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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Anti-particle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-particle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_its_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_its_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of its discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_its_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ii-electrons</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 163 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-163" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">163 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – isiBhulu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="isiBhulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إلكترون – Isi-Arabhu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Isi-Arabhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="إليكطرون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إليكطرون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্ৰন – isiAssamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইলেকট্ৰন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="isiAssamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Isi-Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruons" title="Alektruons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Isi-Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Isi-Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Isi-Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Isi-Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အီလဲစ်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="ইলেকট্রন – IsiBangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="IsiBangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Isi-Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3" title="Electró – Isi-Calatan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Isi-Calatan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Diêng-cṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diêng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئێلیکترۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلیکترۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Isi-Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Isi-Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Isi-Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Isi-Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – IsiJamani" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="IsiJamani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρόνιο – Isi-Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Isi-Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%B2un" title="Eletròun – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Eletròun" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – IsiNgesi" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="IsiNgesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – Isi-Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Isi-Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Isi-Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Isi-Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Isi-Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi – Isi-Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elektroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Isi-Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="الکترون – Isi-Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Isi-Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Isi-Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Isi-Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Isi-Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron" title="Électron – IsiFrentshi" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="IsiFrentshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Isi-Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leictreon" title="Leictreon – Isi-Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Isi-Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lektron" title="Élektron – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Élektron" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n" title="Electrón – Isi-Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Isi-Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન – Isi-Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈલેક્ટ્રોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Isi-Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אלקטרון – Isi-Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Isi-Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन – IsiHindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="IsiHindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Isi-Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwon" title="Elektwon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Isi-Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Էլեկտրոն – isiArmenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="isiArmenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Isi-Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrono" title="Elektrono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeind" title="Rafeind – Isi-Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Isi-Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone – IsiTaliyane" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="IsiTaliyane" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="電子 – IsiJapan" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="IsiJapan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilekchran" title="Ilekchran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ilekchran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dutydikca_kantu" title="dutydikca kantu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dutydikca kantu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%A8ktron" title="Èlèktron – Isi-Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlèktron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Isi-Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრონი – Isi-Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Isi-Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliktrun" title="Aliktrun – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aliktrun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%C9%A9y%CA%8A_pe_(%C3%A9lectron)" title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nazɩyʊ pe (électron)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ – Isi-Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Isi-Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="전자 – Isi-Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Isi-Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%86%D9%86" title="گرٛۆن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛۆن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Isi-Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Isi-Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9ktron" title="Eléktron – Iilwimi" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Eléktron" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Iilwimi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87" title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ – IsiLoathian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອເລັກຕຣົງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="IsiLoathian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronas" title="Elektronas – Isi-Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Isi-Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrons" title="Elektrons – Isi-Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Isi-Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B4na" title="Elektrôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Elektrôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Isi-Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Isi-Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ – Isi-Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Isi-Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – IsiMongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="IsiMongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="विजाणू – Isi-Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विजाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Isi-Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Isi-Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettron" title="Elettron – Isi-Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Elettron" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Isi-Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အီလက်ထရွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီလက်ထရွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – Isi-Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Isi-Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रोन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इलेक्ट्रोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – IsiDatshi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="IsiDatshi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Norwegia (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Isi-Norwegia (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrone" title="Elektrone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Elektrone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Iso-Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Iso-Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektiroonii" title="Elektiroonii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Elektiroonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଲେକ୍‌ଟ୍ରୋନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ – Isi-Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Isi-Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Isi-Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletron" title="Eletron – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eletron" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الیکٹران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="اېلېکټرون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېلېکټرون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9tron" title="Elétron – IsiPhuthukezi" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="IsiPhuthukezi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilikturun" title="Ilikturun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ilikturun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Isi-Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Isi-Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Isi-Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Isi-Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="विद्युदणुः – iSanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विद्युदणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="iSanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletrone" title="Eletrone – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Eletrone" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettr%C3%B9ni" title="Elettrùni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elettrùni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%88" title="برقيو – isiSindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برقيو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="isiSindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය – Isi-Sinhalese" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Isi-Sinhalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3n" title="Elektrón – Isi-Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Isi-Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2" title="الیکٹرانز – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="الیکٹرانز" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Isi-Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhodzigetsi" title="Mhodzigetsi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhodzigetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektaroon" title="Elektaroon – IsiSomaliya" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Elektaroon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="IsiSomaliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Isi-Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Isi-Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Isi-Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Isi-Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktron" title="Éléktron – Isi-Sudanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktron" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Isi-Sudanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Isi-Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroni" title="Elektroni – Isi-Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elektroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Isi-Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="எதிர்மின்னி – Isi-Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Isi-Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్ – Isi-Telegu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Isi-Telegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน – Isi-Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Isi-Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Isi-Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Електрон – Isi-Ukranian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Isi-Ukranian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C%DB%81" title="برقیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Isi-Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Isi-Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82etron" title="Ełetron – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełetron" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Isi-Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Isi-Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Elektron" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Electron" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%ABjfepp" title="Mbëjfepp – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbëjfepp" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Электрон – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Электрон" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Livela</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="xh" dir="ltr"><p>I<b>electron</b> yintwana nje yento ntwana encinane ye-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Matter (Alikho eli phepha)">matter</a> ne-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Energy (Alikho eli phepha)">energy</a>. uphawu lwayo yi-<b>e<sup>−</sup></b>. </p><p>I-electron iphuma kw-<a href="/wiki/I-subatomic_particle" title="I-subatomic particle">i-subatomic particle</a>. Kukholelwa okokuba yi<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Elementary particle (Alikho eli phepha)">elementary particle</a> kuba ayinakuhlahleleka okanye ayinakucukucezeka ibe yiyo nantonina encinane ngaphezu kokuba ingako. <sup id="cite_ref-Purcell_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukutshaja_ngokombane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ukutshaja ngokombane (Alikho eli phepha)">|Itshajwa</a> ngophawu olu-negative ngokozibuthe,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kwaye intshukumo yazo phantse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibesisantya_sokuqhwanyaza_kombane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ibesisantya sokuqhwanyaza kombane (Alikho eli phepha)">ibesisantya sokuqhwanyaza kombane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ii-Electrons zithabatha inxaxheba kw<a href="/w/index.php?title=I-gravitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-I-gravitation (Alikho eli phepha)">i-gravitational</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=I-electromagnetic_force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-I-electromagnetic force (Alikho eli