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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Central nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_signatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_signatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Molecular signatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_signatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolutionary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>External relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>First vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_fish_to_amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_fish_to_amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>From fish to amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_fish_to_amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesozoic_vertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesozoic_vertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mesozoic vertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesozoic_vertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Mesozoic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Mesozoic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>After the Mesozoic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Mesozoic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Traditional classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetic_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetic_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Phylogenetic relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetic_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_extant_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_extant_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Number of extant species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_of_extant_species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Number of extant species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Number_of_extant_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrate_species_databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrate_species_databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vertebrate species databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrate_species_databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproductive_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproductive_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reproductive systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproductive_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproductive systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproductive_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inbreeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Inbreeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inbreeding_avoidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding_avoidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Inbreeding avoidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding_avoidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcrossing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcrossing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Outcrossing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outcrossing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthenogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthenogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Parthenogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthenogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-fertilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-fertilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Self-fertilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-fertilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Population trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertebrate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerweldes" title="Gewerweldes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gewerweldes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%88_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AA" title="ባለ አከርካሪ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባለ አከርካሪ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cielgit%C3%A1vt%C3%A1liih" title="Čielgitávtáliih – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čielgitávtáliih" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrycgd%C4%93or" title="Hrycgdēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hrycgdēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rt%C3%A8br%C3%A2s" title="Vèrtèbrâs – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vèrtèbrâs" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মেৰুদণ্ডী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pujase%27orek%C3%B3va" title="Pujase'orekóva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pujase'orekóva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onur%C4%9Fal%C4%B1lar" title="Onurğalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onurğalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%92%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="اوْنورغالیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوْنورغالیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-chui_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-chui tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умыртҡалылар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Умыртҡалылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Пазваночныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пазваночныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Хрыбетныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрыбетныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Гръбначни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гръбначни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B" title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྒལ་ཚིགས་སྲོག་ཆགས་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C4%8Dmenjaci" title="Kičmenjaci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kičmenjaci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrats" title="Vertebrats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vertebrats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BC_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Çурăм тунилли – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çурăм тунилли" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukgan" title="Bukgan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukgan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obratlovci" title="Obratlovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obratlovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzemuzongoza" title="Dzemuzongoza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dzemuzongoza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertebrat" title="Fertebrat – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fertebrat" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvirveldyr" title="Hvirveldyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hvirveldyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سنسوليات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سنسوليات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wirbeltiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD%C3%ADgh%C3%A1%C3%A1n_Dah%C3%B3l%C3%B3n%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bíígháán Dahólónígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selgroogsed" title="Selgroogsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Selgroogsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Σπονδυλωτό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σπονδυλωτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebruloj" title="Vertebruloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vertebruloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrau" title="Vertebrau – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vertebrau" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornodun" title="Ornodun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ornodun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مهره‌داران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهره‌داران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C3%A9br%C3%A9s" title="Vertébrés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vertébrés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wringedieren" title="Wringedieren – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wringedieren" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirteabrach" title="Veirteabrach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Veirteabrach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="БукъатӀехкьяраш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="БукъатӀехкьяраш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chit-chh%C3%B9i_thung-vu%CC%8Dt" title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chit-chhùi thung-vu̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%99%EC%B6%94%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="척추동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="척추동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ողնաշարավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ողնաշարավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="कशेरुकी