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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle of l'Étendard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_l'Étendard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basilica_Saint_Fris,_Bassoues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilica_Saint_Fris,_Bassoues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Basilica Saint Fris, Bassoues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilica_Saint_Fris,_Bassoues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Fris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">8th Century Catholic saint</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Orphan plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Orphan" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Orphan" title="Wikipedia:Orphan">orphan</a>, as no other articles <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere&target=Saint_Fris&namespace=0">link to it</a></b>. Please <a href="/wiki/Help:Link" title="Help:Link">introduce links</a> to this page from <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ASearch&redirs=1&search=Saint+Fris&fulltext=Search&ns0=1&title=Special%3ASearch&advanced=1&fulltext=Saint+Fris">related articles</a></span>; try the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edwardbetts.com/find_link?q=Saint_Fris">Find link tool</a> for suggestions. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saint Fris</b>, also known as <b>Fris de Bassoues</b>, Latin <i>Frisius</i> or <i>Frisus</i>, also <i>Frix</i>, or <i>Fritz</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">warrior saint</a> worshiped in the region <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gers" title="Gers">département Gers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG/220px-Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG/330px-Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG/440px-Bassoues_-_Basilique_Saint-Fris_frise.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4371" data-file-height="2913" /></a><figcaption>Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Relief#Low_relief_or_bas-relief" title="Relief">bas-relief</a> above the portal of the Basilica of Saint Fris de Bassoues, showing Saint Fris as a knight on horse back and identifying him as a prince from Frisia. 1520.</figcaption></figure> <p>Saint Fris was considered the defender of <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>. His skull played a role in major ceremonies such as the consecration of the <a href="/wiki/Auch_Cathedral" title="Auch Cathedral">Auch Cathedral</a> 1121. The rest of his body was kept in a plain sandstone <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Saint_Fris_de_Bassoues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Saint Fris de Bassoues (page does not exist)">Basilica of Saint Fris de Bassoues</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Fris_de_Bassoues" class="extiw" title="fr:Basilique Saint-Fris de Bassoues">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His veneration is associated with curing <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> and other chronic diseases. In the Middle Ages he may have been the patron of <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">intouchables</a>. His major feast was on <a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">16 January</a>, the day that his body was recovered, supplemented by other festivities on <a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">25 June</a> (his day of death) and <a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">29 August</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">Beheading of John the Baptist</a>), as well as a <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> on <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a>. According to the 1521 <a href="/wiki/Town_privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Town privilege">town privileges</a>, these were accompanied by a <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">market fair</a>. Adittionally, there was a procession on the second Sunday of May<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2001 Saint Fris is the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of the newly established parish of Saint-Fris-d'Anglès (<a href="/wiki/Bassoues" title="Bassoues">Bassoues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montesquiou" title="Montesquiou">Montesquiou</a>). His present cult is largely restricted to four parishes in the region of <a href="/wiki/Astarac" title="Astarac">Astarac</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg/220px-Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg/330px-Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg/440px-Saint_Fris.......dans_la_basilique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Wooden statue of Saint-Fries in the basilica of Bassoues; 19th-century copy of a lost original.