phepha)">i-electromagnetic</a> nakw<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iweak_interaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Iweak interaction (Alikho eli phepha)">iweak interactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anastopoulos1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anastopoulos1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electricity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electricity (Alikho eli phepha)">electricity</a> enika amandla ee-radios, ee-moto, nezinye izinto ezininzi zenziwe ngee-electrons ezininzi nezihamba ngeengcingo okanye ngezinye iizinto ahamba ngazo amandla ombane zinto ezo kuthiwa z<a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_conductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electrical conductor (Alikho eli phepha)">ii-conductors</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inkcazo">Inkcazo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Lungisa le-section: Inkcazo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Inkcazo"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[[File:Bohr atom model English.svg|right|thumb|Imodel i-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Niels Bohr (Alikho eli phepha)">Niels Bohr</a> model ye-atom. Amaqweqwe amathathu e-electron ange-nucleus, ane-electron ehamba isuka kwinqanaba lesibini nelokuqala ihamba ikhiqiza ii-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Photon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Photon (Alikho eli phepha)">photon</a>. Ii-Electrons zine<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshaji_yombane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Tshaji yombane (Alikho eli phepha)">tshaji yombane</a> encinane kuzo zonke. Le tshaji yombane ilingana netshaji ye-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ii-proton (Alikho eli phepha)">proton</a>, kodwa yona eye-electon inophawu oluchaseneyo nolweproton. ngenxa yoko, ii-electrons <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzibuthe_wee-Electrons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Uzibuthe wee-Electrons (Alikho eli phepha)">zibanombizelane</a> kw-iiprotons ze-atomic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleus_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Nucleus (physics) (Alikho eli phepha)">atoms ezikwii-nuclei</a> zitsho zenze <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-atoms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ii-atoms (Alikho eli phepha)">ii-atoms</a>. i-electron inobunzima bayo obuphindaphindwe ka-1/1836 kunobo be-proton.<sup id="cite_ref-nist_codata_mu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nist_codata_mu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inye indlela ongacinga ngayo malunga nokkokuba zifumaneka phi na ii-electrons kwi-atom kukuba zijikeleza ndawoninye ukusuka kw<a href="/w/index.php?title=I-Nucleus_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-I-Nucleus (physics) (Alikho eli phepha)">inucleus</a>. ngale ndlela, ii-electrons ezikwi-atom zihlala ku-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumaqokobhe_e-electrons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Kumaqokobhe e-electrons (Alikho eli phepha)">kumaqokobhe e-electrons</a> ajikeleze umphakathi kwisizikithi se- nucleus. Iqokobhe le-electron ngalinye linikwa inombolo ethi 1, 2, 3, njalo, njalo, ukusuka kuleyo ifufutshane kunazo zonke kwi-nucleus (kanye kumphakathi wesikhumba esiliqokobhe). Iqokobhe ngalinye lingagcina inani elithile lee-electrons. Isenzo sokwa<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Aba (Alikho eli phepha)">biwakwee</a>-electrons zisabelwa kumaqokobhe-ngamaqokobhe kuthiwa kwenziwa i-electronic arrangement (okanye luhlobo emile ngayo i-electronic). Ukucwangciswa kwe-electronic kungaboniswa ngokuthi inonjolwe ngamanani okanye nge<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ielectron_diagram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ielectron diagram (Alikho eli phepha)">electron diagram</a>. (indlela eyahlukileyo yokucinga ngendawo ezifumaneka kuyo ii-electrons kukusebenzisa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-quantum_mechanics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ii-quantum mechanics (Alikho eli phepha)">ii-quantum mechanics</a> ukuze kubalwe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-atomic_orbitals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ii-atomic orbitals (Alikho eli phepha)">ii-atomic orbitals</a> zazo) </p><p>I-electron yenye is one of a class of <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Lepton (Alikho eli phepha)">leptons</a>. The electron has a negative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electric charge (Alikho eli phepha)">electric charge</a>. The electron has another property, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spin_(physics)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Spin (physics) (Alikho eli phepha)">spin</a>. Its spin value is 1/2, which makes it a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fermion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Fermion (Alikho eli phepha)">fermion</a>. </p><p>While most electrons are found in atoms, others move independently in matter, or together as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathode_rays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Cathode rays (Alikho eli phepha)">cathode rays</a> in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Vacuum (Alikho eli phepha)">vacuum</a>. In some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superconductor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Superconductor (Alikho eli phepha)">superconductors</a>, electrons move in pairs. When electrons flow, this flow is called electricity, or an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_current&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electric current (Alikho eli phepha)">electric current</a>. </p><p>An object can be described as 'negatively charged' if there are more electrons than protons in an object, or 'positively charged' when there are more protons than electrons. Electrons can move from one object to another when touched. They may be attracted to another object with opposite charge, or repelled when they both have the same charge. When an object is 'grounded', electrons from the charged object go into the ground, making the object neutral. This is what <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lightning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Lightning (Alikho eli phepha)">lightning</a> conductors do. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_reactions">Chemical reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Lungisa le-section: Chemical reactions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Chemical reactions"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electrons in their shells round an atom are the basis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_reaction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Chemical reaction (Alikho eli phepha)">chemical reactions</a>. Complete outer shells, with maximum electrons, are less reactive. Outer shells with less than maximum electrons are reactive. The number of electrons in atoms is the underlying basis of the chemical <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Measurement">Measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Lungisa le-section: Measurement" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Measurement"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electric <i>charge</i> can be directly measured with a device called an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electrometer (Alikho eli phepha)">electrometer</a>. Electric <i>current</i> can be directly measured with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galvanometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Galvanometer (Alikho eli phepha)">galvanometer</a>. The measurement given off by a galvanometer is different from the measurement given off by an electrometer. Today laboratory instruments are capable of containing and observing individual electrons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'Seeing'_an_electron"><span id=".27Seeing.27_an_electron"></span>'Seeing' an electron</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Lungisa le-section: 'Seeing' an electron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: 'Seeing' an electron"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In laboratory conditions, the interactions of individual electrons can be observed by means of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Particle_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Particle detector (Alikho eli phepha)">particle detectors</a>, which allow measurement of specific properties such as energy, spin and charge.