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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Geological history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Samoa_(1900–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Samoa_(1900–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>German Samoa (1900–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Samoa_(1900–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_rule_(1914–1961)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_rule_(1914–1961)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>New Zealand rule (1914–1961)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_rule_(1914–1961)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flu_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flu_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Flu pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flu_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mau_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mau_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Mau movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mau_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>State religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Military and police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tattooing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattooing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Tattooing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattooing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Contemporary culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samoa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 208 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-208" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">208 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9E%E1%8B%93" title="ሳሞዓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳሞዓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="सामोआ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सामोआ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساموا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساموا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A1" title="Արեւմտեան Սամոա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արեւմտեան Սամոա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B3a" title="Samóa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Samóa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساموا آداسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساموا آداسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সামোয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামোয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="समोआ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समोआ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="ས་མོའ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ས་མོའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samowa" title="Samowa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Samowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="صاموا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صاموا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%AF%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ސަމޯއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސަމޯއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nda%CA%BCa%C5%82%CA%BCee%C5%82%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ndaʼałʼeełí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ndaʼałʼeełí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="समोआ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="समोआ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%B1" title="Σαμόα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμόα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoo" title="Samoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A2" title="ساموآ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموآ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1moa" title="Sámoa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sámoa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%A4" title="Samoä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Samoä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoe" title="Samoe – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Samoe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B3" title="Samó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_(d%C3%B9thaich)" title="Samoa (dùthaich) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Samoa (dùthaich)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%86" title="સમોઆ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમોઆ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="सामोआ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सामोआ" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84" title="사모아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81moa_Komohana" title="Sāmoa Komohana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sāmoa Komohana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A1" title="Սամոա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամոա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="समोआ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समोआ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="সামোয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সামোয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%96%95%E1%92%A5%E1%93%B5%E1%92%A8" title="ᖕᒥᓵᒨ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᖕᒥᓵᒨ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%C3%A6" title="Самоæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Самоæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samowa" title="Samowa – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Samowa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B3a" title="Samóa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samóa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="סמואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%85" title="ಸಮೋಅ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮೋಅ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90" title="სამოა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამოა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samowa_y%E2%80%99Uburengerazuba" title="Samowa y’Uburengerazuba – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Samowa y’Uburengerazuba" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samowa" title="Samowa – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Samowa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamoa" title="Szamoa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamoa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%B4a" title="Samôa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Samôa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5" title="സമോവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമോവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81moa_ki_te_Uru" title="Hāmoa ki te Uru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hāmoa ki te Uru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="सामोआ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सामोआ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90" title="სამოა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამოა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساموا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساموا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A2" title="ساموآ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساموآ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯥꯃꯣꯑꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯥꯃꯣꯑꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆမိုးအားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆမိုးအားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2" title="サモア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サモア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%86" title="ସାମୋଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମୋଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%86" title="ਸਮੋਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮੋਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="समोआ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="समोआ" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A2" title="ساموآ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساموآ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساموا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساموا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81moa" title="Hāmoa – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Hāmoa" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samwa" title="Samwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Samwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81moa" title="Sāmoa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Sāmoa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%86" title="समोआ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="समोआ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F" title="සැමෝවා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැමෝවා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساموا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساموا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_(%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Samoa (štát) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samoa (štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ساموا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساموا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE" title="சமோவா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமோவா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းသႃႇမူဝ်းဝႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းသႃႇမူဝ်းဝႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศซามัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศซามัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%A0" title="ሳሞአ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሳሞአ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BBamoa" title="Haʻamoa – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Haʻamoa" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Самоа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самоа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سامووا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سامووا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%A7" title="ساموئا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ساموئا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samovu%C3%A4ns" title="Samovuäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Samovuäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="薩摩亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="薩摩亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samowaa" title="Samowaa – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Samowaa" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="薩摩亞 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="薩摩亞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0m%C3%B3%C3%A0" title="Sàmóà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Sàmóà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="薩摩亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩摩亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuoa" title="Samuoa – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Samuoa" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="萨摩亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨摩亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Samoa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samoa&params=13_44_42_S_172_13_03_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°44′42″S</span> <span class="longitude">172°13′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.74500°S 172.21750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.74500; -172.21750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polynesian island country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the nation of Samoa. For the geographical region, see <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a>. For the territory of the United States, see <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Samoa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Samoa (disambiguation)">Samoa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Independent State of Samoa</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa<wbr /></i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Samoa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Samoa"><img alt="Flag of Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/125px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/188px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/250px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Samoa"><img alt="Coat of arms of Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa" title="Coat of arms of Samoa"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Faʻavae i le <a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a> Sāmoa</i><br />"Samoa is founded on God"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Banner_of_Freedom" title="The Banner of Freedom">O Le Fuʻa o le Saʻolotoga o Sāmoa</a></i><br />"The Banner of Freedom"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Samoa_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Samoa_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Samoa_National_Anthem.ogg/Samoa_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_on_the_globe_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Samoa"><img alt="Location of Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Samoa_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Samoa</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Samoa"><img alt="Map of Samoa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Samoa_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_WSM_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of Samoa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samoa&params=13_50_00_S_171_45_44_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">171°45′44″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.83333°S 171.76222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.83333; -171.76222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>92.6% <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a></li><li>7.0% <a href="/wiki/Euronesian" title="Euronesian">Euronesians</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a></li><li>0.1% others<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>97.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>54.9% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>18.8% <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li>16.9% <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li>7.3% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>0.4% others<sup id="cite_ref-sbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo">O le Ao o le Malo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Assembly Speaker</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papali%CA%BBi_Li%CA%BBo_Taeu_Masipau" title="Papaliʻi Liʻo Taeu Masipau">Papaliʻi Liʻo Taeu Masipau</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1889)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1889)">Treaty of Berlin</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Colonisation by Germany</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Occupied by New Zealand</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1914</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• League mandate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• UN trusteeship </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Western Samoa Act 1961 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_399" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 399">Admitted to the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1976</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Name change from Western Samoa to Samoa </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1997</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,831<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (1,093 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• November 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">205,557<sup id="cite_ref-sbs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">176th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">70/km<sup>2</sup> (181.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>$1.225 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$5,962<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>$908.561 million<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$4,420<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2013)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 38.7<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.702<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">116th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Samoan tālā">Tālā</a> (WS<a href="/wiki/Dollar_sign" title="Dollar sign">$</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">WST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B13:00" title="UTC+13:00">WST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Samoa" title="Telephone numbers in Samoa">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B685" class="mw-redirect" title="+685">+685</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:WS" title="ISO 3166-2:WS">WS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Head of state</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Symbols SAT, ST or T are in use as well. The terms <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">tālā</i></span> and <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">sene</i></span> are translations of the English words <i>dollar</i> and <i>cent</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 31 December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Samoa_Changes_Timezone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samoa_Changes_Timezone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since 7 September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although driving is on the left side of the roadway centre line, Samoa allows cars with steering wheels on either the left or the right side of the vehicle to use the roads.