</figcaption></figure> <p>His cult was at its height in the 16th century and remained popular until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>. The parishes of <a href="/wiki/Bassoues" title="Bassoues">Bassoues</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9raut" title="Béraut">Béraut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazax-et-Baccarisse" title="Gazax-et-Baccarisse">Gazax-et-Baccarisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gondrin" title="Gondrin">Gondrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lannemaignan" title="Lannemaignan">Lannemaignan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laujuzan" title="Laujuzan">Laujuzan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupiac" title="Lupiac">Lupiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peyrusse-Vieille" title="Peyrusse-Vieille">Peyrusse-Vieille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9neron" title="Préneron">Préneron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Go&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Go (page does not exist)">Saint-Go</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semg%C3%B2r" class="extiw" title="oc:Semgòr">oc</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Betb%C3%A8ze" title="Betbèze">Betbèze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hautes-Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es" title="Hautes-Pyrénées">Hautes-Pyrénées</a>), had either altars dedicated to Saint Fris, or venerated him as their <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>. The funeral chapel of Mas-Vieux de <a href="/wiki/Vic-Fezensac" title="Vic-Fezensac">Vic-Fezensac</a>, where the saint was venerated highly, kept his arm. Other chapels were to be found in <a href="/wiki/Aubiet" title="Aubiet">Aubiet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eauze" title="Eauze">Eauze</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mont-d%E2%80%99Astarac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mont-d’Astarac (page does not exist)">Mont-d’Astarac</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont-d%E2%80%99Astarac" class="extiw" title="fr:Mont-d’Astarac">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 30 churches received his relics. Hundreds of boys (<i>Fris</i>. <i> Friz</i>, <i>Frix</i>) and girls (<i>Frise</i>, <i>Frize</i>, <i>Frison</i>, <i>Frisette</i>) were named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The churches of Bassoues, Gazax-et-Baccarisse, Lupiac and Peyrusse-Vieille still have the saint's statues. </p><p>The veneration of Saint Fris revived since the 1850s, when the basilica of Bassoues was rebuilt. Since the 1880s the church is named Basilique Saint-Fris. The nearby lake is called Lac de Saint-Fris. Supplementary chapels have been founded in the 1890s on the locations where he is said to have fought his last fight and where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Saint Fris has recently attracted the attention of right-wing politicians, who hail the warrior-saint as a champion against the alleged <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_France" title="Islamophobia in France">islamization</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval legend of Saint Fris is not supported by historical sources. It may well have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> songs and <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chansons de geste</a> about legendary Frisian kings rather than having been derived from religious <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>. The basilica of Saint Fris is situated on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Via_Tolosana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Via Tolosana (page does not exist)">Via Tolosana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Tolosana" class="extiw" title="fr:Via Tolosana">fr</a>]</span>, one of the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims%27_way" title="Pilgrims' way">pilgrims' ways</a> to <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Santiago di Compostela</a>, which may have contributed to the popularity of the Saint's cult. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend">Legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg/220px-Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg/330px-Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg/440px-Saint_Fris_statute_in_the_church_of_Lupiac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Saint Fris statute in the church of Lupiac</figcaption></figure> <p>The character of Fris is surrounded by legends, of which it is difficult to determine whether they are based on actual events or on literary imagination. According to the ecclesiastical tradition Fris, probably meaning 'the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a>', was a commander of a Frankish army during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the Palace">Mayor of the Palace</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>. He was killed in battle in the year AD 732. </p><p>Following to the same legend, Fris was the son of the King of <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>. An inscription on an early 16-century portal depicts the saint as a knight on a horse, accompanied by the text: <i>Sanctus Frisius, filius regis Frisiae – Sancte Frisi, ora pro nobis</i> ("Saint Fris, son of the King of Frisia – Saint Fris, pray for us").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a sign of his royal descent, his helmet is depicted with a crown, whereas he holds a scepter in his hand. It is assumed, moreover, that Fris was not a baptismal name, but a reference to the saint's origins. The history of Saint Fris is largely based on a report by archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9onard_de_Trappes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léonard de Trappes (page does not exist)">Léonard de Trappes</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onard_de_Trappes" class="extiw" title="fr:Léonard de Trappes">fr</a>]</span> in 1623, on a manuscript lost in the early 17th century as well as on local traditions. </p><p>Jesuit scholars from the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Bollandist" title="Bollandist">Bollandist Society</a>, who corresponded 1691 with the <a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">canons</a> of Bassoues, inferred that Fris might be a son of King <a href="/wiki/Redbad,_King_of_the_Frisians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redbad, King of the Frisians">Radbod</a>, and a nephew of the Frankish statesman Charles Martel. The canons, who preserved some memories of the manuscript, later communicated their knowledge to the archbishop's <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">vicar general</a>, the abbot <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Aignan_du_Sendat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D'Aignan du Sendat (page does not exist)">d'Aignan du Sendat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d%27Aignan_du_Sendat" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis d'Aignan du Sendat">fr</a>]</span> (1681–1764). According to d'Aignan du Sendat it was in his time "a generally accepted belief" that Fris was the son of Radbod.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Life of <a href="/wiki/Wulfram_of_Sens" title="Wulfram of Sens">Wulfram of Sens</a></i> (<i>Vita Vulframni</i>), written around 800, King Radbod indeed had a son that was baptized and named after his father, but he died after a few days, still wearing his white baptismal garment.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Metz" title="Annals of Metz">Annals of Metz</a></i>, also dated around 800, claim that <a href="/wiki/Grimoald_II_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimoald II the Younger">Grimoald</a> (the son of the Mayor of the Palace <a href="/wiki/Pippin_of_Herstal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pippin of Herstal">Pippin of Herstal</a>) had a son by his <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>, who was named <a href="/wiki/Theudoald" title="Theudoald">Theudoald</a>. The <i>theud-</i> or <i>thiad-</i> component of his name, however, may imply he actually was the son of Radbod's daughter named <a href="/wiki/Thiadsvind" title="Thiadsvind">Theudesinda</a> or Thiadsvind.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage between Grimoald and Theudesinda AD 711 is historical. All things considered, the true identity of the saint remains matter of speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_l'Étendard"><span id="Battle_of_l.27.C3.89tendard"></span>Battle of l'Étendard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle of l'Étendard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassoues_(Gers)_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG/220px-Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG/330px-Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG/440px-Bassoues_%28Gers%29_statue_St.Fris_sortie_sud-ouest_du_village.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Saint Fris in L'Étendard near Bassoues, where the battle of 732 is said to have taken place.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year AD 732, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> Caliphate advanced into the region <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. This led to the great <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> in October that year, in which Charles Martel earned his nickname <i>martelles</i> ("the hammer"). According to the legend, Charles at first endorsed Fris to push forward in order to challenge the Umayyad forces led by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Ghafiqi" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi">Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi</a>. It came to a confrontation in June 732. The first battle took place near <a href="/wiki/Lupiac" title="Lupiac">Lupiac</a> and was undecided. But Fris regrouped his forces on a hill near La Tapia (present-day Bassoues), at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9nar%C3%A8ze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ténarèze (page does not exist)">Ténarèze</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nar%C3%A8ze" class="extiw" title="fr:Ténarèze">fr</a>]</span>, the main <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> route from <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, where it crosses the 12th-century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilgrims%27_road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilgrims' road (page does not exist)">pilgrims' road</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Tolosana" class="extiw" title="fr:Via Tolosana">fr</a>]</span> to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostella" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Compostella">Santiago de Compostella</a>. On this plateau, on June 24, he planted his standard and confronted the Umayyads a second time. This is the reason why the battle is called the Battle of l'Étendard ('standard' or 'banner'), which is said to have taken place near the Moulin de l'Étendard (west of Bassoues). The latter battle was won by the Franks, but at the loss of Fris's life. He was hit by an arrow in his thigh, and was carried from the battlefield by his horse. He passed away at the banks of the rivulet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guiroue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guiroue (page does not exist)">Guiroue</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiroue" class="extiw" title="fr:Guiroue">fr</a>]</span> and was buried on the spot (near the Pont du Chrétien).