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aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Romanization of Arabic</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Romanization_of_Arabic" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the systematic rendering of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">written</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken</a> Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, <a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">cataloging</a> Arabic language works, <a href="/wiki/Language_education" title="Language education">language education</a> when used instead of or alongside the Arabic script, and representation of the language in scientific publications by <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a>. These formal systems, which often make use of <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> and non-standard Latin characters and are used in academic settings or for the benefit of non-speakers, contrast with informal means of written communication used by speakers such as the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/400px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/600px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg/800px-Google_Ngrams_chart_showing_the_changing_Romanization_of_Arabic_vowels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="784"></a><figcaption>ـُ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |transl= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)) between the 19th and 20th centuries, using مُسْلِم (<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>) and مُحَمَّد (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) as examples.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Different systems and strategies have been developed to address the inherent problems of rendering various Arabic varieties in the Latin script. Examples of such problems are the symbols for Arabic <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> that do not exist in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> languages; the means of representing the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">Arabic definite article</a>, which is always spelled the same way in written Arabic but has numerous pronunciations in the spoken language depending on context; and the representation of short vowels (usually i u or e o, accounting for variations such as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>/Moslem or <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a>/Muhammad/Mohamed). <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Method">1 Method</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Romanization_standards_and_systems">2 Romanization standards and systems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Early_Romanization">2.1 Early Romanization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical">2.2 Mixed digraphic and diacritical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fully_diacritical">2.3 Fully diacritical</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#ASCII-based">2.4 ASCII-based</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Comparison_table">2.5 Comparison table</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Romanization_issues">3 Romanization issues</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Vowels">3.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transliteration_vs._transcription">3.2 Transliteration vs. transcription</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Examples">4 Examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism">5 Arabic alphabet and nationalism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Lebanon">5.1 Lebanon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Egypt">5.2 Egypt</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Method">Method</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Method" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Romanization is often termed "transliteration", but this is not technically correct.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> is the direct representation of foreign letters using Latin symbols, while most systems for romanizing Arabic are actually <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">transcription</a> systems, which represent the sound of the language, since short vowels and geminate consonants, for example, do not usually appear in Arabic writing. As an example, the above rendering munāẓaratu l-ḥurūfi l-ʻarabīyah of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مناظرة الحروف العربية is a transcription, indicating the pronunciation; an example transliteration would be mnaẓrḧ alḥrwf alʻrbyḧ. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Romanization_standards_and_systems">Romanization standards and systems</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Romanization standards and systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Romanization">Early Romanization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Romanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/220px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="1331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 317px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/220px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="317" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/330px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg/440px-1506_Arabic_transcription_-_Arte_para_ligeramente_saber_la_lengua_arauiga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Art to lightly learn the Arabic language (1506) by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcalá">Pedro de Alcalá</a> uses an innovative system for transcribing <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian Arabic">Andalusian Arabic</a> that has been called "the first Western system of Arabic scientific transcription" by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Corriente" title="Federico Corriente">Federico Corriente</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> It transcribed the four arabic letters that the latin alphabet couldn't represent as: ḧa (خ), ḋil (ذ), c̈̇e (ث) and a͑y (ع).