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<span>Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Affair of the Diamond Necklace</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="قضية العقد الماسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضية العقد الماسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Թագուհիի Վզնոց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թագուհիի Վզնոց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Афера с диамантената огърлица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Афера с диамантената огърлица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_kralji%C4%8Dine_ogrlice" title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumpte_del_collar" title="Assumpte del collar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assumpte del collar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hrdeln%C3%ADkov%C3%A1_af%C3%A9ra" title="Náhrdelníková aféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náhrdelníková aféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsk%C3%A6deaff%C3%A6ren" title="Halskædeaffæren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Halskædeaffæren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsbandaff%C3%A4re" title="Halsbandaffäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halsbandaffäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaelakeeaf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Kaelakeeafäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaelakeeafäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Υπόθεση του περιδέραιου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπόθεση του περιδέραιου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunto_del_collar" title="Asunto del collar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asunto del collar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ماجرای گردنبند الماس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماجرای گردنبند الماس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affaire_du_collier_de_la_reine" title="Affaire du collier de la reine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Affaire du collier de la reine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A9%EA%B1%B8%EC%9D%B4_%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="목걸이 사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="목걸이 사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%BE%D5%A6%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Թագուհու վզնոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թագուհու վզնոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_kralji%C4%8Dine_ogrlice" title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affare_della_collana" title="Affare della collana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Affare della collana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_francia_kir%C3%A1lyn%C3%A9_nyak%C3%A9ke" title="A francia királyné nyakéke – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A francia királyné nyakéke" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3" title="വൈരപ്പതക്ക വിചാരണ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈരപ്പതക്ക വിചാരണ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamanten-halssnoeraffaire" title="Diamanten-halssnoeraffaire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diamanten-halssnoeraffaire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%A3%BE%E3%82%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="首飾り事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="首飾り事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aff%C3%A6ren_om_diamanthalsb%C3%A5ndet" title="Affæren om diamanthalsbåndet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Affæren om diamanthalsbåndet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_naszyjnikowa" title="Afera naszyjnikowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Afera naszyjnikowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_do_colar_de_diamantes" title="Caso do colar de diamantes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso do colar de diamantes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afacerea_Colierul_reginei" title="Afacerea Colierul reginei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Afacerea Colierul reginei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Ожерелье королевы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ожерелье королевы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace" title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Affair of the Diamond Necklace" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_z_ogrlico" title="Afera z ogrlico – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Afera z ogrlico" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afera_kralji%C4%8Dine_ogrlice" title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Afera kraljičine ogrlice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulakoruskandaali" title="Kaulakoruskandaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaulakoruskandaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsbandsprocessen" title="Halsbandsprocessen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halsbandsprocessen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Намисто королеви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Намисто королеви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3%E9%A1%B9%E9%93%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="钻石项链事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钻石项链事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q465744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Scandal involving Marie Antoinette</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg/220px-Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg/330px-Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg/440px-Le_Collier_de_la_reine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>The diamond necklace was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>. At the death of the King, the necklace was unpaid for, which almost bankrupted the jewellers and then led to various unsuccessful schemes to secure a sale to Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Affair of the Diamond Necklace</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Affaire du collier de la reine</i>, "Affair of the Queen's Necklace") was an incident