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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Second Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nūr-ad-Din_and_the_rise_of_Saladin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nūr-ad-Din_and_the_rise_of_Saladin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Nūr-ad-Din and the rise of Saladin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nūr-ad-Din_and_the_rise_of_Saladin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Fall of Jerusalem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Third Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusade_of_1197" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusade_of_1197"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Crusade of 1197 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusade_of_1197-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Fourth Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Fifth Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Sixth Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crusades_of_1239–1241" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crusades_of_1239–1241"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 The Crusades of 1239–1241 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crusades_of_1239–1241-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Seventh_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Seventh_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 The Seventh Crusade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Seventh_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_final_crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_final_crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 The final crusades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_final_crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall_of_the_Crusader_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall_of_the_Crusader_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Decline and fall of the Crusader States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall_of_the_Crusader_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_crusades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_crusades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Other crusades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_crusades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusading_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusading_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Crusading movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusading_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military orders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Financing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Historiography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historiography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Tertiary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Crusades</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruistog" title="Kruistog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kruistog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzzug" title="Kreuzzug – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kreuzzug" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%89%80%E1%88%8D_%E1%8C%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የመስቀል ጦርነቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የመስቀል ጦርነቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حملات صليبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملات صليبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzadas" title="Cruzadas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cruzadas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խաչակրաց արշաւանքներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խաչակրաց արշաւանքներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzaes" title="Cruzaes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cruzaes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91orair%C3%B5_Marangatu" title="Ñorairõ Marangatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñorairõ Marangatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99lib_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9Fl%C9%99ri" title="Səlib yürüşləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səlib yürüşləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="صلیب یوروشلری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صلیب یوروشلری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্রুসেড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রুসেড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dp-j%C4%AB-kun" title="Si̍p-jī-kun – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍p-jī-kun" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Тәре яуҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәре яуҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Крыжовыя паходы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крыжовыя паходы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Крыжовыя паходы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыжовыя паходы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кръстоносен поход – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръстоносен поход" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krsta%C5%A1ki_ratovi" title="Krstaški ratovi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krstaški ratovi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroaziadego%C3%B9" title="Kroaziadegoù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kroaziadegoù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хэрээһэтэнэй аян дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэрээһэтэнэй аян дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croades" title="Croades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Croades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хĕрес харçисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хĕрес харçисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Krusada" title="Mga Krusada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga Krusada" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEov%C3%A9_v%C3%BDpravy" title="Křížové výpravy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křížové výpravy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Croesgadau" title="Y Croesgadau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Croesgadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korstog" title="Korstog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Korstog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzzug" title="Kreuzzug – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kreuzzug" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristis%C3%B5jad" title="Ristisõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ristisõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Σταυροφορίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταυροφορίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzadas" title="Cruzadas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cruzadas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucmilitoj" title="Krucmilitoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krucmilitoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurutzadak" title="Gurutzadak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurutzadak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جنگ‌های صلیبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ‌های صلیبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade" title="Crusade – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Crusade" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croisade" title="Croisade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croisade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BAstochten" title="Krústochten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krústochten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosadis" title="Crosadis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Crosadis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Cros%C3%A1id%C3%AD" title="Na Crosáidí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Crosáidí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogaidhean_na_Croise" title="Cogaidhean na Croise – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cogaidhean na Croise" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzadas" title="Cruzadas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cruzadas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B5%B0" title="십자군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="십자군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Crusades" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խաչակրաց արշավանքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաչակրաց արշավանքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="क्रूसयुद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रूसयुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarski_ratovi" title="Križarski ratovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Križarski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucomiliti" title="Krucomiliti – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Krucomiliti" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%A8_%C3%81gh%C3%A1_J%C3%A9su" title="Njè Ághá Jésu – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Njè Ághá Jésu" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_Krusada" title="Dagiti Krusada – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti Krusada" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib" title="Perang Salib – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Salib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciadas" title="Cruciadas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cruciadas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дзуары балцытæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзуары балцытæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krossfer%C3%B0ir" title="Krossferðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Krossferðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crociata" title="Crociata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crociata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91" title="מסעי הצלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסעי הצלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib" title="Perang Salib – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Salib" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisuu_you_(Croisades)" title="Tisuu you (Croisades) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tisuu you (Croisades)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯვაროსნული ლაშქრობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Крест жорықтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Крест жорықтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krowskasow" title="Krowskasow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Krowskasow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_za_Misalaba" title="Vita za Misalaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita za Misalaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwazad" title="Kwazad – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwazad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krwazad" title="Krwazad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Krwazad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer%C3%AAn_xa%C3%A7perestan" title="Seferên xaçperestan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Seferên xaçperestan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кресттүүлөр жортуулдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кресттүүлөр жортуулдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crujades" title="Crujades – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crujades" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusatas" title="Krusatas – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Krusatas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expeditio_sacra" title="Expeditio sacra – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Expeditio sacra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusta_kari" title="Krusta kari – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krusta kari" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хашпересрин финар – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Хашпересрин финар" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kry%C5%BEiaus_%C5%BEygiai" title="Kryžiaus žygiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kryžiaus žygiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruutstoch" title="Kruutstoch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kruutstoch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croxade" title="Croxade – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Croxade" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresztes_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk" title="Keresztes háborúk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztes háborúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Крстоносни војни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крстоносни војни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroazada" title="Kroazada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kroazada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="കുരിശുയുദ്ധങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുരിശുയുദ്ധങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru%C4%8Bjata" title="Kruċjata – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kruċjata" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1" title="क्रुसेड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रुसेड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჯვაროსანული ლაშქუეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვაროსანული ლაშქუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حملات صليبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حملات صليبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib" title="Perang Salib – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Salib" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Salib" title="Parang Salib – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Salib" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzada" title="Cruzada – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cruzada" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Загалмайтны аян дайн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Загалмайтны аян дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ခရူးဆိတ် စစ်ပွဲများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရူးဆိတ် စစ်ပွဲများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruistocht" title="Kruistocht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kruistocht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="क्रुसेड्स् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्रुसेड्स्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E8%BB%8D" title="十字軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="十字軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="ЖӀарахойн тӀелетарш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЖӀарахойн тӀелетарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCstooch" title="Krüstooch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Krüstooch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korstog" title="Korstog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korstog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krosstog" title="Krosstog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krosstog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crou%C3%A9sade" title="Crouésade – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Crouésade" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosada" title="Crosada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crosada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salib_yurishlari" title="Salib yurishlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Salib yurishlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਸਲੀਬੀ ਜੰਗਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਲੀਬੀ ਜੰਗਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="صلیبی جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صلیبی جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%90" title="صليبي جگړې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صليبي جگړې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krusiedz" title="Krusiedz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Krusiedz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro%C3%A9sades" title="Croésades – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Croésades" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosi%C3%A0" title="Crosià – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Crosià" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BC%C3%BCztog" title="Krüüztog – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Krüüztog" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krucjata" title="Krucjata – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krucjata" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruzada" title="Cruzada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cruzada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C3%A7l%C4%B1lar_seferleri" title="Haçlılar seferleri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Haçlılar seferleri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciad%C4%83" title="Cruciadă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cruciadă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Хрестовы походы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хрестовы походы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Крестовые походы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крестовые походы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кириэс похуоттар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кириэс похуоттар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crutzadas" title="Crutzadas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Crutzadas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryq%C3%ABzatat" title="Kryqëzatat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kryqëzatat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciati" title="Cruciati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cruciati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0" title="කුරුස යුද්ධ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුරුස යුද්ධ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crusades" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEiacka_v%C3%BDprava" title="Križiacka výprava – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Križiacka výprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarske_vojne" title="Križarske vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Križarske vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeraradii_Siliibiyiinta" title="Weeraradii Siliibiyiinta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Weeraradii Siliibiyiinta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شەڕەکانی خاچھەڵگران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕەکانی خاچھەڵگران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Крсташки ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крсташки ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarski_ratovi" title="Križarski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Križarski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristiretket" title="Ristiretket – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ristiretket" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korst%C3%A5g" title="Korståg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korståg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Krusada" title="Mga Krusada – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Krusada" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிலுவைப் போர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலுவைப் போர்கள்" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crusade&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious wars of the High Middle Ages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crusades_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crusades (disambiguation)">Crusades (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval illustration of a battle during the Second Crusade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg/300px-Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg/450px-Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg/600px-Combat_deuxi%C3%A8me_croisade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="823" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>14th-century miniature of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1147)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)">Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> battle, from the <a href="/wiki/Estoire_d%27Eracles" title="Estoire d'Eracles">Estoire d'Eracles</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Template:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crusades"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusades" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Ideology and institutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military order (religious society)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_indulgence" title="Crusade indulgence">Crusade indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_income_tax" title="Papal income tax">Papal income tax</a></li></ul> In the Holy Land (1095–1291) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101" title="Crusade of 1101">1101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1129" title="Crusade of 1129">1129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">1197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1267" title="Crusade of 1267">1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Infants_of_Aragon" title="Crusade of the Infants of Aragon">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">Lord Edward's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer" title="Fall of Outremer">Fall of Outremer</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Later_Crusades_(1291-1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Later Crusades</a> (1291–1717) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399">Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades" title="Smyrniote crusades">Smyrniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade" title="Alexandrian Crusade">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_crusade" title="Savoyard crusade">Savoyard</a></li> <li>Barbary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">1390</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Tedelis" title="Crusade of Tedelis">1398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bona_crusade" title="Bona crusade">1399</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League" title="Holy League">Holy Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1332)" title="Holy League (1332)">1332</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1495)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy League (1495)">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai#Holy_League" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1535)" title="Holy League (1535)">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1538)" title="Holy League (1538)">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1594)" title="Holy League (1594)">1594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1717)" title="Holy League (1717)">1717</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern</a> (1147–1410) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmare_ledung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmare ledung">Kalmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish</a></li> <li>Swedish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Swedish_Crusade" title="First Swedish Crusade">1150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Swedish_Crusade" title="Second Swedish Crusade">1249</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">1293</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade" title="Lithuanian Crusade">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_campaign_against_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian campaign against Rus'">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River" title="Battle of the Vorskla River">Tatar</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Crusades_against_Christians" title="Crusades against Christians">Against Christians</a> (1209–1588) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenther_Crusade" title="Drenther Crusade">Drenther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stedinger_Crusade" title="Stedinger Crusade">Stedinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crusade" title="Bosnian Crusade">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Crusade_(1340)" title="Bohemian Crusade (1340)">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Popular_crusades" title="Popular crusades">Popular</a> (1096–1320) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's (1096)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' (1251)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor" title="Crusade of the Poor">Crusade of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' (1320)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> (722–1492)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Crusades were a series of <a href="/wiki/Religious_war#Crusades" title="Religious war">religious wars</a> initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">its surrounding area</a> from Muslim rule after the region had been <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> centuries earlier. Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">conquest of Jerusalem in 1099</a>, dozens of military campaigns were organised, providing a focal point of European history for centuries. Crusading declined rapidly after the 15th century. In 1095, after a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> request for aid,<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson6-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> proclaimed the first expedition at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a>. He encouraged military support for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Across all social strata in Western Europe, there was an enthusiastic response. Participants came from all over Europe and had a variety of motivations. These included religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. Later expeditions were conducted by generally more organised armies, sometimes led by a king. All were granted papal <a href="/wiki/Indulgence#Early_and_medieval_beliefs" title="Indulgence">indulgences</a>. Initial successes established four <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>: the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a>. A European presence remained in the region in some form until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">fall of Acre</a> in 1291. After this, no further large military campaigns were organised. Other church-sanctioned campaigns include crusades against Christians not obeying papal rulings and <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">heretics</a>, those against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and ones for political reasons. The struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> in the Iberian Peninsula–the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>–ended in 1492 with the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War#Last_stand_at_Granada" title="Granada War">Fall of Granada</a>. From 1147, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> were fought against <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> tribes in Northern Europe. <a href="/wiki/Crusades_against_Christians" title="Crusades against Christians">Crusades against Christians</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> in the 13th century and continued through the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> in the early 15th century. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe#Crusades_against_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Crusades against the Ottomans</a> began in the late 14th century and include the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Popular_crusades" title="Popular crusades">Popular crusades</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade" title="Children's Crusade">Children's Crusade</a> of 1212, were generated by the masses and were unsanctioned by the Church. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Damascus,_second_crusade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg/260px-Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg/390px-Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg/520px-Siege_of_Damascus%2C_second_crusade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="3162" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Siege of Damascus (1148)</a> as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer" title="Passages d'outremer">Passages d'outremer</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490</figcaption></figure> The term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. The conflicts to which the term is applied has been extended to include other campaigns initiated, supported and sometimes directed by the Latin Church with varying objectives, mostly religious, sometimes political. These differed from previous Christian religious wars in that they were considered a penitential exercise, and so earned participants remittance from penalties for all confessed sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman20191-2">[2]</a> What constituted a crusade has been understood in diverse ways, particularly regarding the early Crusades, and the precise definition remains a matter of debate among contemporary historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201240-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2011225–226-4">[4]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, iter, "journey", and peregrinatio, "pilgrimage" were used for the campaign. Crusader terminology remained largely indistinguishable from that of Christian pilgrimage during the 12th century. A specific term for a crusader in the form of crucesignatus—"one signed by the cross"—emerged in the early 12th century. This led to the French term croisade—the way of the cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201240-3">[3]</a> By the mid 13th century the cross became the major descriptor of the crusades with crux transmarina—"the cross overseas"—used for crusades in the eastern Mediterranean, and crux cismarina—"the cross this side of the sea"—for those in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman20195-5">[5]</a> The use of croiserie, "crusade" in Middle English can be dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300, but the modern English "crusade" dates to the early 1700s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman201177-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> of Syria and Palestine were known as the "<a href="/wiki/Outremer" class="mw-redirect" title="Outremer">Outremer</a>" from the French outre-mer, or "the land beyond the sea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019105-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crusades_and_the_Holy_Land,_1095–1291">Crusades and the Holy Land, 1095–1291</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Timeline of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusades:_battles_in_the_Levant_(1096–1303)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades_Battles" title="Template:Campaignbox Crusades Battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crusades_Battles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crusades Battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crusades_Battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crusades Battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusades:_battles_in_the_Levant_(1096–1303)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a>: battles in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (1096–1303)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Xerigordos" title="Siege of Xerigordos">Xerigordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Civetot" title="Battle of Civetot">Civetot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">1st Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">1st Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Samosata" title="Expedition to Samosata">Samosata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(1098)" title="Battle of Antioch (1098)">2nd Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ma%27arra" title="Siege of Ma'arra">Ma'arra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_from_Antioch_to_Jerusalem_during_the_First_Crusade" title="March from Antioch to Jerusalem during the First Crusade">Arqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1st Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">1st Ascalon</a></li></ul> Period post-First Crusade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_siege_of_Arsuf" title="First siege of Arsuf">Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melitene" title="Battle of Melitene">Melitene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersivan" title="Battle of Mersivan">Mersivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101#The_Nivernois" title="Crusade of 1101">1st Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101#The_French_and_Bavarians" title="Crusade of 1101">2nd Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1101)" title="Battle of Ramla (1101)">1st Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1102)" title="Battle of Ramla (1102)">2nd Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli" title="Siege of Tripoli">1st Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1103)" title="Siege of Acre (1103)">1st Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1104)" title="Siege of Acre (1104)">2nd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harran" title="Battle of Harran">Harran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1105)" title="Battle of Ramla (1105)">3rd Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artah" title="Battle of Artah">Artah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut_(1110)" title="Siege of Beirut (1110)">Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidon" title="Siege of Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1111%E2%80%931112)" title="Siege of Tyre (1111–1112)">1st Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaizar" title="Battle of Shaizar">1st Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Sannabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Sannabra">Al-Sannabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmin" title="Battle of Sarmin">Sarmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis" title="Battle of Ager Sanguinis">Ager Sanguinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hab" title="Battle of Hab">Hab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Jaffa and 2nd Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yibneh" title="Battle of Yibneh">Yibneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1124)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1124)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1125)" title="Battle of Azaz (1125)">Azaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1126)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (1126)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Atharib_(1130)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of al-Atharib (1130)">al-Atharib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafaniyya" title="Battle of Rafaniyya">Rafaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengid_campaign_against_Antioch" title="Zengid campaign against Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qinnasrin" title="Battle of Qinnasrin">Qinnasrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%27rin" title="Battle of Ba'rin">Ba'rin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1138)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1138)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar" title="Siege of Shaizar">2nd Shaizar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Edessa 1144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">Edessa 1146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(1147)" title="Battle of Bosra (1147)">Bosra</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(1147)" title="Battle of Constantinople (1147)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1147)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)">2nd Dorylaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ephesus_(1147)" title="Battle of Ephesus (1147)">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Meander" title="Battle of the Meander">Meander Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Cadmus" title="Battle of Mount Cadmus">Mount Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Damascus</a></li></ul> Period post-Second Crusade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inab" title="Battle of Inab">Inab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aintab" title="Battle of Aintab">Aintab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">2nd Ascalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Huleh_(1157)" title="Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)">Lake Huleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butaiha" title="Battle of Butaiha">Butaiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Buqaia" title="Battle of al-Buqaia">al-Buqaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harim" title="Battle of Harim">Harim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bilbeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bilbeis">1st Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">al-Babein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1167)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1167)">1st Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bilbeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bilbeis">2nd Bilbeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1169)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damietta (1169)">1st Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ayla" title="Siege of Ayla">Ayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1174)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1174)">2nd Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Montgisard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hama_(1178)" title="Battle of Hama (1178)">Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banias" title="Battle of Banias">Banias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Marj Ayyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">Jacob's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Acre_(1179)" title="Attack on Acre (1179)">3rd Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_raids_on_the_Red_Sea" title="Crusader raids on the Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle">1st Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al-Fule" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Al-Fule">Al-Fule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">1st Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cresson" title="Battle of Cresson">Cresson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak_(1187%E2%80%931188)" title="Siege of Kerak (1187–1188)">2nd Kerak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Hattin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">2nd Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">3rd Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Siege of Belvoir Castle">2nd Belvoir Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(1188)" title="Siege of Laodicea (1188)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sahyun_Castle" title="Siege of Sahyun Castle">Sahyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Al-Shughur">Al-Shughur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bourzey_Castle" title="Siege of Bourzey Castle">Bourzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">Safed</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">4th Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philomelion_(1190)" title="Battle of Philomelion (1190)">Philomelion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iconium_(1190)" title="Battle of Iconium (1190)">Iconium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">1st Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">1st Jaffa</a></li></ul> Period post-Third Crusade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1197)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1197)">2nd Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toron" title="Siege of Toron">Toron</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zara" title="Siege of Zara">Zara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">3rd Constantinople</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mount_Tabor" title="Siege of Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machghara" title="Battle of Machghara">Machghara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">2nd Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1219)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1219)">1st Fariskur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1221)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1221)">1st Mansurah</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a> and aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Gaza_(1239)" title="Battle at Gaza (1239)">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">3rd Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forbie" title="Battle of Forbie">Forbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon_(1247)" title="Siege of Ascalon (1247)">3rd Ascalon</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1249)" title="Siege of Damietta (1249)">3rd Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">2nd Mansurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1250)">2nd Fariskur</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer" title="Fall of Outremer">End of the Crusader states in the Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Arsuf" title="Fall of Arsuf">2nd Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Caesarea">Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Haifa_(1265)" title="Fall of Haifa (1265)">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1266)" title="Siege of Safed (1266)">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(1268)" title="Siege of Antioch (1268)">2nd Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Fall of Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1271)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1271)">2nd Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Edward's Crusade">Lord Edward's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Homs" title="Second Battle of Homs">Homs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Margat" title="Siege of Margat">Margat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">3rd Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">4th Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">Ruad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/300px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/450px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/600px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem. In 1071, Jerusalem was conquered by the Seljuk Turks.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> By the end of the 11th century, the period of <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic Arab territorial expansion</a> had been over for centuries. The Holy Land's remoteness from focus of Islamic power struggles enabled relative peace and prosperity in Syria and Palestine. Muslim-Western European contact was only more than minimal in the conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200440-8">[8]</a> The Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world were long standing centres of wealth, culture and military power. The Arab-Islamic world tended to view Western Europe as a backwater that presented little organised threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge20128-9">[9]</a> By 1025, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> had extended territorial recovery to its furthest extent. The frontiers stretched east to Iran. Bulgaria and much of southern Italy were under control, and piracy was suppressed in the Mediterranean Sea. The empire's relationships with its Islamic neighbours were no more quarrelsome than its relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> or the Western Christians. The <a href="/wiki/Italo-Normans" title="Italo-Normans">Normans</a> in Italy; to the north <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> in the east all competed with the Empire and the emperors recruited mercenaries—even on occasions from their enemies—to meet this challenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200442–46-10">[10]</a> The political situation in Western Asia was changed by later waves of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a>, in particular the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> in the 10th century. Previously a minor ruling clan from <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a>, they had recently converted to Islam and migrated into Iran. In two decades following their arrival they conquered Iran, Iraq and the Near East. The Seljuks and their followers were from the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> tradition. This brought them into conflict in Palestine and Syria with the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> who were <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200439–41-11">[11]</a> The Seljuks were nomadic, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> speaking and occasionally shamanistic, very different from their sedentary, Arabic speaking subjects. This difference and the governance of territory based on political preference, and competition between independent princes rather than geography, weakened existing power structures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman201943–44-12">[12]</a> In 1071, Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> attempted confrontation to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Byzantine–Seljuk wars">Seljuks' sporadic raiding</a>, leading to his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">battle of Manzikert</a>. Historians once considered this a pivotal event but now Manzikert is regarded as only one further step in the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201227-13">[13]</a> The evolution of a Christian theology of war developed from the link of <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to Christianity, according to which citizens were required to fight the empire's enemies. This doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Holy_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy war">holy war</a> dated from the 4th-century theologian <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a>. He maintained that aggressive war was sinful, but acknowledged a "<a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just war</a>" could be rationalised if it was proclaimed by a legitimate authority, was defensive or for the recovery of lands, and without an excessive degree of violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman201914–15-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201214–15-15">[15]</a> Violent acts were commonly used for dispute resolution in Western Europe, and the papacy attempted to mitigate this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200430–31-16">[16]</a> Historians have thought that the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Truce_of_God" title="Peace and Truce of God">Peace and Truce of God</a> movements restricted conflict between Christians from the 10th century; the influence is apparent in Urban II's speeches. Other historians assert that the effectiveness was limited and it had died out by the time of the crusades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200430–38-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a> developed a system of recruitment via oaths for military resourcing that his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a> extended across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200431-18">[18]</a> In the 11th century, Christian conflict with Muslims on the southern peripheries of Christendom was sponsored by the Church, including the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Barbastro" title="Crusade of Barbastro">siege of Barbastro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of Sicily">Norman conquest of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman201918–19,_289-19">[19]</a> In 1074, Gregory VII planned a display of military power to reinforce the principle of papal sovereignty. His vision of a holy war supporting Byzantium against the Seljuks was the first crusade prototype, but lacked support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201216-20">[20]</a> The First Crusade was an unexpected event for contemporary chroniclers, but historical analysis demonstrates it had its roots in earlier developments with both clerics and laity recognising <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity#First_Crusade" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem's role in Christianity</a> as worthy of penitential <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. In 1071, Jerusalem was captured by the Turkish warlord <a href="/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uvaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Atsiz ibn Uvaq">Atsiz</a>, who seized most of Syria and Palestine as part of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuks</a> throughout the Middle East. The Seljuk hold on the city was weak and returning pilgrims reported difficulties and the oppression of Christians. Byzantine desire for military aid converged with increasing willingness of the western nobility to accept papal military direction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201228-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky200446-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Crusade">First Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Hermit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="14th-century miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peter_the_Hermit.jpg/250px-Peter_the_Hermit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peter_the_Hermit.jpg/375px-Peter_the_Hermit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Peter_the_Hermit.jpg/500px-Peter_the_Hermit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Miniature of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> leading the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abreujamen_de_las_estorias" class="mw-redirect" title="Abreujamen de las estorias">Abreujamen de las estorias</a>, MS <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Collection" title="Egerton Collection">Egerton</a> 1500, Avignon, 14th century)</figcaption></figure> In 1095, Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> requested military aid from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Piacenza" title="Council of Piacenza">Council of Piacenza</a>. He was probably expecting a small number of mercenaries he could direct. Alexios had restored the Empire's finances and authority but still faced numerous foreign enemies. Later that year at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a>, Urban raised the issue again and preached a crusade.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Almost immediately, the French priest <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> gathered thousands of mostly poor in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Traveling through Germany, German bands massacred Jewish communities in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> during wide-ranging anti-Jewish activities.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Jews were perceived to be as much an enemy as Muslims. They were held responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>, and were more immediately visible. People wondered why they should travel thousands of miles to fight non-believers when there were many closer to home.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Quickly after leaving Byzantine-controlled territory on their journey to <a href="/wiki/Nicaea" title="Nicaea">Nicaea</a>, these crusaders were annihilated in a Turkish ambush at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Civetot" title="Battle of Civetot">Battle of Civetot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Conflict with Urban II meant that King <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV</a> declined to participate. Aristocrats from France, western Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> and Italy led independent contingents in loose, fluid arrangements based on bonds of lordship, family, ethnicity and language. The elder statesman <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse</a> was foremost, rivaled by the relatively poor but martial <a href="/wiki/Italo-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Norman">Italo-Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond I of Antioch">Bohemond of Taranto</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_Prince_of_Galilee" title="Tancred, Prince of Galilee">Tancred</a>. <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin</a> also joined with forces from <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>. These five princes were pivotal to the campaign, which was augmented by a northern French army led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois" title="Stephen, Count of Blois">Stephen II of Blois</a>, and Count <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Robert II, Count of Flanders">Robert II of Flanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The total number may have reached as many as 100,000 people including non-combatants. They traveled eastward by land to Constantinople where they were cautiously welcomed by the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Alexios persuaded many of the princes to pledge allegiance to him and that their first objective should be Nicaea, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan</a> left the city to resolve a territorial dispute, enabling its capture after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea" title="Siege of Nicaea">siege of Nicaea</a> and a Byzantine naval assault in the high point of Latin and Greek co-operation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png/250px-Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png/375px-Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png/500px-Byzantium1081ADlightpurple-1-%2BAntioch.