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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pan-ethnic populace of the modern State of Israel. For the ancient people, see <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. For a demographical overview, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Israelis (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יִשְׂרְאֵלִים‎, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Yīśreʾēlīm; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إسرائيليون, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Isrāʾīliyyūn) are the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">citizens and nationals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>. The country's populace is composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a>, who respectively account for 75 percent and 20 percent of the national figure, followed by <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">other ethnic and religious minorities</a>, who account for 5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-2014-data-17">[17]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Israelis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>ישראלים‎ <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>إسرائيليون‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/220px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/330px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/440px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Flag of Israel</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Israeli_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Israeli diaspora</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Israel</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9.8 million (including <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territories</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">106,839<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> – 500,000<a href="#cite_note-jj-pop-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lahav_2005_89-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (80,000 in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moscow" title="History of the Jews in Moscow">Moscow</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-lubavitch.com-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">India</th><td class="infobox-data">40–70,000<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-article-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">11,892<a href="#cite_note-ISLON-8">[8]</a> – 50,000<a href="#cite_note-ISLON-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">21,320<a href="#cite_note-www40.statcan.gc.ca-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-israelis-in-australia-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">10,371<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a> (official) <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Arabic</a> (recognized) English, Russian, French, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, various others (see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel#Other_spoken_languages" title="Languages of Israel">languages of Israel</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Early <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israeli culture</a> was largely defined by communities of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> who had made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Palestine</a> from <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Western Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="History of the Jews in North Africa (disambiguation)">North Africa</a> in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. Later Jewish immigration from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">states of the former Soviet Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> introduced new cultural elements to Israeli society and have had a profound impact on modern Israeli culture. Since Israel's independence in 1948, Israelis and people of Israeli descent have had a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli diaspora">considerable diaspora</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">largely overlaps with the Jewish diaspora</a> but also with that of other ethnic and religious groups; it is estimated that almost 10 percent of the general Israeli population lives abroad, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Russia</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> housing the single largest Israeli community outside of Israel), <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_India" title="Israelis in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadians" title="Israeli Canadians">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israelis in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">United States</a>, and throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Population">1 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ethnic_and_religious_groups">2 Ethnic and religious groups</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Jews">2.1 Jews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Arabic-speaking_minorities">2.2 Arabic-speaking minorities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Arab_Palestinians">2.2.1 Arab Palestinians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Negev_Bedouin">2.2.2 Negev Bedouin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Druze">2.2.3 Druze</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Maronites">2.2.4 Maronites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Copts">2.2.5 Copts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Arameans">2.2.6 Arameans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Assyrians">2.2.7 Assyrians</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_citizens">2.3 Other citizens</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#African_Hebrew_Israelites">2.3.1 African Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Armenians">2.3.2 Armenians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Caucasians">2.3.3 Caucasians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Circassians">2.3.4 Circassians</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#East_Europeans">2.3.5 East Europeans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Finns">2.3.6 Finns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Samaritans">2.3.7 Samaritans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Vietnamese">2.3.8 Vietnamese</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Non-citizens">2.4 Non-citizens</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#African_refugees">2.4.1 African refugees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Other_refugees">2.4.2 Other refugees</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Israeli_diaspora">2.5 Israeli diaspora</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#United_States">2.5.1 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Russia">2.5.2 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Canada">2.5.3 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#United_Kingdom">2.5.4 United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#2013_Supreme_Court_ruling_on_nationality">2.6 2013 Supreme Court ruling on nationality</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Culture">4 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Religion">4.1 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Languages">5 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div> As of 2013, Israel's population is 8 million, of which the Israeli civil government records 75.3% as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, 20.7% as non-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, and 4.0% other.