प्राणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कशेरुकी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%BEnjaci" title="Kralježnjaci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kralježnjaci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrata" title="Bertebrata – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bertebrata" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hryggd%C3%BDr" title="Hryggdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hryggdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בעלי חוליות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי חוליות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95" title="ಕಶೇರುಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಶೇರುಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ხერხემლიანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხერხემლიანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омыртқалылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омыртқалылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movikdar" title="Movikdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Movikdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Омурткалуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омурткалуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%93%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тупӹрдӓнвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugurkaulnieki" title="Mugurkaulnieki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mugurkaulnieki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierbeld%C3%A9ieren" title="Wierbeldéieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wierbeldéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuburiniai" title="Stuburiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stuburiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A6" title="Vertebræ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vertebræ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelde_bieste" title="Gewervelde bieste – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gewervelde bieste" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyama_ya_mik%C3%BAwa" title="Nyama ya mikúwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyama ya mikúwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrato" title="Vertebrato – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vertebrato" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebr%C3%A0cc" title="Vertebràcc – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vertebràcc" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerincesek" title="Gerincesek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerincesek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99%D0%A0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="’Рбетници – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="’Рбетници" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="കശേരുകി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കശേരുകി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पृष्ठवंशी प्राणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გაგაჩამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაგაჩამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فقاريات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فقاريات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="میرکادارون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میرکادارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrat" title="Vertebrat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vertebrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9k-t%C3%B9i_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cék-tùi dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောရိုးရှိသတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewervelden" title="Gewervelden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gewervelden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvelden" title="Warvelden – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Warvelden" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="脊椎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4rlisdiarten" title="Wäärlisdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wäärlisdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virveldyr" title="Virveldyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Virveldyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugugguruu_qabeeyyii" title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dugugguruu qabeeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umurtqalilar" title="Umurtqalilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Umurtqalilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੰਗਰੋੜਧਾਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirbeltier" title="Wirbeltier – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wirbeltier" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%91%DB%92" title="کنگریڑے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگریڑے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8D_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمزۍ لرونکي ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84" title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សត្វឆ្អឹងកង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warveldeerter" title="Warveldeerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Warveldeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99gowce" title="Kręgowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kręgowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrados" title="Vertebrados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vertebrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulluyuq" title="Tulluyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tulluyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Позвоночные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Позвоночные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Тоноҕостоохтор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тоноҕостоохтор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="कशेरुकाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कशेरुकाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurrizor%C3%ABt" title="Kurrizorët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kurrizorët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A8%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘෂ්ඨවංශීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vertebrate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪرنگهي وارا جانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavovce" title="Stavovce – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stavovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vreten%C4%8Darji" title="Vretenčarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vretenčarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryngowce" title="Kryngowce – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kryngowce" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%95%D8%A8%DA%95%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بڕبڕەداران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بڕبڕەداران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кичмењаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кичмењаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kralje%C5%A1njaci" title="Kralješnjaci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kralješnjaci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vertebrata" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selk%C3%A4rankaiset" title="Selkärankaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Selkärankaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryggradsdjur" title="Ryggradsdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ryggradsdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertebrado" title="Bertebrado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bertebrado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="முதுகெலும்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதுகெலும்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%C9%A3lalin" title="Tinaɣlalin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tinaɣlalin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Умырткалылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Умырткалылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="సకశేరుకాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సకశేరుకాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์มีกระดูกสันหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муҳрадорон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳрадорон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurgal%C4%B1lar" title="Omurgalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Omurgalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хребетні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хребетні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="فقاریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فقاریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doenghduz_Ndoksaen" title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doenghduz Ndoksaen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Động vật có xương sống – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật có xương sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesse_%C3%A5s_cronzoxhs" title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biesse ås