi>9780761445531</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562529871">562529871</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space%21+The+Dwarf+Planet+Pluto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562529871&rft.isbn=9780761445531&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdwarfplanetpluto0000lewk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-darling-40"><a href="#cite_ref-darling_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Darling" title="David J. Darling">Darling, David</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143614/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/icedwarf.html">"Ice dwarf"</a>. Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy and Spaceflight. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/icedwarf.html">the original</a> on July 6, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy+and+Spaceflight&rft.atitle=Ice+dwarf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FI%2Ficedwarf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/33934-dwarf-planet-ceres-ice-volcano-discoveries.html">"Ice Volcanoes and More: Dwarf Planet Ceres Continues to Surprise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012004925/https://www.space.com/33934-dwarf-planet-ceres-ice-volcano-discoveries.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Ice+Volcanoes+and+More%3A+Dwarf+Planet+Ceres+Continues+to+Surprise&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F33934-dwarf-planet-ceres-ice-volcano-discoveries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastillo-RogezRaymondRussell2017" class="citation web cs1">Castillo-Rogez, J. C.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; et al. (September 12, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_183286.pdf">"Dawn at Ceres: What Have we Learned?"</a> (PDF). Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008123813/http://sites.nationalacademies.org/cs/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/ssb_183286.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dawn+at+Ceres%3A+What+Have+we+Learned%3F&rft.pub=Committee+on+Astrobiology+and+Planetary+Science&rft.date=2017-09-12&rft.aulast=Castillo-Rogez&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.nationalacademies.org%2Fcs%2Fgroups%2Fssbsite%2Fdocuments%2Fwebpage%2Fssb_183286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carroll_(space_artist)" title="Michael Carroll (space artist)">Carroll, Michael</a> (October 23, 2019). "Ceres: The First Known Ice Dwarf Planet". Ice Worlds of the Solar System: Their Tortured Landscapes and Biological Potential. Springer Cham. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-28120-5">10.1007/978-3-030-28120-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28120-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-28120-5"><bdi>978-3-030-28120-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceres%3A+The+First+Known+Ice+Dwarf+Planet&rft.btitle=Ice+Worlds+of+the+Solar+System%3A+Their+Tortured+Landscapes+and+Biological+Potential&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-28120-5&rft.isbn=978-3-030-28120-5&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soter-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soter_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soter_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soter_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-soter_44-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoter2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Soter" title="Steven Soter">Soter, S.</a> (August 16, 2006). "What is a Planet?". <a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a>. 132 (6): 2513–2519. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608359">astro-ph/0608359</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132.2513S">2006AJ....132.2513S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508861">10.1086/508861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14676169">14676169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Planet%3F&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2513-2519&rft.date=2006-08-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0608359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14676169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508861&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AJ....132.2513S&rft.aulast=Soter&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwambBrownRabinowitz2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Megan_Schwamb" title="Megan Schwamb">Schwamb, Megan E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_L._Rabinowitz" title="David L. Rabinowitz">Rabinowitz, David L.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F694%2F1%2FL45">"A search for distant solar system bodies in the region of Sedna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 694 (1): L45–L48. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4173">0901.4173</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...694L..45S">2009ApJ...694L..45S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F694%2F1%2FL45">10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15072103">15072103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+search+for+distant+solar+system+bodies+in+the+region+of+Sedna&rft.volume=694&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L45-L48&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0901.4173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15072103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F694%2F1%2FL45&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ApJ...694L..45S&rft.aulast=Schwamb&rft.aufirst=Megan+E.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Rabinowitz%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F0004-637X%252F694%252F1%252FL45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margot_2015-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margot_2015_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margot_2015_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargot2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot" title="Jean-Luc Margot">Margot, Jean-Luc</a> (October 15, 2015). "A quantitative criterion for defining planets". <a href="/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal" title="The Astronomical Journal">The Astronomical Journal</a>. 150 (6): 185. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06300">1507.06300</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..185M">2015AJ....150..185M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185">10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51684830">51684830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+quantitative+criterion+for+defining+planets&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=185&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1507.06300&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51684830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AJ....150..185M&rft.aulast=Margot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-planetarysociety-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planetarysociety_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetarysociety_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-planetarysociety_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakdawalla2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Lakdawalla" title="Emily Lakdawalla">Lakdawalla, Emily</a>; et al. (April 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet">"What is a planet?"</a>. planetary.org. <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetary.org&rft.atitle=What+is+a+planet%3F&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fworlds%2Fwhat-is-a-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/">"The eight planets"</a>. gps.caltech.edu. <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719162512/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/eightplanets/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gps.caltech.edu&rft.atitle=The+eight+planets&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Feightplanets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewitt" class="citation web cs1">Jewitt, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/pluto_classification.html">"Classification of Pluto"</a>. ess.ucla.edu. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819074719/http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/pluto_classification.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ess.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Pluto&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ess.ucla.edu%2F~jewitt%2Fkb%2Fpluto_classification.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLineweaverNorman2009" class="citation conference cs1">Lineweaver, Charles H.; Norman, Marc (September 28–30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/Potato%20Radiusv8.pdf">"The potato radius: A lower minimum size for dwarf planets"</a> (PDF). In Short, W.; Cairns, I. (eds.). Proceedings of 2009 Australian Space Science Conference. 