</figcaption></figure> Early Romanization of the Arabic language was standardized in the various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_dictionaries#Bilingual_dictionaries" title="List of Arabic dictionaries">bilingual Arabic-European dictionaries</a> of the 16–19th centuries: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alcal%C3%A1" title="Pedro de Alcalá">Pedro de Alcalá</a>, Arabic vocabulary in the Castillian language (Vocabulista), 1505. A Spanish-Arabic glossary with its own system of transcription.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a> Art to lightly learn the Arabic language, 1506. An Arabic grammar written in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez_de_Ayala" title="Martín Pérez de Ayala">Martín Pérez de Ayala</a>, Doctrina Cristiana, 1556. Valencia. Prayers with an Arabic conventions and pronunciation annex.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Schindler" title="Valentin Schindler">Valentin Schindler</a>, Lexicon Pentaglotton: Hebraicum, Chaldicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum, et Arabicum, 1612. Arabic lemmas were printed in Hebrew characters.<a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Raphelengius" title="Franciscus Raphelengius">Franciscus Raphelengius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_84yAEE271K8C">Lexicon Arabicum</a>, Leiden 1613. The first printed dictionary of the Arabic language in Arabic characters.<a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Golius" title="Jacobus Golius">Jacobus Golius</a>, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, Leiden 1653. The dominant Arabic dictionary in Europe for almost two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Freytag" title="Georg Freytag">Georg Freytag</a>, Lexicon Arabico-Latinum, praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzubadiique et aliorum libris confectum I–IV, Halle 1830–1837<a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Lane" title="Edward William Lane">Edward William Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="Arabic–English Lexicon">Arabic–English Lexicon</a>, 8 vols, London-Edinburgh 1863–1893. Highly influential, but incomplete (stops at Kaf)<a href="#cite_note-Lipi%C5%84ski-5">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_digraphic_and_diacritical">Mixed digraphic and diacritical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixed digraphic and diacritical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">Digraph (orthography)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a> romanization (1956).<a href="#cite_note-BGN-PCGN-8">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGEGN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGEGN">UNGEGN</a> (1972). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, or "Variant A of the Amended Beirut System". Adopted from BGN/PCGN.<a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut Géographique National">IGN</a> System 1973 or "Variant B of the Amended Beirut System", that conforms to the French orthography and is preferred to the Variant A in French-speaking countries as in Maghreb and Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><abbr title="Arab delegations to the Eighth UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names in Berlin (2002)">ADEGN</abbr> romanization (2007) is different from UNGEGN in two ways: (1) ظ is d͟h instead of z̧; (2) the cedilla is replaced by a sub-macron (_) in all the characters with the cedilla.<a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9">[9]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> (first published 1991), from the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ALA-LC-12">[12]</a> This romanization is close to the romanization of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr" title="Hans Wehr">Hans Wehr</a>, which is used internationally in scientific publications by <a href="/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist">Arabists</a>. <ul><li>IJMES, used by International Journal of Middle East Studies, very similar to ALA-LC.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li>EI, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> (1st ed., 1913–1938; 2nd ed., 1960–2005).<a href="#cite_note-EI-14">[14]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fully_diacritical">Fully diacritical</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fully diacritical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>DMG (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Morgenl%C3%A4ndische_Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft</a>, 1935), adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-DGM1935-15">[15]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a> (1982), developed by the German Institute for Standardization (<a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">Deutsches Institut für Normung</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Hans Wehr transliteration</a> (1961, 1994), a modification to DIN 31635.</li> <li>EALL, Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics (edited by Kees Versteegh, Brill, 2006–2009).<a href="#cite_note-EALL-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Spanish romanization, identical to DMG/DIN with the exception of three letters: ǧ > ŷ, ḫ > j, ġ > g.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> (1984), letter-to-letter; vowels are transliterated only if they are shown with diacritics, otherwise they are omitted. <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_233-2" class="extiw" title="fr:ISO 233-2">ISO 233-2</a> (1993), simplified transliteration; vowels are always shown.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_4280&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 4280 (page does not exist)">BS 4280</a> (1968), developed by the <a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">British Standards Institution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ASCII-based">ASCII-based</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: ASCII-based" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> (since 1992) has been modelled closely after the transliteration standards <a href="/wiki/ISO/R_233" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/R 233">ISO/R 233</a> and DIN 31635.