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_month_pop-19">[19]</a> Israel's official census includes Israeli settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territories</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCPT-20">[20]</a> (referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel#Disputed" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of territories captured by Israel">disputed</a>" by Israel). 280,000 Israeli settlers live in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">settlements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli-occupied West Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCPT-20">[20]</a> 190,000 in <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BBCPT-20">[20]</a> and 20,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNGolanHeights-21">[21]</a> Among Jews, 70.3% were <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">born in Israel</a> (sabras), mostly from the second or third generation of their family in the country, and the rest are <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigrants</a>. Of the Jewish immigrants, 20.5% were from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2% were from Asia, Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Middle Eastern countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_month_pop-19">[19]</a> Nearly half of all Israeli Jews are descended from immigrants from the European Jewish diaspora. Approximately the same number are descended from immigrants from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia. Over 200,000 are of Ethiopian and Indian-Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-cbs.gov.il-22">[22]</a> The official <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a> estimate of the Israeli Jewish population does not include those Israeli citizens, mostly descended from <a href="/wiki/Russian_immigration_to_Israel_in_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s">immigrants from the Soviet Union</a>, who are registered as "others", or their immediate family members. Defined as non-Jews and non-Arabs, they make up about 3.5% of Israelis (350,000),<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Israel's official language is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, which serves as the language of government and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Jewish community. English is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include Russian, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, Armenian, Romanian, and French.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In recent decades, between 650,000 and 1,300,000 Israelis have emigrated,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> a phenomenon known in Hebrew as <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">yerida</a> ("descent", in contrast to aliyah, which means "ascent"). Emigrants have various reasons for leaving, but there is generally a combination of economic and political concerns. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Ethnic_and_religious_groups">Ethnic and religious groups</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Doms in Israel</a></div> The main Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious groups</a> are as follows: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/Shalom" title="Shalom"><noscript><img alt="שָׁלוֹם" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/40px-Shalom2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/40px-Shalom2.svg.png" data-alt="שָׁלוֹם" data-width="40" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/60px-Shalom2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shalom2.svg/80px-Shalom2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew text</a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behatted_girls_with_matzah_(5607814995).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg/260px-Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg/260px-Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg/390px-Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg/520px-Behatted_girls_with_matzah_%285607814995%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Israeli girls in the 1960s, eating <a href="/wiki/Matzah" title="Matzah">matzot</a>—<a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> traditionally eaten by Jews during <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a></figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Israeli-born Jewish</a> population, most are descended from <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish ethnic divisions</a>. Due to the historically large Mizrahi population and decades of ethnic intermixing, over 50% of Israel's current Jewish population is of at least partial Mizrahi descent.<a href="#cite_note-Promised_Land_2014-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The CBS traces the paternal country of origin of Israeli Jews as of 2010 is as follows.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Country of origin </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Born abroad </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Israeli born </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Total </td> <td>1,610,900 </td> <td>4,124,400 </td> <td>5,753,300 </td> <td>100.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Asia </td> <td>201,000 </td> <td>494,200 </td> <td>695,200 </td> <td>12.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>25,700 </td> <td>52,500 </td> <td>78,100 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td>62,600 </td> <td>173,300 </td> <td>235,800 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a> </td> <td>28,400 </td> <td>111,100 </td> <td>139,500 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Iran</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> </td> <td>49,300 </td> <td>92,300 </td> <td>141,600 </td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>17,600 </td> <td>29,000 </td> <td>46,600 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syria</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td>10,700 </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>35,700 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Other </td> <td>6,700 </td> <td>11,300 </td> <td>18,000 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/African_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="African Jews">Africa</a> </td> <td>315,800 </td> <td>572,100 </td> <td>887,900 </td> <td>15.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a> </td> <td>153,600 </td> <td>339,600 </td> <td>493,200 </td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a> </td> <td>43,200 </td> <td>91,700 </td> <td>134,900 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a> </td> <td>15,800 </td> <td>53,500 </td> <td>69,400 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td>18,500 </td> <td>39,000 </td> <td>57,500 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td>81,600 </td> <td>38,600 </td> <td>110,100 </td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Other </td> <td>13,100 </td> <td>9,700 </td> <td>22,800 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews and Judaism in Europe">Europe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td>1,094,100 </td> <td>829,700 </td> <td>1,923,800 </td> <td>33.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> </td> <td>651,400 </td> <td>241,000 </td> <td>892,400 </td> <td>15.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>51,300 </td> <td>151,000 </td> <td>202,300 </td> <td>3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td>88,600 </td> <td>125,900 </td> <td>214,400 </td> <td>3.