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samoa</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Independent State of Samoa</b><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and known until 1997 as <b>Western Samoa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>: <i lang="sm">Sāmoa i Sisifo</i>), is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, consisting of two main islands (<a href="/wiki/Savai%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Savai'i">Savai'i</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>); two smaller, inhabited islands (<a href="/wiki/Manono_Island" title="Manono Island">Manono</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apolima" title="Apolima">Apolima</a>); and several smaller, uninhabited islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Aleipata_Islands" title="Aleipata Islands">Aleipata Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BButele" title="Nuʻutele">Nuʻutele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBulua" title="Nuʻulua">Nuʻulua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanuatapu" title="Fanuatapu">Fanuatapu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namua" title="Namua">Namua</a>). Samoa is located 64 km (40 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, 889 km (552 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, 1,152 km (716 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, 483 km (300 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, 1,151 km (715 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, 519 km (322 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, 4,190 km (2,600 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and 610 km (380 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a> people discovered and settled the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> around 3,500 years ago. They developed a <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Samoa" title="Culture of Samoa">Samoan cultural identity</a>. </p><p>Samoa is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a> with 11 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">administrative divisions</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Western Samoa was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">United Nations</a> on 15 December 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the Samoans' seafaring skills, pre-20th-century European explorers referred to the entire <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">island group</a>, including American Samoa, as the "Navigator Islands".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CC_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country was a colony of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> from 1899 to 1915, then came under a joint British and New Zealand colonial administration until 1 January 1962, when it became independent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History of Samoa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological_history">Geological history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samoa" title="Special:EditPage/Samoa">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The islands of Samoa were formed during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> period around 7 million years ago. For the past 2 million years, the Samoan archipelago has experienced records of <a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">volcanic hotspots</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samoa was discovered and settled by the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita people">Lapita people</a> (Austronesian people who spoke <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>), who travelled from <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>. The earliest human remains found in Samoa are dated to between roughly 2,900 and 3,500 years ago. The remains were discovered at a Lapita site at <a href="/wiki/Mulifanua" title="Mulifanua">Mulifanua</a>, and the scientists' findings were published in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-green_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samoans' origins have been studied in modern times through scientific research on Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>. Although this research is ongoing, a number of theories have been proposed. One theory is that the original Samoans were <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> who arrived during a final period of eastward expansion of the Lapita peoples out of Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intimate sociocultural and genetic ties were maintained between Samoa, Fiji, and Tonga, and the archaeological record supports oral tradition and native genealogies that indicate interisland voyaging and intermarriage among precolonial Samoans, <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongans</a>. Notable figures in Samoan history included the <a href="/wiki/Tui_Manu%27a" title="Tui Manu'a">Tui Manu'a</a> line, Queen <a href="/wiki/Salamasina" title="Salamasina">Salamasina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falefa" title="Falefa">King Fonoti</a> and the four <i>tama a ʻāiga</i>: <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua Tamasese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Mataʻafa">Mataʻafa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano" title="Tuimalealiʻifano">Tuimalealiʻifano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nafanua" title="Nafanua">Nafanua</a> was a famous woman warrior who was deified in ancient Samoan religion and whose patronage was highly sought after by successive Samoan rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, all of Samoa is united under its two principal royal families: the Sā Malietoa of the ancient Malietoa lineage that defeated the Tongans in the 13th century; and the Sā Tupua, Queen Salamasina's descendants and heirs who ruled Samoa in the centuries that followed her reign. Within these two principal lineages are the four highest titles of Samoa – the elder titles of Malietoa and Tupua Tamasese of antiquity and the newer Mataʻafa and Tuimalealiʻifano titles, which rose to prominence in 19th-century wars that preceded the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four titles form the apex of the Samoan matai system as it stands today. </p><p>Contact with Europeans began in the early 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Roggeveen" title="Jacob Roggeveen">Jacob Roggeveen</a>, a Dutchman, was the first known non-Polynesian to sight the Samoan islands in 1722. This visit was followed by French explorer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a>, who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768. Contact was limited before the 1830s, which is when British <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> of the London Missionary Society, whalers, and traders began arriving.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visits by American trading and <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> vessels were important in the early economic development of Samoa. The <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a> brig <i>Roscoe</i> (Captain Benjamin Vanderford), in October 1821, was the first American trading vessel known to have called, and the <i>Maro</i> (Captain Richard Macy) of <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>, in 1824, was the first recorded United States whaler at Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whalers came for fresh drinking water, firewood, provisions and, later, for recruiting local men to serve as crewmen on their ships. The last recorded whaler visitor was the <i>Governor Morton</i> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionary work in Samoa began in 1830 when <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(missionary)" title="John Williams (missionary)">John Williams</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Sapapali%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapapali'i">Sapapali'i</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in 'headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Footnote_to_History:_Eight_Years_of_Trouble_in_Samoa" title="A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa">A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</a></i> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> details the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> battling for influence in Samoa – the United States, Germany and Britain – and the political machinations of the various Samoan factions within their indigenous political system.<sup id="cite_ref-rlssite_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rlssite-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as they descended into ever greater interclan warfare, what most alarmed Stevenson was the Samoans' economic innocence. In 1894, just months before his death, he addressed the island chiefs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is but one way to defend Samoa. Hear it before it is too late. It is to make roads, and gardens, and care for your trees, and sell their produce wisely, and, in one word, to occupy and use your country ... if you do not occupy and use your country, others will. It will not continue to be yours or your children's, if you occupy it for nothing. You and your children will in that case be cast out into outer darkness.</p></blockquote> <p>He had "seen these judgments of God" in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a>, where abandoned native churches stood like tombstones "over a grave, in the midst of the white men's sugar fields".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/220px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/330px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg/440px-3_Samoan_girls_making_ava_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Studio photo depicting preparation of the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Samoa 'ava ceremony</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urville-Apia-public.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Urville-Apia-public.jpg/220px-Urville-Apia-public.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Urville-Apia-public.jpg/330px-Urville-Apia-public.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Urville-Apia-public.jpg/440px-Urville-Apia-public.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Samoan house, Apia, Urville 1842</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete,_Samoa_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/220px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/330px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg/440px-Robert_Louis_Stevenson_birthday_fete%2C_Samoa_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2158" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s birthday fete at Vailima, 1894</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans, in particular, began to show great commercial interest in the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a>, especially on the island of Upolu, where German firms monopolised <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa bean</a> processing. The United States laid its own claim, based on commercial shipping interests in Pearl Harbor in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and Pago Pago Bay in eastern Samoa, and forced alliances, most conspicuously on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Tutuila" title="Tutuila">Tutuila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manu%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Manu'a">Manu'a</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. </p><p>Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">eight-year civil war</a>, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The <a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Samoan crisis</a> came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Samoan Civil War</a> reached a head in 1898 when <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, and the United States were locked in dispute over who should control the Samoan Islands. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Apia" title="Siege of Apia">Siege of Apia</a> occurred in March 1899. Samoan forces loyal to Prince <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_I" title="Malietoa Tanumafili I">Tanu</a> were besieged by a larger force of Samoan rebels loyal to <a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa_Iosefo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa Iosefo">Mataʻafa Iosefo</a>. Supporting Prince Tanu were landing parties from four British and American warships. After several days of fighting, the Samoan rebels were finally defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa,_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg/170px-Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg/255px-Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg/340px-Samoan_Paramount_chief_Mataafa_Iosefa%2C_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mata%27afa_Iosefo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mata'afa Iosefo">Mataʻafa Iosefo</a> (1832–1912), paramount chief and rival for the kingship of Samoa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg/220px-Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg/330px-Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg/440px-Escorting_Tanumafili_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>The joint commission of <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, the United States and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Great Britain</a> abolished the Samoan kingship in June 1899.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_(standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff)_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan,_2909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg/220px-Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg/330px-Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg/440px-Lauaki_Namulau%27ulu_Mamoe_%28standing_3rd_from_left_with_orator%27s_staff%29_and_other_chiefs_aboard_German_warship_taking_them_to_exile_in_Saipan%2C_2909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>Exiled orator Lauaki Namulauʻulu Mamoe (standing third from left with orator's staff) and other chiefs aboard German warship taking them to exile in Saipan, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>American and British warships shelled Apia on 15 March 1899, including the <a href="/wiki/USS_Philadelphia_(C-4)" title="USS Philadelphia (C-4)">USS <i>Philadelphia</i></a>. Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States quickly resolved to end the hostilities and divided the island chain at the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention_(1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Convention (1899)">Tripartite Convention of 1899</a>, signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-GHR_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHR-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern island-group became a territory of the United States (the Tutuila Islands in 1900 and officially Manu'a in 1904) and was known as American Samoa. The western islands, by far the greater landmass, became <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a>. The United Kingdom had vacated all claims in Samoa and in return received (1) termination of German rights in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, (2) all of the Solomon Islands south of Bougainville, and (3) territorial alignments in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Samoa_(1900–1914)"><span id="German_Samoa_.281900.E2.80.931914.29"></span>German Samoa (1900–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German Samoa (1900–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg/220px-Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Funeral_of_Tamesese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Chiefs from all around Samoa mourning the 1929 death of Mau Movement leader, Tupua Tamesese Lealofi III, after the Black Saturday killings by NZ soldiers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> governed the western part of the Samoan archipelago from 1900 to 1914. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Wilhelm Solf</a> was appointed the colony's first governor. In 1908, when the non-violent <a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau a Pule</a> resistance movement arose, Solf did not hesitate to banish the Mau leader <a href="/wiki/Lauaki_Namulauulu_Mamoe" title="Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe">Lauaki Namulau'ulu Mamoe</a> to Saipan in the German <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German colonial administration governed on the principle that "there was only one government in the islands."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, there was no Samoan <i>Tupu</i> (king), nor an <i>alii sili</i> (similar to a governor), but two <i>Fautua</i> (advisors) were appointed by the colonial government. <i>Tumua</i> and <i>Pule</i> (traditional governments of Upolu and Savai'i) were for a time silent; all decisions on matters affecting lands and titles were under the control of the colonial Governor. </p><p>In the first month of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, on 29 August 1914, troops of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force landed unopposed on Upolu and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">seized control</a> from the German authorities, following a request by Great Britain for New Zealand to perform this "great and urgent imperial service."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_rule_(1914–1961)"><span id="New_Zealand_rule_.281914.E2.80.931961.29"></span>New Zealand rule (1914–1961)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New Zealand rule (1914–1961)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Western Samoa Trust Territory</a></div> <p>From the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> until 1962, New Zealand controlled Western Samoa as a <a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Class C Mandate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trusteeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusteeship">trusteeship</a> through the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:022_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then through the United Nations. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Island_Territories_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Island Territories (New Zealand)">Department of External Affairs</a>, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-External_Affairs_Bill_1919_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-External_Affairs_Bill_1919-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, this department was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Island_Territories_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Island Territories (New Zealand)">Department of Island Territories</a> after a separate <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Department of External Affairs</a> was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of New Zealand control, their administrators were responsible for two major incidents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flu_pandemic">Flu pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flu pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the <a href="/wiki/Influenza_epidemic_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza epidemic of 1918">influenza epidemic of 1918–1919</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, during the final stages of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> had taken its toll, spreading rapidly from country to country. On Samoa, there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/SS_Talune" title="SS Talune">SS <i>Talune</i></a> from <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> on 7 November 1918. The NZ administration allowed the ship to berth in breach of quarantine; within seven days of this ship's arrival, influenza became epidemic in Upolu and then spread rapidly throughout the rest of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoa suffered the most of all Pacific islands, with 90% of the population infected; 30% of adult men, 22% of adult women and 10% of children died.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause of the epidemic was confirmed in 1919 by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> of Inquiry into the Epidemic concluded that there had been no epidemic of pneumonic influenza in Western Samoa before the arrival of the <i>Talune</i> from Auckland on 7 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Wendt_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wendt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pandemic undermined Samoan confidence in New Zealand's administrative capacity and competence.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Samoans asked that the rule of the islands be transferred to the Americans or the British.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mau_movement">Mau movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mau movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second major incident arose out of an initially peaceful protest by the <a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau</a> (which literally translates as "strongly held opinion"), a non-violent popular pro-independence movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s on Savai'i, led by <a href="/wiki/Lauaki_Namulauulu_Mamoe" title="Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe">Lauaki Namulauulu Mamoe</a>, an orator chief deposed by Solf. In 1909, Lauaki was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a> and died en route back to Samoa in 1915. </p><p>By 1918, Western Samoa had a population of some 38,000 Samoans and 1,500 Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, native Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Frederick_Nelson" title="Olaf Frederick Nelson">Olaf Frederick Nelson</a>, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nelson was eventually <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exiled</a> during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and used a <a href="/wiki/Lewis_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis machine gun">Lewis machine gun</a>, mounted in preparation for the demonstration, to disperse the demonstrators.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mau leader and paramount chief <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese_Lealofi_III" title="Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III">Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III</a> was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators. Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. </p><p>On 13 January 1930, the New Zealand authorities banned the organisation. As many as 1500 Mau men took to the bush, pursued by an armed force of 150 marines and seamen from the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dunedin" title="HMS Dunedin">HMS <i>Dunedin</i></a>, and 50 military police. They were supported by a seaplane flown by Flight Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Wallingford" title="Sidney Wallingford">Sidney Wallingford</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Permanent_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Permanent Air Force">New Zealand Permanent Air Force</a>. Villages were raided, often at night and with fixed bayonets. In March, through the mediation of local Europeans and missionaries, Mau leaders met New Zealand's Minister of Defence and agreed to disperse.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters of the Mau continued to be arrested, so women came to the fore rallying supporters and staging demonstrations. The political stalemate was broken following the victory of the Labour Party in New Zealand's 1935 general election. A 'goodwill mission' to Apia in June 1936 recognised the Mau as a legitimate political organisation, and Olaf Nelson was allowed to return from exile.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1936, Samoans exercised for the first time the right to elect the members of the advisory <i><a href="/wiki/Fono_of_Faipule" title="Fono of Faipule">Fono of Faipule</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a> winning 31 of the 39 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-PIM1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act of 24 November 1961 terminated the Trusteeship Agreement and granted the country independence as the <i>Independent State of Western Samoa</i>, effective 1 January 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, signed a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Samoa_relations#Treaty_of_Friendship" title="New Zealand–Samoa relations">Treaty of Friendship</a> with New Zealand later in 1962. Western Samoa joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of independence, <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Mata%CA%BBafa_Faumuina_Mulinu%CA%BBu_II" title="Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II">Fiamē Mataʻafa Faumuina Mulinuʻu II</a>, one of the four highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chiefs</a> in the country, became Samoa's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">prime minister</a>. Another paramount chief, <a href="/wiki/Tuiaana_Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Suatipatipa_II" title="Tuiaana Tuimalealiʻifano Suatipatipa II">Tuiaana Tuimalealiʻifano Suatipatipa II</a>, was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Deputies" title="Council of Deputies">Council of Deputies</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-PIM2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PIM2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the remaining two – <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese_Mea%CA%BBole" title="Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole">Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II" title="Malietoa Tanumafili II">Malietoa Tanumafili II</a> – became joint heads of state for life.<sup id="cite_ref-1960_Constitution_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1960_Constitution-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 December 1976, Western Samoa was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as the 147th <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member state</a>. It asked to be referred to in the United Nations as the <i>Independent State of Samoa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Travel writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Theroux" title="Paul Theroux">Paul Theroux</a> noted marked differences between the societies in Western Samoa and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 1997 the government amended the constitution to change the name of the country from <i>Western Samoa</i> to <i>Samoa</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the name it had been called by in the United Nations since it joined.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> protested against the name change, asserting that it diminished its own identity.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, New Zealand prime minister <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> formally apologised for New Zealand's role in the Spanish influenza outbreak in 1918 that killed over a quarter of Samoa's population and for the Black Saturday killings in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 2009, the government changed the rule of the road from <a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">right to left</a>, in common with most other Commonwealth countries - most notably countries in the region such as Australia and New Zealand, home to large numbers of Samoans.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made Samoa the first country in the 21st century to switch to driving on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of December 2011, Samoa changed its time zone offset from UTC−11 to UTC+13, effectively jumping forward by one day, omitting Friday, 30 December from the local calendar. This also had the effect of changing the shape of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>, moving it to the east of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_IDL_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_IDL-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change aimed to help the nation boost its economy in doing business with Australia and New Zealand. Before this change, Samoa was 21 hours behind <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, but the change means it is now three hours ahead. The previous time zone, implemented on 4 July 1892, operated in line with American traders based in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2021, Samoa ceased <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Samoa signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017, Parliament amended Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution to make <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2019, a <a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Samoa measles outbreak">measles outbreak</a> resulted in the deaths of 83 people. Following the outbreak, the government imposed a curfew in December later during the same year. </p><p>In May 2021, <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a> became Samoa's first female prime minister. Mataʻafa's <a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBatuatua_i_le_Atua_Samoa_ua_Tasi" title="Faʻatuatua i le Atua Samoa ua Tasi">FAST</a> party narrowly won the <a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_general_election" title="2021 Samoan general election">election</a>, ending the rule of long-term Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tuila%CA%BBepa_Sa%CA%BBilele_Malielegaoi" title="Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi">Tuilaʻepa Saʻilele Malielegaoi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Protection_Party" title="Human Rights Protection Party">Human Rights Protection Party</a> (HRPP),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis" title="2021 Samoan constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> complicated and delayed this. On 24 May 2021, she was sworn in as the new prime minister, though it was not until July that the Supreme Court ruled that her swearing-in was legal, thus ending the constitutional crisis and bringing an end to Tuilaʻepa's 22-year premiership. The FAST party's success in the 2021 election and subsequent court rulings also ended nearly four decades of HRPP rule.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics of Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai">Faʻamatai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg/220px-Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg/330px-Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg/440px-Samoa_-_Apia_Govt_buildings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Government buildings in <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">1960 constitution</a>, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, builds on the British pattern of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>, modified to take account of Samoan customs.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national modern Government of Samoa is referred to as the <i>Malo</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> of Samoa is known as <a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo">O le Ao o le Malo</a> in Samoan, and since its establishment only paramount chiefs have held the office. The current head of state is <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano_Va%CA%BBaleto%CA%BBa_Sualauvi_II" title="Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II">Tuimalealiʻifano Vaʻaletoʻa Sualauvi II</a>, who was elected by the legislature in 2017 and again in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Legislative Assembly</a> or <i>Fono</i> is the unicameral legislature, consisting of 51 members serving five year terms. Forty-nine are <i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai">matai</a></i> title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. At least ten per cent of the MPs must be women.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (<i>matai</i>) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about five per cent of whom are women.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">prime minister</a>, chosen by a majority in the assembly, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa" title="Cabinet of Samoa">cabinet positions</a> are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the legislative assembly. </p><p>Prominent women in Samoan politics include the late <a href="/wiki/La%CA%BBulu_Fetauimalemau_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Laʻulu Fetauimalemau Mataʻafa">Laʻulu Fetauimalemau Mataʻafa</a> (1928–2007) from <a href="/wiki/Lotofaga" title="Lotofaga">Lotofaga</a> constituency, the wife of Samoa's first prime minister. Their daughter <a href="/wiki/Fiam%C4%93_Naomi_Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa">Fiamē Naomi Mataʻafa</a> is a <i>matai</i> and a long-serving senior member of cabinet, who was elected Prime Minister in 2021. Other women in politics include Samoan scholar and eminent professor <a href="/wiki/Aiono_Fanaafi_Le_Tagaloa" title="Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa">Aiono Fanaafi Le Tagaloa</a>, orator-chief <a href="/wiki/Matatumua_Maimoana" title="Matatumua Maimoana">Matatumua Maimoana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safuneitu%CA%BBuga_Pa%CA%BBaga_Neri" title="Safuneituʻuga Paʻaga Neri">Safuneituʻuga Paʻaga Neri</a> (former Minister of Communication and Technology). </p><p>The judicial system incorporates <a href="/wiki/English_common_law" class="mw-redirect" title="English common law">English common law</a> and local customs. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Samoa" title="Supreme Court of Samoa">Supreme Court of Samoa</a> is the court of highest jurisdiction. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Samoa" title="Chief Justice of Samoa">Chief Justice of Samoa</a> is appointed by the head of state upon the recommendation of the prime minister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">Districts of Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_constituencies_of_Samoa" title="Electoral constituencies of Samoa">Electoral constituencies of Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_districts_numbered2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samoa_districts_numbered2.png/320px-Samoa_districts_numbered2.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samoa_districts_numbered2.png/480px-Samoa_districts_numbered2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Samoa_districts_numbered2.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Political districts of Samoa, including minor islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Samoa comprises eleven <i>itūmālō</i> (political districts). These are the traditional eleven districts which predate European arrival. Each district has its own constitutional foundation (<i>faʻavae</i>) based on the traditional order of title precedence found in each district's <i>faalupega</i> (traditional salutations).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%CA%BBana" title="Aʻana">Aʻana</a> has its capital at <a href="/wiki/Leulumoega" title="Leulumoega">Leulumoega</a>. The paramount <i>tama a 'āiga</i> (royal lineage) title of Aʻana is <a href="/wiki/Tuimaleali%CA%BBifano" title="Tuimalealiʻifano">Tuimalealiʻifano</a>. The paramount <i>pāpā</i> title of Aʻana is the Tui Aʻana. The orator group which confers this title — the <i>Faleiva</i> (House of Nine) — is based at Leulumoega.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua_(district)" title="Atua (district)">Ātua</a> has its capital at <a href="/wiki/Lufilufi" title="Lufilufi">Lufilufi</a>. The paramount <i>tama a ʻāiga</i> (royal lineage) titles of Ātua are <a href="/wiki/Tupua_Tamasese" title="Tupua Tamasese">Tupua Tamasese</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Falefa" title="Falefa">Falefa</a> and Salani) and <a href="/wiki/Mata%CA%BBafa" title="Mataʻafa">Mataʻafa</a> (based in Amaile and Lotofaga). The two main political families who confer the respective titles are <a href="/wiki/Falefa" title="Falefa">ʻAiga Sā Fenunuivao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotofaga" title="Lotofaga">ʻAiga Sā Levālasi</a>. The paramount <i>pāpā</i> title of Ātua is the Tui Ātua. The orator group which confers this title — the <i>Faleono</i> (House of Six) — is based at Lufilufi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamasaga" title="Tuamasaga">Tuamasaga</a> has its capital at <a href="/wiki/Afega" title="Afega">Afega</a>. The paramount <i>tama a ʻāiga</i> (royal lineage) title of Tuamasaga is the <a href="/wiki/Malietoa" title="Malietoa">Malietoa</a> title, based in <a href="/wiki/Malie" title="Malie">Malie</a>. The main political family that confers the Malietoa title is ʻAiga Sā Malietoa, with Auimatagi as the main speaker for the family. The paramount <i>pāpā</i> titles of Tuamasaga are Gatoaitele (conferred by Afega) and Vaetamasoalii (conferred by Safata).