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Southeastern Europe, Asia Minor and Syria before the First Crusade</figcaption></figure>The first experience of Turkish tactics, using lightly armoured mounted archers, occurred when an advanced party led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)">battle of Dorylaeum</a>. The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The army marched for three months to the former Byzantine city <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, that had been in Muslim control since 1084. Starvation, thirst and disease reduced numbers, combined with Baldwin's decision to leave with 100 knights and their followers to carve out <a href="/wiki/County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">his own territory in Edessa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">siege of Antioch</a> lasted eight months. The crusaders lacked the resources to fully invest the city; the residents lacked the means to repel the invaders. Then Bohemond persuaded a guard in the city to open a gate. The crusaders entered, massacring the Muslim inhabitants and many Christians amongst the Greek Orthodox, Syrian and Armenian communities.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A force to recapture the city was raised by <a href="/wiki/Kerbogha" title="Kerbogha">Kerbogha</a>, the effective ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. The Byzantines did not march to the assistance of the crusaders after the deserting Stephen of Blois told them the cause was lost. Alexius retreated from <a href="/wiki/Philomelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Philomelium">Philomelium</a>, where he received Stephen's report, to Constantinople. The Greeks were never truly forgiven for this perceived betrayal and Stephen was branded a coward.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Losing numbers through desertion and starvation in the besieged city, the crusaders attempted to negotiate surrender but were rejected. Bohemond recognised that the only option was open combat and launched a counterattack. Despite superior numbers, Kerbogha's army—which was divided into factions and surprised by the Crusaders commitment—retreated and abandoned the siege.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Raymond <a href="/wiki/Arqa#Crusades_period" title="Arqa">besieged Arqa</a> in February 1099 and sent an embassy to <a href="/wiki/Al-Afdal_Shahanshah" title="Al-Afdal Shahanshah">al-Afdal Shahanshah</a>, the vizier of <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimid Egypt</a>, seeking a treaty. The Pope's representative <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_of_Le_Puy" title="Adhemar of Le Puy">Adhemar</a> died, leaving the crusade without a spiritual leader. Raymond failed to capture Arqa and in May led the remaining army south along the coast. Bohemond retained Antioch and remained, despite his pledge to return it to the Byzantines. Local rulers offered little resistance, opting for peace in return for provisions. The Frankish envoys returned accompanied by Fatimid representatives. This brought the information that the Fatimids had recaptured Jerusalem. The Franks offered to partition conquered territory in return for the city. Refusal of the offer made it imperative that the crusade reach Jerusalem before the Fatimids made it defensible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201282–83,_87,_89-36">[36]</a> The first attack on the city, launched on 7 June 1099, failed, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">siege of Jerusalem</a> became a stalemate, before the arrival of craftsmen and supplies transported by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> tilted the balance. Two large siege engines were constructed and the one commanded by Godfrey breached the walls on 15 July. For two days the crusaders massacred the inhabitants and pillaged the city. Historians now believe the accounts of the numbers killed have been exaggerated, but this narrative of massacre did much to cement the crusaders' reputation for barbarism.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Godfrey secured the Frankish position by defeating an Egyptian force at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon" title="Battle of Ascalon">Battle of Ascalon</a> on 12 August.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Most of the crusaders considered their pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe. When it came to the future governance of the city it was Godfrey who took leadership and the title of <a href="/wiki/Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon#Advocate,_or_Advocatus_Sancti_Sepulchri" title="Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri</a>, Defender of the Holy Sepulchre. The presence of troops from Lorraine ended the possibility that Jerusalem would be an ecclesiastical domain and the claims of Raymond.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Godfrey was left with a mere 300 knights and 2,000 infantry. Tancred also remained with the ambition to gain a princedom of his own.<a href="#cite_note-Asbridge_2012_106-40">[40]</a> The Islamic world seems to have barely registered the crusade; certainly, there is limited written evidence before 1130. This may be in part due to a reluctance to relate Muslim failure, but it is more likely to be the result of cultural misunderstanding. Al-Afdal Shahanshah and the Muslim world mistook the crusaders for the latest in a long line of Byzantine mercenaries, not religiously motivated warriors intent on conquest and settlement.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Muslim world was divided between the Sunnis of Syria and Iraq and the Shi'ite Fatimids of Egypt. The Turks had found unity unachievable since the death of Sultan Malik-Shah in 1092, with rival rulers in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In addition, in Baghdad, Seljuk sultan <a href="/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a> and Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a> were engaged in a power struggle. This gave the Crusaders a crucial opportunity to consolidate without any pan-Islamic counter-attack.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_12th_century">Early 12th century</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of the Crusader States (1135)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg/280px-The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg/420px-The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg/560px-The_Crusader_States_in_1135.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>The Crusader states in 1135</figcaption></figure> Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Rome. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a> who continued the policies of his predecessors in regard to the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012106–107-44">[44]</a> Godfrey died in 1100. <a href="/wiki/Dagobert_of_Pisa" title="Dagobert of Pisa">Dagobert of Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem</a> and Tancred looked to Bohemond to come south, but he was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Danishmends" class="mw-redirect" title="Danishmends">Danishmends</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The Lorrainers foiled the attempt to seize power and enabled Godfrey's brother, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a>, to take the crown.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Paschal II promoted the large-scale <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1101" title="Crusade of 1101">Crusade of 1101</a> in support of the remaining Franks. This new crusade was a similar size to the First Crusade and joined in Byzantium by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond of Saint-Gilles</a>. Command was fragmented and the force split in three:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012106–107-44">[44]</a> <ul><li>A largely Lombard force was harried by Kilij Arslan's forces and finally destroyed in three days at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersivan" title="Battle of Mersivan">battle of Mersivan</a> in August 1101. Some of the leadership, including Raymond, <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois" title="Stephen, Count of Blois">Stephen of Blois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_IV_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Anselm IV (archbishop of Milan)">Anselm IV of Milan</a>, survived to retreat to Constantinople.</li> <li>A force led by <a href="/wiki/William_II,_Count_of_Nevers" title="William II, Count of Nevers">William II of Nevers</a> attempted catch up with the Lombards but was caught and routed at <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Cybistra" title="Heraclea Cybistra">Heraclea</a>. The destitute leaders eventually reached Antioch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX of Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welf_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Welf II, Duke of Bavaria">Welf IV of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ida_of_Formbach-Ratelnberg" title="Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg">Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Hugh, Count of Vermandois">Hugh, Count of Vermandois</a> reached Heraclea later and were also defeated. Again the leaders fled the field and survived, although Hugh died of his wounds at <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> and Ida disappeared. The remnants of the army helped Raymond capture <a href="/wiki/Tartus" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul> The defeat of the crusaders proved to the Muslim world that the crusaders were not invincible, as they appeared to be during the First Crusade. Within months of the defeat, the Franks and Fatimid Egypt began fighting in three battles at Ramla, and one at <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>: <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1101)" title="Battle of Ramla (1101)">first</a> on 7 September 1101, Baldwin I and 300 knights narrowly defeated the Fatimid vizier al-Afdal Shahanshah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200627-48">[48]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1102)" title="Battle of Ramla (1102)">second</a> on 17 May 1102, al-Afdal's son <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Ma%27ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf al-Ma'ali">Sharaf al-Ma'ali</a> and a superior force inflicted a major defeat on the Franks. Stephen of Blois and Stephen of Burgundy from the Crusade of 1101 were among those killed. Baldwin I fled to Arsuf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200627-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1102)#Siege_of_Jaffa_and_Aftermath" title="Battle of Ramla (1102)">battle of Jaffa</a> on 27 May 1102 saved the kingdom from virtual collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200627-48">[48]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramla_(1105)" title="Battle of Ramla (1105)">third</a> at Ramla on 28 August 1102, a coalition of Fatimid and Damescene forces were defeated again by Baldwin I and 500 knights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200628-49">[49]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin of Edessa</a>, later king of Jerusalem as Baldwin II, and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Valence" title="Bernard of Valence">Bernard of Valence</a> ransomed Bohemond for 100,000 gold pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000138-50">[50]</a> Baldwin and Bohemond then jointly campaigned to secure Edessa's southern front. On 7 May 1104, the Frankish army was defeated by the Seljuk rulers of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harran" title="Battle of Harran">battle of Harran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200628-49">[49]</a> Baldwin II and his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_I,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin I, Count of Edessa">Joscelin of Courtenay</a>, were captured. Bohemond and Tancred retreated to Edessa where Tancred assumed command. Bohemond returned to Italy, taking with him much of Antioch's wealth and manpower. Tancred revitalised the beleaguered principality with victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artah" title="Battle of Artah">battle of Artah</a> on 20 April 1105 over a larger force, led by the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Ridwan" title="Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan">Ridwan of Aleppo</a>. He was then able to secure Antioch's borders and push back his Greek and Muslim enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000138–142-51">[51]</a> Under Paschal's sponsorship, Bohemond launched a version of a crusade in 1107 against the Byzantines, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dyrrhachium_(1107%E2%80%931108)" title="Siege of Dyrrhachium (1107–1108)">besieging Durrës</a>. The siege failed; Alexius hit his supply lines, forcing his surrender. The terms laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Devol" title="Treaty of Devol">Treaty of Devol</a> were never enacted because Bohemond remained in Apulia and died in 1111, leaving Tancred as notional regent for his son <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_II_of_Antioch" title="Bohemond II of Antioch">Bohemond II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000142–145-52">[52]</a> In 1007, the people of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fan,_O%C4%9Fuzeli" title="Gündoğan, Oğuzeli">Tell Bashir</a> ransomed Joscelin and he negotiated Baldwin's release from <a href="/wiki/Jawali_Saqawa" title="Jawali Saqawa">Jawali Saqawa</a>, atabeg of Mosul, in return for money, hostages and military support. Tancred and Baldwin, supported by their respective Muslim allies, entered violent conflict over the return of Edessa leaving 2,000 Franks dead before Bernard of Valence, patriarch of both Antioch and Edessa, adjudicated in Baldwin's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000146–147-53">[53]</a> On 13 May 1110, Baldwin II and a Genoese fleet <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut_(1110)" title="Siege of Beirut (1110)">captured Beirut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200631-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000125-55">[55]</a> In the same month, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I Tapar</a>, sultan of the Seljuk Empire, sent an army to recover Syria, but a Frankish defensive force arrived at Edessa, ending the short siege of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000150-56">[56]</a> On 4 December, Baldwin <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sidon" title="Siege of Sidon">captured Sidon</a>, aided by a flotilla of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Crusade" title="Norwegian Crusade">Norwegian pilgrims</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader" title="Sigurd the Crusader">Sigurd the Crusader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200631-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000125-55">[55]</a> Next year, Tancred's extortion from Antioch's Muslim neighbours provoked the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaizar" title="Battle of Shaizar">battle of Shaizar</a> between the Franks and an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> army led by the governor of Mosul, <a href="/wiki/Mawdud" title="Mawdud">Mawdud</a>. Tancred died in 1112 and power passed to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Salerno" title="Roger of Salerno">Roger of Salerno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000153-57">[57]</a> In May 1113, Mawdud invaded Galilee with <a href="/wiki/Toghtekin" title="Toghtekin">Toghtekin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus#Burid_emirs" title="List of rulers of Damascus">atabeg of Damascus</a>. On 28 June this force surprised Baldwin, chasing the Franks from the field at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Sannabra" title="Battle of al-Sannabra">battle of al-Sannabra</a>. Mawdud was killed by <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bursuq_II" title="Bursuq II">Bursuq ibn Bursuq</a> led the Seljuk army in 1115 against an alliance of the Franks, Toghtekin, his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Ilghazi" title="Ilghazi">Ilghazi</a> and the Muslims of Aleppo. Bursuq feigned retreat and the coalition disbanded. Only the forces of Roger and Baldwin of Edessa remained, but, heavily outnumbered, they were victorious on 14 September at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarmin" title="Battle of Sarmin">first battle of Tell Danith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000155–159-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg/220px-Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg/330px-Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg/440px-Battle-of-Ager-Sanguinis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis" title="Battle of Ager Sanguinis">Battle of Ager Sanguinis</a> known as the Battle of the Field of Blood, medieval miniature</figcaption></figure> In April 1118, Baldwin I died of illness while raiding in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000160-59">[59]</a> His cousin, Baldwin of Edessa, was unanimously elected his successor. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200633-60">[60]</a> In June 1119, Ilghazi, now <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Aleppo#Artuqid_Dynasty" title="List of monarchs of Aleppo">emir of Aleppo</a>, attacked Antioch with more than 10,000 men. <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Salerno" title="Roger of Salerno">Roger of Salerno</a>'s army of 700 knights, 3,000 foot soldiers and a corps of <a href="/wiki/Turcopole" title="Turcopole">Turcopoles</a> was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Sanguinis" title="Battle of Ager Sanguinis">battle of Ager Sanguinis</a>, or "field of blood". Roger was among the many killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000163–165-61">[61]</a> Baldwin II's counter-attack forced the offensive's end, after an inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hab" title="Battle of Hab">second battle of Tell Danith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000163–165-61">[61]</a> In January 1120 the secular and ecclesiastical leaders of the Outremer gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Nablus" title="Council of Nablus">Council of Nablus</a>. The council laid a foundation of a law code for the kingdom of Jerusalem that replaced common law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKedar1999-62">[62]</a> The council also heard the first direct appeals for support made to the Papacy and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. They responded with the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Crusade" title="Venetian Crusade">Venetian Crusade</a>, sending a large fleet that supported the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tyre,_Lebanon#Crusader_period_(1124–1291)" title="History of Tyre, Lebanon">capture of Tyre</a> in 1124.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000172-63">[63]</a> In April 1123, Baldwin II was ambushed and captured by <a href="/wiki/Belek_Ghazi" title="Belek Ghazi">Belek Ghazi</a> while campaigning north of Edessa, along with <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_I,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin I, Count of Edessa">Joscelin I, Count of Edessa</a>. He was released in August 1024 in return for 80,000 gold pieces and the city of <a href="/wiki/Azaz" title="Azaz">Azaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200636–37-64">[64]</a> In 1129, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Troyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Troyes">Council of Troyes</a> approved the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens" title="Hugues de Payens">Hugues de Payens</a>. He returned to the East with a major force including <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk V of Anjou</a>. This allowed the Franks to capture the town of <a href="/wiki/Banias#Crusader/Ayyubid_period" title="Banias">Banias</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1129" title="Crusade of 1129">Crusade of 1129</a>. Defeat at <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1129#Damascus" title="Crusade of 1129">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marj_al-Saffar" title="Marj al-Saffar">Marj al-Saffar</a> ended the campaign and Frankish influence on Damascus for years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock200640-65">[65]</a> The Levantine Franks sought alliances with the Latin West through the marriage of heiresses to wealthy martial aristocrats. <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Antioch" title="Constance of Antioch">Constance of Antioch</a> was married to <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a>. Baldwin II's eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Melisende_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Melisende of Jerusalem">Melisende of Jerusalem</a> was married to Fulk of Anjou in 1129. When Baldwin II died on 21 August 1131. Fulk and Melisende were consecrated joint rulers of Jerusalem. Despite conflict caused by the new king appointing his own supporters and the Jerusalemite nobles attempting to curb his rule, the couple were reconciled and Melisende exercised significant influence. When Fulk died in 1143, she became joint ruler with their son, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2000172–174-66">[66]</a> At the same time, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_Zengi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din Zengi">Imad ad-Din Zengi</a> saw the Crusaders threatened by a Muslim ruler who would introduce <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> to the conflict, joining the powerful Syrian emirates in a combined effort against the Franks.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> He became <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul#Zengid_emirs" title="List of rulers of Mosul">atabeg of Mosul</a> in September 1127 and used this to expand his control to <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo#Zengid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Aleppo</a> in June 1128.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-Azhari201610–23The_Early_Career_of_Zengi,_1084–1127:_the_Turkmen_influence-68">[68]</a> In 1135, Zengi moved against Antioch and, when the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured several important Syrian towns. He defeated Fulk at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%27rin" title="Battle of Ba'rin">battle of Ba'rin</a> of 1137, seizing <a href="/wiki/Baarin#Medieval_period" title="Baarin">Ba'rin Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaalouf2006123–142An_Emir_among_Barbarians-69">[69]</a> In 1137, Zengi invaded <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, killing the count <a href="/wiki/Pons,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Pons, Count of Tripoli">Pons of Tripoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaalouf2006109–122The_Damascus_Conspiracies-70">[70]</a> Fulk intervened, but Zengi's troops captured Pons' successor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_II,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond II, Count of Tripoli">Raymond II of Tripoli</a>, and besieged Fulk in the border castle of <a href="/wiki/Montferrand_(crusader_castle)" title="Montferrand (crusader castle)">Montferrand</a>. Fulk surrendered the castle and paid Zengi a ransom for his and Raymond's freedom. <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a>, emperor since 1118, reasserted Byzantine claims to <a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos#Campaigning_in_Cilicia_and_Syria_(1137–1138)" title="John II Komnenos">Cilicia and Antioch</a>, compelling <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a> to give homage. In April 1138, the Byzantines and Franks jointly besieged <a href="/wiki/Aleppo#Seljuq_and_Ayyubid_periods" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and, with no success, began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shaizar" title="Siege of Shaizar">Siege of Shaizar</a>, abandoning it a month later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952214–216The_Christians_lay_siege_to_Shaizar_(1138)-71">[71]</a> On 13 November 1143, while the royal couple were in Acre, Fulk was killed in a hunting accident. On Christmas Day 1143, their son <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III of Jerusalem</a> was crowned co-ruler with his mother.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> That same year, having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John II Komnenos cut himself with a poisoned arrow while hunting wild boar. He died on 8 April 1143 and was succeeded as emperor by his son <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-images.library.wisc.edu-73">[73]</a> Following John's death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed. Fulk's death later in the year left <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_II,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin II, Count of Edessa">Joscelin II of Edessa</a> with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa. Zengi came north to begin the first <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">siege of Edessa</a>, arriving on 28 November 1144.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do. Zengi realised there was no defending force and surrounded the city. The walls collapsed on 24 December 1144. Zengi's troops rushed into the city, killing all those who were unable to flee. All the Frankish prisoners were executed, but the native Christians were allowed to live. The Crusaders were dealt their first major defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952225–246The_Fall_of_Edessa-75">[75]</a> Zengi was assassinated by a slave on 14 September 1146 and was succeeded in the <a href="/wiki/Zengid_dynasty" title="Zengid dynasty">Zengid dynasty</a> by his son <a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nūr-ad-Din</a>. The Franks recaptured the city during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1146)" title="Siege of Edessa (1146)">Second Siege of Edessa</a> of 1146 by stealth but could not take or even properly besiege the citadel.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> After a brief counter-siege, Nūr-ad-Din took the city. The men were massacred, with the women and children enslaved, and the walls razed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012225–232Zangi_–_Champion_of_Islam,_The_Advent_of_Nūr-ad-Din-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Crusade">Second Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png/280px-Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png/420px-Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png/560px-Route_of_the_Second_Crusade.png 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Routes of the Second Crusade</figcaption></figure> The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tempering the enthusiastic success of the First Crusade. Calls for a new crusade – the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> – were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. Concurrent campaigns as part of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> are also sometimes associated with this Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-:1-78">[78]</a> The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">fall of Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a>, recently elected pope, issued the bull <a href="/wiki/Quantum_praedecessores" title="Quantum praedecessores">Quantum praedecessores</a> in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized and centrally controlled than the First. The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned. The pope called on <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. Among those answering the call were two European kings, <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany" title="Conrad III of Germany">Conrad III of Germany</a>. Louis, his wife, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, and many princes and lords prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard in order to take the cross. Conrad and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a> also received the cross from the hand of Bernard.