from 1784 to 1785 at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> that involved his wife, Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>. </p><p>The Queen's reputation, already tarnished by gossip, was further sullied by the false accusation that she had participated in a crime to defraud the Crown's jewellers in acquiring a very expensive diamond necklace she then refused to pay for. In reality, she rejected the idea of buying it only to have her signature forged by <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Valois-Saint-R%C3%A9my" title="Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy">Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy</a>. Although Jeanne was later convicted, the event remains historically significant as one of many that led to the French disillusionment with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, in that it was one of the contemporary scandals that gave moral weight and popular support for the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/170px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/255px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg/340px-Collier_reine_Breteuil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2826" data-file-height="4081" /></a><figcaption>"The Queen's necklace", reconstruction, <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Breteuil" title="Château de Breteuil">Château de Breteuil</a></i> (Breteuil Castle), France.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1772, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> of France decided to make <a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a>, one of his mistresses, a special gift at the estimated cost of 2,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Livres_tournois" class="mw-redirect" title="Livres tournois">livres</a> (approximately US$17.5 million in 2024). He requested that <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> jewelers Charles Auguste Boehmer and Paul Bassenge create a diamond necklace that would surpass all others in grandeur. </p><p>It took the jewellers several years and a great deal of money to gather an appropriate set of diamonds. In the meantime, Louis XV died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and his grandson and successor banished Madame du Barry from the court. </p><p>It was, according to the historian Thomas Carlyle, "a row of seventeen glorious diamonds, as large almost as <a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">filberts</a>... a three-wreathed festoon, and pendants enough (simple pear shaped, multiple star-shaped, or clustering amorphous) encircle it... around a very Queen of Diamonds".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jewellers hoped it would be a product that the new Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, would buy and indeed in 1778 the new king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>, offered it to his wife as a present, but she refused.<sup id="cite_ref-antonia52_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonia52-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen initially turned it down stating (if Carlyle is to be believed) "We have more need of <a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">seventy-fours</a> [ships] than of necklaces."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some said that Marie Antoinette refused the necklace because it was created for du Barry, whom she strongly disliked. According to others, Louis XVI himself changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After having vainly tried to place the necklace outside France, the jewellers again attempted to sell it to Marie Antoinette after the birth of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a>, in 1781. The Queen again refused.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affair">Affair</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Comtesse_de_La_Motte1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/La_Comtesse_de_La_Motte1.jpeg/170px-La_Comtesse_de_La_Motte1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/La_Comtesse_de_La_Motte1.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Jeanne de Saint-Rémy de Valois (Jeanne de la Motte)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence trickster</a> who called herself <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Valois-Saint-R%C3%A9my" title="Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy">Jeanne de Valois-Saint-Rémy</a>, also known as Jeanne de la Motte, made a plan to use the necklace to gain wealth and possibly power and royal patronage. A descendant of an <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">out-of-wedlock</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, Jeanne had married an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">gendarmes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_de_la_Motte" title="Nicholas de la Motte">Nicholas de la Motte</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed" title="Self-proclaimed">self-proclaimed</a> "Comte de la Motte". She was living on a small pension that had been granted to her by the King. </p><p>In March 1785, Jeanne became the mistress of the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal de Rohan">Cardinal de Rohan</a>, a former French <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to the court of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cardinal was regarded with displeasure by Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> for having spread rumors about the Queen's behavior to her formidable mother, Holy Roman Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>. The Queen had also learned of a letter in which the Cardinal wrote of Maria Theresa in a manner that the Queen found offensive. </p><p>The Cardinal was then trying to regain the Queen's favor to become one of the King's ministers. Jeanne de la Motte, having entered court utilizing a lover named <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9taux_de_Villette" title="Rétaux de Villette">Rétaux de Villette</a>, persuaded Rohan that she had been received by the Queen and enjoyed her favor. On hearing of that, Rohan resolved to use Jeanne to regain the Queen's goodwill. Jeanne assured the Cardinal that she was making efforts