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckwalter_Transliteration" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckwalter Transliteration">Buckwalter Transliteration</a> (1990s), developed at ALPNET by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Buckwalter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Buckwalter (page does not exist)">Tim Buckwalter</a>; does not require <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a>:<a href="#cite_note-EALL-16">[16]</a> an ad hoc solution for conveniently entering Arabic using a Latin keyboard.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_table">Comparison <a href="/wiki/Table" class="mw-disambig" title="Table">table</a></h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison table" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/ PCGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Standardization_of_Geographical_Names" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">EI</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Wehr</a> <a href="#endnote_1">1</a> </th> <th><abbr title="Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics">EALL</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="British Standard">BS</abbr> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabizi</a> <a href="#endnote_2">2</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egyptian_Romanized_Arabic-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_3">3</a> </th> <td><code>0621</code> </td> <td>hamzah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">ʼ <a href="#endnote_4">4</a> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>ʼ <a href="#endnote_4">4</a> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>ʼ <a href="#endnote_4">4</a> </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>ˈ, ˌ </td> <td>' </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ا</big> </th> <td><code>0627</code> </td> <td>alif </td> <td>aː </td> <td colspan="8">ā </td> <td>ʾ </td> <td>A </td> <td>a/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ب</big> </th> <td><code>0628</code> </td> <td>bā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td colspan="11">b </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ت</big> </th> <td><code>062A</code> </td> <td>tā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td colspan="11">t </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ث</big> </th> <td><code>062B</code> </td> <td>thā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">th<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td>t͟h </td> <td colspan="5">ṯ </td> <td>_t </td> <td>s/th/t </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ج</big> ‎<a href="#endnote_12">12</a> </th> <td><code>062C</code> </td> <td>jīm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">j </td> <td>d͟j </td> <td colspan="2">j <a href="#endnote_6">6</a> </td> <td colspan="3">ǧ </td> <td>^g </td> <td>j/g/dj </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ح</big> </th> <td><code>062D</code> </td> <td>ḥā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ḩ <a href="#endnote_7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="7">ḥ </td> <td>.h </td> <td>7/h </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>خ</big> </th> <td><code>062E</code> </td> <td>khā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td colspan="3">kh<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td>k͟h </td> <td>ḵ <a href="#endnote_6">6</a> </td> <td>x </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>ḫ </td> <td>ẖ </td> <td>_h </td> <td>kh/7'/5 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>د</big> </th> <td><code>062F</code> </td> <td>dāl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="11">d </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ذ</big> </th> <td><code>0630</code> </td> <td>dhāl </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a> </td> <td colspan="3">dh<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td>d͟h </td> <td colspan="5">ḏ </td> <td>_d </td> <td>z/dh/th/d </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ر</big> </th> <td><code>0631</code> </td> <td>rā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="11">r </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ز</big> </th> <td><code>0632</code> </td> <td>zayn/zāy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td colspan="11">z </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>س</big> </th> <td><code>0633</code> </td> <td>sīn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td colspan="11">s </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ش</big> </th> <td><code>0634</code> </td> <td>shīn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">sh<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td>s͟h </td> <td colspan="5">š </td> <td>^s </td> <td>sh/ch/$ </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ص</big> </th> <td><code>0635</code> </td> <td>ṣād </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">sˤ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ş <a href="#endnote_7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="7">ṣ </td> <td>.s </td> <td>s/9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ض</big> </th> <td><code>0636</code> </td> <td>ḍād </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">dˤ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ḑ <a href="#endnote_7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="7">ḍ </td> <td>.d </td> <td>d/9'/D </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ط</big> </th> <td><code>0637</code> </td> <td>ṭā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">tˤ</a> </td> <td colspan="2">ţ <a href="#endnote_7">7</a> </td> <td colspan="7">ṭ </td> <td>.t </td> <td>t/6/T </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ظ</big> </th> <td><code>0638</code> </td> <td>ẓā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">ðˤ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">zˤ</a> </td> <td>z̧<a href="#endnote_7">7</a> </td> <td>d͟h<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td colspan="3">ẓ </td> <td>ḏ̣/ẓ<a href="#endnote_11">11</a> </td> <td colspan="3">ẓ </td> <td>.z </td> <td>z/dh/6'/th </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ع</big> </th> <td><code>0639</code> </td> <td><big>ʻ</big>ayn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">ʻ <a href="#endnote_4">4</a> </td> <td>ʿ </td> <td>ʽ <a href="#endnote_4">4</a> </td> <td colspan="4">ʿ </td> <td>` </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>غ</big> </th> <td><code>063A</code> </td> <td>ghayn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a> </td> <td