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The eleven <i>itūmālō</i> are identified to be: </p><p>On <b><a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a></b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>1. <a href="/wiki/Tuamasaga" title="Tuamasaga">Tuamasaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afega" title="Afega">Afega</a>)<sup>1</sup></dd> <dd>2. <a href="/wiki/A%CA%BBana" title="Aʻana">Aʻana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leulumoega" title="Leulumoega">Leulumoega</a>)</dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Aiga-i-le-Tai" title="Aiga-i-le-Tai">Aiga-i-le-Tai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mulifanua" title="Mulifanua">Mulifanua</a>)<sup>2</sup></dd> <dd>4. <a href="/wiki/Atua_(district)" title="Atua (district)">Atua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lufilufi" title="Lufilufi">Lufilufi</a>)<sup>3</sup></dd> <dd>5. <a href="/wiki/Va%CA%BBa-o-Fonoti" title="Vaʻa-o-Fonoti">Vaʻa-o-Fonoti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samamea" title="Samamea">Samamea</a>)</dd></dl> <p>On <b><a href="/wiki/Savai%CA%BBi" title="Savaiʻi">Savaiʻi</a></b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>6. <a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBasaleleaga" title="Faʻasaleleaga">Faʻasaleleaga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Safotulafai" title="Safotulafai">Safotulafai</a>)</dd> <dd>7. <a href="/wiki/Gaga%CA%BBemauga" title="Gagaʻemauga">Gagaʻemauga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saleaula" title="Saleaula">Saleaula</a>)<sup>4</sup></dd> <dd>8. <a href="/wiki/Gaga%CA%BBifomauga" title="Gagaʻifomauga">Gagaʻifomauga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Safotu" title="Safotu">Safotu</a>)</dd> <dd>9. <a href="/wiki/Vaisigano" title="Vaisigano">Vaisigano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asau_(Samoa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asau (Samoa)">Asau</a>)</dd> <dd>10. <a href="/wiki/Satupa%CA%BBitea" title="Satupaʻitea">Satupaʻitea</a> (Satupaʻitea)</dd> <dd>11. <a href="/wiki/Palauli" title="Palauli">Palauli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vailoa" title="Vailoa">Vailoa</a>)</dd></dl> <p><sup>1</sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">including the faipule district of <a href="/wiki/Siumu" title="Siumu">Siumu</a></span> <br /><sup>2</sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">including islands <a href="/wiki/Manono_Island" title="Manono Island">Manono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolima" title="Apolima">Apolima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBulopa" title="Nuʻulopa">Nuʻulopa</a></span> <br /><sup>3</sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">including the <a href="/wiki/Aleipata_Islands" title="Aleipata Islands">Aleipata Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBusafe%CA%BBe" title="Nuʻusafeʻe">Nuʻusafeʻe</a> Island</span> <br /><sup>4</sup> <span style="font-size:85%;">smaller parts also on <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a> (Salamumu, incl. Salamumu-Uta and Leauvaʻa villages)</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Samoa" title="Human rights in Samoa">Human rights in Samoa</a></div> <p>Major areas of concern include the under-representation of women, domestic violence and poor prison conditions. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">Homosexual acts</a> are illegal in Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_religion">State religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2017, an Act was passed changing the country's constitution to include a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. As amended, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that "Samoa is a Christian nation founded on God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>, "What Samoa has done is shift references to Christianity into the body of the constitution, giving the text far more potential to be used in legal processes."<sup id="cite_ref-report_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preamble to the constitution already described the country as "an independent State based on Christian principles and Samoan custom and traditions."<sup id="cite_ref-report_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_police">Military and police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military and police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Samoa" title="Military of Samoa">Samoa has no formal defence structure or regular armed forces</a>. It has informal defence ties with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, which is required to consider any request for assistance from Samoa under the bilateral <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Samoa_relations#Treaty_of_Friendship" title="New Zealand–Samoa relations">Treaty of Friendship</a> of 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officers of the national police force, the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service" title="Samoa Police Service">Samoa Police Service</a>, are regularly unarmed, but may be armed in exceptional circumstances with ministerial approval.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022 there are between 900 and 1,100 police officers in Samoa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg/300px-Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg/450px-Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg/600px-Samoa_waterfall_scenery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Samoan waterfall scenery</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Geography of Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_Country_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_Country_map.png/300px-Samoa_Country_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_Country_map.png/450px-Samoa_Country_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_Country_map.png/600px-Samoa_Country_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>A map of Samoa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_topography.png/300px-Samoa_topography.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_topography.png/450px-Samoa_topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoa_topography.png/600px-Samoa_topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1074" /></a><figcaption>Topography of Samoa</figcaption></figure> <p>Samoa lies south of the equator, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand, in the <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> region of the Pacific Ocean. The total land area is 2,842 km<sup>2</sup> (1,097 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of the two large islands of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savai%CA%BBi" title="Savaiʻi">Savaiʻi</a> (which together account for 99% of the total land area) and eight small islets. </p><p>The islets are:<sup id="cite_ref-DB_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the three islets in the <a href="/wiki/Apolima_Strait" title="Apolima Strait">Apolima Strait</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manono_Island" title="Manono Island">Manono Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apolima" title="Apolima">Apolima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBulopa" title="Nuʻulopa">Nuʻulopa</a>)</li> <li>the four <a href="/wiki/Aleipata_Islands" title="Aleipata Islands">Aleipata Islands</a> off the eastern end of Upolu (<a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BButele" title="Nuʻutele">Nuʻutele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBulua" title="Nuʻulua">Nuʻulua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namua" title="Namua">Namua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fanuatapu" title="Fanuatapu">Fanuatapu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%CA%BBusafe%CA%BBe" title="Nuʻusafeʻe">Nuʻusafeʻe</a>, which is less than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1 ha (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> acres) in area and lies about 1.4 km (0.87 mi) off the south coast of Upolu at the village of Vaovai</li></ul> <p>The main island of Upolu is home to nearly three-quarters of Samoa's population, and to the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Apia,_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apia, Samoa">Apia</a>. </p><p>The Samoan islands result geologically from <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>, originating with the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">Samoa hotspot</a>, which probably results from a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savaiʻi, the westernmost island in Samoa, remains volcanically active, with the most recent eruptions at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Matavanu" title="Mount Matavanu">Mount Matavanu</a> (1905–1911), <a href="/wiki/Mata_o_le_Afi" title="Mata o le Afi">Mata o le Afi</a> (1902) and <a href="/wiki/Mauga_Afi" title="Mauga Afi">Mauga Afi</a> (1725). The highest point in Samoa is <a href="/wiki/Silisili" title="Silisili">Mount Silisili</a>, at 1,858 m (6,096 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Saleaula" title="Saleaula">Saleaula</a> lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savaiʻi result from the Mount Matavanu eruptions, which left 50 km<sup>2</sup> (19 sq mi) of solidified lava.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Savaiʻi is the largest of the Samoan islands and the sixth-largest Polynesian island (after New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island/Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island/Rakiura">Stewart Islands</a> and the Hawaiian islands of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>). The population of Savaiʻi is roughly 42 thousand people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samoa has an equatorial climate, with an average annual temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) and a main rainy season from November to April, although heavy rain may fall in any month.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Apia </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB33; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFF88; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">489.0<br />(19.25) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">368.0<br />(14.49) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">352.1<br />(13.86) </td> <td style="background: #00B800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">211.2<br />(8.31) </td> <td style="background: #00DE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">192.6<br />(7.58) </td> <td style="background: #44FF44; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.8<br />(4.76) </td> <td style="background: #4BFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.7<br />(4.75) </td> <td style="background: #56FF56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.2<br />(4.46) </td> <td style="background: #12FF12; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.9<br />(6.06) </td> <td style="background: #00AF00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">224.3<br />(8.83) </td> <td style="background: #006A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">261.7<br />(10.30) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">357.5<br />(14.07) </td> <td style="background: #008600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,965<br />(116.72) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a> (UN)<sup id="cite_ref-WMO_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Samoa" title="List of mammals of Samoa">List of mammals of Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_plant_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan plant names">Samoan plant names</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Samoa" title="List of birds of Samoa">List of birds of Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">List of protected areas of Samoa</a></div> <p>Samoa forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_tropical_moist_forests" title="Samoan tropical moist forests">Samoan tropical moist forests</a> ecoregion.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since human habitation began, about 80% of the lowland rainforests have disappeared. Within the ecoregion about 28% of plants and 84% of land birds are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Economy of Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_of_Samoa_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg/220px-Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg/330px-Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg/440px-Central_Bank_of_Samoa_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Samoa" title="Central Bank of Samoa">Central Bank of Samoa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samoa_electricity_production.svg/220px-Samoa_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samoa_electricity_production.svg/330px-Samoa_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samoa_electricity_production.svg/440px-Samoa_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Samoa electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg/220px-Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg/330px-Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg/440px-Colocasia_esculenta_dsc07801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">Taro</a>, a root crop, traditionally was Samoa's largest export, generating more than half of all export revenue in 1993. A fungal blight devastated the plants, and in each year since 1994 taro exports have accounted for less than 1% of export revenue.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> has classified Samoa as an <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">economically developing country</a> since 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Samoa's gross domestic product in <a href="/wiki/Purchasing-power_parity" class="mw-redirect" title="Purchasing-power parity">purchasing-power parity</a> was estimated at $1.13 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a>, ranking the country 204th in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services sector</a> accounted for 66% of GDP, followed by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> at 23.6% and 10.4% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-CIASamoa_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIASamoa-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the same year, the Samoan <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">labour force</a> was estimated at 50,700.<sup id="cite_ref-CIASamoa_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIASamoa-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Samoa" title="Central Bank of Samoa">Central Bank of Samoa</a> issues and regulates Samoa's currency, the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_tala" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan tala">Samoan tālā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy of Samoa has traditionally depended on agriculture and fishing at the local level. In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">development aid</a>, private family <a href="/wiki/Remittances_from_overseas" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances from overseas">remittances from overseas</a>, and agricultural exports have become key factors in the nation's economy. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the labour force and furnishes 90% of exports, featuring <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> cream, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noni" class="mw-redirect" title="Noni">noni</a> (juice of the <i>nonu</i> fruit, as it is known in Samoan), and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sixty percent of Samoa's electricity comes from renewable <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydro</a>, solar, and wind sources, with the remainder produced by diesel generators. The Electric Power Corporation set a goal of <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> by 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period before German colonisation (from the late 19th century), Samoa produced mostly copra. German merchants and settlers were active in introducing large-scale <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> operations and in developing new industries, notably cocoa beans and rubber, relying on imported labourers from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. When the value of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> fell drastically, about the end of the Great War (<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) in 1918, the New Zealand government encouraged the production of bananas, for which there is a large market in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of variations in altitude, Samoa can cultivate a large range of tropical and subtropical crops. Land is not generally available to outside interests. Of the total land area of 2,934 km<sup>2</sup> (725,000 acres), about 24.4% is in permanent crops and another 21.2% is arable. About 4.4% is Western Samoan Trust Estates Corporation (WSTEC).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The staple products of Samoa are copra (dried coconut meat), <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa beans</a> (for chocolate), rubber, and bananas.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual production of both bananas and copra has been<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in the range of 13,000–15,000 tonnes (14,000–17,000 tons). If the <a href="/wiki/Oryctes_rhinoceros" title="Oryctes rhinoceros">coconut rhinoceros beetle</a> in Samoa were eradicated, Samoa could produce in excess of 40,000 tonnes (44,000 tons) of copra. Samoan cocoa beans are of very high quality and are used in fine New Zealand chocolates. Most are <a href="/wiki/Criollo_(cocoa_bean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollo (cocoa bean)">Criollo</a>-Forastero hybrids. Coffee grows well, but production has been uneven. WESTEC is the biggest coffee producer. </p><p>Other agricultural industries have proven less successful. <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> production was originally established by Germans in the early 20th century. Old train tracks for transporting cane can be seen at some plantations east of <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">Pineapples</a> grow well in Samoa, but have not moved beyond local consumption to become a major export.