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a> </td> <td>16,400 </td> <td>32,600 </td> <td>49,000 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td>24,500 </td> <td>50,600 </td> <td>75,200 </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>/<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>45,000 </td> <td>64,900 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a> </td> <td>41,100 </td> <td>26,900 </td> <td>68,000 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>21,000 </td> <td>19,900 </td> <td>40,800 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Europe, other </td> <td>27,000 </td> <td>29,900 </td> <td>56,900 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">North America/Oceania </td> <td>90,500 </td> <td>63,900 </td> <td>154,400 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews of Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td>35,500 </td> <td>26,100 </td> <td>61,600 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Latin America">Latin America</a>, other </td> <td>26,900 </td> <td>17,000 </td> <td>43,900 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Land_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">— </td> <td>2,246,300 </td> <td>2,246,300 </td> <td>39.0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic-speaking_minorities">Arabic-speaking minorities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab_Palestinians">Arab Palestinians</h4></div> A large part of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate</a>-period <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Arab Palestinians</a> remained within Israel's borders following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian exodus">1948 exodus</a> and are the largest group of Arabic-speaking and culturally Arab citizens of Israel. The vast majority of the Arab citizens of Israel are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Muslim, while 9% of them are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and 7.1% of them are <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> As of 2013, the Arab population of Israel amounts to 1,658,000, about 20.7% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_month_pop-19">[19]</a> This figure include 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> According to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> census in 2010, the Arab population in Israel lives in <a href="/wiki/Arab_localities_in_Israel" title="Arab localities in Israel">134 Arabic towns and villages</a>; around 44% of them live in towns, while 48% of them in villages with the status of <a href="/wiki/Local_council_(Israel)" title="Local council (Israel)">Local council</a>, and around 4% live in small villages that are part of <a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Research-33">[33]</a> The Arab population in Israel is located in five main areas: <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> (54.6% of total Israeli Arabs), <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> (23.5% of total Israeli Arabs), <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and Northern <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> (13.5% of total Israeli Arabs).<a href="#cite_note-Research-33">[33]</a> Around 8.4% of Israeli Arabs live in officially mixed Jewish-Arab cities (excluding Arab residents in East Jerusalem), in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramle">Ramle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_Tarshiha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alot Tarshiha">Ma'alot Tarshiha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negev_Bedouin">Negev Bedouin</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev Bedouin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouin" title="Galilee Bedouin">Galilee Bedouin</a></div> The Arab citizens of Israel also include the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>. Israeli Bedouin include those who live in the north of the country, for the most part in villages and towns, and the Bedouin in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, who are semi-nomadic or live in towns or <a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel" title="Unrecognized Bedouin villages in Israel">unrecognized Bedouin villages</a>. In 1999, 110,000 Bedouin lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Bedouin_Demographics-35">[35]</a> As of 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev Bedouin</a> number 200,000–210,000.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-newint.org-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Druze">Druze</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Druze">Israeli Druze</a></div> There is also a significant population of Israeli <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, estimated at 117,500 at the end of 2006.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> All Druze in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate Palestine</a> became Israeli citizens upon the foundation of the State of Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maronites">Maronites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites in Israel</a></div> There are about 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronite Christian</a> Israelis, living mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> but also in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. They are mostly pro-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> former militia members and their families who fled Lebanon after the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_southern_Lebanon#Withdrawal_from_the_security_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon">2000 withdrawal of IDF from South Lebanon</a>. Some, however, are from local Galilean communities such as <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copts">Copts</h4></div> There are about 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> Israeli citizens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arameans">Arameans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Arameans in Israel</a></div> In September 2014, Israel recognized the "Aramean" ethnic identity of hundreds of the Christian citizens of Israel. This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel – Aram, led by IDF Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadi_Khalloul_Risho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadi Khalloul Risho (page does not exist)">Shadi Khalloul Risho</a> and the Israeli Christian Recruitment Forum, headed by <a href="/wiki/Father_Gabriel_Naddaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Gabriel Naddaf">Father Gabriel Naddaf</a> of the Greek-Orthodox Church and Major Ihab Shlayan. The Aramean ethnic identity will now encompass all the Christian Eastern Syriac churches in Israel, including the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic">Greek Catholic</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a> Church and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> Church.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assyrians">Assyrians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians in Israel</a></div> There are around 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> living in Israel, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>. Assyrians are an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>-speaking, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Rite</a> Christian minority who are descended from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamians">Mesopotamians</a>. The old <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> monastery of Saint Mark lies in Jerusalem. Other than followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, there are also followers of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> living in Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_citizens">Other citizens</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Hebrew_Israelites">African Hebrew Israelites</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem</a></div> The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a small religious community whose members believe they are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of Israel. Most of the over 5,000 members live in <a href="/wiki/Dimona,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimona, Israel">Dimona, Israel</a> although there are additional, smaller, groups in <a href="/wiki/Arad,_Israel" title="Arad, Israel">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitzpe_Ramon" title="Mitzpe Ramon">Mitzpe Ramon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> area. At least some of them consider themselves to be Jewish, but Israeli authorities do not accept them as such, nor are their religious practices consistent with "mainstream Jewish tradition."