colspan="3">gh<a href="#endnote_5">5</a> </td> <td>g͟h </td> <td>ḡ <a href="#endnote_6">6</a> </td> <td>ġ </td> <td>ḡ </td> <td colspan="2">ġ </td> <td>.g </td> <td>gh/3'/8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_8">8</a> </th> <td><code>0641</code> </td> <td>fā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td colspan="11">f </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_8">8</a> </th> <td><code>0642</code> </td> <td>qāf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a> </td> <td colspan="10">q </td> <td>2/g/q/8/9 </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ك</big> </th> <td><code>0643</code> </td> <td>kāf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td colspan="11">k </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ل</big> </th> <td><code>0644</code> </td> <td>lām </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td colspan="11">l </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>م</big> </th> <td><code>0645</code> </td> <td>mīm </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td colspan="11">m </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ن</big> </th> <td><code>0646</code> </td> <td>nūn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td colspan="11">n </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ه</big> </th> <td><code>0647</code> </td> <td>hā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td> <td colspan="11">h </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>و</big> </th> <td><code>0648</code> </td> <td>wāw </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>, uː </td> <td colspan="9">w; ū </td> <td>w; U </td> <td>w/ou/oo/u/o </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_9">9</a> </th> <td><code>064A</code> </td> <td>yā<big>ʼ</big> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>, iː </td> <td colspan="9">y; ī </td> <td>y; I </td> <td>y/i/ee/ei/ai </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>آ</big> </th> <td><code>0622</code> </td> <td>alif maddah </td> <td>ʔaː </td> <td colspan="5">ā, ʼā </td> <td colspan="3">ʾā </td> <td>ʾâ </td> <td><big>'</big>A </td> <td>2a/aa </td></tr> <tr> <th><big>ة</big> </th> <td><code>0629</code> </td> <td>tā<big>ʼ</big> marbūṭah </td> <td>h, t </td> <td colspan="4">h; t </td> <td>—; t </td> <td colspan="3">h; t </td> <td>ẗ </td> <td>T </td> <td>a/e(h); et/at </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">ال</a></big> </th> <td><code>0627</code><code>0644</code> </td> <td>alif lām </td> <td>(var.) </td> <td colspan="8">al- <a href="#endnote_10">10</a> </td> <td>ʾal </td> <td>al- </td> <td>el/al </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_9">9</a> </th> <td><code>0649</code> </td> <td>alif maqṣūrah </td> <td>aː </td> <td colspan="3">á </td> <td colspan="5">ā </td> <td>ỳ </td> <td>_A </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="15">Vocalization </th></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَ</a></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code> </td> <td>fatḥah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td colspan="10">a </td> <td>a/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـِ</a></big> </th> <td><code>0650</code> </td> <td>kasrah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td colspan="10">i </td> <td>i/e/é </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـُ</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_13">13</a> </th> <td><code>064F</code> </td> <td>ḍammah </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td> <td colspan="10">u </td> <td>ou/o/u </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَا</a></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>0627</code> </td> <td>fatḥah alif </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td colspan="8">ā </td> <td>aʼ </td> <td>A/aa </td> <td>a </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـِي</a></big> </th> <td><code>0650</code><code>064A</code> </td> <td>kasrah yāʼ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td colspan="8">ī </td> <td>iy </td> <td>I/iy </td> <td>i/ee </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـُو</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_13">13</a> </th> <td><code>064F</code><code>0648</code> </td> <td>ḍammah wāw </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td> <td colspan="8">ū </td> <td>uw </td> <td>U/uw </td> <td>ou/oo/u </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَي</a></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>064A</code> </td> <td>fatḥah yāʼ </td> <td>aj </td> <td colspan="10">ay </td> <td>ay/ai/ey/ei </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـَو</a></big> </th> <td><code>064E</code><code>0648</code> </td> <td>fatḥah wāw </td> <td>aw </td> <td colspan="10">aw </td> <td>aw/aou </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـً</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_14">14</a> </th> <td><code>064B</code> </td> <td>fatḥatān </td> <td>an </td> <td colspan="2">aⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">an </td> <td>á </td> <td>aN </td> <td>an </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـٍ</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_14">14</a> </th> <td><code>064D</code> </td> <td>kasratān </td> <td>in </td> <td colspan="2">iⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">in </td> <td>í </td> <td>iN </td> <td>in/en </td></tr> <tr> <th><big><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">ـٌ</a></big> ‎<a href="#endnote_14">14</a> </th> <td><code>064C</code> </td> <td>ḍammatān </td> <td>un </td> <td colspan="2">uⁿ </td> <td colspan="6">un </td> <td>ú </td> <td>uN </td> <td>oun/on/oon/un </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_1">^1</a> Hans Wehr transliteration does not capitalize the first letter at the beginning of sentences nor in proper names.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_2">^2</a> The chat table is only a demonstration and is based on the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken varieties</a> which vary considerably from <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> on which the IPA table and the rest of the transliterations are based.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_3">^3</a> Review <a href="/wiki/Hamzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamzah">hamzah</a> for its various forms.