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href="#Seventeenth-century_reconstruction_by_the_Burnetts_of_Leys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Seventeenth-century reconstruction by the Burnetts of Leys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventeenth-century_reconstruction_by_the_Burnetts_of_Leys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Covenanters'_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Covenanters'_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in Covenanters' history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Covenanters'_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_period_to_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_period_to_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Victorian period to 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_period_to_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policies_and_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policies_and_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Policies and estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policies_and_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Area setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muchalls_Castle&params=57.0175_N_2.1798_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°01′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°10′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.0175°N 2.1798°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.0175; -2.1798</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Muchalls Castle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchallscastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muchallscastle.jpg/300px-Muchallscastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muchallscastle.jpg/450px-Muchallscastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muchallscastle.jpg/600px-Muchallscastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Muchalls Castle</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Open to<br />the public</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">In use</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Site history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1300<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1300</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frasers_of_Muchalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasers of Muchalls">Frasers of Muchalls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">In use</th><td class="infobox-data">Present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:1em">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">Stone</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Muchalls Castle</b> stands overlooking the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the countryside of <a href="/wiki/Kincardine_and_Mearns" title="Kincardine and Mearns">Kincardine and Mearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, Scotland. The lower course is a well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, double-groined 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower house</a> structure, built by the <a href="/wiki/Frasers_of_Muchalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasers of Muchalls">Frasers of Muchalls</a>. Upon this structure, the 17th-century castle was begun by Alexander Burnett of Leys and completed by his son, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Burnett,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Burnett, 1st Baronet">Sir Thomas Burnett, 1st Baronet</a>, in 1627. The <a href="/wiki/Clan_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Burnett">Burnetts of Leys</a> built the remaining four-storey present-day castle. </p><p>One of the most interesting castles in North-East Scotland, according to noted architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Nigel Tranter</a>, it is designed in the classic <a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L style</a> with a further extension wing at the west end. Muchalls Castle entered national history in 1638 when a seminal <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanter</a> gathering took place there, precedent the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">plasterwork</a> ceilings of the principal drawing rooms are generally regarded as among the three finest examples of plasterwork ceilings in Scotland. These adornments date to 1624 and are in virtually perfect condition. They consist of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Burnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan Burnett">Burnett of Leys</a> family, along with heraldry of relations and friends intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>. The overmantel of the Great Hall fireplace features the arms of <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI">King James VI</a> flanked by impressive <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">egyptianesque</a> figures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages_origins">Middle Ages origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Middle Ages origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower course of this L-plan castle is the original 14th-century ground level of the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Fraser" title="Clan Fraser">Clan Fraser</a> <a href="/wiki/Tower_houses_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Tower houses in Britain and Ireland">tower house</a>. On this level are a <a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">dungeon</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guard_room&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guard room (page does not exist)">guard room</a>, storerooms, a chamber for merchants and visitors waiting to see the <a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">Laird</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> kitchen. In the medieval kitchen, the interior wall is over five metres thick, accommodating a hidden staircase and affording bearing strength to support the upper levels. A long hall passageway was constructed as a <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vaulted</a> design. The <a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">dungeon</a> is noted for its small window and still has the large steel hinges to which the dungeon door would have attached. The medieval kitchen has its original 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Flagstone" title="Flagstone">flagstones</a>; moreover, this room features a large walk-in <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a> with a secret spiral <a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">staircase</a> that servants would have used in <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times to carry meals to the higher levels. (Servants at that time would have not been allowed on the main staircases used by the nobility who dwelt in the castle.) Ownership of the castle and lands passed to the Hays in the 15th century probably associated with the same real estate transaction of the <a href="/wiki/Ury_House" title="Ury House">lands of Ury</a> in AD 1413. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventeenth-century_reconstruction_by_the_Burnetts_of_Leys">Seventeenth-century reconstruction by the Burnetts of Leys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seventeenth-century reconstruction by the Burnetts of Leys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchallsovermantle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muchallsovermantle.jpg/220px-Muchallsovermantle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muchallsovermantle.jpg/330px-Muchallsovermantle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Muchallsovermantle.jpg/440px-Muchallsovermantle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>King James VI Arms in the Great Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>The second floor level (referred to as the first floor in Scotland) is erected over the intact <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> ground-level structure. Prominent exterior features are: a set of well-sculpted corbelled turrets; massive ranges of chimneys: a curtain-walled entrance courtyard with two sets of triple gun loops flanking the entrance arch; a subterranean crypt; and well-preserved 17th-century high-stone walled terraced gardens. The <a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">bartizans</a> render interesting interior features in numerous of the bedrooms, providing interesting circular nooks with small lookout windows strategically placed at the upper building corners. There are numerous original arrow slits that indicate the original defensive nature of the structure; some of these arrow slits penetrate exterior walls that are over a metre thick. There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Crow-step" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-step">crow-stepped</a> <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a> associated with large <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a> at building endpoints. The castle itself is an <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">A listed historical building</a>; however, there are three further listed structures on the castle grounds, including a fine stone stable and a 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a>. </p><p>The next level includes most of the principal reception rooms, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hall">Great Hall</a>, the Ladies' Drawing Room and the Gentlemen's Study. These reception rooms are the main locations of the elaborate plasterwork; in fact, the ceilings of these three rooms are totally covered in original 17th-century plasterwork with heraldic coats of arms, biblical figures and other historical figures. The great hall fireplace has an original plasterwork <a href="/wiki/Overmantel" class="mw-redirect" title="Overmantel">overmantel</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">egyptianesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatid</a> figures and the King James Arms. One can walk erect inside the fireplace and conduct a small meeting inside with bench seating built in. The firebox also hosts the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laird%27s_Lug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laird's Lug (page does not exist)">Laird's Lug</a>, a secret listening system allowing the Laird to overhear conversations in the Great Hall from his suite above. </p><p>The third level consists of a number of bedrooms: The Laird's Bedroom, The Priest's Bedroom, The Queen's Bedroom and The Queen's Winter Bedroom. The Queen naturally had a very elegant room in case she were to visit; in fact, she had a Winter Bedroom for inclement weather. Each of the bedrooms has a fireplace, as do some of the bathrooms. The bathrooms are a Victorian modification of what would have been dressing rooms in the 17th century. </p><p>Several generations of the Burnett of Leys family lived in Muchalls Castle. Later residents included <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson" title="James Robertson, Baron Robertson">James Robertson, Baron Robertson</a>, President of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, and Geraldine Simpson (née Pringle), heiress to the <i>Pringle</i> knitting fortune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_Covenanters'_history"><span id="Role_in_Covenanters.27_history"></span>Role in Covenanters' history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in Covenanters' history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muchalls Castle was the location of an important turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a> in Scotland. In 1638 at Edinburgh signatories to a Covenant opposed the imposition of the Episcopal liturgical system then backed by the King. Aberdeen was one of the last holdouts to confirm this covenant, its opposition led by six scholars at <a href="/wiki/Marischal_College" title="Marischal College">Marischal College</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Aberdeen" title="King's College, Aberdeen">King's College</a> remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_doctors" title="Aberdeen doctors">Aberdeen doctors</a>. Sir Thomas Burnett of Leys, <a href="/wiki/Laird_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laird (title)">Laird</a> of Muchalls Castle, along with <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose">James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose</a>, Dickson, Henderson, Lord Coupar, the Master of Forbes and others formed a delegation of <a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a> to approach the doctors. The doctors offered the <a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Bon_Accord" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup of Bon Accord">Cup of Bon Accord</a> to the Covenanters and had laid out an elaborate banquet; however, very dramatically, the Covenanters refused the Cup, stating they would not meet until the doctors had signed the Covenant. The doctors were very disturbed and composed a list of queries, demanding the Covenanters' response. Muchalls Castle was the site of the Covenanters' meeting where they drew up their plucky and learned response to the doctors. From this confrontation and other concomitant events, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> unexpectedly made sweeping reforms and concessions to the Covenanters including revocation of the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">Service Book</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canons</a>, repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Perth Articles</a> and enjoined subscription to Craig's Negative Confession of 1580, a document condemning <a href="/wiki/Papal" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal">papal</a> errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victorian_period_to_20th_century">Victorian period to 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Victorian period to 