cronzoxhs" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewerveldn" title="Gewerveldn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gewerveldn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrado" title="Vertebrado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vertebrado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脊椎动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="ווערטעבראט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערטעבראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8ranko_el%C3%A9gungun" title="Ẹranko elégungun – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹranko elégungun" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For an explanation of similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">Craniate</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Vertebrate<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Stage_3" title="Cambrian Stage 3">Cambrian Stage 3</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a>,<br /><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">518 –0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-Yang2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:42.307692307692px; width:177.69230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:44.676923076923px; width:175.32307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:45.676923076923px; width:173.32307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertebrata_002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/220px-Vertebrata_002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/330px-Vertebrata_002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Vertebrata_002.png/440px-Vertebrata_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="828" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diversity of vertebrates: <i><a href="/wiki/Acipenser_oxyrinchus" title="Acipenser oxyrinchus">Acipenser oxyrinchus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a>), an <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/European_river_lamprey" title="European river lamprey">river lamprey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Vertebrata" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subphylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vertebrata</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">J-B. Lamarck</a>, 1801<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Infraphyla </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Ossea <small>Batsch, 1788</small><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Vertebrates</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are <a href="/wiki/Deuterostoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostoma">deuterostomal</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bony</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> <a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">axial</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">endoskeleton</a> — known as the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, spine or backbone — around and along the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, including all <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. The vertebrates consist of all the <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">subphylum</a> <b>Vertebrata</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and represent the overwhelming majority of the <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>, with currently about 69,963 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> described.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vertebrates span the <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> or jawless fish, and the jawed <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a>. These include both the <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> or cartilaginous fish and the <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> or bony fish. Among the latter are the <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> or lobe-finned fish, which include the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbed</a> vertebrates. <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">Extant</a> vertebrates vary in body lengths ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frog</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Paedophryne_amauensis" title="Paedophryne amauensis">Paedophryne amauensis</a></i>, at as little as 7.7 mm (0.30 in), to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whale</a>, at up to 33 m (108 ft). Vertebrates make up less than five percent of all described <a href="/wiki/Animal_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal species">animal species</a>; the rest are described as <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, an informal <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> group comprising all that lack vertebral columns, which include non-vertebrate chordates such as <a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">lancelets</a>. </p><p>The vertebrates traditionally include the <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, which do not have proper <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> due to their loss in evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though their closest living relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, do.<sup id="cite_ref-hagfish_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hagfish-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hagfish do, however, possess a <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>. For this reason, the vertebrate subphylum is sometimes referred to as <b><a href="/wiki/Craniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata">Craniata</a></b> or "craniates" when discussing morphology. Molecular analysis since 1992 has suggested that <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a> are most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so also are vertebrates in a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> sense. Others consider them a sister group of vertebrates in the common taxon of Craniata.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>vertebrate</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>vertebratus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Pliny</a>), meaning <i>joint of the spine.</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similarly derived word is <i><a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a></i>, which refers to any of the <a href="/wiki/Irregular_bone" title="Irregular bone">irregular bones</a> or segments of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy_and_morphology">Anatomy and morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anatomy and morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All vertebrates are built along the basic chordate <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> of five <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphies" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphies">synapomorphies</a>. These are a firstly a rigid <a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">axial</a> <a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">endoskeleton</a> (vertebral column) developed around an elastic <i><a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a></i> (which becomes the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a>), running <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal (anatomy)">dorsally</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gut_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut (anatomy)">gut tube</a> (hence the common name for the vertebral column, the "backbone") along the length of the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The axial endoskeleton typically continues beyond the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> to form an elongated <i>post-anal <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some vertebrates <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> to become tailless with only a <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a> <a href="/wiki/Coccyx" title="Coccyx">coccyx</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal nerve cord</a></i>, which <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">folds and fuses</a> into a hollow <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a> during <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryonic development">embryonic development</a> and eventually gives rise to the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, runs more dorsally to the axial endoskeleton (enclosed by protective skeletal extensions known as <a href="/wiki/Neural_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural arch">neural arches</a>), with a fore-end <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicle" title="Brain vesicle">enlargement</a> that is contained within a distinct skeletonized <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a> (hence the alternative name for vertebrates, the <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">craniates</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All vertebrates possess <i><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a></i>, which develops into the <a href="/wiki/Gill_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill arch">gill arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> <a href="/wiki/Ossicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossicle">ossicles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An <a href="/wiki/Iodine_in_biology" title="Iodine in biology">iodine-concentrating</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organ</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/Endostyle" title="Endostyle">endostyle</a></i>, which function as a <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeding">filter feeding</a> organ in <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawless_vertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless vertebrate">jawless vertebrates</a>, has evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> in most <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> vertebrates.