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_4">^4</a> Neither standard defines which <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> to use for hamzah and <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʻayn</a>. Appropriate Unicode points would be <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">modifier letter apostrophe</a> ⟨ʼ⟩ and <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_turned_comma" title="Modifier letter turned comma">modifier letter turned comma</a> ⟨ʻ⟩ (for the UNGEGN and BGN/PCGN) or <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_reversed_comma" class="mw-redirect" title="Modifier letter reversed comma">modifier letter reversed comma</a> ⟨ʽ⟩ (for the Wehr and Survey of Egypt System (SES)), all of which Unicode defines as letters. Often right and left single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> ⟨’⟩, ⟨‘⟩ are used instead, but Unicode defines those as punctuation marks, and they can cause compatibility issues. The glottal stop (hamzah) in these romanizations is not written word-initially.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_5">^5</a> The UNGEGN 1972 z̧ was replaced by the underlined d͟h following AGEGN in 2017. In Encyclopaedia of Islam digraphs are underlined, that is t͟h, d͟j, k͟h, d͟h, s͟h, g͟h. In BGN/PCGN on the contrary the sequences ـتـهـ, ـكـهـ, ـدهـ, ـسهـ may be romanized with <a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a> as t·h, k·h, d·h, s·h respectively.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_6">^6</a> In the original German edition of his dictionary (1952) Wehr used ǧ, ḫ, ġ for j, ḵ, ḡ respectively (that is all the letters used are equal to DMG/<a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a>). The variant presented in the table is from the English translation of the dictionary (1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_7">^7</a> BGN/PCGN allows use of <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Underdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">underdots</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_8">^8</a> Fāʼ and qāf are traditionally written in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Northwestern Africa</a> as <big>ڢ</big> and <big>ڧـ ـڧـ ـٯ</big>, respectively, while the latter's dot is only added initially or medially.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_9">^9</a> In Egypt, Sudan, and sometimes in other regions, the standard form for final-<a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81%CA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yāʼ">yāʼ</a> is only ى (without dots) in handwriting and print, for both final /-iː/ and final /-aː/. <a href="/wiki/%D9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ى">ى</a> for the latter pronunciation, is called ألف لينة alif layyinah <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">[ˈʔælef læjˈjenæ]</a>, 'flexible alif'.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_10">^10</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sun_and_moon_letters" title="Sun and moon letters">sun and moon letters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamza#Hamzat_al-wa%E1%B9%A3l_(_%D9%B1_)" title="Hamza">hamzat waṣl</a> pronunciation rules apply, although it is acceptable to ignore them. The UN system and ALA-LC prefer lowercase a and hyphens: al-Baṣrah, ar-Riyāḍ; BGN/PCGN prefers uppercase A and no hyphens: Al Baṣrah, Ar Riyāḍ.<a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN-9">[9]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_11">^11</a> The EALL suggests ẓ "in proper names" (volume 4, page 517).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_12">^12</a> BGN/PCGN, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and DIN 31635 use a normal ⟨g⟩ for ⟨ج⟩ when romanizing Egyptian names or toponyms that are expectedly pronounced with /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_13">^13</a> BGN/PCGN, UNGEGN, ALA-LC, and DIN 31635 use the French-based ⟨ou⟩ for /<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u(:)</a>/ in Francophone Arabic speaking countries in names and toponyms.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_14">^14</a> <a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a> is ignored in all romanizations in names and toponyms.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Romanization_issues">Romanization issues</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Romanization issues" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Any <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system has to make a number of decisions which are dependent on its intended field of application. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One basic problem is that written Arabic is normally <a href="/wiki/Harakat" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakat">unvocalized</a>; i.e., many of the <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> are not written out, and must be supplied by a reader familiar with the language. Hence unvocalized <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Arabic writing</a> does not give a reader unfamiliar with the language sufficient information for accurate pronunciation. As a result, a pure <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, e.g., rendering قطر as qṭr, is meaningless to an untrained reader. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a> are generally used that add vowels, e.g. qaṭar. However, unvocalized systems match exactly to written Arabic, unlike vocalized systems such as Arabic chat, which some claim detracts from one's ability to spell.