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ownership of Muchalls Castle passed from the Burnett of Leys family about 1882. A prominent owner of the castle in late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> times was <a href="/wiki/James_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson" title="James Robertson, Baron Robertson">James Robertson, Baron Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Advocate" title="Lord Advocate">Lord Advocate</a> of Scotland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_and_estate">Policies and estate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Policies and estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The castle is perched near the apex of a large knoll overlooking the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> with a forest <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> (woodland surrounding a large estate) of very old <a href="/wiki/Sycamore_Maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycamore Maple">sycamore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> trees forming the northern and eastern policy boundaries. These trees form a canopy attaining 50 metres in height, and are the domain of rookeries of <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaw</a>. There is a population of several hundred of these birds, which are commonly associated with other Scottish castles; in fact, the current owners have purchased a tangent northern parcel, which is known on historic maps as "Crow Woods" and is a similar forest of mature trees that house crow and jackdaw flocks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muchallscastledrystone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muchallscastledrystone.jpg/370px-Muchallscastledrystone.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muchallscastledrystone.jpg/555px-Muchallscastledrystone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Muchallscastledrystone.jpg/740px-Muchallscastledrystone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>14th-century drystone wall at Muchalls Castle, Scotland</figcaption></figure> <p>The south-eastern, southern, and western exposures have a thinner lower woodland policy, historically to allow free viewing of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and expansive valley views to the south and west. The principal gardens are situated in a series of declining terraces on the western side of the castle. These gardens were studied by a historical <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architect</a> in 2001 and determined to be the original early 17th-century design, including enclosing <a href="/wiki/Dry-stone_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-stone wall">drystone walls</a>. Further evidence of the original design period is manifested by a subtle pattern in the western lawn nearest the castle, which has been documented to be undulations echoing an elaborate subsurface stonework pattern, a hallmark of the 17th-century garden plan. On the southern lawn, there is a <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare species</a> of tree known as the <a href="/wiki/Weeping_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeping elm">weeping elm</a>. This specimen is one of the oldest in Scotland, measuring a height of 12 metres. There are a total of seven principal lawns summing up into an area of 52,300 square feet (4,860 m<sup>2</sup>). </p><p>Further there are a total of five <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> fields as part of the castle estate, which are managed to accommodate cattle, sheep, and crops of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley,</a> and hay. The castle is accessed via a private drive of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mile (1.2 kilometres) long, which runs across the castle estate. One of the most intriguing discoveries of the 1990s was a hewn slab about two metres wide that spans a burn running along the southern portion of the estate. This slab had not been recorded on any of the historic maps from the most recent 200 years, but is the exact width needed to accommodate a carriage. This discovery was used to support the theory espoused by the present owners that the original castle access was from the south, and not the west as shown on maps of the last two centuries, and resulted in securing council approval to reconstruct the ancient approach as the main access drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Area_setting">Area setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Area setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muchalls Castle is perched on high ground with a commanding view of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> less than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (800 metres) distant. It lies on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Causey_Mounth" title="Causey Mounth">Causey Mounth</a> road linking Stonehaven to Aberdeen via the <a href="/wiki/Portlethen_Moss" title="Portlethen Moss">Portlethen Moss</a>. Muchalls Castle has sweeping views to the south and east of a valley that was the northernmost point of the Roman army's advance into the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highlands">Scottish highlands</a>. The Romans built a major encampment <a href="/wiki/Raedykes" title="Raedykes">Raedykes</a> about three miles (five kilometres) south-east, which has yielded many interesting artefacts. </p><p>In nearby <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a> is <a href="/wiki/Stonehaven_Tolbooth" title="Stonehaven Tolbooth">Stonehaven Tolbooth</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> were imprisoned for conducting services at the <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapel</a> on the Muchalls Castle estate. Other notable structures nearby that have historical links to Muchalls Castle are <a href="/wiki/Fetteresso_Castle" title="Fetteresso Castle">Fetteresso Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunnottar_Castle" title="Dunnottar Castle">Dunnottar Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crathes_Castle" title="Crathes Castle">Crathes Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monboddo_House" title="Monboddo House">Monboddo House</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">James Burnett, Lord Monboddo</a>, the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a> and a <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">pre-evolutionary thinker</a>.(Hobbs, 2002) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ternan%27s_Church" title="Saint Ternan's Church">Saint Ternan's Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkinson, T.D., <i>A Key to English Architecture</i>, Blackie and Son, London (1936)</li> <li>Burnett, George, <i>The Family of Burnett of Leys</i> edited by J. Allardyce, New Spalding Club, Aberdeen (1901)</li> <li>Bryce, Ian B.D., <i>Leopard Magazine</i>, Number 31, July/August 1977, pp 24–26, Castle of the Month</li> <li>Hobbs, Catherine (2002). Rhetoric on the Margins of Modernity: Vico, Condillac, Monboddo. SIU Press. ISBN 978-0-8093-2469-9.