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The group, which consists of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> and their descendants, originated in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in the early 1960s, moved to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> for a few years, and then immigrated to Israel.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenians">Armenians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians in Israel</a></div> There are about 4,000–10,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> citizens of Israel (not including Armenian Jews). They live mostly in Jerusalem, including the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a>, but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa. Their religious activities center around the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> as well as churches in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa. Although Armenians of <a href="/wiki/Old_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Jerusalem">Old Jerusalem</a> have Israeli identity cards, they are officially holders of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanian</a> passports.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasians">Caucasians</h4></div> A number of immigrants also belong to various non-Slavic ethnic groups from the Former Soviet Union such as <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circassians">Circassians</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians in Israel</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cherkess7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cherkess7.jpg/300px-Cherkess7.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cherkess7.jpg/300px-Cherkess7.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cherkess7.jpg/450px-Cherkess7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cherkess7.jpg/600px-Cherkess7.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Circassian youth showcasing traditional male and female Circassian costumes in Israel</figcaption></figure> In Israel, there are also a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, living mostly in <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Kama" title="Kfar Kama">Kfar Kama</a> (2,000) and <a href="/wiki/Rehaniya" title="Rehaniya">Reyhaniye</a> (1,000).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a>, a status aparte. Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Europeans">East Europeans</h4></div> Non-Jewish immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet Union</a> most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Zera_Yisrael" title="Zera Yisrael">Zera Yisrael</a> (descendants of Jews) who are <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovans" title="Moldovans">Moldovans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, who were eligible to immigrate due to having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent. In addition, a certain number of former Soviet citizens, primarily women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnicity, immigrated to Israel after marrying Arab citizens of Israel who went to study in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. The total number of those primarily of Slavic ancestry among Israeli citizens is around 300,000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finns">Finns</h4></div> Although most Finns in Israel are either Finnish Jews or their descendants, a small number of Finnish Christians moved to Israel in the 1940s before the independence of the state and have since gained citizenship. For the most part the original Finnish settlers intermarried with other Israeli communities, and therefore remain very small in number. A moshav near Jerusalem named "<a href="/wiki/Yad_HaShmona" title="Yad HaShmona">Yad HaShmona</a>", meaning the Memorial for the eight, was established in 1971 by a group of Finnish Christian Israelis, though today most members are Israeli, and predominantly Hebrew-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samaritans">Samaritans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Ancestrally, they are descended from a group of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> inhabitants who have connections to ancient <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> up to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Population estimates made in 2007 show that of the 712 Samaritans, half live in <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> in Israel and half at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a> in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli-controlled enclave (<a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Luza" title="Kiryat Luza">Kiryat Luza</a>), holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnamese">Vietnamese</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Vietnamese_following_the_Hebrew_teacher_in_the_Ulpan_at_the_Absorption_Center_in_Afula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ulpan for Vietnamese refugees in <a href="/wiki/Afula" title="Afula">Afula</a>, 1979</figcaption></figure> The number of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese" title="Overseas Vietnamese">Vietnamese people</a> in Israel is estimated at 200–400.<a href="#cite_note-auto-47">[47]</a> Most of them came to Israel between 1976 and 1979, after the Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> granted them political asylum.<a href="#cite_note-auto-47">[47]</a> The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Today, the majority of the community lives in the <a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a> area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-citizens">Non-citizens</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_refugees">African refugees</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_refugees_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese refugees in Israel">Sudanese refugees in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg/220px-Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="210"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg/220px-Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Meeting_between_Sudanese_refugees_and_Israeli_students.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Meeting between Sudanese refugees and Israeli students, 2007</figcaption></figure> The number and status of African refugees in Israel is disputed and controversial, but it is estimated that at least 16,000 refugees, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, reside and work in Israel. A check in late 2011, published in Ynet reported that the number just in Tel Aviv is 40,000, which represents 10 percent of the city's population. The vast majority lives in the southern parts of the city. There is also a significant African population in the southern Israeli cities of Eilat, Arad and Beer Sheva.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_refugees">Other refugees</h4></div> Approximately 100–200 refugees from <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> live in Israel as refugees, most of them with Israeli resident status.