on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg/170px-Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg/255px-Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Cardinal_Rohan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_de_Rohan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal de Rohan">Cardinal de Rohan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thus began an alleged correspondence between Rohan and the Queen. Jeanne de la Motte returned the replies to Rohan's notes, which she affirmed came from the Queen. As the tone of the letters became very warm, the Cardinal, convinced that Marie Antoinette was in love with him, became enamored of her. He begged Jeanne to arrange a secret night-time interview with the Queen on his behalf; the supposed meeting took place in August 1784. In the gardens of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, the Cardinal met with a woman whom he believed to be Marie Antoinette. In fact, the woman was a prostitute, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Le_Guay_d%27Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicole Le Guay d'Oliva">Nicole Le Guay d'Oliva</a>, whom Jeanne had hired because of her resemblance to the Queen. Rohan offered her a rose. In her role as the Queen, she promised him that she would forget their past disagreements.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jeanne de la Motte took advantage of the Cardinal's belief in her by borrowing large sums of money from him, telling him that they were for the Queen's charity work. With that money, Jeanne could make her way into respectable society. As she openly boasted about her mythical relationship with the Queen, many assumed that the affair was genuine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg/170px-Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg/255px-Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg/340px-Marie_Antoinette_Adult4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette, Queen of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The jewelers Boehmer and Bassenge resolved to use her to sell their necklace. She, at first, refused a <a href="/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">commission</a>, but then changed her mind and accepted it. According to <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Campan" title="Henriette Campan">Madame Campan</a>, Jeanne, pretending to be the Queen, sent several letters to the Cardinal, including an order to buy the necklace. They were signed "Marie Antoinette de France", but the Cardinal did not know or remember that French royals signed only with their given names. </p><p>On 21 January 1785, Jeanne told the Cardinal that Marie Antoinette wanted to buy the necklace but, not wishing to purchase such an expensive item publicly during a time of need, the Queen wanted the Cardinal to act as a secret intermediary. A little while later, Rohan negotiated the purchase of the necklace for 2,000,000 livres, to be paid in installments. He claimed to have the Queen's authorization for the purchase and showed the jewelers the conditions of the bargain in the Queen's handwriting. Rohan took the necklace to Jeanne's house, where a man, whom Rohan believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a> of the Queen, came to fetch it. The diamond necklace "was promptly picked apart, and the gems sold on the black markets of Paris and London" by Madame de la Motte.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the time came to pay, Jeanne de la Motte presented the Cardinal's notes, but they were insufficient. Boehmer complained to the Queen, who told him that she had neither ordered nor received the necklace. She had the story of the negotiations repeated for her,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by August began making arrests, following which the scandal broke loose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandal">Scandal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The controversy of the event stems from the arrest of the Cardinal in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> at Versailles and the trial that declared him innocent and Jeanne de la Motte Valois and her accomplices guilty. </p><p>On 15 August 1785, the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>, while the court was awaiting the King and the Queen to go to the chapel, the Cardinal de Rohan, who was to officiate, was taken before the King, the Queen, the Minister of the Court <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil</a> and the Keeper of the Seals <a href="/wiki/Armand_Thomas_Hue_de_Miromesnil" title="Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil">Armand Thomas Hue de Miromesnil</a> to explain himself. Rohan produced a letter signed "Marie Antoinette de France". Royalty signed with only the baptismal name, but that fact was missed by Rohan and brought up during his trial and "prejudiced the King against Rohan" as he "breath[ed] royal etiquette since birth... and could not understand how a courtier, and above all a Rohan, a member of a family so keen on the details of status, could make such a mistake".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rohan was arrested and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>. On the way, he sent home a note ordering the destruction of his correspondence. Jeanne was not arrested until three days later, giving her a chance to destroy her papers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police arrested the prostitute Nicole Le Guay as well as Rétaux de Villette, who confessed that he had written the letters given to Rohan in the queen's name and had imitated her signature.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The noted <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_occultists" title="List of occultists">occultist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Alessandro Cagliostro</a> was also arrested although it is doubtful whether he had any part in the affair.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cardinal de Rohan accepted the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> de Paris as judges. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> was incensed, since he believed that the cardinal should be tried by his natural judge (himself). However, his notes remained unanswered. A sensational trial resulted in the acquittal of the Cardinal, Leguay and Cagliostro on 31 May 1786. "Rohan's choice of the Parliament, whatever the verdict, both prolonged matters and took them into the political arena".