</li> <li>MacIntosh, J. Gordon, <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Country Life Magazine">Country Life Magazine</a></i>, Dec. 18, 1937, pp 630–634</li> <li>Richardson, Sigvard, <i>The Family of Burnett of Leys</i>, October 18, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranter,_Nigel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranter, Nigel">Tranter, Nigel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortified_House_in_Scotland" title="The Fortified House in Scotland">The Fortified House in Scotland</a></i>, Volume IV, pp 167–169, Oliver & Boyd (1962 to 1971)</li> <li>Watt, William, <i>A History of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> and Banff</i>, William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh (1900)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muchalls_Castle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burnett.uk.com">Official Burnett Website</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muchalls_Castle&params=57.0175_N_2.1798_W_type:landmark_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">57°01′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°10′47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">57.0175°N 2.1798°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">57.0175; -2.1798</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Settlements_and_places_of_interest_in_Kincardine_and_Mearns,_Aberdeenshire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kincardine_and_Mearns,_Aberdeenshire_places" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kincardine and Mearns, Aberdeenshire places"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Settlements_and_places_of_interest_in_Kincardine_and_Mearns,_Aberdeenshire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Settlements and places of interest in <a href="/wiki/Kincardine_and_Mearns" title="Kincardine and Mearns">Kincardine and Mearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auchenblae" title="Auchenblae">Auchenblae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelton,_Aberdeenshire" title="Chapelton, Aberdeenshire">Chapelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumoak" title="Drumoak">Drumoak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fettercairn" title="Fettercairn">Fettercairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourdon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Gourdon, Aberdeenshire">Gourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverbervie" title="Inverbervie">Inverbervie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnshaven" title="Johnshaven">Johnshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurencekirk" title="Laurencekirk">Laurencekirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonhill" title="Newtonhill">Newtonhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portlethen" title="Portlethen">Portlethen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cyrus" title="St Cyrus">St Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehaven" title="Stonehaven">Stonehaven</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png/80px-ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png/120px-ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png/160px-ScotlandAberdeenshireKincardineMearns.png 2x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="261" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbuthnott" title="Arbuthnott">Arbuthnott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchory-Devenick" title="Banchory-Devenick">Banchory-Devenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benholm" title="Benholm">Benholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Muchalls" title="Bridge of Muchalls">Bridge of Muchalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammachmore" title="Cammachmore">Cammachmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catterline" title="Catterline">Catterline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookney" title="Cookney">Cookney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downies" title="Downies">Downies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumlithie" title="Drumlithie">Drumlithie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edzell_Woods" title="Edzell Woods">Edzell Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findon,_Aberdeenshire" title="Findon, Aberdeenshire">Findon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fordoun" title="Fordoun">Fordoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenbervie" title="Glenbervie">Glenbervie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinneff" title="Kinneff">Kinneff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkton_of_Durris" title="Kirkton of Durris">Kirkton of Durris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthermuir" title="Luthermuir">Luthermuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryculter" title="Maryculter">Maryculter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marykirk" title="Marykirk">Marykirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchalls" title="Muchalls">Muchalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherley,_Aberdeenshire" title="Netherley, Aberdeenshire">Netherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portlethen_Village" title="Portlethen Village">Portlethen Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewel" title="Tewel">Tewel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causey_Mounth" title="Causey Mounth">Causey Mounth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawton" title="Crawton">Crawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_Castle" title="Drum Castle">Drum Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnicaer" title="Dunnicaer">Dunnicaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnottar_Castle" title="Dunnottar Castle">Dunnottar Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetteresso_Castle" title="Fetteresso Castle">Fetteresso Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowlsheugh" title="Fowlsheugh">Fowlsheugh Nature Reserve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Craiglethy" title="Craiglethy">Craiglethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monboddo_House" title="Monboddo House">Monboddo House</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muchalls Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandykes" title="Normandykes">Normandykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portlethen_Moss" title="Portlethen Moss">Portlethen Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raedykes" title="Raedykes">Raedykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehaven_Open_Air_Pool" title="Stonehaven Open Air Pool">Stonehaven Open Air Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehaven_Tolbooth" title="Stonehaven Tolbooth">Stonehaven Tolbooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storybook_Glen" class="mw-redirect" title="Storybook Glen">Storybook Glen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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