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration_vs._transcription">Transliteration vs. transcription</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transliteration vs. transcription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most uses of romanization call for <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcription</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: Instead of transliterating each written letter, they try to reproduce the sound of the words according to the orthography rules of the target language: Qaṭar. This applies equally to scientific and popular applications. A pure transliteration would need to omit vowels (e.g. qṭr), making the result difficult to interpret except for a subset of trained readers fluent in Arabic. Even if vowels are added, a transliteration system would still need to distinguish between multiple ways of spelling the same sound in the Arabic script, e.g. alif ا vs. alif maqṣūrah ى for the sound /aː/ ā, and the six different ways (ء إ أ آ ؤ ئ) of writing the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>, usually transcribed ʼ ). This sort of detail is needlessly confusing, except in a very few situations (e.g., typesetting text in the Arabic script). Most issues related to the romanization of Arabic are about transliterating vs. transcribing; others, about what should be romanized: <ul><li>Some transliterations ignore <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-">al-</a> before the "<a href="/wiki/Sun_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun letters">sun letters</a>", and may be easily misread by non-Arabic speakers. For instance, "the light" النور an-nūr would be more literally transliterated along the lines of alnūr. In the transcription an-nūr, a hyphen is added and the unpronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ removed for the convenience of the uninformed non-Arabic speaker, who would otherwise pronounce an /l/, perhaps not understanding that /n/ in nūr is <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>. Alternatively, if the <a href="/wiki/Shaddah" title="Shaddah">shaddah</a> is not transliterated (since it is strictly not a letter), a strictly literal transliteration would be alnūr, which presents similar problems for the uninformed non-Arabic speaker.</li> <li>A transliteration should render the "closed tāʼ" (<a href="/wiki/Ta%27_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta' marbuta">tāʼ marbūṭah</a>, ة) faithfully. Many transcriptions render the sound /a/ as a or ah and t when it denotes /at/. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> has a unique symbol, ẗ.</li></ul></li> <li>"Restricted alif" (alif maqṣūrah, ى) should be transliterated with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, á, differentiating it from regular alif ا, but it is transcribed in many schemes like alif, ā, because it stands for /aː/.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation">Nunation</a>: what is true elsewhere is also true for nunation: transliteration renders what is seen, transcription what is heard, when in the Arabic script, it is written with diacritics, not by letters, or omitted.</li></ul> A transcription may reflect the language as spoken, typically rendering names, for example, by the people of Baghdad (<a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Arabic">Baghdad Arabic</a>), or the official standard (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>) as spoken by a <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">preacher</a> in the mosque or a TV newsreader. A transcription is free to add phonological (such as vowels) or morphological (such as word boundaries) information. Transcriptions will also vary depending on the writing conventions of the target language; compare English <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a> with German Omar Chajjam, both for عمر خيام /ʕumar xajjaːm/, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ˈʕomɑr xæjˈjæːm]</a> (unvocalized ʿmr ḫyām, vocalized ʻUmar Khayyām). A transliteration is ideally fully reversible: a machine should be able to transliterate it back into Arabic. A transliteration can be considered as flawed for any one of the following reasons: <ul><li>A "loose" transliteration is ambiguous, rendering several Arabic phonemes with an identical transliteration, or such that digraphs for a single phoneme (such as gh rather than ġ) may be confused with two adjacent consonants—but this problem is resolved in the <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC">ALA-LC</a> romanization system, where the <a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime symbol</a> ʹ is used to separate two consonants when they do not form a digraph;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> for example: أَكْرَمَتْها akramatʹhā ('she honored her'), in which the t and h are two distinct consonantal sounds.</li> <li>Symbols representing phonemes may be considered too similar (e.g., ʻ and ' or ʿ and ʾ for ع <a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">ʻayn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamzah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamzah">hamzah</a>);</li> <li>ASCII transliterations using capital letters to disambiguate phonemes are easy to type, but may be considered unaesthetic.</li></ul> A fully accurate transcription may not be necessary for native Arabic speakers, as they would be able to pronounce names and sentences correctly anyway, but it can be very useful for those not fully familiar with spoken Arabic and who are familiar with the Roman alphabet. An accurate transliteration serves as a valuable stepping stone for learning, pronouncing correctly, and distinguishing phonemes. It is a useful tool for anyone who is familiar with the sounds of Arabic but not fully conversant in the language. One criticism is that a fully accurate system would require special learning that most do not have to actually pronounce names correctly, and that with a lack of a universal romanization system they will not be pronounced correctly by non-native speakers anyway. The precision will be lost if special characters are not replicated and if a reader is not familiar with Arabic pronunciation. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Examples in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> </th> <td style="font-size:larger">أمجد كان له قصر</td> <td style="font-size:larger">إلى المملكة المغربية </td></tr> <tr> <th>Arabic with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">diacritics</a> (normally omitted) </th> <td style="font-size:larger">أَمْجَدُ كَانَ لَهُ قَصْر</td> <td style="font-size:larger">إِلَى الْمَمْلَكَةِ الْمَغْرِبِيَّة </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔamdʒadu kaːna lahuː qasˤr]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔila‿l.mamlakati‿l.maɣribij.jah]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC Romanization">ALA-LC</a> </th> <td>Amjad kāna lahu qaṣr</td> <td>Ilá al-mamlakah al-Maghribīyah </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wehr_transliteration" title="Hans Wehr transliteration">Hans Wehr</a> </th> <td>amjad kāna lahū qaṣr</td> <td>ilā l-mamlaka al-maḡribīya </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DIN 31635</a> </th> <td>ʾAmǧad kāna lahu qaṣr</td> <td>ʾIlā l-mamlakah al-Maġribiyyah </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a> </th> <td>Amjad kāna lahu qaşr</td> <td>Ilá al-mamlakah al-maghribiyyah </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">ISO 233</a> </th> <td>ʾˈamǧad kāna lahu qaṣr</td> <td>ʾˈilaỳ ʾˈalmamlakaẗ ʾˈalmaġribiȳaẗ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a> </th> <td>am^gad kAna lahu qa.sr</td> <td>il_A almamlakaT alma.gribiyyaT </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>Amjad had a palace</td> <td>To the Moroccan Kingdom </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Arabic_alphabet_and_nationalism">Arabic alphabet and nationalism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arabic alphabet and nationalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There have been many instances of national movements to convert <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic script</a> into Latin script or to romanize the language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lebanon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg/300px-Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="305"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg/300px-Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fe/Lebnaan_Newspaper_issue_686.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>LEBNAAN in proposed <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a> alphabet (issue #686)</figcaption></figure> A Beirut newspaper, La Syrie, pushed for the change from Arabic script to <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic#Said_Akl's_orthography" title="Lebanese Arabic">Latin script</a> in 1922. The major head of this movement was <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>, a French Orientalist, who brought his concern before the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus in 1928. Massignon's attempt at romanization failed as the Academy and the population viewed the proposal as an attempt from the Western world to take over their country. Sa'id Afghani, a member of the Academy, asserted that the movement to romanize the script was a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> plan to dominate Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Egypt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the period of colonialism in Egypt, Egyptians were looking for a way to reclaim and reemphasize Egyptian culture. As a result, some Egyptians pushed for an Egyptianization of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> in which the formal Arabic and the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">colloquial Arabic</a> would be combined into one language and the Latin alphabet would be used.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> There was also the idea of finding a way to use <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphics">hieroglyphics</a> instead of the Latin alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> A scholar, <a href="/wiki/Salama_Musa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salama Musa">Salama Musa</a>, agreed with the idea of applying a Latin alphabet to Egyptian Arabic, as he believed that would allow Egypt to have a closer relationship with the West. He also believed that Latin script was key to the success of Egypt as it would allow for more advances in science and technology. This change in script, he believed, would solve the problems inherent with Arabic, such as a lack of written vowels and difficulties writing foreign words.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Lutfi_el-Sayed" title="Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed">Ahmad Lutfi As Sayid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mustafa_Azmi" title="Muhammad Mustafa Azmi">Muhammad Azmi</a>, two Egyptian intellectuals, agreed with Musa and supported the push for romanization.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> The idea that romanization was necessary for modernization and growth in Egypt continued with Abd Al Aziz Fahmi in 1944. He was the chairman for the Writing and Grammar Committee for the Arabic Language Academy of Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> He believed and desired to implement romanization in a way that allowed words and spellings to remain somewhat familiar to the Egyptian people. However, this effort failed as the Egyptian people felt a strong cultural tie to the Arabic alphabet, particularly the older generation.<a href="#cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-28">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_chat_alphabet" title="Arabic chat alphabet">Arabic chat alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic names">Arabic names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Glottal stop (letter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_alphabet" title="Maltese alphabet">Maltese alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_alphabet" title="Ottoman Turkish alphabet">Ottoman Turkish alphabet</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a>-based alphabet, which was replaced by the Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> in 1928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Romanization of Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Romanization of Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Arabic_Technical_Transliteration_System" title="Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System">Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System</a> (SATTS)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdegokeAbdulraheem2017" class="citation journal cs1">Adegoke, Kazeem Adekunle; Abdulraheem, Bashir (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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University of Oslo. Retrieved 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Romanized+Arabic%3A+A+Study+of+Selected+Features+from+Communication+Among+Egyptian+Youth+on+Facebook&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2010-11&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B8rnsson&rft.aufirst=Jan+Arild&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.duo.uio.no%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10852%2F24250%2FBjoernsson_master.