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_diaspora">Israeli diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></div> Through the years, the majority of Israelis who emigrated from Israel went to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. It is currently estimated that there are 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living abroad, or even more.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The number of immigrants to Israel who later returned to their home countries or moved elsewhere is more difficult to calculate. For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In The Israeli Diaspora sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, "Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement – Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere – clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Among the most common reasons for emigration of Israelis from Israel are most often due to Israel's ongoing security issues, economic constraints, economic characteristics, disappointment in the Israeli government, as well as the excessive role of religion in the lives of Israelis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli American">Israeli American</a></div> Many Israelis immigrated to the United States throughout the period of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declaration of the state of Israel</a> and until today. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-Americans.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Census">2000 United States Census</a>, 106,839 Americans also hold Israeli citizenship, but the number of Americans of Israeli descent is around half a million.<a href="#cite_note-jj-pop-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lahav_2005_89-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4></div> Moscow has the largest single Israeli <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> community in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizens living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers.<a href="#cite_note-lubavitch.com-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the community, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Israeli cultural centres</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Canadian">Israeli Canadian</a></div> Many Israelis immigrated to Canada throughout the period of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declaration of the state of Israel</a> and until today. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-Canadians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/Canada_2006_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 2006 Census">Canada 2006 Census</a> as many as 21,320 Israelis lived in Canada in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-www40.statcan.gc.ca-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Israelis in the United Kingdom">Israelis in the United Kingdom</a></div> Many Israelis immigrated to the United Kingdom throughout and since the period of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declaration of the state of Israel</a>. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-British.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">United Kingdom 2001 Census</a>, as many as 11,892 Israelis lived in the United Kingdom in 2001. The majority live in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013_Supreme_Court_ruling_on_nationality">2013 Supreme Court ruling on nationality</h3></div> In 2013 a three-judge panel of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>'s headed by Court President <a href="/wiki/Asher_Grunis" title="Asher Grunis">Asher Grunis</a> rejected an appeal requesting that state-issued identification cards state the nationality of citizens as "Israeli" rather than their religion of origin. In his opinion, Grunis stated that it was not within the court's purview to determine new categories of ethnicity or nationhood. The court's decision responded to a petition by Uzzi Ornan, who refused to be identified as Jewish in 1948 at the foundation of the state of Israel, claiming instead that he was "Hebrew." This was permitted by Israeli authorities at the time. However, by 2000, Ornan wanted to register his nationality as "Israeli". The Interior Ministry refused to allow this, prompting Ornan to file a suit. In 2007, Ornan's suit was joined by former minister <a href="/wiki/Shulamit_Aloni" title="Shulamit Aloni">Shulamit Aloni</a> and other activists.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In the ruling, Justice Hanan Melcer noted Israel currently considers "citizenship and nationality [to be] separate."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelis&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AIsraelis&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Israelis">making an edit request</a>. (October 2009)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> The term "Israelite" refers to members of the Jewish tribes and polities of the Iron Age known from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and extra-biblical historical and archaeological sources. The term "Israeli", by contrast, refers to the citizens of the modern State of Israel, regardless of them being Jewish, Arabs, or of any other ethnicity. The modern State of Israel revived an old name known from the Hebrew Bible and from historical sources, that of the Iron Age Kingdom of Israel. The Bible differentiates between a period of tribal rule among the "children of Israel"; a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> uniting all twelve biblical Israelite tribes, with the common capital known as the <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a> (Jerusalem); and a period in which the northern tribes split away to form an independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, while the southern tribes became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>. Archaeological research only partially agrees with the biblical narrative.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the biblical account, the United Monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a monarchy to rule over the previously decentralised Israelite tribal confederacy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Increasing pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and other neighboring tribes is said by the Bible to have forced the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> to unite as a more singular state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 720 BCE by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its population was forcibly restructured through imperial policy. The southern Kingdom of Judah was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE), inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, conquered by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (332 BCE), ruled by the resulting Hellenistic empires, from which it regained authonomy and eventually independence under the <a href="/wiki/Hasmoneans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmoneans">Hasmoneans</a>, conquered by the Roman Republic in 63 BCE, ruled by the client kings of the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a>, and finally transformed into a Roman province during the first century CE. Two Jewish revolts, the second one ending in 135 CE, led to the large-scale decimation of the Jewish population in Judea and the end of any type of Jewish territorial self-rule in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> for many centuries to come. Palestine was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from 1516 until it was <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">taken by British forces</a> in 1918. The British establishment of colonial political boundaries allowed the Jews to develop autonomous institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a> and the Knesset.