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Samoa is served by <a href="/wiki/Faleolo_International_Airport" title="Faleolo International Airport">Faleolo International Airport</a>, located about 25 miles west of the capital Apia. </p><p>Daily ferry services carrying both vehicles and foot passengers link the two main islands, running between <a href="/wiki/Mulifanua" title="Mulifanua">Mulifanua</a> on Upolu Island and <a href="/wiki/Salelologa" title="Salelologa">Salelologa</a> on Savai’i Island. Crossing time is 60-90 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_Familie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Samoa_Familie.JPG/220px-Samoa_Familie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Samoa_Familie.JPG/330px-Samoa_Familie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Samoa_Familie.JPG/440px-Samoa_Familie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Samoan family</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Demographics of Samoa</a></div> <p>Samoa reported a population of 194,320 in its 2016 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number increased to 205,557 in its 2021 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-sbs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About three-quarters of the population live on the main island of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DS_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Samoa_measles_outbreak" title="2019 Samoa measles outbreak">2019 Samoa measles outbreak</a></div> <p>A measles outbreak began in October 2019. By the time the outbreak subsided in early January, the number of deaths reached 83 (0.31 per 1,000, based on a population of 201,316<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and over 4,460 cases (2.2% of the population) of measles in Samoa,<sup id="cite_ref-DeathToll_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathToll-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly children under four years old, and 10 reported cases in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population is 96% <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a>, 2% dual Samoan-<a href="/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a> and 1.9% other, according to a 2011 estimate in the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIASamoa_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIASamoa-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a></div> <p>Samoan (<i>Gagana Fa'asāmoa</i>) and English are the official languages. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Samoan than English in Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan Sign Language</a> is also commonly used among the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">deaf</a> population of Samoa. To emphasize the importance of full inclusion with sign language, elementary Samoan Sign Language was taught to members of the Samoa Police Service, Red Cross Society, and public during the 2017 International Week of the Deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg/220px-Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg/330px-Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg/440px-Catholic_church_in_Samoa-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> of Mary cathedral</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Religion in Samoa</a></div> <p>Since 2017, Article 1 of the Samoan Constitution states that "Samoa is a Christian nation founded of God the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-Religion_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2021 Census, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">the distribution of religious groups</a> are as follows: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Congregational_Church_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Congregational Church of Samoa">Christian Congregational Church of Samoa</a> 27%, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> 19%, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Samoa">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> 18%, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> 12%, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Assemblies_of_God" title="Samoan Assemblies of God">Assembly of God</a> 10%, and the remaining religious groups accounting for 16% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-sbs_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Head of State until 2007, <a href="/wiki/Malietoa_Tanumafili_II_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Malietoa Tanumafili II of Samoa">Malietoa Tanumafili II</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>. Samoa hosts the seventh (of nine current) <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí Houses of Worship</a> in the world; completed in 1984 and dedicated by the Head of State, it is located in Tiapapata, 8 km (5.0 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Samoan government provides eight years of primary and secondary education that is tuition-free and is compulsory through age 16.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samoa's main post-secondary educational institution is the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Samoa" title="National University of Samoa">National University of Samoa</a>, established in 1984. The country is also home to several branches of the multi-national <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceania_University_of_Medicine" title="Oceania University of Medicine">Oceania University of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education in Samoa has proved to be effective as a 2012 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report stated that 99 percent of Samoan adults are literate.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that Samoa is fulfilling only 88.0% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Samoa's income level, the nation is achieving 97.7% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 78.3% for secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Samoa" title="Culture of Samoa">Culture of Samoa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Music of Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoa_upolu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samoa_upolu.jpg/260px-Samoa_upolu.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samoa_upolu.jpg/390px-Samoa_upolu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samoa_upolu.jpg/520px-Samoa_upolu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Falefa_Valley" title="Falefa Valley">Falefa Valley</a> from Le Mafa Pass, east <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava,_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/220px-Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/330px-Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg/440px-Young_man_in_%27ie_toga_lavalava%2C_photograph_by_Thomas_Andrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A young man in <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">'ie toga</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_S%C4%81moa" title="Faʻa Sāmoa">Faʻa Sāmoa</a>, or the traditional Samoan way, remains a strong force in Samoan life and politics. As one of the oldest Polynesian cultures, the fa'a Samoa developed over a period of 3,000 years, withstanding centuries of European influence to maintain its historical customs, social and political systems, and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">language</a>. Cultural customs such as the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Samoa 'ava ceremony</a> are significant and solemn rituals at important occasions including the bestowal of <i><a href="/wiki/Fa%27amatai" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'amatai">matai</a></i> chiefly titles. Items of great cultural value include the finely woven <i><a href="/wiki/%27ie_toga" class="mw-redirect" title="'ie toga">'ie toga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan mythology</a> includes many gods with creation stories and figures of legend such as <a href="/wiki/Tagaloa" title="Tagaloa">Tagaloa</a> and the goddess of war <a href="/wiki/Nafanua" title="Nafanua">Nafanua</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Saveasi%27uleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Saveasi'uleo">Saveasi'uleo</a>, ruler of the spirit realm <a href="/wiki/Pulotu" title="Pulotu">Pulotu</a>. Other legends include the well known story of <a href="/wiki/Sina_and_the_Eel" title="Sina and the Eel">Sina and the Eel</a> which explains the origins of the first coconut tree. </p><p>Some Samoans are spiritual and religious, and have subtly adapted the dominant religion of Christianity to 'fit in' with fa'a Samoa and vice versa. Ancient beliefs continue to co-exist side by side with Christianity, particularly in regard to the traditional customs and rituals of fa'a Samoa. The Samoan culture is centred on the principle of vāfealoa'i, the relationships between people. These relationships are based on respect, or fa'aaloalo. When Christianity was introduced in Samoa, most Samoan people converted. Currently 98% of the population identify themselves as Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Samoans live a communal way of life, participating in activities collectively. Examples of this are the traditional Samoan <i><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">fale</a></i> (houses) which are open with no walls, using blinds made of coconut palm fronds during the night or bad weather. </p><p>The Samoan <i><a href="/wiki/Siva_Samoa" title="Siva Samoa">siva</a></i> dance has unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and tells a story, although the Samoan male dances can be more snappy.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Sasa_(dance)" title="Sasa (dance)">sasa</a></i> is also a traditional dance where rows of dancers perform rapid <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchronised</a> movements in time to the rhythm of wooden drums <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pate_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pate (musical instrument)">pate</a>)</i> or rolled mats. Another dance performed by males is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Fa%27ataupati" title="Fa'ataupati">fa'ataupati</a></i> or the slap dance, creating rhythmic sounds by slapping different parts of the body. This is believed to have been derived from slapping insects on the body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The form and construction of traditional <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">architecture of Samoa</a> was a specialised skill by <i>Tufuga fai fale</i> that was also linked to other cultural artforms. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Samoan fire dancer."><img alt="A Samoan fire dancer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg/134px-Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg/202px-Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg/269px-Siva_Afi_-_Fire_spinning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="2190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Samoan fire dancer.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fale on Manono Island"><img alt="A fale on Manono Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg/270px-Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg/405px-Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg/540px-Fale_on_Manono_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">fale</a> on <a href="/wiki/Manono_Island" title="Manono Island">Manono Island</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Samoa" title="List of newspapers in Samoa">List of newspapers in Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Samoa" title="List of television stations in Samoa">List of television stations in Samoa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tattooing">Tattooing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tattooing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_Malu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Samoan_Malu.jpg/220px-Samoan_Malu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Samoan_Malu.jpg/330px-Samoan_Malu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Samoan_Malu.jpg/440px-Samoan_Malu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A Samoan woman with a traditional <a href="/wiki/Malu" title="Malu">malu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As with other Polynesian cultures (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian culture">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a>) with significant and unique tattoos, Samoans have two gender specific and culturally significant tattoos. For males, it is called the <a href="/wiki/Pe%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pe'a">Pe'a</a> and consists of intricate and geometrical patterns <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooed</a> that cover areas from the knees up towards the ribs. A male who possesses such a tatau is called a <a href="/wiki/Soga%27imiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Soga'imiti">soga'imiti</a>. A Samoan girl or <i>teine</i> is given a <a href="/wiki/Malu" title="Malu">malu</a>, which covers the area from just below her knees to her upper thighs.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_culture">Contemporary culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contemporary culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Wendt" title="Albert Wendt">Albert Wendt</a> is a significant Samoan writer whose novels and stories tell the Samoan experience. In 1989, his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fox_in_a_Freedom_Tree" title="Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree">Flying Fox in a Freedom Tree</a></i> was made into a feature film in New Zealand, directed by <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Sanderson" title="Martyn Sanderson">Martyn Sanderson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another novel <i><a href="/wiki/Sons_for_the_Return_Home" title="Sons for the Return Home">Sons for the Return Home</a></i> had also been made into a feature film in 1979, directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maunder" title="Paul Maunder">Paul Maunder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late <a href="/wiki/John_Kneubuhl" title="John Kneubuhl">John Kneubuhl</a>, born in American Samoa, was an accomplished playwright and screenwriter and writer. His play <i>Think of Garden</i> premiered in Auckland in 1993 a year after his death, it was directed by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lees" title="Nathaniel Lees">Nathaniel Lees</a>, is set in 1929 and is about Samoa's struggle for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sia_Figiel" title="Sia Figiel">Sia Figiel</a> won the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Writers%27_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Writers' Prize">Commonwealth Writers' Prize</a> for fiction in the south-east Asia/South Pacific region with her novel "Where We Once Belonged". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Momoe_Malietoa_Von_Reiche" title="Momoe Malietoa Von Reiche">Momoe Malietoa Von Reiche</a> is an internationally recognised poet and artist. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tusiata_Avia" title="Tusiata Avia">Tusiata Avia</a> is a performance poet. Her first book of poetry <i>Wild Dogs Under My Skirt</i> was published by Victoria University Press in 2004. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Taulapapa_McMullin" title="Dan Taulapapa McMullin">Dan Taulapapa McMullin</a> is an artist and writer. </p><p>Other Samoan poets and writers include <a href="/wiki/Sapa%27u_Ruperake_Petaia" title="Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia">Sapa'u Ruperake Petaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eti_Sa%27aga" class="mw-redirect" title="Eti Sa'aga">Eti Sa'aga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savea_Sano_Malifa" title="Savea Sano Malifa">Savea Sano Malifa</a>, the editor of the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Observer" title="Samoa Observer">Samoa Observer</a>. </p><p>In music, popular local bands include <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Stars" title="The Five Stars">The Five Stars</a>, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. <a href="/wiki/The_Yandall_Sisters" title="The Yandall Sisters">The Yandall Sisters</a>' cover of the song <i>Sweet Inspiration</i> reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. </p><p><a href="/wiki/King_Kapisi" title="King Kapisi">King Kapisi</a> was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Australasian_Performing_Right_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australasian Performing Right Association">APRA</a> Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song <i>Reverse Resistance</i>. The music video for <i>Reverse Resistance</i> was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. </p><p>Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper <a href="/wiki/Scribe_(rapper)" title="Scribe (rapper)">Scribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dei_Hamo" title="Dei Hamo">Dei Hamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savage_(rapper)" title="Savage (rapper)">Savage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tha_Feelstyle" title="Tha Feelstyle">Tha Feelstyle</a> whose music video <i>Suamalie</i> was filmed in Samoa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lemi_Ponifasio" title="Lemi Ponifasio">Lemi Ponifasio</a> is a director and choreographer who is prominent internationally with his dance Company MAU.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Ieremia" title="Neil Ieremia">Neil Ieremia</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/Black_Grace" title="Black Grace">Black Grace</a> has also received international acclaim with tours to Europe and New York. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> has had a significant impact on Samoan culture. According to Katerina Martina Teaiwa, PhD from the University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Hip hop culture in particular is popular amongst Samoan youth."<sup id="cite_ref-Dances_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dances-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in many other countries, hip hop music is popular. In addition, the integration of hip hop elements into Samoan tradition also "testifies to the transferability of the dance forms themselves," and to the "circuits through which people and all their embodied knowledge travel."