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Elhija2014" class="citation journal cs1">Abu Elhija, Dua'a (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17586801.2013.868334">"A new writing system? Developing orthographies for writing Arabic dialects in electronic media"</a>. Writing Systems Research. 6 (2): 190–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334">10.1080/17586801.2013.868334</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6801">1758-6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219568845">219568845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+writing+system%3F+Developing+orthographies+for+writing+Arabic+dialects+in+electronic+media&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=190-214&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219568845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rft.aulast=Abu+Elhija&rft.aufirst=Dua%27a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17586801.2013.868334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/education/arabizi-sparks-concern-among-educators-1.1181529">"Arabizi sparks concern among educators"</a>. GulfNews.com. 9 May 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabizi+sparks+concern+among+educators&rft.pub=GulfNews.com&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fuae%2Feducation%2Farabizi-sparks-concern-among-educators-1.1181529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf">"Arabic"</a> (PDF). ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Library of Congress. p. 9. Retrieved 14 June 2013. <q>21. The prime (ʹ) is used: (a) To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds, when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ALA-LC+Romanization+Tables&rft.atitle=Arabic&rft.pages=9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fromanization%2Farabic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrivtiel179-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrivtiel179_27-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrivtiel1998" class="citation book cs1">Shrivtiel, Shraybom (1998). The Question of Romanisation of the Script and The Emergence of Nationalism in the Middle East. Mediterranean Language Review. pp. 179–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Romanisation+of+the+Script+and+The+Emergence+of+Nationalism+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=179-196&rft.pub=Mediterranean+Language+Review&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shrivtiel&rft.aufirst=Shraybom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Arabic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_28-6">g</a> History of Arabic Writing </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Shrivtiel, p. 188 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Arabic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Arabic_2.2.pdf">Comparative table of DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC, and Encyclopædia of Islam</a> (PDF; not normative)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رومنة العربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رومنة العربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treuzlizherennadur_arabek" title="Treuzlizherennadur arabek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treuzlizherennadur arabek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umschrift_der_arabischen_Schrift" title="Umschrift der arabischen Schrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umschrift der arabischen Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_del_%C3%A1rabe" title="Romanización del árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización del árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="لاتین‌نویسی عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27arabe" title="Romanisation de l'arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Romanisation de l'arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="아랍어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_aksara_Arab-Latin" title="Alih aksara Arab-Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih aksara Arab-Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traslitterazione_dell%27arabo" title="Traslitterazione dell'arabo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traslitterazione dell'arabo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcrive_de_arabi" title="Transcrive de arabi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Transcrive de arabi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Македонска транскрипција на арапскиот јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Македонска транскрипција на арапскиот јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അറബി ഭാഷയുടെ റോമൻവൽക്കരണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറബി ഭാഷയുടെ റോമൻവൽക്കരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_bahasa_Arab" title="Perumian bahasa Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian bahasa Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_av_arabisk" title="Romanisering av arabisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering av arabisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_yozuvini_lotinlashtirish" title="Arab yozuvini lotinlashtirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab yozuvini lotinlashtirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_%C3%A1rabe" title="Romanização do árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Romanização do árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Романизация арабского письма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Романизация арабского письма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Гарәп теленең латин әлифбасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гарәп теленең латин әлифбасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน/การทับศัพท์ภาษาอาหรับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:คู่มือการเขียน/การทับศัพท์ภาษาอาหรับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap%C3%A7an%C4%B1n_romanizasyonu" title="Arapçanın romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arapçanın romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="阿拉伯語羅馬化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿拉伯語羅馬化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 18:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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