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues of Fris often show him as a standard bearer. In the Frisian tradition, their legendary leader <a href="/wiki/Saint_Magnus_of_Anagni" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Magnus of Anagni">Saint Magnus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Forteman" title="Magnus Forteman">Magnus Forteman</a>, whose remnants were said to have been rescued from <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, is often depicted as a standard bearer as well. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg/220px-The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg/330px-The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg/440px-The_death_of_Saint_Fris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Fresco in the Mary's Nativity Church of Bassoues, showing the death of Saint Fris after his victory against the Saracens in the Battle of l'Étendard, AD 732.</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea that Frisians were fighting in the Frankish armies against the Saracens is not far-fetched. Frisian as well as Saxon contingents were deployed against the Danes, Slavs and Avars, which brought them as far as the River Danube in modern Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another interesting aspect is that Fris is depicted as riding a horse. Allegedly, Fris was part a cavalry unit, possibly a small vanguard suited to observe the movements of the Umayyad army and to design an effective strategy. During the Late Middle Ages, Frisians were well-known horse breeders, exporting their horses all over Europe. Frisian horses are often mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chansons de geste</a>. In the epos <i>La Chevalerie Ogier de Danemarche</i>, none other than the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> rides a <i>ceval Frise</i> (‘Frisian horse’). What is more, <a href="/wiki/Friesian_horse" title="Friesian horse">Friesian</a> horses were renown as <i>chargeurs</i> (‘war horses’) throughout the Middle Ages, and centuries after.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, it may well be that the stories involved originated much later, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusades</a>, when King Radbod (<i>"Raimbaud"</i>) and his fictitious successor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondebeuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gondebeuf (page does not exist)">Gondebeuf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondebald" class="extiw" title="nl:Gondebald">nl</a>]</span> (who was supposed to have been buried in <a href="/wiki/Belin-B%C3%A9liet" title="Belin-Béliet">Belin (Gironde)</a>) featured in <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romances</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_Roland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanson de Roland">Chanson de Roland</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni" title="Historia Caroli Magni">Historia Caroli Magni</a></i>. In these stories contemporary Crucade and <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Camino</a> propaganda was projected back into the time of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingians</a>. Knights on horseback, moreover, were part of the traditional iconography of the High Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basilica_Saint_Fris,_Bassoues"><span id="Basilica_Saint_Fris.2C_Bassoues"></span>Basilica Saint Fris, Bassoues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basilica Saint Fris, Bassoues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg/220px-Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg/330px-Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg/440px-Basilique_of_Saint-Fris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Basilica Saint Fris</figcaption></figure> <p>According to legendary tradition, the sarcophagus of Saint Fris was discovered some two centuries after his death by peasants from a nearby farm witnessing strange behavior of one of their cows. The cow refused food and preferred to lick a large stone hidden in the bushes. In spite of this she was healthier and fatter than the rest of the herd. After moving the stone, the herdsman unearthed a sarcophagus containing the saint's preserved body with armor and weaponry. Shortly thereafter, the villagers furnished a chapel behind the altar of their parish church, dedicated to Saint Fris. When they planned to transfer the shrine, they discovered that all draft oxen refused to pull the loaded wagon, except for the cow that had been licking the stone, which completed the heavy task without any difficulty. </p><p>From this time onward all kinds of miracles took place. The village of Bassoues became a place of pilgrimage. As is often said to happen during the transfer of relics (<i>translatio</i>) a fresh water well sprang up from the place where the body of Saint Fris had been buried. In the nearby hamlet of Andréou the dough that had been moistened with water from the well turned to blood. A <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper house</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">crestias</a></i>, mentioned in 1283 and 1295, was probably located near the fountain.