<sup id="cite_ref-grupen_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grupen-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one instance a Penning trap was used to contain a single electron for 10 months.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetic moment of the electron was measured to a precision of eleven digits, which, in 1980, was a greater accuracy than for any other physical constant.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first video images of an electron's energy distribution were captured by a team at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lund_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Lund University (Alikho eli phepha)">Lund University</a> in Sweden, February 2008. The scientists used extremely short flashes of light, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=1_E-18_s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-1 E-18 s (Alikho eli phepha)">attosecond</a> pulses, which allowed an electron's motion to be observed for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauritsson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauritsson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of the electrons in solid materials can also be visualized.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-particle">Anti-particle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Lungisa le-section: Anti-particle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Anti-particle"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antiparticle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Antiparticle (Alikho eli phepha)">antiparticle</a> of the electron is called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Positron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Positron (Alikho eli phepha)">positron</a>. This is identical to the electron, but carries electrical and other charges of the opposite sign. When an electron collides with a positron, they may <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scatter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Scatter (Alikho eli phepha)">scatter</a> off each other or be totally <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annihilation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Annihilation (Alikho eli phepha)">annihilated</a>, producing a pair (or more) of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma_ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Gamma ray (Alikho eli phepha)">gamma ray</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Photon (Alikho eli phepha)">photons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_its_discovery">History of its discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Lungisa le-section: History of its discovery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: History of its discovery"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of electrons were known long before it could be explained. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greeks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Ancient Greeks (Alikho eli phepha)">Ancient Greeks</a> knew that rubbing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Amber (Alikho eli phepha)">amber</a> against <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Fur (Alikho eli phepha)">fur</a> attracted small objects. Now we know the rubbing strips off electrons, and that gives an electric charge to the amber. Many physicists worked on the electron. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.J._Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-J.J. Thomson (Alikho eli phepha)">J.J. Thomson</a> proved it existed,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=1897&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-1897 (Alikho eli phepha)">1897</a>, but another man gave it the name 'electron'.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Lungisa le-section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Proton (Alikho eli phepha)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Neutron (Alikho eli phepha)">Neutron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Lungisa le-section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Purcell-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Purcell_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Purcell, Edward M. 1985. <i>Electricity and Magnetism</i>. Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/Mahluko:BookSources/0070049084" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-004908-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/73323/what-is-an-electron/">"JERRY COFF"</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 10 September 2010</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.btitle=JERRY+COFF&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F73323%2Fwhat-is-an-electron%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_particle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Beta particle (Alikho eli phepha)">beta particles</a>, and in the inner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Electron_shell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Electron shell (Alikho eli phepha)">electron shells</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Chemical element (Alikho eli phepha)">elements</a> with a large <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomic_number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Atomic number (Alikho eli phepha)">atomic number</a>. US Dept. of Energy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530161022/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/phy99/phy99092.htm">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anastopoulos1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Anastopoulos1_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anastopoulos, Charis 2008. <i>Particle or Wave: the evolution of the concept of matter in modern physics</i>. Princeton University Press. pp261–262. <a href="/wiki/Mahluko:BookSources/0691135126" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0691135126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=rDEvQZhpltEC&pg=PA261">http://books.google.com/?id=rDEvQZhpltEC&pg=PA261</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nist_codata_mu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nist_codata_mu_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mpsme">"CODATA value: proton-electron mass ratio"</a> 2006 CODATA recommended values National Institute of Standards and Technology<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2009-07-18</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.btitle=CODATA+value%3A+proton-electron+mass+ratio&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.series=2006+CODATA+recommended+values&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcuu%2FValue%3Fmpsme&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pauling, Linus C. 1960. <i>The nature of the chemical bond and the structure of molecules and crystals: an introduction to modern structural chemistry</i> (3rd ed). Cornell University Press. pp4–10. <a