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147. When the German army began to cross Byzantine territory, emperor Manuel I had his troops posted to ensure against trouble. A brief <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(1147)" title="Battle of Constantinople (1147)">Battle of Constantinople</a> in September ensued, and their defeat at the emperor's hand convinced the Germans to move quickly to Asia Minor. Without waiting for the French contingent, Conrad III engaged the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuks of Rûm</a> under sultan <a href="/wiki/Mesud_I" title="Mesud I">Mesud I</a>, son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan</a>, the nemesis of the First Crusade. Mesud and his forces almost totally destroyed Conrad's contingent at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1147)" title="Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)">Second Battle of Dorylaeum</a> on 25 October 1147.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006268–303God's_Bargain:_Summoning_the_Second_Crusade-81">[81]</a> The French contingent departed in June 1147. In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II of Sicily</a>, an enemy of Conrad's, had invaded Byzantine territory. Manuel I needed all his army to counter this force, and, unlike the armies of the First Crusade, the Germans and French entered Asia with no Byzantine assistance. The French met the remnants of Conrad's army in northern Turkey, and Conrad joined Louis's force. They fended off a Seljuk attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ephesus_(1147)" title="Battle of Ephesus (1147)">Battle of Ephesus</a> on 24 December 1147. A few days later, they were again victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Meander" title="Battle of the Meander">Battle of the Meander</a>. Louis was not as lucky at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Cadmus" title="Battle of Mount Cadmus">Battle of Mount Cadmus</a> on 6 January 1148 when the army of Mesud inflicted heavy losses on the Crusaders. Shortly thereafter, they sailed for Antioch, almost totally destroyed by battle and sickness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952268–274The_French_in_Asia_Minor,_1147–1148-82">[82]</a> The Crusader army arrived at Antioch on 19 March 1148 with the intent on moving to retake Edessa, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem and the Knights Templar had other ideas. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Acre" title="Council of Acre">Council of Acre</a> was held on 24 June 1148, changing the objective of the Second Crusade to Damascus, a former ally of the kingdom that had shifted its allegiance to that of the Zengids. The Crusaders fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra_(1147)" title="Battle of Bosra (1147)">Battle of Bosra</a> with the Damascenes in the summer of 1147, with no clear winner.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">siege of Damascus</a> from 24 to 28 July 1148.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaalouf2006143–158Nūr-ad-Din,_the_Saint_King-84">[84]</a> The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by Nūr-ad-Din. Morale fell, hostility to the Byzantines grew and distrust developed between the newly arrived Crusaders and those that had made the region their home after the earlier crusades. The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952278–288Fiasco-85">[85]</a> In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorised the expansion of his mission into the Iberian Peninsula, equating these campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">Siege of Lisbon</a>, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(1148)" title="Siege of Tortosa (1148)">siege of Tortosa</a>, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> were a more immediate problem. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks. The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952278–288Fiasco-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nūr-ad-Din_and_the_rise_of_Saladin">Nūr-ad-Din and the rise of Saladin</h4></div> In the first major encounter after the Second Crusade, Nūr-ad-Din's forces then destroyed the Crusader army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inab" title="Battle of Inab">Battle of Inab</a> on 29 June 1149. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Poitiers</a>, as prince of Antioch, came to the aid of the besieged city. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nūr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a> in Baghdad.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 1150, Nūr-ad-Din defeated <a href="/wiki/Joscelin_II,_Count_of_Edessa" title="Joscelin II, Count of Edessa">Joscelin II of Edessa</a> for a final time, resulting in Joscelin being publicly blinded, dying in prison in Aleppo in 1159. Later that year, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aintab" title="Battle of Aintab">Battle of Aintab</a>, he tried but failed to prevent Baldwin III's evacuation of the residents of <a href="/wiki/Turbessel#Byzantine_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbessel">Turbessel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952329–330Turbessel_ceded_to_Byzantium_(1150)-89">[89]</a> The unconquered portions of the County of Edessa would nevertheless fall to the Zengids within a few years. In 1152, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_II,_Count_of_Tripoli" title="Raymond II, Count of Tripoli">Raymond II of Tripoli</a> became the first Frankish victim of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017167Military_Decline_and_Matrimonial_Discord:_Count_Raymond_II_(1137–1152)-90">[90]</a> Later that year, Nūr-ad-Din captured and burned <a href="/wiki/Tartus#Crusades" title="Tartus">Tortosa</a>, briefly occupying the town before it was taken by the Knights Templar as a military headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952333Murder_of_Raymond_II_(1152)-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfInab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BattleOfInab.jpg/220px-BattleOfInab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BattleOfInab.jpg/330px-BattleOfInab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/BattleOfInab.jpg/440px-BattleOfInab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="4895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_(died_1174)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur ad-Din (died 1174)">Nūr-ad-Din's</a> victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inab" title="Battle of Inab">Battle of Inab</a>, 1149. Illustration from the <a href="/wiki/Passages_d%27outremer" title="Passages d'outremer">Passages d'outremer</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1490.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ascalon" title="Siege of Ascalon">Siege of Ascalon</a> ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory, Damascus was taken by Nūr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule. In 1156, Baldwin III was forced into a treaty with Nūr-ad-Din, and later entered into an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem#Byzantine_alliance" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Byzantine Empire</a>. On 18 May 1157, Nūr-ad-Din began a siege on the Knights Hospitaller contingent at <a href="/wiki/Banias#Crusader/Ayyubid_period" title="Banias">Banias</a>, with the Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Blanquefort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand de Blanquefort">Bertrand de Blanquefort</a> captured. Baldwin III was able to break the siege, only to be ambushed at <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jacob_Bridge#Crusader_and_Ayyubid_period" title="Daughters of Jacob Bridge">Jacob's Ford</a> in June. Reinforcements from Antioch and Tripoli were able to relieve the besieged Crusaders, but they were defeated again that month at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Huleh_(1157)" title="Battle of Lake Huleh (1157)">Battle of Lake Huleh</a>. In July 1158, the Crusaders were victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butaiha" title="Battle of Butaiha">Battle of Butaiha</a>. Bertrand's captivity lasted until 1159, when emperor Manuel I negotiated an alliance with Nūr-ad-Din against the Seljuks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952338–342The_Rise_of_Nur_ed-Din:_The_Capture_of_Ascalon,_1153-92">[92]</a> Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163, and <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric of Jerusalem</a> was crowned as king of Jerusalem eight days later.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Later that year, he defeated the Zengids at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Buqaia" title="Battle of al-Buqaia">Battle of al-Buqaia</a>. Amalric then undertook a series of four <a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">invasions of Egypt</a> from 1163 to 1169, taking advantage of weaknesses of the Fatimids.<a href="#cite_note-images.library.wisc.edu-73">[73]</a> Nūr-ad-Din's intervention in the first invasion allowed his general <a href="/wiki/Shirkuh" title="Shirkuh">Shirkuh</a>, accompanied by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, to enter Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shawar" title="Shawar">Shawar</a>, the deposed vizier to the Fatimid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Adid" title="Al-Adid">al-Adid</a>, allied with Amalric I, attacking Shirkuh at the second <a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Siege of Bilbeis</a> beginning in August 1164, following Amalric's unsuccessful first siege in September 1163.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1952380–382Amalric_advances_on_Cairo-95">[95]</a> This action left the Holy Land lacking in defenses, and Nūr-ad-Din defeated a Crusader forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harim" title="Battle of Harim">Battle of Harim</a> in August 1164, capturing most of the Franks' leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2012240The_Zengid_Threat-96">[96]</a> After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Fatimid force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Babein" title="Battle of al-Babein">Battle of al-Babein</a> on 18 March 1167. In 1169, both Shawar and Shirkuh died, and al-Adid appointed Saladin as vizier. Saladin, with reinforcements from Nūr-ad-Din, defeated a massive Crusader-Byzantine force at the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt#Siege_of_Damietta" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Siege of Damietta</a> in late October.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> This gained Saladin the attention of the Assassins, with attempts on his life in January 1175 and again on 22 May 1176.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2003113–117The_Old_Man_of_the_Mountain-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV of Jerusalem</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> became king on 5 July 1174 at the age of 13.<a href="#cite_note-:22-100">[100]</a> As a leper he was not expected to live long, and served with a number of regents, and served as co-ruler with his nephew <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V of Jerusalem</a> beginning in 1183. Baldwin IV, <a href="/wiki/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Raynald of Châtillon">Raynald of Châtillon</a> and the Knights Templar defeated Saladin at the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montgisard" title="Battle of Montgisard">Battle of Montgisard</a> on 25 November 1177. In June 1179, the Crusaders were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Ayyun" title="Battle of Marj Ayyun">Battle of Marj Ayyub</a>, and in August the unfinished castle at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">Jacob's Ford</a> fell to Saladin, with the slaughter of half its Templar garrison. However, the kingdom repelled his attacks at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belvoir_Castle_(1182)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Belvoir Castle (1182)">Battle of Belvoir Castle</a> in 1182 and later in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kerak" title="Siege of Kerak">Siege of Kerak</a> of 1183.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Jerusalem">Fall of Jerusalem</h4></div> Baldwin V became sole king upon the death of his uncle in 1185 under the regency of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III_of_Tripoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond III of Tripoli">Raymond III of Tripoli</a>. Raymond negotiated a truce with Saladin which went awry when the king died in the summer of 1186.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> His mother <a href="/wiki/Sibylla,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a> were crowned as queen and king of Jerusalem in the summer of 1186, shortly thereafter. They immediately had to deal with the threat posed by Saladin.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Despite his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Fule" title="Battle of al-Fule">Battle of al-Fule</a> in the fall of 1183, Saladin increased his attacks against the Franks, leading to their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cresson" title="Battle of Cresson">Battle of Cresson</a> on 1 May 1187. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a> on 4 July 1187. One of the major commanders was <a href="/wiki/Raymond_III,_Count_of_Tripoli#Hattin_and_its_consequences" title="Raymond III, Count of Tripoli">Raymond III of Tripoli</a> who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2017233–284The_Regent_Thwarted:_Count_Raymond_III_(1174–1187)-104">[104]</a> Guy of Lusignan was one of the few captives of Saladin's after the battle, along with Raynald of Châtillon and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_IV_of_Toron" title="Humphrey IV of Toron">Humphrey IV of Toron</a>. Raynald was beheaded, settling an old score. Guy and Humphrey were imprisoned in Damascus and later released in 1188.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> As a result of his victory, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">siege of Jerusalem</a> began on 20 September 1187 and the Holy City was surrendered to Saladin by <a href="/wiki/Balian_of_Ibelin" title="Balian of Ibelin">Balian of Ibelin</a> on 2 October. According to some, on 19 October 1187, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a> died upon of hearing of the defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012367Called_to_Crusade-106">[106]</a> Jerusalem was once again in Muslim hands. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(1187)" title="Siege of Tyre (1187)">siege of Tyre</a> beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belvoir_Castle" title="Siege of Belvoir Castle">siege of Belvoir Castle</a> began the next month and the Hospitaller stronghold finally fell a year later. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(1188)" title="Siege of Laodicea (1188)">sieges of Laodicea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sahyun_Castle" title="Siege of Sahyun Castle">Sahyun Castle</a> in July 1188 and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Al-Shughur">sieges of al-Shughur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bourzey_Castle" title="Siege of Bourzey Castle">Bourzey Castle</a> in August 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Safed_(1188)" title="Siege of Safed (1188)">siege of Safed</a> in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-:22-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/300px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/450px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/600px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The Near East, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1190, at the inception of the Third Crusade</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Crusade">Third Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></div> The years following the founding of the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met with multiple disasters. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. A united Egypt–Syria led to the loss of Jerusalem itself, and Western Europe had no choice but to launch the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, this time led by the kings of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The news of the disastrous defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">battle of Hattin</a> and subsequent fall of Jerusalem gradually reached Western Europe. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_III" title="Pope Urban III">Urban III</a> died shortly after hearing the news, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VIII" title="Pope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a> issued the bull <a href="/wiki/Audita_tremendi" title="Audita tremendi">Audita tremendi</a> on 29 October 1187 describing the events in the East and urging all Christians to take up arms and go to the aid of those in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, calling for a new crusade to the Holy Land – the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> – to be led by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006375–401The_Call_of_the_Cross-108">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG/300px-Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG/450px-Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Richard-Coeur-de-Lion-on-his-way-to-Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Richard the Lionheart on his way to Jerusalem, James William Glass (1850)</figcaption></figure> Frederick took the cross in March 1188.<a href="#cite_note-:4-109">[109]</a> Frederick sent an ultimatum to Saladin, demanding the return of Palestine and challenging him to battle and in May 1189, Frederick's host departed for Byzantium. In March 1190, Frederick embarked to Asia Minor. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, defeating the Turks and reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician Armenia">Cilician Armenia</a>. On 10 June 1190, Frederick drowned near <a href="/wiki/Silifke_Castle" title="Silifke Castle">Silifke Castle</a>. His death caused several thousand German soldiers to leave the force and return home. The remaining German army moved under the command of the English and French forces that arrived shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012420–422The_Fate_of_the_German_Crusade-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard the Lionheart</a> had already taken the cross as the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Poitiers" title="Count of Poitiers">Count of Poitou</a> in 1187. His father <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> had done so on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2009-112">[112]</a> Richard I and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> agreed to go on the Crusade in January 1188. Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard led his support to the stalemated <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)#The_kings_at_Acre" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">siege of Acre</a>. The Muslim defenders surrendered on 12 July 1191. Richard remained in sole command of the Crusader force after the departure of Philip II on 31 July 1191. On 20 August 1191, Richard had more than 2000 prisoners beheaded at the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">massacre of Ayyadieh</a>. Saladin subsequently ordered the execution of his Christian prisoners in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorgate1924152–175The_Fall_of_Acre,_1191-113">[113]</a> Richard moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">battle of Arsuf</a> on 7 September 1191. Three days later, Richard took <a href="/wiki/Jaffa#Crusader/Ayyubid_period" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, held by Saladin since 1187, and advanced inland towards Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOman1924306–319Tactics_of_the_Crusades:_Battles_of_Arsouf_and_Jaffa_(Volume_I)-114">[114]</a> On 12 December 1191 Saladin disbanded the greater part of his army. Learning this, Richard pushed his army forward, to within 12 miles from Jerusalem before retreating back to the coast. The Crusaders made another advance on Jerusalem, coming within sight of the city in June before being forced to retreat again. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh III of Burgundy</a>, leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast. On 27 July 1192, Saladin's army began the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">battle of Jaffa</a>, capturing the city. Richard's forces stormed Jaffa from the sea and the Muslims were driven from the city. Attempts to retake Jaffa failed and Saladin was forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195470–72Richard's_Last_Victory_(1192)-115">[115]</a> On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">Treaty of Jaffa</a>, providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. This treaty ended the Third Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Sybel186189–91Treaty_with_Saladin-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_of_1197">Crusade of 1197</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">Crusade of 1197</a></div> Three years later, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_1197" title="Crusade of 1197">Crusade of 1197</a>. While his forces were en route to the Holy Land, Henry VI died in Messina on 28 September 1197. The nobles that remained captured the Levant coast between Tyre and Tripoli before returning to Germany. The Crusade ended on 1 July 1198 after capturing <a href="/wiki/Sidon#Crusader-Ayyubid_period" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beirut#Middle_Ages" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman195497–98The_German_Crusade_of_1197-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_Crusade">Fourth Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople" title="Sack of Constantinople">Sack of Constantinople</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of siege of Constantinople" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/300px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/450px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg/600px-ConquestOfConstantinopleByTheCrusadersIn1204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4254" data-file-height="2649" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by the Crusaders in 1204 (BNF <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_l%27Arsenal" title="Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal">Arsenal MS</a> 5090, 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LatinEmpire2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multi-coloured map of Latin and Byzantine Empires" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/290px-LatinEmpire2.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/435px-LatinEmpire2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/LatinEmpire2.png/580px-LatinEmpire2.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a> and Byzantine states in 1205. Green marks Venetian acquisitions; pink the Byzantine states; purple the Latin Empire and its vassals</figcaption></figure> In 1198, the recently elected Pope Innocent III announced a new crusade, organised by three Frenchmen: <a href="/wiki/Theobald_III,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Theobald III, Count of Champagne">Theobald of Champagne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Louis I, Count of Blois">Louis of Blois</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin I, Latin Emperor">Baldwin of Flanders</a>. After Theobald's premature death, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Boniface_I,_Marquess_of_Montferrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface I, Marquess of Montferrat">Boniface of Montferrat</a> replaced him as the new commander of the campaign. They contracted with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> for the transportation of 30,000 crusaders at a cost of 85,000 marks. However, many chose other embarkation ports and only around 15,000 arrived in Venice. The <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice" title="Doge of Venice">Doge of Venice</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Dandolo" title="Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a> proposed that Venice would be compensated with the profits of future conquests beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zara" title="Siege of Zara">seizure</a> of the Christian city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>. Pope Innocent III's role was ambivalent. He only condemned the attack when the siege started. He withdrew his legate to disassociate from the attack but seemed to have accepted it as inevitable. Historians question whether for him, the papal desire to salvage the crusade may have outweighed the moral consideration of shedding Christian blood.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The crusade was joined by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia" title="Philip of Swabia">Philip of Swabia</a>, who intended to use the Crusade to install his exiled brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a>, as Emperor. This required the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a>, the uncle of Alexios IV. Alexios IV offered the crusade 10,000 troops, 200,000 marks and the reunion of the Greek Church with Rome if they toppled his uncle <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Emperor Alexios III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019240–242-119">[119]</a> When the crusade entered <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1203)" title="Siege of Constantinople (1203)">Constantinople</a>, Alexios III fled and was replaced by his nephew. The Greek resistance prompted Alexios IV to seek continued support from the crusade until he could fulfil his commitments. This ended with his murder in a violent anti-Latin revolt. The crusaders were without seaworthy ships, supplies or food. Their only escape route was through the city, taking by force what Alexios had promised and the new anti-westerner Byzantine ruler – <a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a> – denied them. The <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Constantinople (1204)">Sack of Constantinople</a> involved three days of pillaging churches and killing much of the Greek Orthodox Christian populace. This sack was not unusual considering the violent military standards of the time, but contemporaries such as Innocent III and <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a> saw it as an atrocity against centuries of classical and Christian civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019249–250-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fifth_Crusade">Fifth Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> (1217–1221) was a campaign by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_I" title="Al-Adil I">al-Adil</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. In 1213, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> called for another Crusade at the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Lateran Council</a>, and in the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Quia_maior" title="Quia maior">Quia maior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Innocent died in 1216 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Honorius III</a> who immediately called on <a href="/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary" title="Andrew II of Hungary">Andrew II of Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II of Germany</a> to lead a Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Frederick had taken the cross in 1215, but hung back, with his crown still in contention, and Honorius delayed the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-:23-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capturing_Damiate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capturing_Damiate.jpg/220px-Capturing_Damiate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capturing_Damiate.jpg/330px-Capturing_Damiate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Capturing_Damiate.jpg/440px-Capturing_Damiate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Crusaders attack the tower of Damietta during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%931219)" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–1219)">siege of Damietta</a> in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Claesz_van_Wieringen" title="Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen">Cornelis Claesz van Wieringen</a>.