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance both in its traditional form and its more modern forms has remained a central cultural currency to Samoans, especially youths.<sup id="cite_ref-Dances_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dances-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arts organisation <i><a href="/wiki/Tautai_Pacific_Arts_Trust" title="Tautai Pacific Arts Trust">Tautai Pacific Arts Trust</a></i> was an informal collective of visual artists including <a href="/wiki/Fatu_Feu%27u" title="Fatu Feu'u">Fatu Feu'u</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Penisula" title="Johnny Penisula">Johnny Penisula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigeyuki_Kihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shigeyuki Kihara">Shigeyuki Kihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Tuffery" title="Michel Tuffery">Michel Tuffery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lily_Laita" title="Lily Laita">Lily Laita</a> in the 1980s and formalised into a trust in 1995 and is now a leading Pacific arts organisation directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aanoalii_Rowena_Fuluifaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aanoalii Rowena Fuluifaga (page does not exist)">Aanoalii Rowena Fuluifaga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Kohlhase" title="Marilyn Kohlhase">Marilyn Kohlhase</a> ran a Pacific focused gallery called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okaioceanikart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okaioceanikart (page does not exist)">Okaioceanikart</a></i> from 2007 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important Samoan contemporary artists include <a href="/wiki/Andy_Leleisi%27uao" title="Andy Leleisi'uao">Andy Leleisi'uao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Sagapolutele" title="Raymond Sagapolutele">Raymond Sagapolutele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Director <a href="/wiki/Sima_Urale" title="Sima Urale">Sima Urale</a> is a filmmaker. Urale's short film <i>O Tamaiti</i> won the prestigious Best Short Film at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> in 1996. Her first feature film <i>Apron Strings</i> opened the 2008 <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_International_Film_Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand International Film Festivals">NZ International Film Festival</a>. The feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Siones_Wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Siones Wedding">Siones Wedding</a></i>, co-written by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Kightley" title="Oscar Kightley">Oscar Kightley</a>, was financially successful following premieres in Auckland and Apia. The 2011 film <a href="/wiki/The_Orator_(film)" title="The Orator (film)">The Orator</a> was the first ever fully Samoan film, shot in Samoa in the Samoan language with a Samoan cast telling a uniquely Samoan story. Written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Tusi_Tamasese" title="Tusi Tamasese">Tusi Tamasese</a>, it received much critical acclaim and attention at film festivals throughout the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Sport in Samoa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg/220px-Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg/330px-Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg/440px-Percy_Montgomery_against_Samoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Samoa (blue) vs. South Africa in June 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>The main sports played in Samoa are <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan cricket">Samoan cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>. Rugby union is the national football code of Samoa. In Samoan villages, volleyball is also popular. </p><p>Rugby union is the national sport in Samoa and the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Samoa national rugby union team">national team</a>, nicknamed the Manu Samoa, is consistently competitive against teams from vastly more populous nations. Samoa has competed at every <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> since <a href="/wiki/1991_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1991 Rugby World Cup">1991</a>, and made the quarter finals in 1991, <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995</a> and the second round of the <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999</a> World Cup.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 2003 world cup, Manu Samoa came close to beating eventual world champions, England. Samoa also played in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Nations_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Nations Cup">Pacific Nations Cup</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tri-Nations" title="Pacific Tri-Nations">Pacific Tri-Nations</a>. The sport is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Rugby_Football_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa Rugby Football Union">Samoa Rugby Football Union</a>, who are members of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Rugby_Alliance" title="Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance">Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance</a>, and thus, also contribute to the international <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team" title="Pacific Islanders rugby union team">Pacific Islanders rugby union team</a>. </p><p>At club level, there is the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_National_Provincial_Championship" title="Samoa National Provincial Championship">National Provincial Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rugby_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Rugby Cup">Pacific Rugby Cup</a>. They also took home the cup at Wellington and the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens in 2007—for which the Prime Minister of Samoa, also chairman of the national rugby union, Tuila’epa Sa’ilele Malielegaoi, declared a national holiday. They were also the <a href="/wiki/IRB_World_Sevens_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="IRB World Sevens Series">IRB World Sevens Series</a> Champions in 2010 capping a year of achievement for the Samoans, following wins in the US, Australia, Hong Kong and Scotland Sevens tournaments. </p><p>Prominent Samoan players include <a href="/wiki/Pat_Lam" title="Pat Lam">Pat Lam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lima" title="Brian Lima">Brian Lima</a>. In addition, many Samoans have played for or are playing for <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">New Zealand</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_league_team" title="Samoa national rugby league team">The national rugby league team</a> reached the quarter finals of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2013 Rugby League World Cup">2013 Rugby League World Cup</a>, the team comprising players from the <a href="/wiki/NRL" class="mw-redirect" title="NRL">NRL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> plus domestic players. Many Samoans and New Zealanders or Australians of Samoan descent play in the Super League and National Leagues in Britain, including Francis Meli, Ta'ane Lavulavu of Workington Town, Maurie Fa'asavalu of St Helens, David Fatialofa of Whitehaven and Setaimata Sa, who signed with London Irish rugby club. Other noteworthy players from <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">NZ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> have represented the <a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_league_team" title="Samoa national rugby league team">Samoan National team</a>. The 2011 domestic Samoan rugby league competition contained 10 teams with plans to expand to 12 in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Rugby_League_Planet_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rugby_League_Planet-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samoa reached the final of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2021 Rugby League World Cup">2021 Rugby League World Cup</a> to face Australia. </p><p>Samoans have been very visible in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">wrestling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a>; some Samoan sumo wrestlers, most famously <a href="/wiki/Musashimaru" class="mw-redirect" title="Musashimaru">Musashimaru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konishiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Konishiki">Konishiki</a>, have reached the highest rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Oozeki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oozeki">Ozeki</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Yokozuna_(sumo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokozuna (sumo)">yokozuna</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> is occasionally played in Samoa, reflecting its wide popularity in <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, where the sport is played under high school sanction. About 30 ethnic Samoans, many from American Samoa, currently play in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. A 2002 article from <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a></i> estimated that a Samoan male (either an American Samoan or a Samoan living in the mainland United States) is 40 times more likely to play in the NFL than a non-Samoan American.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/21px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/42px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Samoa" title="Outline of Samoa">Outline of Samoa</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAH</span>-maw-ə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British/American pronunciation: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">sə-<span style="font-size:90%">MOH</span>-ə</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>: <i lang="sm">Malo Saʻoloto Tutoʻatasi o Sāmoa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>: <i lang="sm">Sāmoa</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈsaːmʊa]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/">"Samoa"</a>. <i>CIA – The World Factbook</i>. 26 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028124346/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Samoa&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsamoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religion_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyeth2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Wyeth, Grant (16 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/">"Samoa Officially Becomes a Christian State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616153746/https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/samoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Samoa+Officially+Becomes+a+Christian+State&rft.date=2017-06-16&rft.aulast=Wyeth&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2017%2F06%2Fsamoa-officially-becomes-a-christian-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbs_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.gov.ws/documents/census/2021/Census_2021_Final_Report.pdf?_t=1670528927">"Samoa Population and Housing Census 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403053500/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/population-demography-and-vital-statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samoa+Population+and+Housing+Census+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.gov.ws%2Fdocuments%2Fcensus%2F2021%2FCensus_2021_Final_Report.pdf%3F_t%3D1670528927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/">"Samoa"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028124346/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samoa&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsamoa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=2&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=862&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Samoa"</a>. International Monetary Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010134944/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=61&pr.y=2&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=862&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samoa&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2018%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D61%26pr.y%3D2%26sy%3D2018%26ey%3D2021%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D862%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samoa_Changes_Timezone-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samoa_Changes_Timezone_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103071659/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-12-30/samoa-skips-friday-in-time-zone-change/3753350">"Samoa skips Friday in time zone change"</a>. <i>ABC Australia</i>. 31 December 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Samoa%2C+Drivers+Switch+to+Left+Side+of+the+Road&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwheels.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F08%2Fin-samoa-drivers-switch-to-left-side-of-the-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley2016" class="citation news cs1">Whitley, David (29 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/76397895/the-22-places-youre-probably-pronouncing-incorrectly">"The 22 places you're probably pronouncing incorrectly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(website)" title="Stuff (website)">Stuff</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220208014714/https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/news/76397895/the-22-places-youre-probably-pronouncing-incorrectly">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Samoa&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558451-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001%2Fm-en_nz-msdict-00001-0046961%3Frskey%3D0FvU7f%26result%3D46966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUptonKretzschmar2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Upton" title="Clive Upton">Upton, Clive</a>; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). <i>The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12566-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-12566-7"><bdi>978-1-138-12566-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Pronunciation+for+Current+English&rft.pages=1179&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-138-12566-7&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Kretzschmar%2C+William+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/samoa">"Definition of 'Samoa'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Collins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190831075311/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/samoa">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+%27Samoa%27&rft.pub=Collins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fsamoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/members/list.shtml">"List of Member States: S"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134907/http://www.un.org/members/list.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=List+of+Member+States%3A+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fmembers%2Flist.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11528257">"The Navigator Islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)" title="The Argus (Melbourne)">The Argus</a></i>. 2 January 1882. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220112142035/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11528257">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Argus&rft.atitle=The+Navigator+Islands&rft.date=1882-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article11528257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CC-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CC_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724221341/http://www.polynesia.com/samoa/island-map.html">"Samoa"</a>. <i>Polynesian Culture Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polynesia.com/samoa/island-map.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polynesian+Culture+Center&rft.atitle=Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polynesia.com%2Fsamoa%2Fisland-map.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenLeach1989" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Roger C.; Leach, Helen M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_98_1989/Volume_98,_No._3/New_information_for_the_Ferry_Berth_site,_Mulifanua,_Western_Samoa,_by_H._M._Leach,_p_319-330/p1">"New Information for the Ferry Berth Site, Mulifanua, Western Samoa"</a>. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 319–330. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704062837/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_98_1989/Volume_98,_No._3/New_information_for_the_Ferry_Berth_site,_Mulifanua,_Western_Samoa,_by_H._M._Leach,_p_319-330/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=New+Information+for+the+Ferry+Berth+Site%2C+Mulifanua%2C+Western+Samoa&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-330&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft.au=Leach%2C+Helen+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_98_1989%2FVolume_98%2C_No._3%2FNew_information_for_the_Ferry_Berth_site%2C_Mulifanua%2C_Western_Samoa%2C_by_H._M._Leach%2C_p_319-330%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Political Economy of Ancient Samoa: Basalt Adze Production and Linkages to Social Status (Winterhoff 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuaalii-SauniTuagaluKirifi-AlaiFuamatu2017" class="citation book cs1">Suaalii-Sauni, Tamasailau M.; Tuagalu, I'uogafa; Kirifi-Alai, Tofilau Nina; Fuamatu, Naomi, eds. (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1057446674"><i>Su'esu'e manogi in search of fragrance : Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi Efi and the Samoan indigenous reference</i></a>. Huia Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-296-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77550-296-8"><bdi>978-1-77550-296-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057446674">1057446674</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618025906/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1057446674">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Su%27esu%27e+manogi+in+search+of+fragrance+%3A+Tui+Atua+Tupua+Tamasese+Ta%27isi+Efi+and+the+Samoan+indigenous+reference&rft.pub=Huia+Publishers&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057446674&rft.isbn=978-1-77550-296-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1057446674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchellingerSalkin1996" class="citation book cs1">Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). <i>International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania</i>. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-04-4"><bdi>1-884964-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%2C+Volume+5%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-884964-04-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rhys Richards, (1992), <i>Samoa's forgotten whaling heritage; American whaling in Samoan waters 1824-1878</i>, Wellington, Lithographic Services, pp.18-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langdon, Robert (1984) <i>Where the whalers went; an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century</i>, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p.215. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086784471X" title="Special:BookSources/086784471X">086784471X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1919" class="citation book cs1">Watson, R.M. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samoa.co.uk/books/history-of-samoa/history-of-samoa-3.html"><i>History of Samoa: THE ADVENT OF THE MISSIONARY. (1830.1839)</i></a>. Chapter III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503192826/http://www.samoa.co.uk/books/history-of-samoa/history-of-samoa-3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Samoa%3A+THE+ADVENT+OF+THE+MISSIONARY.+%281830.1839%29&rft.pages=Chapter+III&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samoa.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fhistory-of-samoa%2Fhistory-of-samoa-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, Barbara A. (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324213507/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC">Archived</a> 24 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 704. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-7109-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-7109-8">0-8160-7109-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rlssite-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rlssite_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109161424/http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/other-writing/22-footnote-to-history">"A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, 1892"</a>. RLS website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robert-louis-stevenson.org/other-writing/22-footnote-to-history">the original</a> on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Footnote+to+History%3A+Eight+Years+of+Trouble+in+Samoa%2C+1892&rft.pub=RLS+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robert-louis-stevenson.org%2Fother-writing%2F22-footnote-to-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/536">A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506083402/https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/536">Archived</a> 6 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> at Gutenberg. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847187598" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847187598">978-1847187598</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1911" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Andrew (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011"><i>The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson Vol 25, Appendix II</i></a>. London: Chatto and Windnes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027055506/https://www.readcentral.com/mobile/chapters/Andrew-Lang/The-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25/011">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Robert+Louis+Stevenson+Vol+25%2C+Appendix+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windnes&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readcentral.com%2Fmobile%2Fchapters%2FAndrew-Lang%2FThe-Works-of-Robert-Louis-Stevenson-Vol-25%2F011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Robert_Louis1892" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). <a href="/wiki/A_Footnote_to_History:_Eight_Years_of_Trouble_in_Samoa" title="A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa"><i>A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</i></a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-0754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-0754-3"><bdi>978-1-4264-0754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Footnote+to+History%3A+Eight+Years+of+Trouble+in+Samoa&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=978-1-4264-0754-3&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Robert+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mains, P. John; McCarty, Louis Philippe (1906). The Statistician and Economist: Volume 23. p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHR-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GHR_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryden, George Herbert. <i>The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa</i>. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pedersen_(historian)" title="Susan Pedersen (historian)">Pedersen, Susan</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957048-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151951/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu2kCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardians%3A+The+League+of+Nations+and+the+Crisis+of+Empire&rft.pages=169-192&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957048-5&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu2kCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryden, p. 571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/pacific/wsamoa18991918.html">World History at KMLA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217013354/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/pacific/wsamoa18991918.html">Archived</a> 17 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, zum.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewthwaite, Gordon R. "Life, Land and Agriculture to Mid-Century," in <i>Western Samoa</i>. Edited by James W. Fox and Kenneth Brailey Cumberland. Christchurch, New Zealand: Whitcomb & Tombs Ltd. 1962, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealand-goes-to-war-first-world-war">"New Zealand goes to war: The Capture of German Samoa"</a>. <i>nzhistory.net.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114222018/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/new-zealand-goes-to-war-first-world-war">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.net.nz&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+goes+to+war%3A+The+Capture+of+German+Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fnew-zealand-goes-to-war-first-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamesrmaclean.com/archives/archive_vocational_imperialism.html">"Imperialism as a Vocation: Class C Mandates"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825102909/http://www.jamesrmaclean.com/archives/archive_vocational_imperialism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Imperialism+as+a+Vocation%3A+Class+C+Mandates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesrmaclean.com%2Farchives%2Farchive_vocational_imperialism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-External_Affairs_Bill_1919-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-External_Affairs_Bill_1919_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"External Affairs Bill", in <i>New Zealand Parliamentary Debates</i>, Vol. 185 (3 October–5 November 1919), p.337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempleton1993" class="citation book cs1">Templeton, Malcolm (1993). <i>An Eye, An Ear, and a Voice: 50 Years in New Zealand's External Relations, 1943–1993</i>. Wellington: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Eye%2C+An+Ear%2C+and+a+Voice%3A+50+Years+in+New+Zealand%27s+External+Relations%2C+1943%E2%80%931993&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic">"The 1918 flu pandemic"</a>. <i>NZHistory.net.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010718/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/influenza-pandemic">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NZHistory.net.nz&rft.atitle=The+1918+flu+pandemic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fculture%2Finfluenza-pandemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendt-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wendt_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_Wendt" class="citation news cs1">Albert Wendt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WenGua-c2.html">"Guardians and Wards: (A study of the origins, causes, and the first two years of the Mau in Western Samoa.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706155117/http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WenGua-c2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Guardians+and+Wards%3A+%28A+study+of+the+origins%2C+causes%2C+and+the+first+two+years+of+the+Mau+in+Western+Samoa.%29&rft.au=Albert+Wendt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzetc.org%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WenGua-c2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkins1992" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkins, Sandra M. (1992). "The Influenza Epidemic of 1918-19 in Western Samoa". <i>Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 181–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223349208572706">10.1080/00223349208572706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25169127">25169127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Influenza+Epidemic+of+1918-19+in+Western+Samoa&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-197&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223349208572706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25169127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tomkins&rft.aufirst=Sandra+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/capture-of-samoa/administration">"Wartime administration – capture of German Samoa"</a>. <i>NZHistory.net.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524060134/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/capture-of-samoa/administration">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NZHistory.net.nz&rft.atitle=Wartime+administration+%E2%80%93+capture+of+German+Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fwar%2Fcapture-of-samoa%2Fadministration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiery1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hiery, Hermann (1992). "West Samoans between Germany and New Zealand 1914–1921". <i>War and Society</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 53–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F072924792791198986">10.1179/072924792791198986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+and+Society&rft.atitle=West+Samoans+between+Germany+and+New+Zealand+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-80&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F072924792791198986&rft.aulast=Hiery&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaracy" class="citation web cs1">Laracy, Hugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/4N5">"Nelson, Olaf Frederick 1883 – 1944"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Nelson%2C+Olaf+Frederick+1883+%E2%80%93+1944&rft.aulast=Laracy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F4N5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127054637/http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/GlobalBits_Parihaka_000.pdf">"The Mau Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaled.org.nz/comm/documents/GlobalBits_Parihaka_000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Mau+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaled.org.nz%2Fcomm%2Fdocuments%2FGlobalBits_Parihaka_000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField,_Michael2006" class="citation book cs1">Field, Michael (2006). <i>Black Saturday: New Zealand's tragic blunders in Samoa</i>. Auckland, N.Z.: Reed Publishing (NZ). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-1103-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7900-1103-5"><bdi>978-0-7900-1103-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Saturday%3A+New+Zealand%27s+tragic+blunders+in+Samoa&rft.place=Auckland%2C+N.Z.&rft.pub=Reed+Publishing+%28NZ%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7900-1103-5&rft.au=Field%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Samoans/1/en">"History and migration: Who are the Samoans?"</a>. <i>Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614111823/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Samoans/1/en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+%2F+Te+Manat%C5%AB+Taonga&rft.atitle=History+and+migration%3A+Who+are+the+Samoans%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FNewZealanders%2FNewZealandPeoples%2FSamoans%2F1%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/samoa">"New Zealand in Samoa, pp. 7–8"</a>. <i>nzhistory.govt.nz</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212085257/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/samoa">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+in+Samoa%2C+pp.+7%E2%80%938&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fsamoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-312543610/view?partId=nla.obj-312598495#page/n9/mode/1up">Restless Samoan Mau</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214215458/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-312543610/view?partId=nla.obj-312598495#page/n9/mode/1up">Archived</a> 14 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i>, October 1936, p8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-315282345/view?partId=nla.obj-315297578#page/n30/mode/1up">"A Step Towards Self-Government"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214215454/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-315282345/view?partId=nla.obj-315297578#page/n30/mode/1up">Archived</a> 14 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i>, September 1959, p29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/wsa19611961n68189/">Western Samoa Act 1961</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170711/http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/wsa19611961n68189/">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (24 November 1961; 1961 No 68). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1961/33.pdf">Resolution 1626 (XVI) of 18 October 1961</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107121323/http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1961/33.pdf">Archived</a> 7 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xii/">Chapter XII. International Trusteeship System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703122531/http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-xii/">Archived</a> 3 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Charter of the United Nations. legal.un.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/4202/celebration-of-samoas-independence-day">Celebration of Samoa's Independence Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200524/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/4202/celebration-of-samoas-independence-day">Archived</a> 2 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.</i> Retrieved 1 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/samoa/event/independence-day">Independence Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052139/http://www.un.int/samoa/event/independence-day">Archived</a> 5 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", United Nations. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIM2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PIM2_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-333446652/view?partId=nla.obj-333560905#page/n103/mode/1up">T.T. Suatipatipa II</a> <i>Pacific Islands Monthly</i>, September 1974, p102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1960_Constitution-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1960_Constitution_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708171858/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/cotisows1960535/">"Constitution of the Independent State of Western Samoa 1960"</a>. University of the South Pacific. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/cotisows1960535/">the original</a> on 8 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Independent+State+of+Western+Samoa+1960&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fws%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act%2Fcotisows1960535%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/uploads/r/united-nations-archives/a/5/8/a5839a368236c935b63e43f930c35ede5935eec012fbc67f557a810d73b37250/S-0904-0070-0013-00001.PDF">"General Assembly admits Western Samoa as 147th United Nations member state"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations. 15 December 1976. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704062824/https://search.archives.un.org/uploads/r/united-nations-archives/a/5/8/a5839a368236c935b63e43f930c35ede5935eec012fbc67f557a810d73b37250/S-0904-0070-0013-00001.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Assembly+admits+Western+Samoa+as+147th+United+Nations+member+state&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1976-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.archives.un.org%2Fuploads%2Fr%2Funited-nations-archives%2Fa%2F5%2F8%2Fa5839a368236c935b63e43f930c35ede5935eec012fbc67f557a810d73b37250%2FS-0904-0070-0013-00001.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux,_Paul1992" class="citation book cs1">Theroux, Paul (1992). <i>The Happy Isles of Oceania: Paddling the Pacific</i>. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons (NZ). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-65898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-65898-5"><bdi>978-0-618-65898-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Happy+Isles+of+Oceania%3A+Paddling+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons+%28NZ%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-618-65898-5&rft.au=Theroux%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/num_act/caa21997295/">Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417083335/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/num_act/caa21997295/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Paclii.org. Retrieved on 9 November 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S_Embassy_in_Samoa_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ws.