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebral_column">Vertebral column</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vertebral column"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/800px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/1200px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg/1600px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Dinosaurierhalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Fossilized skeleton (cast) of <i><a href="/wiki/Diplodocus_carnegii" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplodocus carnegii">Diplodocus carnegii</a></i>, showing an extreme example of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">backbone</a> that characterizes the vertebrates.</figcaption></figure> <p>With only one exception, the defining characteristic of all vertebrates is the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a>, in which the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a> found in all <a href="/wiki/Chordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordates">chordates</a> is replaced by a segmented series of <a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineralized tissue">mineralized</a> elements called <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a> separated by <a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilaginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibrocartilaginous">fibrocartilaginous</a> <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a>, which are embryonic and evolutionary remnants of the notochord. <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Hagfish</a> are the only extant vertebrate whose notochord persists and is not integrated/ replaced by the vertebral column. A few vertebrates have secondarily lost this feature and retain the notochord into adulthood, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed vertebrates</a> are typified by paired appendages (<a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">fins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a>, which may be secondarily lost), but this trait is not required to qualify an animal as a vertebrate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The vertebral column is the central component of the <a href="/wiki/Axial_skeleton" title="Axial skeleton">axial skeleton</a>, which structurally supports the <a href="/wiki/Core_(anatomy)" title="Core (anatomy)">core</a> <a href="/wiki/Body_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Body segment">body segments</a> and unpaired appendages such as <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sail_(anatomy)" title="Sail (anatomy)">sails</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Appendicular_skeleton" title="Appendicular skeleton">appendicular skeleta</a> that support paired appendages (particularly limbs), this forms an internal <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal system</a>, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">endoskeleton</a>, which is vastly different to the <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroskeleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroskeleton">hydroskeleton</a> ubiquitously seen in <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>. The endoskeleton structure enables a more concentrated layout of skeletal <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissues</a> attaching outside (and thus not restricted by the volume of) the skeleton, which allows vertebrates to achieve much larger body sizes than invertebrates of the same skeletal <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gills">Gills</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gills"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gills_(esox).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gills_%28esox%29.jpg/220px-Gills_%28esox%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gills_%28esox%29.jpg/330px-Gills_%28esox%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gills_%28esox%29.jpg/440px-Gills_%28esox%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>Gill arches bearing gills in a <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most vertebrates are <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic</a> and carry out <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> via <a href="/wiki/Gills" class="mw-redirect" title="Gills">gills</a>. The gills are carried right behind the head, bordering the posterior margins of a series of crescentic openings from the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> to the outside. Each <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gill</a> is supported by a cartilaginous or bony <a href="/wiki/Gill_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill arch">gill arch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which develop embryonically from <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">Bony fish</a> have three pairs of gill arches, <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a> have five to seven pairs, while the primitive <a href="/wiki/Jawless_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless fish">jawless fish</a> have seven pairs. The ancestral vertebrates likely had more arches than seven, as some of their chordate relatives have more than 50 pairs of gill opens,<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most, if not all, of these openings are actually involved in <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeding">filter feeding</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jawed_vertebrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed vertebrate">jawed vertebrates</a>, the first gill arch pair evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">jointed</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a> and form an additional <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a> ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. Research also suggests that the sixth branchial arch contributed to the formation of the vertebrate shoulder, which separated the head as a distinct part of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> and some primitive bony fishes, the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> bear <a href="/wiki/External_gills" title="External gills">external gills</a>, branching off from the gill arches.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are reduced in adulthood, their respiratory function taken over by the internal gills <i>proper</i> in fishes and by <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">cutaneous respiration</a> in most amphibians. While some amphibians such as <a href="/wiki/Axolotl" title="Axolotl">axolotl</a> retain the external gills into adulthood, the complex internal gill system as seen in fish apparently being irrevocably lost very early in the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, who evolved <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> (which are <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a>) to breathe air.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaining_ground_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaining_ground-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the more specialized terrestrial vertebrates lack gills, the gill arches form during <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">fetal development</a>, and form the basis of essential structures such as <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, the <i>columella</i> (corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>) and, in mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">malleus and incus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> of vertebrates is based on the embryonic <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal nerve cord</a> (which then flattens into a <a href="/wiki/Neural_plate" title="Neural plate">neural plate</a> before <a href="/wiki/Neural_fold" title="Neural fold">folding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">fusing over</a> into a hollow <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a>) running along the dorsal aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>. Of particular importance and unique to vertebrates is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a> cells, which are <a href="/wiki/Progenitor_cell" title="Progenitor cell">progenitor cells</a> critical to coordinating the functions of cellular components.