</figcaption></figure> Andrew II left for Acre in August 1217, joining <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John of Brienne</a>, king of Jerusalem. The initial plan of a two-prong attack in Syria and in Egypt was abandoned and instead the objective became limited operations in Syria. After accomplishing little, the ailing Andrew returned to Hungary early in 1218. As it became clear that Frederick II was not coming to the east, the remaining commanders began the planning to attack the Egyptian port of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The fortifications of Damietta included the Burj al-Silsilah – the chain tower – with massive chains that could stretch across the Nile. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1218%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Damietta (1218–19)">siege of Damietta</a> began in June 1218 with a successful assault on the tower. The loss of the tower was a great shock to the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>, and the sultan al-Adil died soon thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969697–700The_Ayyubids_through_1221-125">[125]</a> He was succeeded as sultan by his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a>. Further offensive action by the Crusaders would have to wait until the arrival of additional forces, including legate <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_Galvani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagius Galvani">Pelagius</a> with a contingent of Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006626–649The_Fifth_Crusade,_1213–1221-126">[126]</a> A group from England arrived shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman199697The_Fifth_Crusade-127">[127]</a> By February 1219, the Crusaders now had Damietta surrounded, and al-Kamil opened negotiations with the Crusaders, asking for envoys to come to his camp. He offered to surrender the kingdom of Jerusalem, less the fortresses of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">al-Karak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Krak de Montréal</a>, guarding the road to Egypt, in exchange for the evacuation of Egypt. John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. But Pelagius and the leaders of the Templars and Hospitallers refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954132–179The_Fifth_Crusade-128">[128]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> arrived to negotiate unsuccessfully with the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. In the captured city, Pelagius was unable to prod the Crusaders from their inactivity, and many returned home, their vow fulfilled. Al-Kamil took advantage of this lull to reinforce his new camp at <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansurah</a>, renewing his peace offering to the Crusaders, which was again refused. Frederick II sent troops and word that he would soon follow, but they were under orders not to begin offensive operations until he had arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaalouf2006218–226The_Perfect_and_the_Just-130">[130]</a> In July 1221, Pelagius began to advance to the south. John of Brienne argued against the move, but was powerless to stop it. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1221)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1221)">Battle of Mansurah</a> in late August, al-Kamil had the sluices along the right bank of the Nile opened, flooding the area and rendering battle impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie2014Document_16:_Al-Kamil_Muhammad_and_the_Fifth_Crusade-131">[131]</a> Pelagius had no choice but to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry201389–121The_Fifth_Crusade-132">[132]</a> The Crusaders still had some leverage as Damietta was well-garrisoned. They offered the sultan a withdrawal from Damietta and an eight-year truce in exchange for allowing the Crusader army to pass, the release of all prisoners, and the return of the relic of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. Prior to the formal surrender of Damietta, the two sides would maintain hostages, among them John of Brienne and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Salza" title="Hermann von Salza">Hermann of Salza</a> for the Franks side and a son of al-Kamil for Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1999299–307The_Egyptian_Campaign_of_the_Legate_Pelagius-133">[133]</a> The masters of the military orders were dispatched to Damietta, where the forces were resistant to giving up, with the news of the surrender, which happened on 8 September 1221. The Fifth Crusade was over, a dismal failure, unable to even gain the return of the piece of the True Cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012551–562The_Fifth_Crusade-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixth_Crusade">Sixth Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Manuscript illumination of five men outside a fortress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg/300px-Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg/450px-Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg/600px-Friedrich_II._mit_Sultan_al-Kamil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II</a> (left) meets <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a> (right), illumination from <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nuova_Cronica" title="Nuova Cronica">Nuova Cronica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> ms. Chigiano L VIII 296, 14th century).</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Crusade" title="Sixth Crusade">Sixth Crusade</a> (1228–1229) was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-135">[135]</a> resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years. The Sixth Crusade is also known as the Crusade of Frederick II.<a href="#cite_note-:232-136">[136]</a> Of all the European sovereigns, only Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, was in a position to regain Jerusalem. Frederick was, like many of the 13th-century rulers, a serial crucesignatus,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> having taken the cross multiple times since 1215.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> After much wrangling, an onerous agreement between the emperor and Pope <a href="/wiki/Honorius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius III">Honorius III</a> was signed on 25 July 1225 at San Germano. Frederick promised to depart on the Crusade by August 1227 and remain for two years. During this period, he was to maintain and support forces in Syria and deposit escrow funds at Rome in gold. These funds would be returned to the emperor once he arrived at Acre. If he did not arrive, the money would be employed for the needs of the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954171–205The_Emperor_Frederick-139">[139]</a> Frederick II would go on the Crusade as king of Jerusalem. He married John of Brienne's daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Jerusalem#Marriage_with_Frederick_II" title="Isabella II of Jerusalem">Isabella II</a> by proxy in August 1225 and they were formally married on 9 November 1227. Frederick claimed the kingship of Jerusalem despite John having been given assurances that he would remain as king. Frederick took the crown in December 1225. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006739–780The_Crusade_of_Frederick_II,_1227–1229-140">[140]</a> After the Fifth Crusade, the Ayyubid sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a> became involved in civil war in Syria and, having unsuccessfully tried negotiations with the West beginning in 1219, again tried this approach,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969700–702The_Ayyubids_from_1221–1229-141">[141]</a> offering return of much of the Holy Land in exchange for military support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaalouf2006226–227Fakhr_ad-Din-142">[142]</a> Becoming pope in 1227, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> was determined to proceed with the Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The first contingents of Crusaders then sailed in August 1227, joining with forces of the kingdom and fortifying the coastal towns. The emperor was delayed while his ships were refitted. He sailed on 8 September 1227, but before they reached their first stop, Frederick was struck with the plague and disembarked to secure medical attention. Resolved to keep his oath, he sent his fleet on to Acre. He sent his emissaries to inform Gregory IX of the situation, but the pope did not care about Frederick's illness, just that he had not lived up to his agreement. Frederick was excommunicated on 29 September 1227, branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times.<a href="#cite_note-:232-136">[136]</a> Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory. It had no effect and Frederick sailed from <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> in June 1228. After a stop at Cyprus, Frederick II arrived in Acre on 7 September 1228 and was received warmly by the military orders, despite his excommunication. Frederick's army was not large, mostly German, Sicilian and English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman199699–101The_Crusade_of_1227–1229-144">[144]</a> Of the troops he had sent in 1227 had mostly returned home. He could neither afford nor mount a lengthening campaign in the Holy Land given the ongoing <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Keys" title="War of the Keys">War of the Keys</a> with Rome. The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954183–184Frederick_at_Acre_(1228)-145">[145]</a> After resolving the internecine struggles in Syria, al-Kamil's position was stronger than it was a year before when he made his original offer to Frederick. For unknown reasons, the two sides came to an agreement. The resultant <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1229)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1229)">Treaty of Jaffa</a> was concluded on 18 February 1229, with al-Kamil surrendering Jerusalem, with the exception of some Muslim holy sites, and agreeing to a ten-year truce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1999312–318The_Sixth_Crusade_and_the_Treaty_of_Jaffa-146">[146]</a> Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent and the next day, crowned himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954189–190Frederick_at_Jerusalem_(1229)-147">[147]</a> On 1 May 1229, Frederick departed from Acre and arrived in Sicily a month before the pope knew that he had left the Holy Land. Frederick obtained from the pope relief from his excommunication on 28 August 1230 at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ceprano_(1230)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ceprano (1230)">Treaty of Ceprano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012562–571Frederick_II's_Crusade-148">[148]</a> The results of the Sixth Crusade were not universally acclaimed. Two letters from the Christian side tell differing stories,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunro190224–30Letters_of_the_Sixth_Crusade-149">[149]</a> with Frederick touting the great success of the endeavor and the Latin patriarch painting a darker picture of the emperor and his accomplishments. On the Muslim side, al-Kamil himself was pleased with the accord, but others regarded the treaty as a disastrous event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie2014Document_17:_Two_sources_on_the_Handover_of_Jerusalem_to_Frederick_II-150">[150]</a> In the end, the Sixth Crusade successfully returned Jerusalem to Christian rule and had set a precedent, in having achieved success on crusade without papal involvement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Crusades_of_1239–1241">The Crusades of 1239–1241</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons' Crusade</a></div> The Crusades of 1239–1241, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade" title="Barons' Crusade">Barons' Crusade</a>, were a series of crusades to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, were the most successful since the First Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The major expeditions were led separately by <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I of Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> These crusades are sometimes discussed along with that of <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin II, Latin Emperor">Baldwin of Courtenay</a> to Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beit_hanun_1239.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Beit_hanun_1239.jpg/220px-Beit_hanun_1239.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Beit_hanun_1239.jpg/330px-Beit_hanun_1239.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Beit_hanun_1239.jpg/440px-Beit_hanun_1239.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>The defeat of the Crusaders at Gaza, depicted in the Chronica majora of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, 13th century</figcaption></figure> In 1229, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> and the Ayyubid sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">al-Kamil</a>, had agreed to a ten-year truce. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a>, who had condemned this truce from the beginning, issued the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Rachel_suum_videns" title="Rachel suum videns">Rachel suum videns</a> in 1234 calling for a new crusade once the truce expired. A number of English and French nobles took the cross, but the crusade's departure was delayed because Frederick, whose lands the crusaders had planned to cross, opposed any crusading activity before the expiration of this truce. Frederick was again excommunicated in 1239, causing most crusaders to avoid his territories on their way to the Holy Land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954205–220Legalized_Anarchy-154">[154]</a> The French expedition was led by <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I of Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh of Burgundy</a>, joined by <a href="/wiki/Amaury_de_Montfort_(died_1241)" title="Amaury de Montfort (died 1241)">Amaury of Montfort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter I, Duke of Brittany">Peter of Dreux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:252-155">[155]</a> On 1 September 1239, Theobald arrived in Acre, and was soon drawn into the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty#Syro-Egyptian_divide" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid civil war</a>, which had been raging since the death of al-Kamil in 1238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969703–709The_Ayyubids_from_1229–1244-156">[156]</a> At the end of September, al-Kamil's brother <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ismail,_Emir_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Salih Ismail, Emir of Damascus">as-Salih Ismail</a> seized Damascus from his nephew, <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a>, and recognised <a href="/wiki/Al-Adil_II" title="Al-Adil II">al-Adil II</a> as sultan of Egypt. Theobald decided to fortify <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ascalon</a> to protect the southern border of the kingdom and to move against Damascus later. While the Crusaders were marching from Acre to Jaffa, Egyptian troops moved to secure the border in what became the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Gaza_(1239)" title="Battle at Gaza (1239)">Battle at Gaza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:233-157">[157]</a> Contrary to Theobald's instructions and the advice of the military orders, a group decided to move against the enemy without further delay, but they were surprised by the Muslims who inflicted a devastating defeat on the Franks. The masters of the military orders then convinced Theobald to retreat to Acre rather than pursue the Egyptians and their Frankish prisoners. A month after the battle at Gaza, <a href="/wiki/An-Nasir_Dawud" title="An-Nasir Dawud">an-Nasir Dā'ūd</a>, emir of <a href="/wiki/Al-Karak" title="Al-Karak">Kerak</a>, seized Jerusalem, virtually unguarded. The internal strife among the Ayyubids allowed Theobald to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. In September 1240, Theobald departed for Europe, while Hugh of Burgundy remained to help fortify Ascalon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006755–780The_Crusades_of_1239–1241-158">[158]</a> On 8 October 1240, the English expedition arrived, led by Richard of Cornwall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman1996101–107The_Crusade_of_Richard_of_Cornwall-159">[159]</a> The force marched to Jaffa, where they completed the negotiations for a truce with Ayyubid leaders begun by Theobald just a few months prior. Richard consented, the new agreement was ratified by Ayyub by 8 February 1241, and prisoners from both sides were released on 13 April. Meanwhile, Richard's forces helped to work on Ascalon's fortifications, which were completed by mid-March 1241. Richard entrusted the new fortress to an imperial representative, and departed for England on 3 May 1241.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1999319–324The_Barons'_Crusade-160">[160]</a> In July 1239, Baldwin of Courtenay, the young heir to the Latin Empire, travelled to Constantinople with a small army. In the winter of 1239, Baldwin finally returned to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor around Easter of 1240, after which he launched his crusade. Baldwin then besieged and captured <a href="/wiki/Tzurulum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzurulum">Tzurulum</a>, a Nicaean stronghold seventy-five miles west of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. On 15 July 1244, the city was reduced to ruins during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">siege of Jerusalem</a> and its Christians massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246" title="Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246">Khwarazmian army</a>. A few months later, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Forbie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Forbie">Battle of La Forbie</a> permanently crippled Christian military power in the Holy Land. The sack of the city and the massacre which accompanied it encouraged <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX of France</a> to organise the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012574–576The_Bane_of_Palestine-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Seventh_Crusade">The Seventh Crusade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seventh_crusade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seventh_crusade.jpg/300px-Seventh_crusade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seventh_crusade.jpg/450px-Seventh_crusade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Seventh_crusade.jpg/600px-Seventh_crusade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Louis IX during the Seventh Crusade</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a> (1248–1254) was the first of the two Crusades led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under <a href="/wiki/As-Salih_Ayyub" title="As-Salih Ayyub">as-Salih Ayyub</a>, son of al-Kamil. The Crusade was conducted in response to setbacks in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, beginning with the loss of the Holy City in 1244, and was preached by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> in conjunction with a crusade against emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian crusades</a> and Mongol incursions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-163">[163]</a> At the end of 1244, Louis was stricken with a severe malarial infection and he vowed that if he recovered he would set out for a Crusade. His life was spared, and as soon as his health permitted him, he took the cross and immediately began preparations.<a href="#cite_note-:7-164">[164]</a> The next year, the pope presided over <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a>, directing a new Crusade under the command of Louis. With Rome under siege by Frederick, the pope also issued his <a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolicae_Dignitatis_Apicem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem">Ad Apostolicae Dignitatis Apicem</a>, formally renewing the sentence of excommunication on the emperor, and declared him deposed from the imperial throne and that of Naples.<a href="#cite_note-:42-165">[165]</a> The recruiting effort under cardinal <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Ch%C3%A2teauroux" title="Odo of Châteauroux">Odo of Châteauroux</a> was difficult, and the Crusade finally began on 12 August 1248 when Louis IX left Paris under the insignia of a pilgrim, the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">Oriflamme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-166">[166]</a> With him were queen <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a> and two of Louis' brothers, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert I, Count of Artois">Robert I of Artois</a>. Their youngest brother <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Count_of_Poitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso, Count of Poitou">Alphonse of Poitiers</a> departed the next year. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh IV of Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter I, Duke of Brittany">Peter Maulcerc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh X of Lusignan">Hugh XI of Lusignan</a>, royal companion and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</a>, and an English detachment under <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e_the_Younger" title="William Longespée the Younger">William Longespée</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954256–257King_Louis_sails_from_Agues-Mortes_(1248-167">[167]</a> The first stop was Cyprus, arriving in September 1248 where they experienced a long wait for the forces to assemble. Many of the men were lost en route or to disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012580–584The_preparation_for_war-168">[168]</a> The Franks were soon met by those from Acre including the masters of the Orders <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Ronay" title="Jean de Ronay">Jean de Ronay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Sonnac" title="Guillaume de Sonnac">Guillaume de Sonnac</a>. The two eldest sons of John of Brienne, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_of_Brienne" title="Alfonso of Brienne">Alsonso of Brienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Brienne" title="Louis of Brienne">Louis of Brienne</a>, would also join as would <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin_(jurist)" title="John of Ibelin (jurist)">John of Ibelin</a>, nephew to the <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin,_the_Old_Lord_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut">Old Lord of Beirut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith197321–39Lords,_Lordships_and_Vavasours-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_of_Villehardouin" title="William of Villehardouin">William of Villehardouin</a> also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a>. It was agreed that Egypt was the objective and many remembered how the sultan's father had been willing to exchange Jerusalem itself for Damietta in the Fifth Crusade. Louis was not willing to negotiate with the infidel Muslims, but he did unsuccessfully seek a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a>, reflecting what the pope had sought in 1245.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954259–260Negotiations_with_the_Mongols-170">[170]</a> As-Salih Ayyub conducting a campaign in Damascus when the Franks invaded as he had expected the Crusaders to land in Syria. Hurrying his forces back to Cairo, he turned to his vizier <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_ad-Din_ibn_as-Shaikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh">Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh</a> to command the army that fortified <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a> in anticipation of the invasion. On 5 June 1249 the Crusader fleet began the landing and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damietta_(1249)" title="Siege of Damietta (1249)">siege of Damietta</a>. After a short battle, the Egyptian commander decided to evacuate the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954262–263Louis_at_Damietta_(1249)-171">[171]</a> Remarkably, Damietta had been seized with only one Crusader casualty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994148–151The_last_years_of_the_Templars_in_Palestine_and_Syria-172">[172]</a> The city became a Frankish city and Louis waited until the Nile floods abated before advancing, remembering the lessons of the Fifth Crusade. The loss of Damietta was a shock to the Muslim world, and as-Salih Ayyub offered to trade Damietta for Jerusalem as his father had thirty years before. The offer was rejected. By the end of October 1249 the Nile had receded and reinforcements had arrived. It was time to advance, and the Frankish army set out towards <a href="/wiki/Mansoura,_Egypt" title="Mansoura, Egypt">Mansurah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954264–265The_Crusaders_Advance_towards_Mansourah-173">[173]</a> The sultan died in November 1249, his widow <a href="/wiki/Shajar_al-Durr" title="Shajar al-Durr">Shajar al-Durr</a> concealing the news of her husband's death. She forged a document which appointed his son <a href="/wiki/Al-Muazzam_Turanshah" title="Al-Muazzam Turanshah">al-Muazzam Turanshah</a>, then in Syria, as heir and Fakhr ad-Din as viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969712as-Salih_Ayyub-174">[174]</a> But the Crusade continued, and by December 1249, Louis was encamped on the river banks opposite to Mansurah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber1994148–151The_last_years_of_the_Templars_in_Palestine_and_Syria-172">[172]</a> For six weeks, the armies of the West and Egypt faced each other on opposite sides of the canal, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)" title="Battle of Mansurah (1250)">Battle of Mansurah</a> that would end on 11 February 1250 with an Egyptian defeat. Louis had his victory, but a cost of the loss of much of his force and their commanders. Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye, <a href="/wiki/Humbert_V_de_Beaujeu" title="Humbert V de Beaujeu">Humbert V de Beaujeu</a>, constable of France, <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Soissons" title="John II, Count of Soissons">John II of Soissons</a>, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. Counted with the dead were the king's brother <a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert I, Count of Artois">Robert I of Artois</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e_the_Younger" title="William Longespée the Younger">William Longespée</a> and most of his English followers, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Courtenay,_Lord_of_Conches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Courtenay, Lord of Conches">Peter of Courtenay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raoul_II,_Lord_of_Coucy" title="Raoul II, Lord of Coucy">Raoul II of Coucy</a>. But the victory would be short-lived.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> On 11 February 1250, the Egyptians attacked again. Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac and acting Hospitaller master Jean de Ronay were killed. <a href="/wiki/Alphonse,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="Alphonse, Count of Poitiers">Alphonse of Poitiers</a>, guarding the camp, was encircled and was rescued by the camp followers. At nightfall, the Muslims gave up the assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006793_802Defeat,_February–March_1250-176">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg/220px-C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg/330px-C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg/440px-C_croisade7_prisonnier1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2827" /></a><figcaption>Louis IX being taken prisoner at the Battle of Fariskur (<a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 28 February 1250, Turanshah arrived from Damascus and began an Egyptian offensive, intercepting the boats that brought food from Damietta. The Franks were quickly beset by famine and disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954268–269Turanshah_takes_Command_of_the_Moslems_(1250)-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fariskur_(1250)" title="Battle of Fariskur (1250)">Battle of Fariskur</a> fought on 6 April 1250 would be the decisive defeat of Louis' army. Louis knew that the army must be extricated to Damietta and they departed on the morning of 5 April, with the king in the rear and the Egyptians in pursuit. The next day, the Muslims surrounded the army and attacked in full force. On 6 April, Louis' surrender was negotiated directly with the sultan by <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Montfort,_Lord_of_Tyre" title="Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre">Philip of Montfort</a>. The king and his entourage were taken in chains to Mansurah and the whole of the army was rounded up and led into captivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2006793_802Defeat,_February–March_1250-176">[176]</a> The Egyptians were unprepared for the large number of prisoners taken, comprising most of Louis' force. The infirm were executed immediately and several hundred were decapitated daily. Louis and his commanders were moved to Mansurah, and negotiations for their release commenced. The terms agreed to were harsh. Louis was to ransom himself by the surrender of Damietta and his army by the payment of a million <a href="/wiki/Bezant" title="Bezant">bezants</a> (later reduced to 800,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954270–271Louis_in_Prison_(1250)-178">[178]</a> Latin patriarch <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Nantes" title="Robert of Nantes">Robert of Nantes</a> went under safe-conduct to complete the arrangements for the ransom. Arriving in Cairo, he found Turanshah dead, murdered in a coup instigated by his stepmother Shajar al-Durr. On 6 May, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Sergines" title="Geoffrey of Sergines">Geoffrey of Sergines</a> handed Damietta over to the Moslem vanguard. Many wounded soldiers had been left behind at Damietta, and contrary to their promise, the Muslims massacred them all. In 1251, the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' Crusade</a>, a popular crusade formed with the objective to free Louis, engulfed France.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> After his release, Louis went to Acre where he remained until 1254. This is regarded as the end of the Seventh Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-:0-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_final_crusades">The final crusades</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Edward's Crusade">Lord Edward's Crusade</a></div> After the defeat of the Crusaders in Egypt, Louis remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the crusader states.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> A brutal power struggle developed in Egypt between various <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> leaders and the remaining weak Ayyubid rulers. The threat presented by an invasion by the Mongols led to one of the competing Mamluk leaders, <a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a>, seizing the sultanate in 1259 and uniting with another faction led by <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> to defeat the Mongols at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Ain Jalut</a>. The Mamluks then quickly gained control of Damascus and Aleppo before Qutuz was assassinated and Baibers assumed control.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Between 1265 and 1271, Baibars drove the Franks to a few small coastal outposts.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Baibars had three key objectives: to prevent an alliance between the Latins and the Mongols, to cause dissension among the Mongols (particularly between the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> and the Persian <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>), and to maintain access to a supply of slave recruits from the Russian steppes. He supported <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred of Sicily's</a> failed resistance to the attack of Charles and the papacy. Dissension in the crusader states led to conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint_Sabas" title="War of Saint Sabas">War of Saint Sabas</a>. Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade with Egypt. Indeed, Baibars negotiated free passage for the Genoese with <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Emperor of Nicaea</a>, the newly restored ruler of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In 1270 Charles turned his brother King Louis IX's crusade, known as the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a>, to his own advantage by persuading him to attack <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. The crusader army was devastated by disease, and Louis himself died at Tunis on 25 August. The fleet returned to France. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Prince Edward</a>, the future king of England, and a small retinue arrived too late for the conflict but continued to the Holy Land in what is known as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_crusade" title="Lord Edward's crusade">Lord Edward's Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Edward survived an assassination attempt, negotiated a ten-year truce, and then returned to manage his affairs in England. This ended the last significant crusading effort in the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall_of_the_Crusader_States">Decline and fall of the Crusader States</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/250px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/375px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg/500px-1291_si%C3%A8ge_d%27Acre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="2797" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Siege of Acre</a> depicted in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Clermont" title="Matthew of Clermont">Matthieu de Clermont</a> défend <a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_in_Phoenicia" title="Ptolemais in Phoenicia">Ptolémaïs</a> en 1291, by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Papety" title="Dominique Papety">Dominique Papety</a> at <a href="/wiki/Salles_des_Croisades" title="Salles des Croisades">Salles des Croisades</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer" title="Fall of Outremer">Fall of Outremer</a></div> The years 1272–1302 include numerous conflicts throughout the Levant as well as the Mediterranean and Western European regions, and many crusades were proposed to free the Holy Land from <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk</a> control. These include ones of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Anjou" title="Charles I of Anjou">Charles I of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a>, none of which came to fruition. The major players fighting the Muslims included the kings of England and France, the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, the three <a href="/wiki/Military_orders_of_the_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="Military orders of the Crusades">Military Orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongol Ilkhanate</a>. The end of Western European presence in the Holy Land was sealed with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tripoli_(1289)" title="Fall of Tripoli (1289)">fall of Tripoli</a> and their subsequent defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">siege of Acre</a> in 1291. The Christian forces managed to survive until the final <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ruad" title="Fall of Ruad">fall of Ruad</a> in 1302.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1954387–426The_Fall_of_Acre-186">[186]</a> The Holy Land would no longer be the focus of the West even though various crusades were proposed in the early years of the fourteenth century. The Knights Hospitaller would <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes" title="Hospitaller conquest of Rhodes">conquer Rhodes</a> from Byzantium, making it the center of their activity for a hundred years. The Knights Templar, the elite fighting force in the kingdom, was disbanded. The Mongols converted to Islam, but <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate#Disintegration_(1316–1357)" title="Ilkhanate">disintegrated</a> as a fighting force. The Mamluk sultanate would continue for another century. The Crusades to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Land were over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012638–656The_Holy_Land_Reclaimed-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_crusades">Other crusades</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chronologies_of_the_Crusades" title="Chronologies of the Crusades">Chronologies of the Crusades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png/300px-Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png/450px-Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png/600px-Deutscher_Orden_in_Europa_1300.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption>Map of the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> in Europe <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300. Shaded area is sovereign territory.</figcaption></figure> The military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that also interested the Latin Church. These included the 12th and 13th century <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">conquest of</a> Muslim <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> by Spanish Christian kingdoms; 12th to 15th century German <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> expansion into the pagan <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a>; the suppression of non-conformity, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a> during what has become called the <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">Albigensian Crusade</a> and for the Papacy's temporal advantage in Italy and Germany that are now known as political crusades. In the 13th and 14th centuries there were also unsanctioned, but related popular uprisings to recover Jerusalem known variously as Shepherds' or Children's crusades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley1992-188">[188]</a> Urban II equated the crusades for Jerusalem with the ongoing Catholic invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and crusades were preached in 1114 and 1118, but it was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a> who proposed dual fronts in Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> in 1122. In the spring of 1147, Eugene authorised the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> with the rest of the Second Crusade. The successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lisbon" title="Siege of Lisbon">siege of Lisbon</a>, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tortosa_(1148)" title="Siege of Tortosa (1148)">siege of Tortosa</a>, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> were a more immediate problem. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> of 1147 was partially successful but failed to convert the pagans to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> By the time of the Second Crusade the three Spanish kingdoms were powerful enough to conquer Islamic territory – <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004188-191">[191]</a> In 1212 the Spanish were victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> with the support of foreign fighters responding to the preaching of Innocent III. Many of these deserted because of the Spanish tolerance of the defeated Muslims, for whom the Reconquista was a war of domination rather than extermination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004191-192">[192]</a> In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule called <a href="/wiki/Mozarabs" title="Mozarabs">Mozarabs</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-Jotischky_2004_131-193">[193]</a> Al-Andalus, Islamic Spain, was completely suppressed in 1492 when the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a> surrendered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006212–213-194">[194]</a> In 1147, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a> extended Calixtus's idea by authorising a crusade on the German north-eastern frontier against the pagan <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a> from what was primarily economic conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith20012-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004199–205-196">[196]</a> From the early 13th century, there was significant involvement of military orders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Dobrzy%C5%84" title="Order of Dobrzyń">Order of Dobrzyń</a>. The Teutonic Knights diverted efforts from the Holy Land, absorbed these orders and established the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004202–203-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019315–327-198">[198]</a> This evolved the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a> in 1525 and 1562, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019328–333-199">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two illuminations: the pope admonishing a group of people and mounted knights attacking unarmed people with swords" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg/300px-Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg/450px-Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg/600px-Albigensian_Crusade_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Miniatures showing <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> excommunicating, and the crusaders massacring, Cathars (BL Royal 16 G VI, fol. 374v, 14th century)</figcaption></figure> By the beginning of the 13th century papal reticence in applying crusades against the papacy's political opponents and those considered heretics had abated. Innocent III proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade" title="Albigensian Crusade">a crusade</a> against Catharism that failed to suppress the heresy itself but ruined the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200142–43-200">[200]</a> This set a precedent that was followed in 1212 with pressure exerted on the city of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Milan#Middle_Ages" title="History of Milan">Milan</a> for tolerating Catharism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004193-201">[201]</a> in 1234 <a href="/wiki/Stedinger_Crusade" title="Stedinger Crusade">against</a> the <a href="/wiki/Stedingen" title="Stedingen">Stedinger</a> peasants of north-western Germany, in 1234 and 1241 Hungarian crusades against <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Bosnia" title="Banate of Bosnia">Bosnian heretics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith200142–43-200">[200]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Housley" title="Norman Housley">Norman Housley</a> notes the connection between <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodoxy</a> and anti-papalism in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley1982-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a> was offered to anti-heretical groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Militia_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Militia of Jesus Christ">Militia of Jesus Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004193–196-203">[203]</a> Innocent III declared the first political crusade against Frederick II's regent, <a href="/wiki/Markward_von_Annweiler" title="Markward von Annweiler">Markward von Annweiler</a>, and when Frederick later threatened Rome in 1240, Gregory IX used crusading terminology to raise support against him. On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. In 1263, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV" title="Pope Urban IV">Pope Urban IV</a> offered crusading indulgences to Charles of Anjou in return for Sicily's conquest. However, these wars had no clear objectives or limitations, making them unsuitable for crusading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004195–198-204">[204]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1280%E2%80%9381" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1280–81">1281 election</a> of a French pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_IV" title="Pope Martin IV">Martin IV</a>, brought the power of the papacy behind Charles. Charles's preparations for a crusade against Constantinople were foiled by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, who instigated an uprising called the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a>. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a> was proclaimed king of Sicily, despite his excommunication and an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Crusade" title="Aragonese Crusade">Aragonese Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004198-205">[205]</a> Political crusading continued against Venice over <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV, King of Germany</a> when he <a href="/wiki/Romzug" class="mw-redirect" title="Romzug">marched to Rome</a> for his imperial coronation; and the <a href="/wiki/Free_company" title="Free company">free companies</a> of mercenaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019353–354-206">[206]</a> The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states – the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. Achaea and Athens survived under the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">French</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">Treaty of Viterbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006125,_133,_337,_436–437-207">[207]</a> The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718)">Seventh Ottoman–Venetian War</a> in the 18th century. This period of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greek history</a> is known as the <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankokratia</a> or Latinokratia ("Frankish or Latin rule") and designates a period when western European Catholics ruled <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The major <a href="/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399">crusades of the 14th century</a> include: the <a href="/wiki/Fra_Dolcino" title="Fra Dolcino">Crusade against the Dulcinians</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_the_Poor" title="Crusade of the Poor">Crusade of the Poor</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Walter_VI,_Count_of_Brienne#Anti-Catalan_crusade_of_1331–1332" title="Walter VI, Count of Brienne">Anti-Catalan Crusade</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Smyrniote_crusades" title="Smyrniote crusades">Smyrniote Crusades</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden#Crusade_against_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus IV of Sweden">Crusade against Novgorod</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Crusade">Savoyard Crusade</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Crusade" title="Alexandrian Crusade">Alexandrian Crusade</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Despenser%27s_Crusade" title="Despenser's Crusade">Despenser's Crusade</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Crusade" title="Barbary Crusade">Mahdia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Tedelis" title="Crusade of Tedelis">Tedelis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bona_crusade" title="Bona crusade">Bona Crusades</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Crusade of Nicopolis</a>. The threat of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> prompted further <a href="/wiki/Crusades_of_the_15th_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusades of the 15th Century">crusades of the 15th century</a>. In 1389, the Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>, won <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">control of the Balkans</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>, in 1396 defeated French crusaders and <a href="/wiki/Sigismund,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor">King Sigismund of Hungary</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a>, in 1444 destroyed a crusading Polish and Hungarian force at <a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Varna</a>, four years later again defeated the Hungarians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Kosovo</a> and in 1453 captured Constantinople. The 16th century saw growing rapprochement. The <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, French, Spanish and Venetians and Ottomans all signed treaties. <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> allied with all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019406–408-209">[209]</a> Anti-Christian crusading declined in the 15th century, the exceptions were the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">six failed crusades</a> against the religiously radical <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and attacks on the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> in Savoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019358–359-210">[210]</a> Crusading became a financial exercise; precedence was given to the commercial and political objectives. The military threat presented by the Ottoman Turks diminished, making anti-Ottoman crusading obsolete in 1699 with the final <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004257-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman20199,_257,_420–421-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crusading_movement">Crusading movement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></div> Prior to the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> had developed a system for the remission and absolution of sin in return for contrition, confession, and penitential acts. Reparation through abstinence from martial activity still presented a difficulty to the noble warrior class. It was revolutionary when Gregory VII offered absolution of sin earned through the Church-sponsored violence in support of his causes, if selflessly given at the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman201161-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2012123-214">[214]</a> This was developed by subsequent Popes into the granting of plenary indulgences that reduced all God-imposed temporal penalties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2006a627–629-215">[215]</a> The papacy developed "Political <a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a>" into attempts to remove the Church from secular control by asserting ecclesiastical supremacy over temporal polities and the Orthodox Church. This was associated with the idea that the Church should actively intervene in the world to impose "justice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatham2012118-216">[216]</a> A distinct ideology promoting and regulating crusading is evidenced in surviving texts. The Church defined this in legal and theological terms based on the theory of holy war and the concept of pilgrimage. Theology merged the Old Testament Israelite wars instigated and assisted by God with New Testament Christocentric views. Holy war was based on ancient ideas of just war. The fourth-century theologian <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> had Christianised this, and it eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigm</a> of Christian holy war. Theologians widely accepted the justification that holy war against pagans was good, because of their opposition to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2006a627–629-215">[215]</a> The Holy Land was the patrimony of Christ; its recovery was on behalf of God. The Albigensian Crusade was a defence of the French Church, the Northern Crusades were campaigns conquering lands beloved of Christ's mother <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> for Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2006a629–630-217">[217]</a> Inspired by the First Crusade, the crusading movement went on to define late medieval western culture and impacted the history of the western Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley-Smith19954–5,_36-218">[218]</a> Christendom was geopolitical, and this underpinned the practice of the medieval Church. Reformists of the 11th century urged these ideas which declined following the Reformation. The ideology continued after the 16th century with the military orders but dwindled in competition with other forms of religious war and new ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier2006a630–631-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_orders">Military orders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="13th-century miniature of King Baldwin II granting the Al Aqsa Mosque to Hugues de Payens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg/220px-Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg/330px-Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg/440px-Baldwin_II_ceeding_the_Temple_of_Salomon_to_Hugues_de_Payens_and_Gaudefroy_de_Saint-Homer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>13th-century miniature of <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II of Jerusalem</a> granting the captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al Aqsa Mosque</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Payns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues de Payns">Hugues de Payns</a></figcaption></figure> The military orders were forms of a religious order first established early in the twelfth century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing monastic vows. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> had a medical mission in Jerusalem since before the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, later becoming a formidable military force supporting the crusades in the Holy Land and Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> were founded in 1119 by a band of knights who dedicated themselves to protecting pilgrims en route to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Knights</a> were formed in 1190 to protect pilgrims in both the Holy Land and Baltic region.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The Hospitallers and the Templars became supranational organisations as papal support led to rich donations of land and revenue across Europe. This, in turn, led to a steady flow of new recruits and the wealth to maintain multiple fortifications in the crusader states. In time, they developed into autonomous powers in the region.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> After the fall of Acre the Hospitallers relocated to Cyprus, then ruled <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> until the island was taken by the Ottomans in 1522. While there was talk of merging the Templars and Hospitallers in 1305 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Clement V</a>, ultimately the Templars were charged with heresy and disbanded. The Teutonic Knights supported the later Prussian campaigns into the fifteenth century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Art of the Crusades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of 12th-century Hospitaller castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria showing concentric rings of defence, curtain walls and location sitting on a promontory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg/220px-Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg/330px-Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg/440px-Crac_des_chevaliers_syria.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>12th-century <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> castle of <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a> in Syria, one of the first castles to use concentric fortification, i.e. concentric rings of defence that could all operate at the same time. It has two curtain walls and sits on a promontory.</figcaption></figure>According to the historian Joshua Prawer no major European poet, theologian, scholar or historian settled in the crusader states. Some went on pilgrimage, and this is seen in new imagery and ideas in western poetry. Although they did not migrate east themselves, their output often encouraged others to journey there on pilgrimage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer1972468-223">[223]</a> Historians consider the crusader military architecture of the Middle East to demonstrate a synthesis of the European, Byzantine and Muslim traditions and to be the most original and impressive artistic achievement of the crusades. Castles were a tangible symbol of the dominance of a Latin Christian minority over a largely hostile majority population. They also acted as centres of administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer1972280–281-224">[224]</a> Modern historiography rejects the 19th-century consensus that Westerners learnt the basis of military architecture from the Near East, as Europe had already experienced rapid development in defensive technology before the First Crusade. Direct contact with Arab fortifications originally constructed by the Byzantines did influence developments in the east, but the lack of documentary evidence means that it remains difficult to differentiate between the importance of this design culture and the constraints of situation. The latter led to the inclusion of oriental design features such as large water reservoirs and the exclusion of occidental features such as moats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer1972295–296-225">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egerton_ms_1139!1_fse005r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg/220px-Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg/330px-Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg/440px-Egerton_ms_1139%211_fse005r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The ivory front <a href="/wiki/Bookcover" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookcover">bookcover</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Melisende_Psalter" title="Melisende Psalter">Melisende Psalter</a></figcaption></figure> Typically, crusader church design was in the <a href="/wiki/French_Romanesque_architecture" title="French Romanesque architecture">French Romanesque</a> style. This can be seen in the 12th-century rebuilding of the Holy Sepulchre. It retained some of the Byzantine details, but new arches and chapels were built to northern French, Aquitanian, and Provençal patterns. There is little trace of any surviving indigenous influence in sculpture, although in the Holy Sepulchre the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">column capitals</a> of the south facade follow classical Syrian patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004146-226">[226]</a> In contrast to architecture and sculpture, it is in the area of visual culture that the assimilated nature of the society was demonstrated. Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries the influence of indigenous artists was demonstrated in the decoration of shrines, paintings and the production of illuminated manuscripts. Frankish practitioners borrowed methods from the Byzantines and indigenous artists and iconographical practice leading to a cultural synthesis, illustrated by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a>. Wall mosaics were unknown in the west but in widespread use in the crusader states. Whether this was by indigenous craftsmen or learnt by Frankish ones is unknown, but a distinctive original artistic style evolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004145–146-227">[227]</a> Manuscripts were produced and illustrated in workshops housing Italian, French, English and local craftsmen leading to a cross-fertilisation of ideas and techniques. An example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Melisende_Psalter" title="Melisende Psalter">Melisende Psalter</a>, created by several hands in a workshop attached to the Holy Sepulchre. This style could have both reflected and influenced the taste of patrons of the arts. But what is seen is an increase in stylised, Byzantine-influenced content. This extended to the production of <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a>, unknown at the time to the Franks, sometimes in a Frankish style and even of western saints. This is seen as the origin of Italian panel painting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJotischky2004147–149-228">[228]</a> While it is difficult to track illumination of manuscripts and castle design back to their origins, textual sources are simpler. The translations made in Antioch are notable, but they are considered of secondary importance to the works emanating from Muslim Spain and from the hybrid culture of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012667–668-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing">Financing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_income_tax" title="Papal income tax">Papal income tax</a></div> Crusade finance and taxation left a legacy of social, financial, and legal institutions. Property became available while coinage and precious materials circulated more readily within Europe. Crusading expeditions created immense demands for food supplies, weapons, and shipping that benefited merchants and artisans. Levies for crusades contributed to the development of centralised financial administrations and the growth of papal and royal taxation. This aided development of representative bodies whose consent was required for many forms of taxation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-230">[230]</a> The Crusades strengthened exchanges between <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Oriental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">Occidental</a> economic spheres. The transport of pilgrims and crusaders notably benefitted Italian maritime cities, such as the trio of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. Having obtained commercial privileges in the fortified places of Syria, they became the favoured intermediaries for trade in goods such as silk, spices, as well as other raw alimentary goods and mineral products. Trade with the Muslim world was thus extended beyond existing limits. Merchants were further advantaged by technological improvements, and long-distance trade as a whole expanded.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The increased volume of goods being traded through ports of the Latin Levant and the Muslim world made this the cornerstone of a wider Middle Eastern economy, as manifested in important cities along the trade routes, such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Acre. It became increasingly common for European merchants to venture further east, and business was conducted fairly despite religious differences, and continued even in times of political and military tensions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement#Legacy" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement § Legacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of five knights paying homage to Saladin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/220px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/330px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Saladin_and_Guy.jpg/440px-Saladin_and_Guy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Saladin and Guy de Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin in 1187, by Said Tahsine (1904–1985) </figcaption></figure> The Crusades created national mythologies, tales of heroism, and a few place names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyerman2019468-232">[232]</a> Historical parallelism and the tradition of drawing inspiration from the Middle Ages have become keystones of <a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">political Islam</a> encouraging ideas of a modern jihad and a centuries-long struggle against Christian states, while secular <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a> highlights the role of western imperialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012675–680-233">[233]</a> Modern Muslim thinkers, politicians and historians have drawn parallels between the crusades and political developments such as the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of Israel</a> in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge2012674–675-234">[234]</a> Right-wing circles in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a> have drawn opposing parallels, considering Christianity to be under an Islamic religious and demographic threat that is analogous to the situation at the time of the crusades. Crusader symbols and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">anti-Islamic</a> rhetoric are presented as an appropriate response. These symbols and rhetoric are used to provide a religious justification and inspiration for a struggle against a religious enemy.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">Historiography of the Crusades</a></div>The <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Crusades" title="Historiography of the Crusades">historiography of the Crusades</a> is concerned with their "history of the histories" during the Crusader period. The subject is a complex one, with overviews provided in Select Bibliography of the Crusades,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Modern Historiography,<a href="#cite_note-:65-237">[237]</a> and Crusades (Bibliography and Sources).<a href="#cite_note-:332-238">[238]</a> The histories describing the Crusades are broadly of three types: (1) The <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a> of the Crusades,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlack2013111Historians-239">[239]</a> which include works written in the medieval period, generally by participants in the Crusade or written contemporaneously with the event, letters and documents in archives, and archaeological studies; (2) <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary sources</a>, beginning with early consolidated works in the 16th century and continuing to modern times; and (3) <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a>, primarily encyclopedias, bibliographies and genealogies. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_of_tyre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A miniature painting from a medieval manuscript, showing a man sitting at a desk writing a book." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/William_of_tyre.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a> translation, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> The primary sources for the Crusades are generally presented in the individual articles on each Crusade and summarised in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sources_for_the_Crusades" title="List of sources for the Crusades">list of sources for the Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> For the First Crusade, this includes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sources_for_the_Crusades#Original_Latin_chronicles_of_the_First_Crusade" title="List of sources for the Crusades">original Latin chronicles</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Francorum" title="Gesta Francorum">Gesta Francorum</a>, works by <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aix" title="Albert of Aix">Albert of Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulcher_of_Chartres" title="Fulcher of Chartres">Fulcher of Chartres</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">Alexiad</a> by Byzantine princess <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Complete_History" title="The Complete History">Complete Work of History</a> by Muslim historian <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ali ibn al-Athir</a>, and the Chronicle of Armenian historian <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Edessa" title="Matthew of Edessa">Matthew of Edessa</a>. Many of these and related texts are found in the collections <a href="/wiki/Recueil_des_historiens_des_croisades" title="Recueil des historiens des croisades">Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crusade_Texts_in_Translation" title="Crusade Texts in Translation">Crusade Texts in Translation</a>. The work of <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, Historia Rerum in Partibus Transmarinis Gestarum, and its continuations by later historians complete the foundational work of the traditional Crusade.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> Some of these works also provide insight into the later Crusades and Crusader states. Other works include: <ul><li>Eyewitness accounts of the Second Crusade by <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Deuil" title="Odo of Deuil">Odo of Deuil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Freising" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a>. The Arab view from Damascus is provided by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">ibn al-Qalanisi</a>.</li> <li>Works on the Third Crusade such as <a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_expugnatione_Terrae_Sanctae_per_Saladinum" title="Libellus de expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum">Libellus de Expugnatione Terrae Sanctae per Saladinum expeditione</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Regis_Ricardi" title="Itinerarium Regis Ricardi">Itinerarium Regis Ricardi</a>, and the works of Crusaders <a href="/wiki/Tageno" title="Tageno">Tageno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Howden" title="Roger of Howden">Roger of Howden</a>, and the narratives of <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Devizes" title="Richard of Devizes">Richard of Devizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Diceto" title="Ralph de Diceto">Ralph de Diceto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Coggeshall" title="Ralph of Coggeshall">Ralph of Coggeshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Arnold of Lübeck">Arnold of Lübeck</a>. The Arabic works by <a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">al-Isfahani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diya_al-Din_al-Maqdisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi">al-Maqdisi</a> as well as the biography of Saladin by <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a> are also of interest.</li> <li>The Fourth Crusade is described in the <a href="/wiki/Devastatio_Constantinopolitana" title="Devastatio Constantinopolitana">Devastatio Constantinopolitana</a> and works of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Villehardouin" title="Geoffrey of Villehardouin">Geoffrey of Villehardouin</a>, in his chronicle <a href="/wiki/De_la_Conqu%C3%AAte_de_Constantinople" title="De la Conquête de Constantinople">De la Conquête de Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Clari" title="Robert de Clari">Robert de Clari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gunther_of_Pairis" title="Gunther of Pairis">Gunther of Pairis</a>. The view of Byzantium is provided by <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> and the Arab perspective is given by <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Sh%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Shāma">Abū Shāma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a>.</li> <li>The history of the Fifth and Sixth Crusades is well represented in the works of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_of_Paderborn" title="Oliver of Paderborn">Oliver of Paderborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover" title="Roger of Wendover">Roger of Wendover</a>, and the Arabic works of <a href="/wiki/Badr_al-Din_al-Ayni" title="Badr al-Din al-Ayni">Badr al-Din al-Ayni</a>.</li> <li>Key sources for the later Crusades include <a href="/wiki/Templar_of_Tyre" title="Templar of Tyre">Gestes des Chiprois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</a>'s Life of Saint Louis, as well as works by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Nangis" title="Guillaume de Nangis">Guillaume de Nangis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidentius_of_Padua" title="Fidentius of Padua">Fidentius of Padua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Makrizi</a>.</li></ul> After the fall of Acre, the crusades continued in through the 16th century. Principal references on this subject are the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Collaborative_History_of_the_Crusades" title="Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades">Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades</a><a href="#cite_note-:142-242">[242]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Housley" title="Norman Housley">Norman Housley</a>'s The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Complete bibliographies are also given in these works. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> The secondary sources of the Crusades began in the 16th century, with one of the first uses of the term crusades by 17th century French historian <a href="/wiki/Louis_Maimbourg" title="Louis Maimbourg">Louis Maimbourg</a> in his Histoire des Croisades pour la délivrance de la Terre Sainte.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELock2006258Historiography-245">[245]</a> Other works of the 18th century include <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s Histoire des Croisades,<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> and Edward Gibbon's <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>, excerpted as The Crusades, A.D. 1095–1261.<a href="#cite_note-:12-247">[247]</a> This edition also includes an essay on <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, whose works helped popularize the Crusades. Early in the 19th century, the monumental Histoire des Croisades was published by the French historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fran%C3%A7ois_Michaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph François Michaud">Joseph François Michaud</a>, a major new narrative based on original sources.<a href="#cite_note-:82-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-:311-249">[249]</a> These histories have provided evolving views of the Crusades as discussed in detail in the <a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement#Historiography" title="Crusading movement">Historiography</a> writeup in <a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a>. Modern works that serve as secondary source material are listed in the Bibliography section below and need no further discussion here.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h3></div> Three such works are: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Br%C3%A9hier" title="Louis Bréhier">Louis Bréhier's</a> multiple works on the Crusades<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>; the works of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Barker" title="Ernest Barker">Ernest Barker</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th edition), later expanded into a separate publication;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker19231–122The_Crusades-253">[253]</a> and The Crusades: An Encyclopedia (2006), edited by historian Alan V. Murray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2006-254">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades:_list_of_contributions" title="A History of the Crusades: list of contributions">A History of the Crusades: list of contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Crusades:_modern_works" title="Bibliography of the Crusades: modern works">Bibliography of the Crusades: modern works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_crusading" title="Criticism of crusading">Criticism of crusading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historians_and_histories_of_the_Crusades" title="Historians and histories of the Crusades">Historians and histories of the Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller_in_the_Levant" title="History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant">History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="History of the Knights Templar">History of the Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Crusader_states" title="Military history of the Crusader states">Military history of the Crusader states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Crusades" title="Women in the Crusades">Women in the Crusades</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson6-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson6_1-0">^</a> Helen J. 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href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 74–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 72–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201282–83,_87,_89-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbridge201282–83,_87,_89_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 82–83, 87, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 96–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 104–106 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJotischky2004">Jotischky 2004</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-Asbridge_2012_106-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Asbridge_2012_106_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsbridge2012">Asbridge 2012</a>, pp. 111–113 </li> 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-54310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-54310-2"><bdi>978-1-138-54310-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Crusaders%3A+Christianity%27s+Wars+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1095%E2%80%931382%2C+from+the+Islamic+Sources&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-138-54310-2&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0d_pAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Azhari2016" class="citation book cs1">El-Azhari, Taef (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Zengi-and-the-Muslim-Response-to-the-Crusades-The-politics-of-Jihad/El-Azhari/p/book/9780367870737">Zengi and the Muslim response to the Crusades: The politics of Jihad</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-87073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-87073-7"><bdi>978-0-367-87073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zengi+and+the+Muslim+response+to+the+Crusades%3A+The+politics+of+Jihad&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-367-87073-7&rft.aulast=El-Azhari&rft.aufirst=Taef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FZengi-and-the-Muslim-Response-to-the-Crusades-The-politics-of-Jihad%2FEl-Azhari%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367870737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025110/http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0034.pdf">The Aiyūbids</a> (PDF). A History of the Crusades (Setton), Volume II. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0034.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2021-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aiy%C5%ABbids&rft.pub=A+History+of+the+Crusades+%28Setton%29%2C+Volume+II&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.library.wisc.edu%2FHistory%2FEFacs%2FHistCrus%2F0001%2F0002%2Freference%2Fhistory.crustwo.i0034.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Hindley, Geoffrey (2004). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821925-5"><bdi>978-0-19-821925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Crusades%3A+The+Papal-Angevin+Alliance+and+the+Crusades+Against+Christian+Lay+Powers%2C+1254%E2%80%931343&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821925-5&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRhWU5YJyMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousley1992" class="citation book cs1">Housley, Norman (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrhmAAAAMAAJ">The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822136-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822136-4"><bdi>978-0-19-822136-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Crusades%2C+1274%E2%80%931580%3A+From+Lyons+to+Alcazar&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822136-4&rft.aulast=Housley&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrhmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJotischky2004" class="citation book cs1">Jotischky, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTUlDwAAQBAJ">Crusading and the Crusader States</a>. Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-98392-1"><bdi>978-1-351-98392-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusading+and+the+Crusader+States&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-351-98392-1&rft.aulast=Jotischky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTUlDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKedar1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Kedar, Benjamin Z.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2887049">"On the Origins of the Earliest Laws of Frankish Jerusalem: The Canons of the Council of Nablus"</a>. Speculum. 