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The resulting influx of Jewish immigrants, as well as the creation of many new settlements, was crucial for the functioning of these new institutions in what would, on 14 May 1948, become the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> By 1960, 25% of Israelis were Holocaust survivors.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israelis" title="List of Israelis">List of Israelis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music of Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology in Israel</a></div> The largest cities in the country <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> are also the major cultural centers, known for art museums, and many towns and kibbutzim have smaller high-quality museums. Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern, religious and secular music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> and more modern cultural importation: <a href="/wiki/Hassidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassidic">Hassidic</a> songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially by Yemenite singers, and Israeli <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>. Folk dancing, which draws upon the cultural heritage of many immigrant groups, is popular. There is also flourishing modern dance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holidays_and_events_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays and events in Israel">Holidays and events in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Temple_Mount_Western_Wall_on_Shabbat_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2014, 75% of Israelis were <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> by religion (adherents of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>), 17.5% were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and the remaining 3.9% (including immigrants) were not classified by religion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Roughly 12% of Israeli Jews defined as <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">haredim</a> (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 35% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish religious law</a>); and 43% are "secular" (termed "<a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">hiloni</a>"). Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. However, 78% of all Israelis (and virtually all Israeli Jews) participate in a Passover seder.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Unlike North American Jews, Israelis tend not to align themselves with a movement of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>) but instead tend to define their religious affiliation by degree of their religious practice. Israeli religious life, unlike much of North American Jewish life, does not solely revolve around synagogues or religious community centers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab Israelis</a>, 82.6% were Muslim (including <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>), 8.8% were <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and 8.4% were <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pdf2-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre" title="Baháʼí World Centre">Baháʼí World Centre</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>, in Haifa attracts Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">pilgrims</a> from all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada_road_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Masada_road_sign.jpg/170px-Masada_road_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Masada_road_sign.jpg/170px-Masada_road_sign.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Masada_road_sign.jpg/255px-Masada_road_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Masada_road_sign.jpg/340px-Masada_road_sign.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trilingual road sign in Israel</figcaption></figure> Due to its immigrant nature, Israel is one of the most multicultural and multilingual societies in the world. <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> are the official languages in the country, while English and Russian are the two most widely spoken non-official languages. Yiddish (2%) and French (2%) are also spoken.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A certain degree of English is spoken widely, and is the language of choice for many Israeli businesses.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Courses of Hebrew and English are mandatory in the <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Israeli matriculation exams</a> (bagrut), and most schools also offer one or more out of Arabic, Spanish, German or French.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Israeli government also offers free intensive Hebrew-language courses, known as <a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">ulpanim</a> (singular ulpan), for new Jewish immigrants, to try to help them integrate into Israeli society.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> (Israeli Hebrew)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2023/424/11_23_424b.pdf">"Population of Israel on the Eve of 2024"</a> (PDF) (in Hebrew). Central Bureau of Statistics, State of Israel. 28 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Israel+on+the+Eve+of+2024&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics%2C+State+of+Israel&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fhe%2Fmediarelease%2FDocLib%2F2023%2F424%2F11_23_424b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">Ancestry: 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf">Archived</a> 4 December 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives </li> <li id="cite_note-jj-pop-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jj-pop_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jj-pop_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPINI_HERMAN2012" class="citation news cs1">PINI HERMAN (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/israel/article/rumors_of_mass_israeli_emigration_are_much_exaggerated_20120425">"Rumors of mass Israeli emigration are much exaggerated"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles">Jewish Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828112316/http://www.jewishjournal.com/israel/article/rumors_of_mass_israeli_emigration_are_much_exaggerated_20120425">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=Rumors+of+mass+Israeli+emigration+are+much+exaggerated&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.au=PINI+HERMAN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishjournal.com%2Fisrael%2Farticle%2Frumors_of_mass_israeli_emigration_are_much_exaggerated_20120425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lahav_2005_89-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lahav_2005_89_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lahav_2005_89_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallya_LahavAsher_Arian2005" class="citation book cs1">Gallya Lahav; Asher Arian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SG3ZXGZ_VvUC&q=Gallya+Lahav+and+Asher+Arian+Diaspora&pg=RA1-PA83">'Israelis in a Jewish diaspora: The multiple dilemmas of a globalized group' in International Migration and the Globalization of Domestic Politics ed. Rey Koslowski</a>. London: Routledge. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25815-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25815-4"><bdi>0-415-25815-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154826/https://books.google.com/books?id=SG3ZXGZ_VvUC&q=Gallya+Lahav+and+Asher+Arian+Diaspora&pg=RA1-PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Israelis+in+a+Jewish+diaspora%3A+The+multiple+dilemmas+of+a+globalized+group%27+in+International+Migration+and+the+Globalization+of+Domestic+Politics+ed.