href="/wiki/Mahluko:BookSources/0801403332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0801403332</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://books.google.com/?id=L-1K9HmKmUUC">http://books.google.com/?id=L-1K9HmKmUUC</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grupen-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-grupen_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grupen, Claus 1999. "Physics of Particle Detection". AIP Conference Proceedings, Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics, VIII. 536. Istanbul: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 3–34. doi:10.1063/1.1361756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel1989-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel1989_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Staff (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/illpres/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989"</a> The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2008-09-24</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.au=Staff&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1989&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1989%2Fillpres%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Ekstrom, Philip (1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/166.pdf">"The isolated Electron"</a> (PDF) <i>Scientific American</i> <b>243</b> (2): 91–101<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2008-09-24</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.atitle=The+isolated+Electron&rft.au=Ekstrom%2C+Philip&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.aulast=Ekstrom&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=91%E2%80%93101&rft.volume=243&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftf.nist.gov%2Fgeneral%2Fpdf%2F166.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Mauritsson, Johan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325194101/http://www.atto.fysik.lth.se/video/pressrelen.pdf">"Electron filmed for the first time ever"</a> (PDF) Lunds Universitet archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atto.fysik.lth.se/video/pressrelen.pdf">the original</a> on 2009-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2008-09-17</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.au=Mauritsson%2C+Johan&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.aulast=Mauritsson&rft.btitle=Electron+filmed+for+the+first+time+ever&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Lunds+Universitet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atto.fysik.lth.se%2Fvideo%2Fpressrelen.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauritsson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mauritsson_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Mauritsson, J.; Johnsson, P.; Mansten, E.; Swoboda, M.; Ruchon, T.; L’huillier, A.; Schafer, K. J. (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227150021/http://www.atomic.physics.lu.se/research/attosecond-physics/">"Coherent Electron Scattering Captured by an Attosecond Quantum Stroboscope"</a> (pdf) <i>Physical Review Letters</i> <b>100</b>: 073003 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Digital object identifier (Alikho eli phepha)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.100.073003">10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.073003</a> archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atto.fysik.lth.se/publications/papers/MauritssonPRL2008.pdf">the original</a> on 2017-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2015-10-12</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.atitle=Coherent+Electron+Scattering+Captured+by+an+Attosecond+Quantum+Stroboscope&rft.au=Johnsson%2C+P.&rft.au=L%E2%80%99huillier%2C+A.&rft.au=Mansten%2C+E.&rft.au=Mauritsson%2C+J.&rft.au=Ruchon%2C+T.&rft.au=Schafer%2C+K.+J.&rft.au=Swoboda%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Mauritsson&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.pages=073003&rft.volume=100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atto.fysik.lth.se%2Fpublications%2Fpapers%2FMauritssonPRL2008.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.100.073003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Damascelli, Andrea (2004) "Probing the electronic structure of complex systems by ARPES" <i>Physica Scripta</i> <b>T109</b>: 61–74 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Digital object identifier (Alikho eli phepha)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1238%2FPhysica.Topical.109a00061">10.1238/Physica.Topical.109a00061</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.atitle=Probing+the+electronic+structure+of+complex+systems+by+ARPES&rft.au=Damascelli%2C+Andrea&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.aulast=Damascelli&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.pages=61%E2%80%9374&rft.volume=T109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1238%2FPhysica.Topical.109a00061&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & Falconer, <i>J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shipley, Joseph T. 1945. <i>Dictionary of word origins</i>. The Philosophical Library. p133.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Lungisa le-section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tshintsha</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ngokweenkcukacha:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrons" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electrons">Electrons</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316233916/http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">"The Discovery of the Electron"</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-American Institute of Physics (Alikho eli phepha)">American Institute of Physics</a>, Center for History of Physics archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">the original</a> on 2008-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate"> retrieved 2015-10-12</span></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Electron&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Physics%2C+Center+for+History+of+Physics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Felectron%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdg.lbl.gov/">"Particle Data Group"</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-University of California (Alikho eli phepha)">University of California</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.btitle=Particle+Data+Group&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdg.lbl.gov%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book">Bock, R.K.; Vasilescu, A. (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/"><i>The Particle Detector BriefBook</i></a> (14th ed.) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-Springer Science+Business Media (Alikho eli phepha)">Springer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Book_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I-International Standard Book Number (Alikho eli phepha)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahluko:BookSources/3-540-64120-3" title="Mahluko:BookSources/3-540-64120-3">3-540-64120-3</a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fxh.wikipedia.org%3AIi-electrons&rft.au=Bock%2C+R.K.&rft.au=Vasilescu%2C+A.&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.btitle=The+Particle+Detector+BriefBook&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=14th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-540-64120-3&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.web.cern.ch%2FPhysics%2FParticleDetector%2FBriefBook%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">uthathwe kwi-<a dir="ltr" href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&oldid=33598">https://xh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ii-electrons&oldid=33598</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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