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jeanne de La Motte was condemned to whipping, branding with a V (for <i>voleuse</i>, 'thief') on each shoulder, and sent to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> in the prostitutes' prison at the <a href="/wiki/Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re_Hospital" title="Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital">Salpêtrière</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June the following year, she escaped from prison by being disguised as a boy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, her husband was <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">tried <i>in absentia</i></a> and condemned to be a <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slave</a>. The forger Villette was banished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That made the event a matter of public interest, rather than being handled quietly and privately. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a> was much excited by the trial. The Paris Parliament did not comment on the alleged actions of the Queen. The trial found Marie Antoinette blameless in the matter, Rohan an innocent dupe, and that de La Mottes deceived both for their own ends.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite findings to the contrary, many people in France persisted in the belief that the Queen used the La Mottes as an instrument to satisfy her hatred of the Cardinal de Rohan. Various circumstances fortified that belief: the Queen's disappointment at Rohan's acquittal and the fact that he was afterwards deprived by the King of his charges and exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_La_Chaise-Dieu" title="Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu">Abbey of La Chaise-Dieu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the people assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a>'s acquittal of Rohan implied that Marie Antoinette had somehow been in the wrong. All of those factors led to a huge decline in the Queen's popularity and impressed an image of her to the public as a manipulative spendthrift who was more interested in vanity than in the welfare of her people. </p><p>Jeanne de la Motte took refuge in London, and in 1789, she published her <i>Mémoires Justificatifs</i> in which she once again libelled Queen Marie Antoinette. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_(1912)_(14596417420).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg/220px-Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg/330px-Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg/440px-Symbol_and_satire_in_the_French_Revolution_%281912%29_%2814596417420%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette depicted as a Beast</figcaption></figure> <p>The affair of the diamond necklace was important in discrediting the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon monarchy">Bourbon monarchy</a> in the eyes of the French people four years before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> became even more unpopular, and malicious gossip about her made her a greater liability to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-antonia54_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antonia54-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the affair broke out to the general public there was an increase in literature defaming the Queen. Her "unpopularity was so great after the Diamond Necklace Affair that it could no longer be ignored by either the queen or the government. Her appearances in public all but ceased."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she was associated with the scandal and already considered by some to be an enemy of the French people, her reputation was irreversibly destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marie Antoinette's reputation never recovered from this incident. Her early history of excessive spending had already <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Declining_popularity_(1782–1785)" title="Marie Antoinette">blemished</a> her popularity, but the Diamond Necklace Affair catapulted public opinion of her into near-hatred, since she appeared to have plotted to misuse more of the kingdom's depleting money for personal trinkets. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg/287px-Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="287" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg/431px-Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg/574px-Marie_Antoinette_Execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Marie Antoinette's Execution on 16 October 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>The Diamond Necklace Affair heightened the French general public's hatred and disdain for Marie Antoinette since it was "designed to leave the queen in a state of scandal, with the impossibility of claiming any truth for herself".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> nightmare led to an increase in salacious and degrading pamphlets, which would serve as kindling for the oncoming French Revolution. It could be said that "she symbolized, among other things, the lavishness and corruption of a dying regime" and served as "the perfect scapegoat of the morality play that the revolution in part became", which made her a target for the hatred of the French Republic and groups like the <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was never able to shake off the idea in public imagination that she had perpetrated an extravagant fraud for her own frivolous ends. Nonetheless, the affair prompted Louis XVI to become closer to his wife and may have inclined him to be more defensive of and more responsive to her before and during the Revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Great Cophta</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> (1791)</li> <li><i>Diamond Necklace</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Necklace" title="The Queen's Necklace">The Queen's Necklace</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Alexandre Dumas, père</a> (1848) (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58963-209-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58963-209-5">1-58963-209-5</a>)</li> <li>"The