+Rey+Koslowski&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-25815-4&rft.au=Gallya+Lahav&rft.au=Asher+Arian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSG3ZXGZ_VvUC%26q%3DGallya%2BLahav%2Band%2BAsher%2BArian%2BDiaspora%26pg%3DRA1-PA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> [100,000 Former Soviet Jews in Israel Return To Russia, By Michael Mainville, The Toronto Star] </li> <li id="cite_note-lubavitch.com-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lubavitch.com_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lubavitch.com_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lubavitch.com/news/article/2030745/Israelis-Find-A-Lively-Jewish-Niche-in-Moscow.html">Israelis Find A Lively Jewish Niche in Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815031657/http://lubavitch.com/news/article/2030745/Israelis-Find-A-Lively-Jewish-Niche-in-Moscow.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Rena Greenberg – Moscow, Russia, 19 March 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-article-7"><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-article_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Craig_Copetas2007" class="citation news cs1">A. Craig Copetas (19 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a12JnKt1Pwlc">"Karma Kosher Conscripts in New-Age Diaspora Seek Refuge in Goa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg.com">Bloomberg.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924133007/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a12JnKt1Pwlc">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Karma+Kosher+Conscripts+in+New-Age+Diaspora+Seek+Refuge+in+Goa&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.au=A.+Craig+Copetas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3Da12JnKt1Pwlc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISLON-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISLON_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISLON_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160158/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2008/03/30/107719/israelisinlondon">"Israelis in London prefer their own"</a>. 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1055-9"><bdi>978-3-8258-1055-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154904/https://books.google.com/books?id=M-YEcgmaAdAC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. 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Retrieved 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYT&rft.atitle=Readers+Recall+Heroic+War+Efforts&rft.date=1997-02-07&rft.aulast=Landers&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F1997%2F02%2F07%2Freaders-recall-heroic-war-efforts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/35-years-on-where-are-israels-vietnamese-refugees/">"35 years on, where are Israel's Vietnamese refugees?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731171524/https://www.timesofisrael.com/35-years-on-where-are-israels-vietnamese-refugees/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=35+years+on%2C+where+are+Israel%27s+Vietnamese+refugees%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2F35-years-on-where-are-israels-vietnamese-refugees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichner" class="citation news cs1">Eichner, Itamar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4024363,00.html">"North Korean couple gets refugee status in Israel"</a>. Ynet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706230401/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4024363,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=North+Korean+couple+gets+refugee+status+in+Israel&rft.aulast=Eichner&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4024363%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Migration_from_Israel.pdf">"4. MIGRATION FROM ISRAEL"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/JPPI" class="mw-redirect" title="JPPI">JPPI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628135810/http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Migration_from_Israel.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPPI&rft.atitle=4.+MIGRATION+FROM+ISRAEL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjppi.org.il%2Fuploads%2FMigration_from_Israel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Henry Kamm. "Israeli emigration inspires anger and fear;" New York Times 4 January 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Stephen J. Gold. The Israeli Diaspora; Routledge 2002, p.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.575660">Russian-born Israelis chase capitalist dreams to Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150212091930/http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.575660">Archived</a> 12 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Ofer Matan, 21 February 2014, Haaretz </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://il4u.org.il/icc">Israeli cultural centers (News)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722095000/http://il4u.org.il/icc">Archived</a> 22 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://il4u.org.il/icc">http://il4u.org.il/icc</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalman" class="citation web cs1">Kalman, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/supreme-court-rules-israeli-ethnicity-doesnt-exist/">"Supreme Court rules against 'Israeli' ethnicity on ID"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140127030050/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/articles/debate/7707-court-denial-of-israeli-nationality-reinforces-discrimination">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+rules+against+%27Israeli%27+ethnicity+on+ID&rft.aulast=Kalman&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsupreme-court-rules-israeli-ethnicity-doesnt-exist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2013" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Neve (21 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/high-court-rules-it-impossible-be-israeli-201310201360824801.html">"High court rules: It is impossible to be Israeli"</a>. Al Jazeera. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002064847/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/10/high-court-rules-it-impossible-be-israeli-201310201360824801.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=High+court+rules%3A+It+is+impossible+to+be+Israeli&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Neve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F10%2Fhigh-court-rules-it-impossible-be-israeli-201310201360824801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Migdal, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Migdal, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatt2024" class="citation book cs1">Patt, Avinoam J. (2024). Israel and the Holocaust. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-18834-1"><bdi>978-1-350-18834-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-18834-1&rft.aulast=Patt&rft.aufirst=Avinoam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> See p. 44. Caution is needed, however, on the definition used here of survivor; see the relevant endnote, n.17 on p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151113175654/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_02&CYear=2015">"Population by Religion"</a>. Central Bureau of Statistics. 