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parish church of Bassoues also has a 15th-century font for the lepers or <a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">untouchables</a>. </p><p>A 17th-century report states that villagers carried beneficial water from the well to patients who were confined to their houses. In 1890, at the initiative of the local priest Father A. Blajan, the original fountain on the hill was replaced by a chapel, accompanied by a small bathhouse for pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miraculous healings occurred after a prayer or vow at the saint's tomb. When the powerful archbishop <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_de_La_Mothe-Houdancourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri de La Mothe-Houdancourt (page does not exist)">Henri de La Mothe-Houdancourt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_La_Mothe-Houdancourt" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri de La Mothe-Houdancourt">fr</a>]</span> wanted to open the shrine in 1670, a flame is said to have come out, which frightened his helpers and made them abandon the plan. The archbishop made Saint Fris co-patron of the episcopal chapel of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maz%C3%A8res&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Château de Mazères (page does not exist)">Château de Mazères</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maz%C3%A8res" class="extiw" title="fr:Château de Mazères">fr</a>]</span>. Further miracles concerned the healing of a noblewoman's daughter and of a boy, whose arm was due to be amputated. </p><p>The church of Saint Fris is first mentioned in November 1020. A charter from the Benedictine monastery of Saint Michel in <a href="/wiki/Pessan" title="Pessan">Pessan</a> testifies that the castle of Bassoues and the church of the blessed Frisian (<i>ecclesia beati Frisii</i>) are donated to the monastery by its owner, the nobleman Raymond de Bassoues, in order to establish a new monastery of the said order. The donation was renewed in 1047, after which the monastery may have been built next to the church. Apparently (though it is not clair when this took place), the church was subsequently enlarged into a three-aisled basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>, and last but not least, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, did much harm to the buildings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png/220px-Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png/330px-Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png/440px-Saint_Fris_-_Bassoues_-_seal_ca._1400.png 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the town of Bassoues, about 1400, with the edge inscription <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">SIGILLVM COMMVNITATIS UILLE DE BASSOA</span></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1270 the territory of Bassoues came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Auch" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Auch">archbishop of Auch</a>. The village (called <i>La Tapia</i>) was rearranged to a <a href="/wiki/Bastide" title="Bastide">bastide</a>, which left the basilica unprotected.l The village provided with <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a>, dating 1295 and 1325. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Aubert" title="Arnaud Aubert">Arnaud Aubert</a> (1356–1371) fortified the bastide and ordered the construction of new church – <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Nativit%C3%A9-Notre-Dame_de_Bassoues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Nativité-Notre-Dame de Bassoues (page does not exist)">La Nativité-Notre-Dame de Bassoues</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_la_Nativit%C3%A9-Notre-Dame_de_Bassoues" class="extiw" title="fr:Église de la Nativité-Notre-Dame de Bassoues">fr</a>]</span> – as well as an impressive <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">donjon</a> within the walls. The monastery fell into decline in the 15th century. The town's seal from about 1400 depicts Saint Fris as a knight sitting on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saint Mary's Nativity Church was made the parish church in 1510, and transformed into <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a> (with 12 <a href="/wiki/Canon_(title)" title="Canon (title)">canons</a>) in 1512. The former monastery was probably incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/College_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="College (Catholic canon law)">college</a>. Still, in 1520 the basilica (now degraded to a chapel) with the crypt of Saint Fris was renovated and provided with Renaissance decorated portals, by order of the influential cardinal <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guillaume_de_Castelnau-Clermont-Lod%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="François Guillaume de Castelnau-Clermont-Lodève">Clermont-Lodève</a>. Again, Saint Fris is shown on horseback. The bell tower dates from 1453. In 1569, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>, the buildings were set in fire by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Lorges,_Count_of_Montgomery" title="Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery">Montgomery</a>. The ruins were restored in 1623. Only the crypt remained miraculously untouched. The saint's skull was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Peyrusse-Grande" title="Peyrusse-Grande">Peyrusse-Grande</a>, in order to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a> from destroying it. Further destruction took place in 1793, when the saint's shrine was broken open, its contents scattered and partly rescued by the villagers. The town council ordered the demolition of the basilica. The statues were burned, only part of Saint Fris's head was saved. The tomb was used as a drinking trough for cattle of a neighboring farm, but one of the oxen that drank here is said to have died. From 1847 to 1855, the basilica was restored to its former grandeur, the remaining relics were recollected, and the skull was returned in 1857. The basilica was reconsecrated in 1888. It was enlisted as a Historical Monument in 1944 and renovated in 1957; the whole <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">site</a> was enlisted in 2016. </p><p>19th century antiquarians created the story that the village was previously a place of worship for the <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">druids</a> and the site of a pagan temple dedicated to the Roman war god <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, as the name of the forest of Le Marsoulès is supposed to bear witness to.