9th Australian Space Science Conference. <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society#National_Space_Society_of_Australia" title="National Space Society">National Space Society of Australia</a> (published 2010). pp. 67–78. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1004.1091">1004.1091</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780977574032" title="Special:BookSources/9780977574032"><bdi>9780977574032</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310103945/https://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/Potato%20Radiusv8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+potato+radius%3A+A+lower+minimum+size+for+dwarf+planets&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+2009+Australian+Space+Science+Conference&rft.pages=67-78&rft.pub=National+Space+Society+of+Australia&rft.date=2009-09-28%2F2009-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1004.1091&rft.isbn=9780977574032&rft.aulast=Lineweaver&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rft.au=Norman%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mso.anu.edu.au%2F~charley%2Fpapers%2FPotato%2520Radiusv8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Sweeney" title="Julia Sweeney">Julia Sweeney</a> (interviewer & host), <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">M.E. Brown</a> (interviewed astronomer) (June 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626220548/http://www.pluggd.tv/audio/channels/kcet_podcast__hammer_conversations/episodes/2h10l">Julia Sweeney and Michael E. Brown</a> (podcast). Hammer Conversations. <a href="/wiki/KCET" title="KCET">KCET</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pluggd.tv/audio/channels/kcet_podcast__hammer_conversations/episodes/2h10l">the original</a> on June 26, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2008. <q>Actress and comedienne <a href="/wiki/Julia_Sweeney" title="Julia Sweeney">Julia Sweeney</a> (God Said Ha!) discusses the discovery that dwarfed Pluto with <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Michael E. Brown</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Julia+Sweeney+and+Michael+E.+Brown&rft.series=Hammer+Conversations&rft.pub=KCET&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pluggd.tv%2Faudio%2Fchannels%2Fkcet_podcast__hammer_conversations%2Fepisodes%2F2h10l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q&A-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc">"'Planet definition' questions & answers sheet"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>. August 24, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507125920/https://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Planet+definition%27+questions+%26+answers+sheet&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=2006-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Farchives%2Freleases%2Fdoc%2Fiau0601_q_answers.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundy2019-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy2019_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy2019_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grundy2019_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundyNollBuieBenecchi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Grundy, W.M.; Noll, K.S.; Buie, M.W.; Benecchi, S.D.; Ragozzine, D.; Roe, H.G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/abstracts/2019.G-G.html">"The Mutual Orbit, Mass, and Density of Transneptunian Binary Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà ((229762) 2007 UK126)"</a>. Icarus. 334: 30–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Icar..334...30G">2019Icar..334...30G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.12.037">10.1016/j.icarus.2018.12.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126574999">126574999</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407045339/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.G-G.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Mutual+Orbit%2C+Mass%2C+and+Density+of+Transneptunian+Binary+G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0+%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E%28229762%29+2007+UK%3Csub%3E126%3C%2Fsub%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29&rft.volume=334&rft.pages=30-38&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126574999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.12.037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Icar..334...30G&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft.au=Noll%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Buie%2C+M.W.&rft.au=Benecchi%2C+S.D.&rft.au=Ragozzine%2C+D.&rft.au=Roe%2C+H.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lowell.edu%2Fusers%2Fgrundy%2Fabstracts%2F2019.G-G.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nimmo2017-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo2017_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNimmo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nimmo, Francis; et al. (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images". Icarus. 287: 12–29. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.00821">1603.00821</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Icar..287...12N">2017Icar..287...12N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.06.027">10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44935431">44935431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Mean+radius+and+shape+of+Pluto+and+Charon+from+New+Horizons+images&rft.volume=287&rft.pages=12-29&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1603.00821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44935431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2016.06.027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Icar..287...12N&rft.aulast=Nimmo&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPSC-56"><a href="#cite_ref-EPSC_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond,_C.Castillo-Rogez,_J.C.Park,_R.S.Ermakov,_A.2018" class="citation book cs1">Raymond, C.; Castillo-Rogez, J.C.; Park, R.S.; Ermakov, A.; et al. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf">"Dawn Data Reveal Ceres' Complex Crustal Evolution"</a> (PDF). European Planetary Science Congress. Vol. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130111631/https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2018/EPSC2018-645-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dawn+Data+Reveal+Ceres%27+Complex+Crustal+Evolution&rft.btitle=European+Planetary+Science+Congress&rft.date=2018-09&rft.au=Raymond%2C+C.&rft.au=Castillo-Rogez%2C+J.C.&rft.au=Park%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Ermakov%2C+A.&rft.au=Bland%2C+M.T.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Prettyman%2C+T.&rft.au=Ammannito%2C+E.&rft.au=De+Sanctis%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Russell%2C+C.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeetingorganizer.copernicus.org%2FEPSC2018%2FEPSC2018-645-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> 'Pluto is a "dwarf planet" by the above definition and is recognized as the prototype of a new category of trans-Neptunian objects' </li> <li id="cite_note-bruton-58"><a href="#cite_ref-bruton_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Bruton" class="citation web cs1">Dan Bruton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323180835/http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html">"Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter for Minor Planets"</a>. Department of Physics & Astronomy (Stephen F. Austin State University). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/asteroids/sizemagnitude.html">the original</a> on March 23, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversion+of+Absolute+Magnitude+to+Diameter+for+Minor+Planets&rft.pub=Department+of+Physics+%26+Astronomy+%28Stephen+F.+Austin+State+University%29&rft.au=Dan+Bruton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.sfasu.edu%2Fastro%2Fasteroids%2Fsizemagnitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ortiz2017-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Ortiz2017_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizSantos-SanzSicardyBenedetti-Rossi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz, J. L.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Sicardy, B.; Benedetti-Rossi, G.; Bérard, D.; Morales, N.; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrosurf.com/sogorb/occultations/nature24051.pdf">"The size, shape, density and ring of the dwarf planet Haumea from a stellar occultation"</a> (PDF). Nature. 550 (7675): 219–223. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03113">2006.03113</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.550..219O">2017Natur.550..219O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24051">10.1038/nature24051</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10045%2F70230">10045/70230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29022593">29022593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205260767">205260767</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107052958/http://www.astrosurf.com/sogorb/occultations/nature24051.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+size%2C+shape%2C+density+and+ring+of+the+dwarf+planet+Haumea+from+a+stellar+occultation&rft.volume=550&rft.issue=7675&rft.pages=219-223&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10045%2F70230&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205260767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.550..219O&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2006.03113&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29022593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature24051&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Santos-Sanz%2C+P.&rft.au=Sicardy%2C+B.&rft.au=Benedetti-Rossi%2C+G.&rft.au=B%C3%A9rard%2C+D.&rft.au=Morales%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosurf.com%2Fsogorb%2Foccultations%2Fnature24051.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunham2019-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunham2019_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunham2019_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunham2019_60-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunham,_E._T.Desch,_S._J.Probst,_L.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dunham, E. T.; Desch, S. J.; Probst, L. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab13b3">"Haumea's Shape, Composition, and Internal Structure"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 877 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.00522">1904.00522</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ApJ...877...41D">2019ApJ...877...41D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab13b3">10.3847/1538-4357/ab13b3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90262114">90262114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Haumea%27s+Shape%2C+Composition%2C+and+Internal+Structure&rft.volume=877&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1904.00522&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90262114%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-4357%2Fab13b3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ApJ...877...41D&rft.au=Dunham%2C+E.+T.&rft.au=Desch%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Probst%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-4357%252Fab13b3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGPSN-61"><a href="#cite_ref-WGPSN_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets">"Dwarf Planets and their Systems"</a>. Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). July 11, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714225312/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/append7.html#DwarfPlanets">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2007. Retrieved September 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dwarf+Planets+and+their+Systems&rft.pub=Working+Group+for+Planetary+System+Nomenclature+%28WGPSN%29&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2Fappend7.html%23DwarfPlanets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinilla-Alonso-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinilla-Alonso_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinilla-AlonsoStansberryHoller2019" class="citation book cs1">Pinilla-Alonso, Noemi; Stansberry, John A.; Holler, Bryan J. (November 22, 2019). "Surface properties of large TNOs: Expanding the study to longer wavelengths with the James Webb Space Telescope". In Dina Prialnik; Maria Antonietta Barucci; Leslie Young (eds.). The Transneptunian Solar System. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.12320">1905.12320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Surface+properties+of+large+TNOs%3A+Expanding+the+study+to+longer+wavelengths+with+the+James+Webb+Space+Telescope&rft.btitle=The+Transneptunian+Solar+System&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019-11-22&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1905.12320&rft.aulast=Pinilla-Alonso&rft.aufirst=Noemi&rft.au=Stansberry%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Holler%2C+Bryan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OR10-63"><a href="#cite_ref-OR10_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyches2016" class="citation web cs1">Dyches, Preston (May 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6509">"2007 OR10: Largest Unnamed World in the Solar System"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123155324/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=6509">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved September 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=2007+OR10%3A+Largest+Unnamed+World+in+the+Solar+System&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft.aulast=Dyches&rft.aufirst=Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D6509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PorterTwitter-64"><a href="#cite_ref-PorterTwitter_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2018" class="citation web cs1">Porter, Simon (March 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/AscendingNode/status/978592143626375169">"#TNO2018"</a>. Twitter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133130/https://twitter.com/AscendingNode/status/978592143626375169">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved March 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%23TNO2018&rft.pub=Twitter&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2FAscendingNode%2Fstatus%2F978592143626375169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/f/division-f-annual-report-2022-2023.pdf">"Report of Division F "Planetary Systems and Astrobiology": Annual Report 2022-23"</a> (PDF). International Astronomical Union. 2022–2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208112824/https://www.iau.org/static/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/f/division-f-annual-report-2022-2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+Division+F+%22Planetary+Systems+and+Astrobiology%22%3A+Annual+Report+2022-23&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=2022%2F2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fscience%2Fscientific_bodies%2Fdivisions%2Ff%2Fdivision-f-annual-report-2022-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppardFernandezMoullet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sheppard, Scott S.; Fernandez, Yanga R.; Moullet, Arielle (November 16, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faae92a">"The Albedos, Sizes, Colors, and Satellites of Dwarf Planets Compared with Newly Measured Dwarf Planet 2013 FY27"</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 156 (6): 270. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.02184">1809.02184</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AJ....156..270S">2018AJ....156..270S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faae92a">10.3847/1538-3881/aae92a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119522310">119522310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Albedos%2C+Sizes%2C+Colors%2C+and+Satellites+of+Dwarf+Planets+Compared+with+Newly+Measured+Dwarf+Planet+2013+FY27&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=270&rft.date=2018-11-16&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1809.02184&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119522310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Faae92a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018AJ....156..270S&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Yanga+R.&rft.au=Moullet%2C+Arielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Faae92a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/">"The Dwarf Planets"</a>. California Institute of Technology, Department of Geological Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719164447/http://web.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dwarfplanets/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dwarf+Planets&rft.pub=California+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Department+of+Geological+Sciences&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fdwarfplanets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownList-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrownList_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrownList_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Mike</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html">"How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system?"</a>. CalTech. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018154917/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~mbrown/dps.