74 (2): 310–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2887049">10.2307/2887049</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2887049">2887049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=On+the+Origins+of+the+Earliest+Laws+of+Frankish+Jerusalem%3A+The+Canons+of+the+Council+of+Nablus&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=310-35&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2887049%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2887049&rft.aulast=Kedar&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2887049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2017" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, Ariel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297928">"The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Terrorism" title="Perspectives on Terrorism">Perspectives on Terrorism</a>. 11 (5): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297928">26297928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+New+Crusaders%3A+Contemporary+Extreme+Right+Symbolism+and+Rhetoric&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26297928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26297928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2012" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Andrew A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o9h7PgAACAAJ">Theorizing Medieval Geopolitics – War and World Order in the Age of the Crusades</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-87184-6"><bdi>978-0-415-87184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Medieval+Geopolitics+%E2%80%93+War+and+World+Order+in+the+Age+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-87184-6&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do9h7PgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRZAPgAACAAJ">The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam</a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-451-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-451-2"><bdi>978-1-84212-451-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assassins%3A+A+Radical+Sect+in+Islam&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-451-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRZAPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Kevin James (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Counts-of-Tripoli-and-Lebanon-in-the-Twelfth-Century-Sons-of-Saint-Gilles/Lewis/p/book/9780367880552">The Counts of Tripoli and Lebanon in the Twelfth Century: Sons of Saint-Gilles</a>. 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Saqi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-023-1"><bdi>978-0-86356-023-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+through+Arab+Eyes&rft.pub=Saqi+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-023-1&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaqibooks.com%2Fbooks%2Fsaqi%2Fthe-crusades-through-arab-eyes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2006a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Maier, Christoph T. (2006a). "Ideology". In Murray, Alan V. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 627–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-862-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ideology&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=627-631&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-862-4&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Christoph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusadesencyclop0002unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Carleton_Munro" title="Dana Carleton Munro">Munro, Dana Carleton</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/007135585/Home">Letters of the Crusaders</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F98218">10.1093/ref:odnb/98218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Participants+in+the+Third+Crusade&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F98218&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alan+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-98218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgate1924" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Norgate" title="Kate Norgate">Norgate, Kate</a> (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000311544?type%5B%5D=author&lookfor%5B%5D=kate%20norgate&ft=ft">Richard the Lion Heart</a>. 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Metheun.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Metheun&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F102022749%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2013" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Guy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XhaAQAAQBAJ">John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c. 1175–1237</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04310-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04310-7"><bdi>978-1-107-04310-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+of+Brienne%3A+King+of+Jerusalem%2C+Emperor+of+Constantinople%2C+c.+1175%E2%80%931237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04310-7&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XhaAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrawer1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Prawer" title="Joshua Prawer">Prawer, Joshua</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMxmAAAAMAAJ">The Crusaders' Kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Books">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-224-2"><bdi>978-1-84212-224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusaders%27+Kingdom&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-224-2&rft.aulast=Prawer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMxmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)" title="Jean Richard (historian)">Richard, Jean C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0LO9u6xKvcC">The Crusades, c. 1071 – c. 1291</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62566-1"><bdi>978-0-521-62566-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%2C+c.+1071+%E2%80%93+c.+1291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62566-1&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Jean+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0LO9u6xKvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKLxAAAAMAAJ">The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-06379-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-06379-8"><bdi>978-0-333-06379-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feudal+Nobility+and+the+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%2C+1174%E2%80%931277&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-333-06379-8&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKLxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1995). "The Crusading Movement and Historians". 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Oxford University Press. pp. 1–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285428-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crusading+Movement+and+Historians&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+The+Crusades&rft.pages=1-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285428-5&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordillustrate0000unse_q0x8%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith2001" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CuepyJIHXuEC">The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285428-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285428-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+The+Crusades&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285428-5&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCuepyJIHXuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1952" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QL88AAAAIAAJ">A History of the Crusades, Volume Two: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34772-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+Three%3A+The+Kingdom+of+Acre+and+the+Later+Crusades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34772-3&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmrw8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlack2013" class="citation book cs1">Slack, Corliss K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8e2zU_TG0C">Historical Dictionary of the Crusades</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7830-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7830-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7830-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7830-3&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Corliss+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuX8e2zU_TG0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerson2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Summerson, Henry (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-94804">"Lord Edward's crusade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F94804">10.1093/ref:odnb/94804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lord+Edward%27s+crusade&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F94804&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-94804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=215JWFCeSOsC">England and the Crusades, 1095–1588</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82012-5"><bdi>978-0-226-82012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+and+the+Crusades%2C+1095%E2%80%931588&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-82012-5&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D215JWFCeSOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Tyerman, Christopher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULDUopVCVPoC">God's War: A New History of the Crusades</a>. Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02387-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02387-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02387-1&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULDUopVCVPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2011" class="citation book cs1">Tyerman, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_DEyAEACAAJ">The Debate on the Crusades, 1099–2010</a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7320-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7320-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-7320-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Debate+on+the+Crusades%2C+1099%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7320-5&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_DEyAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyerman2019" class="citation book cs1">Tyerman, Christopher (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIOVDwAAQBAJ">The World of the Crusades</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21739-1"><bdi>978-0-300-21739-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21739-1&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIOVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Sybel1861" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Sybel" title="Heinrich von Sybel">von Sybel, Heinrich</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/012476975/Home">The History and Literature of the Crusades</a>. G. Routledge & Son, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Literature+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+%26+Son%2C+Limited&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=von+Sybel&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F012476975%2FHome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrusades" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Dobrzy%C5%84_Land" title="Dobrzyń Land">Dobrzyń Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Dobrzy%C5%84" title="Order of Dobrzyń">Order of Dobrzyń</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Free City of Riga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crusader_sites" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crusader_sites" title="Template talk:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader_sites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crusader sites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crusader_sites" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles" title="List of Crusader castles">sites</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Sorted_by_modern_states,_with_crusader_names_in_parentheses_()">Sorted by modern states, with crusader names in parentheses ()</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Cyprus" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Egypt" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Greece" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_monastery_in_Abu_Ghosh" title="Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh">Abu Ghosh</a> (Fontenoid) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achziv</a> (Casal Imbertia) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel#Knights'_Halls" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (Saint Jean d'Acre) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia%E2%80%93Arsuf" title="Apollonia–Arsuf">Apollonia–Arsuf</a> (Arsur) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastelet" title="Chastelet">Ateret Fortress</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jacob%27s_Ford" title="Siege of Jacob's Ford">siege</a>) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a> (Bethaatap) <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a> (Beth Gibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> (Bethsan) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvoir_Castle_(Israel)" title="Belvoir Castle (Israel)">Belvoir Fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgata" title="Burgata">Burgata</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafarlet" title="Cafarlet">Cafarlet</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">Château Pèlerin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Destroit" title="Le Destroit">Destroit</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">Castle Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hemed" title="Ein Hemed">Ein Hemed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Crusader_period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Crusader period">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/17px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/26px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg/34px-Croix_de_l_Ordre_du_Saint-Sepulcre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Lazarus_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> (Caypha) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> (Toron) <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a> (Château Neuf)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ilya" title="Mi'ilya">Mi'ilya</a> (Castellum Regis) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Afek" title="Migdal Afek">Migdal Afek</a> (Mirabel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Castle" title="Montfort Castle">Montfort</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalansawe" title="Qalansawe">Qalansawe</a> (Calanson) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a> (Caco)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">Qastal</a> (Beauverium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (Saphet) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taibe,_Galilee" title="Taibe, Galilee">Taibe</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Afek" title="Tel Afek">Tel Afek</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Hanaton" title="Tel Hanaton">Tel Hanaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a> (Blanche Garde) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Tanninim" title="Tel Tanninim">Tel Tanninim (Torin Selin)</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a> (Belmont) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Yokneam" title="Tel Yokneam">Tel Yokneam</a> (Caymont) <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Templar_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/17px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/26px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Knights_Templar_Cross.svg/34px-Knights_Templar_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1083" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yavne</a> (Ibelin) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a> (La Sephorie) <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem"><img alt="Kingdom of Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Khirbat Jiddin</a> (Judin) <a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/23px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/30px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajloun_Castle" title="Ajloun Castle">Ajloun Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerak_Castle" title="Kerak Castle">Kerak Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_(castle)" title="Montreal (castle)">Montreal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafilah" title="Tafilah">Tafilah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27ayra_Castle" title="Wu'ayra Castle">Vaux Moise</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon" title="Beaufort Castle, Lebanon">Beaufort Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Castle" title="Beirut Castle">Beirut Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belhacem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belhacem (page does not exist)">Belhacem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_Castle" title="Byblos Castle">Byblos Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Tripoli" title="Citadel of Tripoli">Citadel of Tripoli</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqra,_Lebanon#Doubay_or_'Qal'at_ad-Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaqra, Lebanon">Dubay Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibelacar" title="Gibelacar">Gibelacar</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliath" title="Coliath">Coliath</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/26px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/34px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Kifa#Castle" title="Deir Kifa">Deir Kifa Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasbaya#The_Citadel" title="Hasbaya">Hasbaya Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moinetre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moinetre (page does not exist)">Moinetre</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mseilha_Fort" title="Mseilha Fort">Puy du Connétable, Castrum Constabularii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Nephin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_Castle" title="Saint Louis Castle">Saint Louis Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandelion_Castle" title="Scandelion Castle">Scandelion Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Sea_Castle" title="Sidon Sea Castle">Sidon Sea Castle</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toron" title="Toron">Toron</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/17px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/26px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg/34px-Blason_Royaume_de_J%C3%A9rusalem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Syria" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusader_castles#Turkey" title="List of Crusader castles">More</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Associations</dt> <dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/23px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/35px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg/45px-Vexillum_Regni_Hierosolymae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Toulouse-Tripoli.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg/17px-Cross_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/17px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/26px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lazarus_cross.svg/34px-Lazarus_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lazarus" title="Order of Saint Lazarus">Order of Saint Lazarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/15px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" 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Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Decline of Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Rise of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Rise of the Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_Schinesghe" title="Civitas Schinesghe">Civitas Schinesghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Rise of the Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capet%E2%80%93Plantagenet_feud" class="mw-redirect" title="Capet–Plantagenet feud">Capet–Plantagenet feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_Middle_Ages" title="Crisis of the late Middle Ages">Crisis of the late Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_dance" title="Medieval dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_household" title="Medieval household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_popular_culture" title="Middle Ages in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_court" title="Itinerant court">Itinerant court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_poetry" title="Medieval poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_theatre" title="Medieval theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Women in the Middle Ages">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Disability in the Middle Ages">Disability in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Outline of the Middle Ages">Basic topics list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_land_terms" title="List of medieval land terms">Land terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_studies" title="Medieval studies">Medieval studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions_about_the_Middle_Ages" title="List of common misconceptions about the Middle Ages">Misconceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_post-classical_history" title="Timeline of post-classical history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Historiography in the Middle Ages">Historiography in the Middle Ages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Ages" title="Category:Middle Ages">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Middle_Ages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Middle Ages">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Category:History of the Catholic Church by country">By country or region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Catholic ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Curia" title="History of the Roman Curia">History of the Roman Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Christian monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a> (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">Origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a> (30–100)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Split of Christianity and Judaism">Split with Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a> (100–325)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (313–476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Great_Church(180–451)Romanstate_church(380–451)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> (180–451) <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Roman state church</a> (380–451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arian_controversy" title="Arian controversy">Arian controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Pope Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Second Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Catholic_Church)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church)">Fourth Council of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_clash_between_the_Church_and_the_Empire" title="The clash between the Church and the Empire">Clash against the empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Second Council of the Lateran">Second Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Third Council of the Lateran">Third Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Fourth Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Lyon" title="First Council of Lyon">First Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Second Council of Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Neri" title="Philip Neri">Philip Neri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Society of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII" title="Pope Pius VII">Pope Pius VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church and politics in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette" title="Our Lady of La Salette">Our Lady of La Salette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Consecration_to_the_Sacred_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart">Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_20th_century" title="Catholic Church in the 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_F%C3%A1tima" title="Our Lady of Fátima">Our Lady of Fátima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_1942_consecration_to_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacem_in_terris" title="Pacem in terris">Pacem in terris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Pope_Paul_VI" title="Coronation of Pope Paul VI">coronation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995" title="World Youth Day 1995">1995</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day" title="World Youth Day">World Youth Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2000" title="World Youth Day 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2002" title="World Youth Day 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2005" title="World Youth Day 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2008" title="World Youth Day 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2011" title="World Youth Day 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2013" title="World Youth Day 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2016" title="World Youth Day 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2019" title="World Youth Day 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Youth_Day_2023" title="World Youth Day 2023">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27" title="Laudato si'">Laudato si'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Patriarch Kirill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vatican_City" title="Portal:Vatican City">Vatican City portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/19px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/29px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG/38px-The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="267" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages" title="Portal:Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Crusades at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Crusade" class="extiw" title="wikt:Crusade">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crusades" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Crusades">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crusades" class="extiw" title="q:Crusades">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Crusades" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Crusades">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Crusades" class="extiw" title="b:Crusades">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Crusades" class="extiw" title="v:Crusades">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Crusades" class="extiw" title="voy:Crusades">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12546" class="extiw" title="d:Q12546">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12546#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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