<sup id="cite_ref-Teng2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teng2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neural crest cells migrate through the body from the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal nerve cord</a> during development, initiate the formation of neuronal <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Special_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Special sense">special sense</a> organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Gans1983_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gans1983-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bronner2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bronner2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> forms when neural crest cells branch out laterally from the dorsal nerve cord and migrate together with the <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesodermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somites</a> to innervate the various different structures that develop in the body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The vertebrates are the only <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> group with neural <a href="/wiki/Cephalization" title="Cephalization">cephalization</a>, and their neural functions are <a href="/wiki/Centralize" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralize">centralized</a> towards a series of enlarged clusters in the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a>, which give rise to a <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. A slight swelling of the anterior end of the nerve cord is found in invertebrate chordates such as <a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">lancelets</a> (a sister subphylum known as the <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">cephalochordates</a>), though it lacks <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> and other complex <a href="/wiki/Special_sense" class="mw-redirect" title="Special sense">special sense</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> comparable to those of vertebrates. Other chordates do not show any trends towards cephalization.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rostral end of the neural tube is expanded by a thickening and outward expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Brain_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain parenchyma">neural parenchyma</a> into three primary <a href="/wiki/Brain_vesicle" title="Brain vesicle">brain vesicles</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Prosencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosencephalon">prosencephalon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">mesencephalon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rhombencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombencephalon">rhombencephalon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">hindbrain</a>), which are further differentiated in the various vertebrate groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrand_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two laterally placed <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical nerve">optical nerves</a> form around outgrowths from the midbrain, except in <a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>, though that may be a secondary loss.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forebrain is more well-developed in most <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> and subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Telencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telencephalon">telencephalon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a>, while the midbrain dominates in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a>. In vertebrates with paired appendages, especially tetrapods, a pair of secondary enlargements of the hindbrain become the <a href="/wiki/Cerebella" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebella">cerebella</a>, which modulate sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">motor coordination</a> needed for <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">terrestrial</a> and (to a lesser extent) <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">aquatic locomotions</a>. The brain vesicles are usually <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilaterally symmetrical</a>, giving rise to the paired <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hildebrand_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hildebrand-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Central_canal" title="Central canal">central canal</a> of the neural tube also expands with the brain vesicles into a complex <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">ventricular system</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus" title="Choroid plexus">choroid plexuses</a> that secrete circulating <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a>, which is needed for <a href="/wiki/Glymphatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glymphatic">glymphatic</a> clearance of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic wastes</a> that cannot be removed efficiently enough across the <a href="/wiki/Blood-brain_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-brain barrier">blood-brain barrier</a>. </p><p>The resultant anatomy of a central nervous system arising from a single nerve cord dorsal to the <a href="/wiki/Gut_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut tube">gut tube</a>, headed by a series of (typically paired) brain vesicles, is unique to vertebrates. This is in stark contrast to <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> with well-developed central nervous systems such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, who have an often ladder-like <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">ventral nerve cord</a> made of paired <a href="/wiki/Segmental_ganglia" title="Segmental ganglia">segmental ganglia</a> on the opposite (<a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a>) side of the gut tube, with a split <a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">brain stem</a> circumventing around each side of the <a href="/wiki/Foregut" title="Foregut">foregut</a> to form a brain on the dorsal side of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The higher functions of the vertebrate CNS are highly <i><a href="/wiki/Centralize" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralize">centralized</a></i> towards the brain (particularly the forebrain), while the invertebrate CNS is significantly more <i><a href="/wiki/Decentralize" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralize">decentralized</a></i> with the segmental ganglia having substantial neural <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> independent of the brain (which itself is just a fused cluster of segmental ganglia from the rostral <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">metameres</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another distinct neural feature of vertebrates is the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axonal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Myelination" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelination">myelination</a> in both central (via <a href="/wiki/Oligodendrocyte" title="Oligodendrocyte">oligodendrocytes</a>) and peripheral nerves (via <a href="/wiki/Neurolemmocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurolemmocyte">neurolemmocytes</a>). Although myelin <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulator">insulation</a> is not unique to vertebrates — many <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> also have myelin sheath formed by <a href="/wiki/Glia_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Glia cell">glia cells</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Kuruma_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuruma shrimp">kuruma shrimp</a> having twice the <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_velocity" title="Nerve conduction velocity">conduction velocity</a> of any vertebrates — vertebrate myelination is annular and non-<a href="/wiki/Fenestra" title="Fenestra">fenestrated</a>, and the combination of myelination and <a href="/wiki/Encephalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Encephalization">encephalization</a> have given vertebrates a unique advantage in developing higher neural functions such as complex <a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">motor skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>. It also allows vertebrates to <a href="/wiki/Cope%27s_rule" title="Cope's rule">evolve larger sizes</a> while still maintaining considerable <a href="/wiki/Body_reactivity" title="Body reactivity">body reactivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed" title="Speed">speed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agility" title="Agility">agility</a> (in contrast, invertebrates typically become <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensorily</a> slower and <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motorically</a> clumsier with larger sizes), which are crucial for the eventual adaptive success of vertebrates in seizing <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">dominant</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a> of higher <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic levels</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecular_signatures">Molecular signatures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Molecular signatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular markers known as <a href="/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels" title="Conserved signature indels">conserved signature indels</a> (CSIs) in protein sequences have been identified and provide distinguishing criteria for the subphylum Vertebrata.