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CalTech&rft.atitle=How+many+dwarf+planets+are+there+in+the+outer+solar+system%3F&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gps.caltech.edu%2F~mbrown%2Fdps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stern2012-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Stern2012_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Stern, Alan</a> (August 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113225430/http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspective.php?page=piPerspective_08_24_2012">"The PI's Perspective"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pluto.jhuapl.edu/overview/piPerspective.php?page=piPerspective_08_24_2012">the original</a> on November 13, 2014. Retrieved August 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+PI%27s+Perspective.&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpluto.jhuapl.edu%2Foverview%2FpiPerspective.php%3Fpage%3DpiPerspective_08_24_2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tancredi2008-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Tancredi2008_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTancrediFavre2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. A. (2008). "Which are the dwarfs in the Solar System?". <a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a>. 195 (2): 851–862. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Icar..195..851T">2008Icar..195..851T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.12.020">10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Which+are+the+dwarfs+in+the+Solar+System%3F&rft.volume=195&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=851-862&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2007.12.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Icar..195..851T&rft.aulast=Tancredi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Favre%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-free-71"><a href="#cite_ref-free_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown" title="Michael E. Brown">Brown, Michael</a> (August 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html">"Free the Dwarf Planets!"</a>. Mike Brown's Planets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005064654/http://www.mikebrownsplanets.com/2011/08/free-dwarf-planets.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mike+Brown%27s+Planets&rft.atitle=Free+the+Dwarf+Planets%21&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mikebrownsplanets.com%2F2011%2F08%2Ffree-dwarf-planets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Of bodies smaller than 900 km in diameter, the only ones thought to have albedos much greater than this are fragments in the <a href="/wiki/Haumea_family" title="Haumea family">Haumea collisional family</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/2005_QU182" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 QU182">2005 QU182</a> (albedo between 0.2 and 0.5). </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundy-orbits-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Grundy-orbits_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundyNollRoeBuie2019" class="citation journal cs1">Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Roe, H. G.; Buie, M. W.; Porter, S. B.; Parker, A. H.; Nesvorný, D.; Benecchi, S. D.; Stephens, D. C.; Trujillo, C. A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115091416/http://www2.lowell.edu/~grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.TNB_orbits.pdf">"Mutual Orbit Orientations of Transneptunian Binaries"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 334: 62–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Icar..334...62G">2019Icar..334...62G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.03.035">10.1016/j.icarus.2019.03.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-1035">0019-1035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133585837">133585837</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lowell.edu/users/grundy/abstracts/preprints/2019.TNB_orbits.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 15, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Mutual+Orbit+Orientations+of+Transneptunian+Binaries&rft.volume=334&rft.pages=62-78&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2019.03.035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133585837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0019-1035&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Icar..334...62G&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft.au=Noll%2C+K.+S.&rft.au=Roe%2C+H.+G.&rft.au=Buie%2C+M.+W.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Parker%2C+A.+H.&rft.au=Nesvorn%C3%BD%2C+D.&rft.au=Benecchi%2C+S.+D.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Trujillo%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lowell.edu%2Fusers%2Fgrundy%2Fabstracts%2Fpreprints%2F2019.TNB_orbits.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Souami2020-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Souami2020_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouamiBraga-RibasSicardyMorgado2020" class="citation journal cs1">Souami, D.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Sicardy, B.; Morgado, B.; Ortiz, J. L.; Desmars, J.; et al. (August 2020). "A multi-chord stellar occultation by the large trans-Neptunian object (174567) Varda". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 643: A125. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.04818">2008.04818</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020A&A...643A.125S">2020A&A...643A.125S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038526">10.1051/0004-6361/202038526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221095753">221095753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=A+multi-chord+stellar+occultation+by+the+large+trans-Neptunian+object+%28174567%29+Varda&rft.volume=643&rft.pages=A125&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2008.04818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221095753%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202038526&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020A%26A...643A.125S&rft.aulast=Souami&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Braga-Ribas%2C+F.&rft.au=Sicardy%2C+B.&rft.au=Morgado%2C+B.&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Desmars%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JWST-75"><a href="#cite_ref-JWST_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmeryWongBrunettoCook2024" class="citation journal cs1">Emery, J. P.; Wong, I.; Brunetto, R.; Cook, J. C.; Pinilla-Alonso, N.; Stansberry, J. A.; Holler, B. J.; Grundy, W. M.; Protopapa, S.; Souza-Feliciano, A. C.; Fernández-Valenzuela, E.; Lunine, J. I.; Hines, D. C. (2024). "A Tale of 3 Dwarf Planets: Ices and Organics on Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar from JWST Spectroscopy". Icarus. 414. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.15230">2309.15230</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Icar..41416017E">2024Icar..41416017E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2024.116017">10.1016/j.icarus.2024.116017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+3+Dwarf+Planets%3A+Ices+and+Organics+on+Sedna%2C+Gonggong%2C+and+Quaoar+from+JWST+Spectroscopy&rft.volume=414&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2309.15230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2024.116017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Icar..41416017E&rft.aulast=Emery&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Wong%2C+I.&rft.au=Brunetto%2C+R.&rft.au=Cook%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Pinilla-Alonso%2C+N.&rft.au=Stansberry%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Holler%2C+B.+J.&rft.au=Grundy%2C+W.+M.&rft.au=Protopapa%2C+S.&rft.au=Souza-Feliciano%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Valenzuela%2C+E.&rft.au=Lunine%2C+J.+I.&rft.au=Hines%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rommel2023-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Rommel2023_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRommelBraga-RibasOrtizSicardy2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rommel, F. L.; Braga-Ribas, F.; Ortiz, J. L.; Sicardy, B.; Santos-Sanz, P.; Desmars, J.; et al. (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346892">"A large topographic feature on the surface of the trans-Neptunian object (307261) 2002 MS4 measured from stellar occultations"</a>. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 678: 25. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.08062">2308.08062</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...678A.167R">2023A&A...678A.167R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346892">10.1051/0004-6361/202346892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260926329">260926329</a>. A167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=A+large+topographic+feature+on+the+surface+of+the+trans-Neptunian+object+%28307261%29+2002+MS4+measured+from+stellar+occultations&rft.volume=678&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2308.08062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260926329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202346892&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023A%26A...678A.167R&rft.aulast=Rommel&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft.au=Braga-Ribas%2C+F.&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Sicardy%2C+B.&rft.au=Santos-Sanz%2C+P.&rft.au=Desmars%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252F0004-6361%252F202346892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiss2024-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Kiss2024_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissMüllerMartonSzakáts2024" class="citation journal cs1">Kiss, C.; Müller, T. G.; Marton, G.; Szakáts, R.; Pál, A.; Molnár, L.; et al. (March 2024). "The visible and thermal light curve of the large Kuiper belt object (50000) Quaoar". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 684: A50. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.12679">2401.12679</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...684A..50K">2024A&A...684A..50K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202348054">10.1051/0004-6361/202348054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+visible+and+thermal+light+curve+of+the+large+Kuiper+belt+object+%2850000%29+Quaoar&rft.volume=684&rft.pages=A50&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2401.12679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F202348054&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024A%26A...684A..50K&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+T.+G.&rft.au=Marton%2C+G.&rft.au=Szak%C3%A1ts%2C+R.&rft.au=P%C3%A1l%2C+A.&rft.au=Moln%C3%A1r%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_News-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_News_78-0">^</a> Cowen, R. (2007). Idiosyncratic Iapetus, Science News vol. 172, pp. 104–106. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070818/bob8ref.asp">references</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013165655/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20070818/bob8ref.asp">Archived</a> October 13, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas2010-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas2010_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, P. C. (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223003125/http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf">"Sizes, shapes, and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 208 (1): 395–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Icar..208..395T">2010Icar..208..395T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.025">10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.025</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciclops.org/media/sp/2011/6794_16344_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 23, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Sizes%2C+shapes%2C+and+derived+properties+of+the+saturnian+satellites+after+the+Cassini+nominal+mission&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=395-401&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2010.01.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Icar..208..395T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=P.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciclops.org%2Fmedia%2Fsp%2F2011%2F6794_16344_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChenKipping-80"><a href="#cite_ref-ChenKipping_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenKipping2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Jingjing; Kipping, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2F834%2F1%2F17">"Probabilistic Forecasting of the Masses and Radii of Other Worlds"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (1): 17. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08614">1603.08614</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ApJ...834...17C">2017ApJ...834...17C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-4357%2F834%2F1%2F17">10.3847/1538-4357/834/1/17</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119114880">119114880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Probabilistic+Forecasting+of+the+Masses+and+Radii+of+Other+Worlds&rft.volume=834&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1603.08614&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119114880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-4357%2F834%2F1%2F17&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ApJ...834...17C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Jingjing&rft.au=Kipping%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-4357%252F834%252F1%252F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bode-1801-81"><a href="#cite_ref-bode-1801_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBode1801" class="citation book cs1">Bode, J.E., ed. (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GElAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA98">Berliner astronomisches Jahrbuch führ das Jahr 1804</a> [The Berlin Astronomical Yearbook for 1804]. pp. 97–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214145307/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GElAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2023. Retrieved October 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berliner+astronomisches+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BChr+das+Jahr+1804&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GElAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popular-astronomy-82"><a href="#cite_ref-popular-astronomy_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlipher1930" class="citation magazine cs1">Slipher, V.M. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-journal_query?volume=38&plate_select=NO&page=415&plate=&cover=&journal=PA...">"The trans-Neptunian planet"</a>. Popular Astronomy. Vol. 38. p. 415. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211211143952/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-journal_query?volume=38&plate_select=NO&page=415&plate=&cover=&journal=PA...">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+trans-Neptunian+planet&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=415&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Slipher&rft.aufirst=V.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-journal_query%3Fvolume%3D38%26plate_select%3DNO%26page%3D415%26plate%3D%26cover%3D%26journal%3DPA...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-83"><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2022" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html">"Out of this World: New Astronomy Symbols Approved for the Unicode Standard"</a>. unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806075352/http://blog.unicode.org/2022/05/out-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Out+of+this+World%3A+New+Astronomy+Symbols+Approved+for+the+Unicode+Standard&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.unicode.org%2F2022%2F05%2Fout-of-this-world-new-astronomy-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DPU-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DPU_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPU_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPU_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DPU_84-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2021" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk (October 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf">"Unicode request for dwarf-planet symbols"</a> (PDF). unicode.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323174107/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved October 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Unicode+request+for+dwarf-planet+symbols&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2021%2F21224-dwarf-planet-syms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode-1F700-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode-1F700_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf">"Alchemical Symbols"</a> (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402042357/http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F700.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Alchemical+Symbols&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FU1F700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DP-86"><a href="#cite_ref-DP_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet">"What is a Dwarf Planet?"</a>. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. April 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208181916/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/infographics/what-is-a-dwarf-planet">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Dwarf+Planet%3F&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Finfographics%2Fwhat-is-a-dwarf-planet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-constellations-87"><a href="#cite_ref-constellations_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk (October 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24235-constellation-symbols.pdf">"Preliminary presentation of constellation symbols"</a> (PDF). unicode.org. The Unicode Consortium. Retrieved October 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Preliminary+presentation+of+constellation+symbols&rft.date=2024-10-18&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24235-constellation-symbols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20150306-88"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20150306_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauBrown2015" class="citation web cs1">Landau, Elizabeth; Brown, Dwayne (March 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503">"NASA Spacecraft Becomes First to Orbit a Dwarf Planet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307062258/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4503">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Becomes+First+to+Orbit+a+Dwarf+Planet&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D4503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verbiscer2022-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Verbiscer2022_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbiscerHelfensteinPorterBenecchi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Verbiscer, Anne J.; Helfenstein, Paul; Porter, Simon B.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Kavelaars, J. J.; Lauer, Tod R.; et al. (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fac63a6">"The Diverse Shapes of Dwarf Planet and Large KBO Phase Curves Observed from New Horizons"</a>. The Planetary Science Journal. 3 (4): 31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PSJ.....3...95V">2022PSJ.....3...95V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fac63a6">10.3847/PSJ/ac63a6</a>. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Diverse+Shapes+of+Dwarf+Planet+and+Large+KBO+Phase+Curves+Observed+from+New+Horizons&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2FPSJ%2Fac63a6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PSJ.....3...95V&rft.aulast=Verbiscer&rft.aufirst=Anne+J.&rft.au=Helfenstein%2C+Paul&rft.au=Porter%2C+Simon+B.&rft.au=Benecchi%2C+Susan+D.&rft.au=Kavelaars%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Tod+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252FPSJ%252Fac63a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceNews-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SpaceNews_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Andrew (April 16, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/">"China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system"</a>. SpaceNews. SpaceNews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210929080320/https://spacenews.com/china-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=China+to+launch+a+pair+of+spacecraft+towards+the+edge+of+the+solar+system&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fchina-to-launch-a-pair-of-spacecraft-towards-the-edge-of-the-solar-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasBinzelb,_Richard_P.Gaffeyc,_Michael_J.Zellnerd,_Benjamin_H.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Peter C.; Binzelb, Richard P.; Gaffeyc, Michael J.; Zellnerd, Benjamin H.; Storrse, Alex D.; Wells, Eddie (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1997.5736">"Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images"</a>. Icarus. 128 (1): 88–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Icar..128...88T">1997Icar..128...88T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1997.5736">10.1006/icar.1997.5736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Vesta%3A+Spin+Pole%2C+Size%2C+and+Shape+from+HST+Images&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-94&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1997.5736&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Icar..128...88T&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.au=Binzelb%2C+Richard+P.&rft.au=Gaffeyc%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Zellnerd%2C+Benjamin+H.&rft.au=Storrse%2C+Alex+D.&rft.au=Wells%2C+Eddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Ficar.1997.5736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asmar_2012-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Asmar_2012_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmarKonopliv,_A._S.Park,_R._S.Bills,_B._G.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Asmar, S. W.; Konopliv, A. S.; Park, R. S.; Bills, B. G.; Gaskell, R.; Raymond, C. A.; Russell, C. T.; Smith, D. E.; Toplis, M. J.; Zuber, M. T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2600.pdf">"The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure"</a> (PDF). 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1659): 2600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012LPI....43.2600A">2012LPI....43.2600A</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020181320/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2600.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=43rd+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&rft.atitle=The+Gravity+Field+of+Vesta+and+Implications+for+Interior+Structure&rft.issue=1659&rft.pages=2600&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012LPI....43.2600A&rft.aulast=Asmar&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft.au=Konopliv%2C+A.+S.&rft.au=Park%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=Bills%2C+B.+G.&rft.au=Gaskell%2C+R.&rft.au=Raymond%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Russell%2C+C.+T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Toplis%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Zuber%2C+M.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2012%2Fpdf%2F2600.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russel_2012-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Russel_2012_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Russel, C. T.; et al. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~wmwv/Classes/A1122/Literature/Science-2012-Russell-684-6.pdf">"Dawn at Vesta: Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm"</a> (PDF). Science. 336 (6082): 684–686. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...336..684R">2012Sci...336..684R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1219381">10.1126/science.1219381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22582253">22582253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206540168">206540168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715181221/http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~wmwv/Classes/A1122/Literature/Science-2012-Russell-684-6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dawn+at+Vesta%3A+Testing+the+Protoplanetary+Paradigm&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=6082&rft.pages=684-686&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1219381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206540168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22582253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...336..684R&rft.aulast=Russel&rft.aufirst=C.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phyast.pitt.edu%2F~wmwv%2FClasses%2FA1122%2FLiterature%2FScience-2012-Russell-684-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnor06-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Agnor06_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnorHamilton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Agnor, C. B.; Hamilton, D. P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014134243/http://extranet.on.br/rodney/curso2010/aula9/tritoncapt_hamilton.pdf">"Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter"</a> (PDF). Nature. 441 (7090): 192–194. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.441..192A">2006Natur.441..192A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04792">10.1038/nature04792</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688170">16688170</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4420518">4420518</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extranet.on.br/rodney/curso2010/aula9/tritoncapt_hamilton.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 14, 2016. Retrieved August 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Neptune%27s+capture+of+its+moon+Triton+in+a+binary%E2%80%93planet+gravitational+encounter&rft.volume=441&rft.issue=7090&rft.pages=192-194&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04792&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4420518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16688170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.441..192A&rft.aulast=Agnor&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+D.