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/samoan-history/">"Samoan History"</a>. <i>U.S. Embassy in Samoa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414084415/https://ws.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/samoan-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+in+Samoa&rft.atitle=Samoan+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fws.usembassy.gov%2Four-relationship%2Fpolicy-history%2Fsamoan-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2044857">"New Zealand's apology to Samoa"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. 4 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330221446/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=2044857">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+apology+to+Samoa&rft.date=2002-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D2044857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://192.54.242.122/details.php?table=doc_primary&id=164">"Prime Minister Helen Clark's Historic Apology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Minister+Helen+Clark%27s+Historic+Apology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F192.54.242.122%2Fdetails.php%3Ftable%3Ddoc_primary%26id%3D164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/samoa-drivers-switch-left">Samoa switches smoothly to driving on the left</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170757/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/08/samoa-drivers-switch-left">Archived</a> 8 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 8 September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8243110.stm">"Samoa switches to driving on left"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006120158/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8243110.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Samoa+switches+to+driving+on+left&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8243110.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_IDL-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_IDL_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13330592">"Samoa to jump forward in time by one day"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 9 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111231024932/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13330592">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Samoa+to+jump+forward+in+time+by+one+day&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-13330592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMydans2011" class="citation news cs1">Mydans, Seth (29 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/30/world/asia/samoa-to-skip-friday-and-switch-time-zones.html">"Samoa Sacrifices a Day for Its Future"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508014807/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/30/world/asia/samoa-to-skip-friday-and-switch-time-zones.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Samoa+Sacrifices+a+Day+for+Its+Future&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft.aulast=Mydans&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2F30%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsamoa-to-skip-friday-and-switch-time-zones.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-removes-dst.html">"Samoa Scraps Daylight Saving Time (DST)"</a>. <i>www.timeanddate.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011074903/https://www.timeanddate.com/news/time/samoa-removes-dst.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timeanddate.com&rft.atitle=Samoa+Scraps+Daylight+Saving+Time+%28DST%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fnews%2Ftime%2Fsamoa-removes-dst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en">"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ManuSamoa.net&rft.atitle=Rugby+in+Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manusamoa.net%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rugby_League_Planet-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rugby_League_Planet_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rugbyleagueplanet.com/rugby-league-rlp/rlp-nations/samoa">"Samoa"</a>. <i>rugbyleagueplanet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920134235/http://rugbyleagueplanet.com/rugby-league-rlp/rlp-nations/samoa">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyleagueplanet.com&rft.atitle=Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frugbyleagueplanet.com%2Frugby-league-rlp%2Frlp-nations%2Fsamoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rugbyleagueplanet.com/table/international-rugby-league-news/samoa">2019 Oceania Cup Preview - Toa Samoa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213190555/https://www.rugbyleagueplanet.com/table/international-rugby-league-news/samoa/">Archived</a> 13 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>www.rugbyleagueplanet.com</i>, accessed 13 February 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/gen/s/2002/0527/1387562.html">"American football, Samoan style"</a>. <i>ESPN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071116125406/http://espn.go.com/gen/s/2002/0527/1387562.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=American+football%2C+Samoan+style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fgen%2Fs%2F2002%2F0527%2F1387562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Watson, R M, <i>History of Samoa</i> (Wellington, 1918)</li> <li>Meleisea, Malama. <i>The Making of Modern Samoa: Traditional Authority and Colonial Administration in the Modern History of Western Samoa</i>. (Suva, 1987) Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.</li> <li>Schnee, Dr. Heinrich (former Deputy Governor of <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a> and last Governor of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>). 1926. <i>German Colonization, Past and Future: The Truth about the German Colonies.</i> London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>.</li> <li>Eustis, Nelson. [1979] 1980. <i><a href="/wiki/Aggie_Grey" title="Aggie Grey">Aggie Grey</a> of Samoa.</i> Adelaide, South Australia: Hobby Investments. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9595609-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9595609-0-4">0-9595609-0-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Robert_Louis" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Robert Louis. <i>A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</i>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-0754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4264-0754-3"><bdi>978-1-4264-0754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Footnote+to+History%3A+Eight+Years+of+Trouble+in+Samoa&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.isbn=978-1-4264-0754-3&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Robert+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mead, Margaret. 1928, <i>Coming of Age in Samoa: A Study of Adolescence and Sex in Primitive Societies</i>.</li> <li>Freeman, Derek. 1983. <i>Margaret Mead in Samoa: the Making and Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth</i>.</li> <li>Urmenyhazi Attila. 2013 <i>Samoan & Marquesan Life in Oceania: a probing travelogue</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646909127" title="Special:BookSources/9780646909127">9780646909127</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia_Bib_ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia Bib ID (identifier)">NLA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/6377055">6377055</a>.</li> <li>Mallon, Sean. 2002. <i>Samoan Art and Artists</i>. O Measina a Samoa. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2675-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2675-2">0-8248-2675-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1993" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, B.J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1993.10721219">"The land reptiles of Western Samoa"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993JRSNZ..23...79G">1993JRSNZ..23...79G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.1993.10721219">10.1080/03036758.1993.10721219</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=The+land+reptiles+of+Western+Samoa&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.1993.10721219&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993JRSNZ..23...79G&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=B.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03036758.1993.10721219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/legis/hist_act/wsa19611961n68189/">"Western Samoa Act, 1961"</a>. New Zealand Law online. 1961.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Samoa+Act%2C+1961&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Law+online&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Flegis%2Fhist_act%2Fwsa19611961n68189%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Samoa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samoa" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Samoa">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81moa" class="extiw" title="c:Sāmoa">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Samoa" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Samoa">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samoa" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Samoa">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samoa" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Samoa">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samoa" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Samoa">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Samoa" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Samoa">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Samoa" class="extiw" title="voy:Samoa">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683" class="extiw" title="d:Q683">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samoagovt.ws/">Government of Samoa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905064548/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/world-leaders-1/WS.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> <p><b>General information</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/samoa/">Samoa</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/samoa.htm">University of Colorado</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119072610/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/samoa.htm">Archived</a> 19 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15655855">Samoa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Samoa" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Samoa">Wikimedia Atlas of Samoa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samoa.travel">Samoa Tourism Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=WS">Key Development Forecasts for Samoa</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1872673">Samoa</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samoa&params=13_44_42_S_172_13_03_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°44′42″S</span> <span class="longitude">172°13′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.74500°S 172.21750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.74500; -172.21750</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samoa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samoa_topics" title="Template talk:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samoa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoa</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Samoa" title="Archaeology of Samoa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">First Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_crisis" title="Samoan crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Apia_cyclone" title="1889 Apia cyclone">1889 Apia cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Samoa" title="List of colonial governors of Samoa">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">New Zealand occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Upolu" title="Naval Base Upolu">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Western_Samoa" title="Territory of Western Samoa">Trust Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami">2009 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis" title="2021 Samoan constitutional crisis">2021 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Samoa" title="List of bays in Samoa">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Samoa" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Samoa">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Samoa" title="Category:Fauna of Samoa">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Samoan_plant_common_names" title="List of Samoan plant common names">Samoan plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Samoa" title="List of rivers of Samoa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili" title="Silisili">Silisili (mountain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa" title="Cabinet of Samoa">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai"><i>Faʻamatai</i> (chiefly system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Samoa" title="Foreign relations of Samoa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service" title="Samoa Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Samoa" title="Military of Samoa">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Samoa" title="Government ministries of Samoa">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo"><i>O le Ao o le Malo</i> (head of state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Samoa" title="List of political parties in Samoa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Samoan tālā">Tālā (currency)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoan_pound" title="Western Samoan pound">Western Samoan pound</a> (historic)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Samoa" title="Transport in Samoa">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Samoa" title="Category:Society of Samoa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Banner_of_Freedom" title="The Banner of Freedom">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa" title="Coat of arms of Samoa">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoan_dances" title="Category:Samoan dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_S%C4%81moa" title="Faʻa Sāmoa">Faʻa Sāmoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_literature" title="Samoan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_proverbs" title="Samoan proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Samoa" title="Public holidays in Samoa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony" title="ʻAva ceremony">ʻAva ceremony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Samoa" title="Outline of Samoa">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa" title="Category:Samoa">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Commonwealth" title="Template talk:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Commonwealth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Commonwealth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a><br />(members)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini (Swaziland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries">Commonwealth Secretariat – Member Countries</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q683#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000113544865">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134228520">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv4hHHRvbR4V8thFktkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079249-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97089384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131734450">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131734450">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568550">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Západní Samoa (Samojské ostrovy : souostroví)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge295647&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Samoa (stát)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1053409&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftww22114wngz3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545030305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/2cc3ea35-b05a-3ec0-a5a2-88e8a482854a">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/10e4b87b-43ff-44ba-81a2-535d3f6e2884">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/HOeNC0P2">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03519765X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035729">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=15886">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa&oldid=1258814405">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoa&oldid=1258814405</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa" title="Category:Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Oceania" title="Category:1962 establishments in Oceania">1962 establishments in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archipelagoes_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean">Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Polynesia" title="Category:Countries in Polynesia">Countries in Polynesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language">Countries and territories where English is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Island_countries" title="Category:Island countries">Island countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations">Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Category:Small Island Developing States">Small Island Developing States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1962" title="Category:States and territories established in 1962">States and territories established in 1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations">Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Oceania" title="Category:Countries in Oceania">Countries in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_least_developed_countries" 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