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mythologist Denise Homerin-Barberon recently speculated that Saint Fris might be the successor of an ancient sun cult. The discovery of his tomb by a cow supposedly represents the female element of the moon, absorbed by Christianity as the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_organization" title="Veterans' organization">veterans' organization</a> Fédération "Le Combattant du Gers", founded in 1923, has Saint Fris as its patron saint. The organization is part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_Andr%C3%A9_Maginot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fédération nationale André Maginot (page does not exist)">Fédération nationale André Maginot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_Andr%C3%A9_Maginot" class="extiw" title="fr:Fédération nationale André Maginot">fr</a>]</span>.</li> <li>The Association Saint-Fris du Gers, founded 1991, aims to maintain and promote the Latin Mass in <a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Since January 2017, pilgrimages to the basilica of Saint Fris in Bassoues have been held, focusing in particular on the problems of farmers in the region of <a href="/wiki/Astarac" title="Astarac">Astarac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/ActaSanctorum/24.Juni.html">24 Junii, S. Frisius Martyr, in Auscensi Aquitaniæ Diesis</a>, <i>Acta Sanctorum</i> (1695)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bassoues.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Guide-de-la-visite-de-Bassoues.pdf">"Guide de la visite de Bassoues"</a>, <i>Atelier d'Histoire du Foyer Rural de Bassoues</i> (2023) (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calameo.com/read/000213712d37242c65061">here</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA32000039">"Basilique Saint Fris"</a>, <i>POP: la plateforme ouverte du patrimoine. Ministère de la Culture</i> (2017)</li> <li>Hans Faber, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frisiacoasttrail.blog/2021/09/10/saint-fris/">"Like Father, Unlike Son"</a>, <i>Frisia Coast Trail.</i> (10 September 2021)</li> <li>Steven M. Adkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawsofsilence.blogspot.com/2007/07/golden-legend-of-st-fris.html">"Golden Legend of St Fris."</a> <i>Laws of Silence</i> (26 July 2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacques Baudoin, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Hwa38EjyoAC&dq=fris&pg=PA229">Grand livre des saints: culte et iconographie en Occident.</a></i> Nonette: Editions Creer, 2006, p. 229. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84819-041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84819-041-9">978-2-84819-041-9</a>.(French)</li> <li>Jean-Marie Bénac, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75781c/f168.image">Les Saints du calendre diocésain d’Auch</a></i>, Auch 1916–1923, vol. 1, pp. 67–102 (French)</li> <li>Jean Guilhempey, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6518098w.r">Histoire de Bassoues et de la chapelle de Saint-Fritz</a></i>, Auch 1856 (French)</li> <li>Jean Guilhempey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=cP4quiSt19QC&pg=PA639">'XVI<sup>e</sup> jour du Janvier: Saint Fritz, martyr à Bassoues, VIII<sup>e</sup> siècle'</a> [extract], in: Paul Guérin, <i>Les petits bollandistes, vies des saints de l'Ancien et du Nouveau Testament, des martyrs, des pères, des auteurs sacrés et ecclésiastiques des vénérables et autres personnes mortes en odeur de sainteté</i>, 7th ed., vol. 1, Bar-le-Duc and Paris 1876, pp. 639–643 (French)</li> <li>Denise Homerin, 'À l’aube de l’Europe, un saint friso-gascon: la légende dorée de saint Fris de Bassoues', in: <i>Mythologie Française. Bulletin de la Société de mythologie française</i>, no. 194 (1998), p. 23-30 (part 1); no.195 (1999), p. 17-28 (part 2); no. 196 (1999), pp. 13–21 (part 3) (French)</li> <li>Jeff van Hout, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semafoor.info/nl/ArchiveDocument/Document?Dir=SEM_PDF&File=SEM_17_3#page=4">'De zoon van Radbod op avontuur in Zuid-Frankrijk'</a>, in: <i>SEMafoor</i> 17 (2016), nr. 3, pp. 2–7 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nifterlaca.nl/eigen_assets/Artikelen/023-Zoon_Radbod_Zuid-Frankrijk.html">online</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nifterlaca.nl"><i>Nifterlaca.nl</i></a>) (Dutch)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Marsol, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=DyeLCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Patrimoine vivant du Diocèse d'Auch</a></i>, Hallennes-lez-Haubourdin 2016, p. 71-72. Bénac and others wrongly suggest that the shrine is made of marble or granite. Jean-Marie Bénac, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75781c/f168.image">Les Saints du calendre diocésain d’Auch</a></i>, Auch 1916-1923, vol. 1, pp. 67-102. Louis-Clément Brugèles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=lvTy8cg1p50C&pg=PA383"><i>Chroniques ecclésiatiques du diocèse d‘Auch</i></a>, Toulouse 1746, p. 383-385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bénac, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75781c/f196.item">Les Saints d’Auch</a></i>, pp. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bénac, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75781c/f193.item">Les Saints d’Auch</a></i>, pp. 90-91, 95. The former churches of Préneron and Saint-Go had the saint as their patron. Bénac also mentions the former parishes of Saint-Fris Castets (South of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aignan_(Gers)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aignan (Gers) (page does not exist)">Aignan</a>) and Thézan (near <a href="/wiki/Lagraulet-du-Gers" title="Lagraulet-du-Gers">Lagraulet-du-Gers</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madeleine Houth-Baltus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rio_0048-8151_1956_num_8_1_1537">'Les prénoms des habitants de Mirande au XVII<sup>e</sup> et au XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècles'</a>, in: <i>Revue internationale d'onomastique</i> 8 (1956), no. 1, pp. 31-42, pp. 37-38. Henri Polge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65791756/f92.item">'Les prénoms "Fris" et "Frise"'</a>, in: <i>Bulletin de la Société archéologique, historique, littéraire & scientifique du Gers</i> 60 (1959), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Bordes, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6576647p/f124.item.zoom">'Jean-Marie Pandellé (1904-1967), le dernier missionnaire diocésain'</a>, in: <i>Bulletin de la Société archéologique, historique, littéraire & scientifique du Gers</i> 99 (1998), pp. 107-123, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lepetitjournal.net/65-hautes-pyrenees/2018/06/25/a-bassoues-le-rassemblement-national-commemore-saint-fris/">"À Bassoues, le Rassemblement National commémore Saint Fris"</a>. <i>Le Petit Journal</i>. 25 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Petit+Journal&rft.atitle=%C3%80+Bassoues%2C+le+Rassemblement+National+comm%C3%A9more+Saint+Fris&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lepetitjournal.net%2F65-hautes-pyrenees%2F2018%2F06%2F25%2Fa-bassoues-le-rassemblement-national-commemore-saint-fris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Fris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bénac, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75781c/f190.image">Les Saints d’Auch</a></i>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guilhempey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6518098w/f9.item"><i>Histoire de Bassoues</i></a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Han Nijdam and Otto S. Knottnerus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36932843/Prefinal_version_of_H_Nijdam_and_O_S_Knottnerus_Redbad_the_Once_and_Future_King_of_the_Frisians_in_M_Ba%C3%A1r_and_S_Halink_eds_Northern_Myths_Modern_Identities_The_Nationalisation_of_Northern_Mythologies_Since_1800_In_preparation_Leiden_Boston_2018_">'Redbad, the Once and Future King of the Frisians'</a>, in: Simon Halink (ed.), <i>Northern Myths, Modern Identities: The Nationalisation of Northern Mythologies Since 1800</i>, Brill, Leiden 2018, pp. 87-114, p. 98 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39843-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39843-6">978-90-04-39843-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Wood, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kEI3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211&dq=thudsinda">Franks and Frisians</a>'. in: John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger-van der Pluijm (eds.), <i>Frisians of the Early Middle Ages, Woodbridge</i>, NJ 2021, pp. 203-222, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The names of Radbod's sons are not mentioned in contemporary sources. 16th-century historiography invented three baptized sons of Radbod: Melcher (the son who died after baptism), <a href="/wiki/Aldgisl" title="Aldgisl">Adelgil</a> the Second and <a href="/wiki/Bubo,_Duke_of_the_Frisians" title="Bubo, Duke of the Frisians">Poppo</a>. Only the last one is historical. It is quite possible that the clerics of Bassoues and Auch got acquainted with these ideas. Cf. Ludovico Guicciardini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=oi9lAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA223"><i>Description de touts les Pays-Bas, autrement appellez la Germanie Inférieure ou Basse Allemagne</i></a>, Amsterdam 1609, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modern name Pont du Chrétien may have been derived from an older <i>Pont du Crestian</i> or <i>Crestias</i> ("Bridge of the <a href="/wiki/Cagot" title="Cagot">Cagot(s)</a> or untouchables"). Gilbert Loubais, <i>L'énigme des cagots. Histoire d'une exclusion</i>, Bordeaux 1995. The bridge is part of the pilgrims' way to Compostela.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flierman, Robert, 'Mirror Histories: Frisians and Saxons from the first to the ninth century AD', in: John Hines and Nelleke IJssennagger-van der Pluijm (eds.), <i>Frisians of the Early Middle Ages</i>, Woodbridge, NJ 2021, pp. 223-238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savelkouls, J., <i>Het Friese Paard</i> (2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. René Crozet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/5224668.pdf">'Le thème du cavalier victorieux dans l'art roman de France et d'Espagne'</a>, in: <i>Príncipe de Viana</i> 32 (1971), pp. 125-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Duffour, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archiveshistori02gascgoog/page/442/mode/1up?q=frisium">Livre rouge du chapitre métropolitain de Sainte-Marie d'Auch</a></i>, Paris and Auch 1907, p. 442 (Archives historiques de la Gascogne, 2nd ser., vol 11).