Queen's Necklace", by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leblanc" title="Maurice Leblanc">Maurice Leblanc</a> (1905) (An Arsène Lupin Story)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(1938_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (1938 film)">Marie Antoinette</a></i>, starring Norma Shearer, Tyrone Power, John Barrymore, and Robert Morley (1938)</li> <li><i>The Queen's Necklace</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Antal_Szerb" title="Antal Szerb">Antal Szerb</a> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Necklace_(1946_film)" title="The Queen's Necklace (1946 film)">L'affaire du collier de la reine</a></i>, a film directed by <a href="/wiki/Marcel_L%27Herbier" title="Marcel L'Herbier">Marcel L'Herbier</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Viviane_Romance" title="Viviane Romance">Viviane Romance</a> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Magic_(1949_film)" title="Black Magic (1949 film)">Black Magic</a></i>, a film starring <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1949), an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>'s novel <i>Joseph Balsamo</i> (<i>Mémoires d'un médecin: Joseph Balsamo</i>, 1846–48) (a.k.a. <i>Memoirs of a Physician</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Cagliostro" title="Alessandro Cagliostro">Cagliostro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Dubarry" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Dubarry">Madame Dubarry</a></i>, <i>The Countess Dubarry</i>, or <i>The Elixir of Life</i>) the first of his <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> romances.</li> <li><i>The Queen of Diamonds</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Plaidy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Plaidy">Jean Plaidy</a> (1958)</li> <li>"il diavolo in giardino", Comedy by Luchino Visconti, Filippo Sanjust and Enrico Medioli. Music by Franco Mannino (Palermo, 1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Necklace_Affair" title="The Necklace Affair">The Necklace Affair</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_P._Jacobs" title="Edgar P. Jacobs">Edgar P. Jacobs</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/Blake_and_Mortimer" title="Blake and Mortimer">Blake and Mortimer</a> comic series) (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_of_Versailles" title="The Rose of Versailles">The Rose of Versailles</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Riyoko_Ikeda" title="Riyoko Ikeda">Riyoko Ikeda</a>, first published 1973 (<a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>); <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> television series, 1979</li> <li><i>Norby and the Queen's Necklace</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Asimov" title="Janet Asimov">Janet Asimov</a> (1986)</li> <li><i>Blade of the Guillotine</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Byron_Cover" title="Arthur Byron Cover">Arthur Byron Cover</a> (part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(novel_series)" title="Time Machine (novel series)">Time Machine</a></i> series) (1986)</li> <li><i>"The Necklace of Love"</i>, a romantic novel by Barbara Cartland (1989) in which the necklace was smuggled to England and is owned by the heroine's family</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Affair_of_the_Necklace" title="The Affair of the Necklace">The Affair of the Necklace</a></i> (2001 film)</li> <li>In the <i>Feddal Castle Series</i> by H.C. Delaval, the second novel <i>The Fourteenth Lady of Feddal</i>, the necklace is revealed to have been secreted into a chandelier in the drawing room of Feddal Castle. This is why it is dubbed <i>The Versailles Chandelier</i> in the series as it was supposedly sent before the French Revolution by Louis XVI to the then Lord Burdon of Feddal.</li> <li><i>Dress-Up! Time Princess</i>, as part of the <i>Queen Marie</i> story and <i>The Affair of the Necklace</i> mini-story (2017 game)</li> <li><i>Stealing the World's Most Expensive Necklace</i> (2020 YouTube video) by Watcher Entertainment's Shane Madej in the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_History" title="Puppet History">Puppet History</a> Series.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Ocean%27s_8" title="Ocean's 8">Ocean's 8</a></i>, the necklace is one of the several on display in the fictional <a href="/wiki/Met_Gala" title="Met Gala">Met Gala</a> exhibit.</li> <li>The Affair of the Necklace is the main story told in the 2023 musical "Cake: The Marie Antoinette Playlist"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Morgan Lloyd Malcolm, with music and lyrics by Tasha Taylor Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Jack_McManus_(singer)" title="Jack McManus (singer)">Jack McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(2006_film)" title="Marie Antoinette (2006 film)">Marie Antoinette (2006 film)</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a>, refers to the necklace, thus obliquely to the affair, in a scene where the queen refuses the king's offer of it.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affaire_Cahou%C3%ABt" class="mw-redirect" title="Affaire Cahouët">Affaire Cahouët</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1913" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Carlyle (1913). <i>The Diamond Necklace</i>. N.p.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Necklace&rft.pub=N.p.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Carlyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antonia52-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antonia52_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, 226–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Diamond_Necklace,_The_Affair_of_the" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Diamond Necklace, The Affair of the">Diamond Necklace, The Affair of the</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diamond+Necklace%2C+The+Affair+of+the&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=164-165&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span> This cites: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Tourneux" title="Maurice Tourneux">Maurice Tourneux</a>, <i>Marie Antoinette devant l'histoire: Essai bibliographique</i> (2nd ed., Paris, 1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Campardon" title="Émile Campardon">Émile Campardon</a>, <i>Marie Antoinette et le procès du collier</i> (Paris, 1863)</li> <li>P. Audebert, <i>L'Affaire du collier de la reine, d'après la correspondance inédite du chevalier de Pujol</i> (Rouen, 1901)</li> <li>F. d'Albini, <i>Marie Antoinette and the Diamond Necklace from another Point of View</i> (London, 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Funck-Brentano" title="Frantz Funck-Brentano">Frantz Funck-Brentano</a>, <i>L'Affaire du collier</i> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>, <i>Historical Mysteries</i> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle's</a> essay on <i>The Diamond Necklace</i> (first published in 1837 in <i><a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a></i>) is of historical literary interest.