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fextranet.on.br%2Frodney%2Fcurso2010%2Faula9%2Ftritoncapt_hamilton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookBrown2012" class="citation news cs1">Cook, Jia-Rui C.; Brown, Dwayne (April 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713125236/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/">"Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet-Like Qualities"</a>. Jey Propoulsion Laboratory. Pasadena, California: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120426/">the original</a> on July 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jey+Propoulsion+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Cassini+Finds+Saturn+Moon+Has+Planet-Like+Qualities&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Jia-Rui+C.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaturn.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnewsreleases%2Fnewsrelease20120426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasriBrown2006" class="citation journal cs1">Basri, Gibor; Brown, Michael E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731133553/http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/A/Annual%20Review%20Earth%20Planetary%20Sciences_vol.34_2006_pp.193-216.pdf">"Planetesimals to Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?"</a> (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 34: 193–216. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608417">astro-ph/0608417</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AREPS..34..193B">2006AREPS..34..193B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.34.031405.125058">10.1146/annurev.earth.34.031405.125058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119338327">119338327</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siba.unipv.it/fisica/articoli/A/Annual%20Review%20Earth%20Planetary%20Sciences_vol.34_2006_pp.193-216.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Planetesimals+to+Brown+Dwarfs%3A+What+is+a+Planet%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=193-216&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0608417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119338327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.34.031405.125058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AREPS..34..193B&rft.aulast=Basri&rft.aufirst=Gibor&rft.au=Brown%2C+Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiba.unipv.it%2Ffisica%2Farticoli%2FA%2FAnnual%2520Review%2520Earth%2520Planetary%2520Sciences_vol.34_2006_pp.193-216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/">"Pluto and the Solar System"</a>. iau.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417193151/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iau.org&rft.atitle=Pluto+and+the+Solar+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fpluto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADwarf+planet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/dwarf_planet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/a-visual-introduction-to-the-dwarf-planets-in-our-solar-system/">A Visual Introduction to the Dwarf Planets in our Solar System</a> (Anshool Deshmukh, Visual Capitalist, October 8, 2021, graphics by Mark Belan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5631291">Dwarf Planets May Finally Get Respect</a> (David Kestenbaum, <a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4798205.stm">Q&A New planets proposal</a>, August 16, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224221409/http://www.canada.com/ottawacitizen/news/story.html?id=a9591aed-f19f-4ac3-a324-1f8bb46d9379&p=2">The case against Pluto</a> (P. Surdas Mohit) August 24, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Hilton" title="James L. Hilton">James L. Hilton</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070921162818/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/minorplanets.php">When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?</a></li> <li>NASA: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211161824/http://astronomy2009.nasa.gov/topics_sep.htm">IYA 2009 Dwarf Planets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dwarf_planets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dwarf_planets" title="Template:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dwarf_planets" title="Template talk:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dwarf_planets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dwarf_planets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dwarf planets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li>Former dwarf planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Planemo">Planemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Consensus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ceres" title="Geology of Ceres">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Atmosphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pluto" title="Geology of Pluto">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Rings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="836" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/110px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/165px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/220px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Candidate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/704_Interamnia" title="704 Interamnia">Interamnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10199_Chariklo" title="10199 Chariklo">Chariklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5145_Pholus" title="5145 Pholus">Pholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(44594)_1999_OX3" title="(44594) 1999 OX3">1999 OX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(501214)_2013_TC146" class="mw-redirect" title="(501214) 2013 TC146">2013 TC146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523727)_2014_NW65" title="(523727) 2014 NW65">2014 NW65</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/38628_Huya" title="38628 Huya">Huya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(469372)_2001_QF298" title="(469372) 2001 QF298">2001 QF298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(84719)_2002_VR128" title="(84719) 2002 VR128">2002 VR128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(612533)_2002_XV93" title="(612533) 2002 XV93">2002 XV93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(208996)_2003_AZ84" title="(208996) 2003 AZ84">2003 AZ84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(455502)_2003_UZ413" title="(455502) 2003 UZ413">2003 UZ413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(84922)_2003_VS2" title="(84922) 2003 VS2">2003 VS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(470308)_2007_JH43" title="(470308) 2007 JH43">2007 JH43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_OF69" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 OF69">2017 OF69</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object#1:2_resonance_("twotinos",_period_~330_years)" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Twotinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(119979)_2002_WC19" title="(119979) 2002 WC19">2002 WC19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19521_Chaos" title="19521 Chaos">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(35671)_1998_SN165" title="(35671) 1998 SN165">1998 SN165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(55565)_2002_AW197" title="(55565) 2002 AW197">2002 AW197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_CY248" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 CY248">2002 CY248</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(119951)_2002_KX14" title="(119951) 2002 KX14">2002 KX14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(55637)_2002_UX25" title="(55637) 2002 UX25">2002 UX25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(307616)_2003_QW90" class="mw-redirect" title="(307616) 2003 QW90">2003 QW90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(90568)_2004_GV9" title="(90568) 2004 GV9">2004 GV9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(444030)_2004_NT33" title="(444030) 2004 NT33">2004 NT33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(175113)_2004_PF115" title="(175113) 2004 PF115">2004 PF115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(120348)_2004_TY364" title="(120348) 2004 TY364">2004 TY364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(144897)_2004_UX10" title="(144897) 2004 UX10">2004 UX10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(145452)_2005_RN43" title="(145452) 2005 RN43">2005 RN43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(202421)_2005_UQ513" title="(202421) 2005 UQ513">2005 UQ513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_FX86" title="2010 FX86">2010 FX86</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other KBOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(469306)_1999_CD158" title="(469306) 1999 CD158">1999 CD158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(26375)_1999_DE9" title="(26375) 1999 DE9">1999 DE9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(82075)_2000_YW134" title="(82075) 2000 YW134">2000 YW134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(78799)_2002_XW93" title="(78799) 2002 XW93">2002 XW93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(574372)_2010_JO179" title="(574372) 2010 JO179">2010 JO179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523645)_2010_VK201" title="(523645) 2010 VK201">2010 VK201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_FW62" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 FW62">2011 FW62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(471288)_2011_GM27" title="(471288) 2011 GM27">2011 GM27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523671)_2013_FZ27" title="(523671) 2013 FZ27">2013 FZ27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(472271)_2014_UM33" title="(472271) 2014 UM33">2014 UM33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(495603)_2015_AM281" title="(495603) 2015 AM281">2015 AM281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523794)_2015_RR245" title="(523794) 2015 RR245">2015 RR245</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/229762_G%C7%83k%C3%BAn%C7%81%CA%BCh%C3%B2md%C3%ADm%C3%A0" title="229762 Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà">Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/471143_Dziewanna" title="471143 Dziewanna">Dziewanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(26181)_1996_GQ21" class="mw-redirect" title="(26181) 1996 GQ21">1996 GQ21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(15874)_1996_TL66" title="(15874) 1996 TL66">1996 TL66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(42301)_2001_UR163" title="(42301) 2001 UR163">2001 UR163</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(84522)_2002_TC302" title="(84522) 2002 TC302">2002 TC302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(230965)_2004_XA192" title="(230965) 2004 XA192">2004 XA192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(303775)_2005_QU182" title="(303775) 2005 QU182">2005 QU182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(145451)_2005_RM43" title="(145451) 2005 RM43">2005 RM43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_QH181" title="2006 QH181">2006 QH181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(470599)_2008_OG19" title="(470599) 2008 OG19">2008 OG19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_KZ39" title="2010 KZ39">2010 KZ39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523639)_2010_RE64" title="(523639) 2010 RE64">2010 RE64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(589683)_2010_RF43" title="(589683) 2010 RF43">2010 RF43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_JO179" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 JO179">2010 JO179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_TJ" title="2010 TJ">2010 TJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(445473)_2010_VZ98" title="(445473) 2010 VZ98">2010 VZ98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(543354)_2014_AN55" title="(543354) 2014 AN55">2014 AN55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523692)_2014_EZ51" title="(523692) 2014 EZ51">2014 EZ51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_UZ224" title="2014 UZ224">2014 UZ224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523759)_2014_WK509" title="(523759) 2014 WK509">2014 WK509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_KH162" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 KH162">2015 KH162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_RR245" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 RR245">2015 RR245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_FO161" title="2017 FO161">2017 FO161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_VG18" title="2018 VG18">2018 VG18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DR15" title="2021 DR15">2021 DR15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_LL37" title="2021 LL37">2021 LL37</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(120132)_2003_FY128" title="(120132) 2003 FY128">2003 FY128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(612584)_2003_QX113" title="(612584) 2003 QX113">2003 QX113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(612911)_2004_XR190" title="(612911) 2004 XR190">2004 XR190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(145480)_2005_TB190" title="(145480) 2005 TB190">2005 TB190</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(278361)_2007_JJ43" title="(278361) 2007 JJ43">2007 JJ43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(528381)_2008_ST291" title="(528381) 2008 ST291">2008 ST291</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_VP113" title="2012 VP113">2012 VP113</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dwarf_planets" title="Category:Dwarf planets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2199#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7540854-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1112351&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&oldid=1254930776">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&oldid=1254930776</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solar_System" title="Category:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dwarf_planets" title="Category:Dwarf planets">Dwarf planets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_neologisms" title="Category:1990s neologisms">1990s neologisms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Minor_planets" title="Category:Minor planets">Minor planets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planetary-mass_objects" title="Category:Planetary-mass objects">Planetary-mass objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_planet" title="Category:Types of planet">Types of planet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_astronomy" title="Category:Concepts in astronomy">Concepts in astronomy</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Graph_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Graph extension">Pages using the Graph extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_disabled_graphs" title="Category:Pages with disabled graphs">Pages with disabled graphs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2024">Use mdy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mandarin_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text">Articles containing Mandarin Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Template:Background_color_with_invalid_color_combination" title="Category:Pages using Template:Background color with invalid color combination">Pages using Template:Background color with invalid color combination</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 10:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwarf_planet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2nql","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.013","walltime":"2.336","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14786,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":434542,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22576,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":402531,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1990.605 1 -total"," 38.69% 770.131 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.05% 200.027 26 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.04% 179.879 40 Template:Cite_web"," 8.82% 175.478 4 Template:Navbox"," 8.27% 164.589 9 Template:Cite_news"," 7.26% 144.454 100 Template:Val"," 7.20% 143.333 1 Template:Dwarf_planets"," 6.25% 124.334 9 Template:Lang"," 5.30% 105.487 1 Template:Solar_System"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.108","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18453744,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","200","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.3"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.3"],["clone \u003CmwInit.lua:65\u003E","40","3.3"],["[others]","300","25.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6klwk","timestamp":"20241122160650","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dwarf planet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwarf_planet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2199","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2199","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-11T19:16:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T10:49:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/58\/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29.jpg","headline":"planetary-mass object in hydrostatic equilibrium but which has not cleared its neighborhood"}</script> </body> </html>