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fontainesdeslandes.fr/?q=node/691">"Fontaine Saint Fris"</a>. <i>Fontaines des Landes</i>. 11 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fontaines+des+Landes&rft.atitle=Fontaine+Saint+Fris&rft.date=2024-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffontainesdeslandes.fr%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Fris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most literature leaves it undecided when the expansion into a basilica took place, whether it was already in the 11th or as late as the 16th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brigitte Bedos Rezak, <i>Corpus des sceaux français du Moyen Âge</i>, vol. 1, Paris 1980, p. 92 (no. 83). Paul Laplagne Barris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k2087697/f576.item.r=.zoom"><i>Sceaux gascons du moyen âge (gravures et notices)</i>, publiés pour la Société historique de Gascogne, Part 1: Sceaux ecclesiastiques. Sceaux des rois de Navarre et des grands feudataires</a>, Paris and Auch 1888, p. 542 (no. 653).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Justin Monlezun, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=TaIFBNdYfXwC&pg=PA6">Histoire de Gascogne</a></i>, vol. 2, Auch 1846, p. 6. Guérin, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=cP4quiSt19QC&pg=PA639">Les petits bollandistes</a></i>, vol. 1, 1876, p. 639. Paul Pioplin and Paul Guérin, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supplmentauxvi01piol/page/156/mode/1up">Supplément aux vies des saints et spécialement aux Petits bollandistes</a></i>, vol. 1, Paris 1888, pp. 156-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homerin, 'La légende dorée de saint Fris'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/2021/05/29/lassociation-saint-fris-retrouve-un-second-souffle-9573069.php">"L'association Saint-Fris retrouve un second souffle à Auch"</a>. <i>La Dépêche du Midi</i>. 29 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche+du+Midi&rft.atitle=L%27association+Saint-Fris+retrouve+un+second+souffle+%C3%A0+Auch&rft.date=2021-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2F2021%2F05%2F29%2Flassociation-saint-fris-retrouve-un-second-souffle-9573069.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Fris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichel_Hamon2017" class="citation web cs1">Michel Hamon (24 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lejournaldugers.fr/article/17502-pelerinage-a-st-fris">"Pélerinage de St. Fris"</a>. <i>Le Journal de Gres</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Journal+de+Gres&rft.atitle=P%C3%A9lerinage+de+St.+Fris&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.au=Michel+Hamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flejournaldugers.fr%2Farticle%2F17502-pelerinage-a-st-fris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Fris" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2019/01/21/2943911-saint-fris-et-la-priere-ecolo-du-paysan.html">"Saint-Fris et la prière 'écolo' du paysan"</a>. <i>La Dépêche du Midi</i>. 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche+du+Midi&rft.atitle=Saint-Fris+et+la+pri%C3%A8re+%27%C3%A9colo%27+du+paysan&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladepeche.fr%2Farticle%2F2019%2F01%2F21%2F2943911-saint-fris-et-la-priere-ecolo-du-paysan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Fris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=e80-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA818">De S. Frisio Martyre in Auscensi Aquitaniæ</a>', in: <i>Acta sanctorum Junii</i>, vol 4, Antwerp 1695, pp. 818-819.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&oldid=1255439420">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Fris&oldid=1255439420</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholic_saints" title="Category:French Roman Catholic saints">French Roman Catholic saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_saints" title="Category:Military saints">Military saints</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Gers" title="Category:People from Gers">People from Gers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Frisians" title="Category:Medieval Frisians">Medieval Frisians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_monarchs_of_Frisia" title="Category:Fictional monarchs of Frisia">Fictional monarchs of Frisia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Charlemagne" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Charlemagne">Cultural depictions of Charlemagne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_deaths" title="Category:8th-century deaths">8th-century deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:732_deaths" title="Category:732 deaths">732 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Camino_de_Santiago" title="Category:Camino de Santiago">Camino de Santiago</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_pilgrimage_sites" title="Category:Catholic pilgrimage sites">Catholic pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orphaned_articles_from_November_2024" title="Category:Orphaned articles from November 2024">Orphaned articles from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_orphaned_articles" title="Category:All orphaned articles">All orphaned articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing" title="Category:Year of birth missing">Year of birth missing</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 23:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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