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781555841836">Joan Haslip "Marie Antoinette", page 153</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaza1993" class="citation book cs1">Maza, Sarah C. (1993). <i>Private Lives and Public Affairs</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+Lives+and+Public+Affairs&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Maza&rft.aufirst=Sarah+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas.1913" class="citation book cs1">Thomas., Carlyle (1913). <i>The Diamond Necklace</i>. N.p.: Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diamond+Necklace&rft.pub=N.p.%3A+Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Thomas.&rft.aufirst=Carlyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade N.V.,"Count Cagliostro, "Freemason or Fraud?", lecture to the Stationers' Company's School Lodge No 7460, 11 December 2015, Mark Masons' Hall, London (Full text to be published in 2016)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraiser2001" class="citation book cs1">Fraiser, Antonia (2001). <i>Marie Antoinette: The Journey</i>. DoubleDay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%3A+The+Journey&rft.pub=DoubleDay&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Fraiser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haslip, page 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antonia54-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-antonia54_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser, 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1993" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Nancy (Summer 1993). "Let Them Eat Cake: The Mythical Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution". <i>The Historian</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 709–724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1993.tb00920.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00920.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Let+Them+Eat+Cake%3A+The+Mythical+Marie+Antoinette+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=709-724&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1993.tb00920.x&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint-AmandGage1994" class="citation journal cs1">Saint-Amand, Pierre; Gage, Jennifer Curtiss (1994). "Terrorizing Marie Antoinette". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 379–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F448718">10.1086/448718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1343862">1343862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153443672">153443672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Terrorizing+Marie+Antoinette&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-400&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153443672%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1343862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F448718&rft.aulast=Saint-Amand&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Gage%2C+Jennifer+Curtiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatsonstage.com/shows/norwich-theatre/cake-the-marie-antionette-playlist_293492">"Cake - the Marie Antionette PLAYlist tickets | Norwich | reviews, cast and info | WhatsOnStage"</a>. 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cake+-+the+Marie+Antionette+PLAYlist+tickets+%26%23124%3B+Norwich+%26%23124%3B+reviews%2C+cast+and+info+%26%23124%3B+WhatsOnStage&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatsonstage.com%2Fshows%2Fnorwich-theatre%2Fcake-the-marie-antionette-playlist_293492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beckman, Jonathan. <i>How to Ruin a Queen: Marie Antoinette and the Diamond Necklace Affair</i> (2014), scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtoruinaqueenbook.com/">details</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marieantoinette00anto_0"><i>Marie Antoinette, The Journey</i></a></span>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1305-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1305-X"><bdi>0-7538-1305-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marie+Antoinette%2C+The+Journey&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7538-1305-X&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarieantoinette00anto_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAffair+of+the+Diamond+Necklace" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sarah Maza, <i>Private Lives and Public Affairs - The Causes Célèbres of Prerevolutionary France</i>, University of California Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20163-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20163-9">0-520-20163-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jones_(historian)" title="Colin Jones (historian)">Colin Jones</a>, <i>The Great Nation</i>, 2002, chapter 8.A (Penguin 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140130935" title="Special:BookSources/9780140130935">9780140130935</a>)</li> <li>Mossiker, Frances, <i>The Queen's Necklace</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Affair_of_the_Diamond_Necklace&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Collier_de_la_reine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Collier de la reine">Collier de la reine</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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implying that she participated in a crime to defraud the crown jewelers of the cost of a very expensive diamond necklace"}</script> </body> </html>