9 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_02&CYear=2015">the original</a> on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Population+by+Religion&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Ftempl_shnaton_e.html%3Fnum_tab%3Dst02_02%26CYear%3D2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm">Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806091726/http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Daniel J. Elazar (JCPA) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOri_Stendel1996" class="citation book cs1">Ori Stendel (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45">The Arabs in Israel</a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1898723249" title="Special:BookSources/1898723249"><bdi>1898723249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928154827/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7Ao8dYsCskC&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1898723249&rft.au=Ori+Stendel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7Ao8dYsCskC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdf2-62"><a href="#cite_ref-pdf2_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Bureau_of_Statistics" class="citation web cs1">Central Bureau of Statistics, Government of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410121622/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf">"Population, by religion and population group"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+by+religion+and+population+group&rft.aulast=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton56%2Fst02_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629171538/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html">"The Baháʼí World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community"</a>. The Baháʼí International Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+World+Centre%3A+Focal+Point+for+a+Global+Community&rft.pub=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+International+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.bahai.org%2Farticle-1-6-0-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruckman" class="citation news cs1">Druckman, Yaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4335235,00.html">"CBS: 27% of Israelis struggle with Hebrew"</a>. Ynet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415064200/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4335235,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynet&rft.atitle=CBS%3A+27%25+of+Israelis+struggle+with+Hebrew&rft.aulast=Druckman&rft.aufirst=Yaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4335235%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsraelis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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Commons</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/People/Pages/SOCIETY.aspx">People of Israel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)">Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050101033711/http://www.cbs.gov.il/engindex.htm">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelis&oldid=1252600894">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israelis&oldid=1252600894</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Israelis&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 October 2024, at 02:39 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إسرائيليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسرائيليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sraillil%C9%99r" title="İsraillilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsraillilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelians" title="Israelians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Israelians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelci" title="Izraelci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izraelci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliaid" title="Israeliaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Israeliaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelere" title="Israelere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Israelere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Israelis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_israel%C3%AD" title="Pueblo israelí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo israelí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeldar" title="Israeldar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Israeldar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اسرائیلی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسرائیلی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A9liens" title="Israéliens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Israéliens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%C3%ABrs" title="Israeliërs – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Israeliërs" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98%EC%9D%B8" title="이스라엘인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իսրայելցիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսրայելցիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Israel" title="Bangsa Israel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangsa Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeliani" title="Israeliani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Israeliani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ישראלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישראלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelianina" title="Israelianina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Israelianina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اسرائيليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسرائيليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ယဟူဒီလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယဟူဒီလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="イスラエル人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエル人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelere" title="Israelere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Israelere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسرائیلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسرائیلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelczycy" title="Izraelczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izraelczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelenses" title="Israelenses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Israelenses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelieni" title="Israelieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Israelieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Израильтяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Израильтяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelit%C3%ABt" title="Izraelitët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izraelitët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli" title="Israeli – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Israeli" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelci" title="Izraelci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izraelci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئیسرائیلییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسرائیلییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Израелци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Израелци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelci" title="Izraelci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izraelci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeler" title="Israeler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Israeler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srailliler" title="İsrailliler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsrailliler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسرائیلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسرائیلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Israel" title="Người Israel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Israel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E4%BA%BA" title="以色列人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以色列人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="以色列国公民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以色列国公民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 02:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About 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