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, 5 CSIs in the following proteins: protein synthesis <a href="/wiki/Elongation_factor-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Elongation factor-2">elongation factor-2</a> (EF-2), <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic_translation_initiation_factor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3">eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3</a> (eIF3), <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_kinase" title="Adenosine kinase">adenosine kinase</a> (AdK) and a protein related to <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_carboxyl-terminal_hydrolase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase">ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase</a> are exclusively shared by all vertebrates and reliably distinguish them from all other <a href="/wiki/Metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan">metazoan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specific relationship between vertebrates and <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a> is strongly supported by two CSIs found in the proteins <a href="/wiki/Rrp44" class="mw-redirect" title="Rrp44">Rrp44</a> (associated with <a href="/wiki/Exosome_complex" title="Exosome complex">exosome complex</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Serine_C-palmitoyltransferase" title="Serine C-palmitoyltransferase">serine palmitoyltransferase</a>, that are exclusively shared by species from these two subphyla but not <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">cephalochordates</a>, indicating vertebrates are more closely related to tunicates than cephalochordates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Evolution of tetrapods</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External_relationships">External relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the "Notochordata hypothesis" suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sister_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister taxon">sister taxon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Craniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata">Craniata</a> (Vertebrata). This group, called the Notochordata, was placed as sister group to the <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a> (Urochordata). Although this was once the leading hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies since 2006 analyzing large <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequencing</a> datasets strongly support Olfactores (tunicates + vertebrates) as a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> clade,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the placement of Cephalochordata as sister-group to Olfactores (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Olfactores#Olfactores_hypothesis" title="Olfactores">Olfactores hypothesis</a>"). As <a href="/wiki/Chordates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordates">chordates</a>, they all share the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>, at least during a stage of their life cycle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> summarizes the <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematic</a> relationships between the Olfactores (vertebrates and tunicates) and the Cephalochordata. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordata">Cephalochordata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Amphioxiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphioxiformes">Amphioxiformes</a> (lancelets) <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_(Amphioxus_lanceolatus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png/140px-Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png/210px-Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png/280px-Branchiostoma_lanceolatum_%28Amphioxus_lanceolatus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="11456" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Tunicata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunicata">Tunicata</a>/Urochordata (<a href="/wiki/Sea_squirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea squirt">sea squirts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salp" title="Salp">salps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larvaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvaceans">larvaceans</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salpa_scheme.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salpa_scheme.png/90px-Salpa_scheme.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salpa_scheme.png/135px-Salpa_scheme.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salpa_scheme.png/180px-Salpa_scheme.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Craniata" class="mw-redirect" title="Craniata">Craniata</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <b>Vertebrata</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haikouichthys4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Haikouichthys4.png/90px-Haikouichthys4.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Haikouichthys4.png/135px-Haikouichthys4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Haikouichthys4.png/180px-Haikouichthys4.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_vertebrates">First vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg/220px-Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg/330px-Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg/440px-Haikouichthys_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>The early vertebrate <i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Vertebrates originated during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>, which saw a rise in organism diversity. The earliest known vertebrates belong to the <a href="/wiki/Chengjiang_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengjiang biota">Chengjiang biota</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shu1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lived about 518 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <i><a href="/wiki/Haikouichthys" title="Haikouichthys">Haikouichthys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingia" title="Myllokunmingia">Myllokunmingia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shu1999_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Zhongjianichthys" title="Zhongjianichthys">Zhongjianichthys</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably <i><a href="/wiki/Haikouella" class="mw-redirect" title="Haikouella">Haikouella</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian, these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan: a notochord, rudimentary vertebrae, and a well-defined head and tail.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these early vertebrates lacked <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a> in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A vertebrate group of uncertain phylogeny, small eel-like <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a>, are known from microfossils of their paired tooth segments from the late Cambrian to the end of the Triassic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_fish_to_amphibians">From fish to amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: From fish to amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthostega_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/212px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/318px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg/424px-Acanthostega_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthostega" title="Acanthostega">Acanthostega</a></i>, a fish-like early <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">labyrinthodont</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">jawed vertebrates</a> may have appeared in the late <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> (~445 mya) and became common in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian period</a>, often known as the "Age of Fishes".<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1954_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1954-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two groups of <a href="/wiki/Bony_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fishes">bony fishes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a>, evolved and became common.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes save for lampreys and hagfish, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>, a group of armoured fish that dominated the entirety of that period since the late <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Eurypterids" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurypterids">eurypterids</a>, dominant animals of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anomalocarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomalocarids">anomalocarids</a>. By the middle of the Devonian, several droughts, <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">anoxic events</a> and oceanic competition lead a lineage of sarcopterygii to leave water, eventually establishing themselves as terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Tetrapods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">tetrapods</a> in the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic_vertebrates">Mesozoic vertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mesozoic vertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniotes</a> branched from amphibious tetrapods early in the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period. The <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a> amniotes were dominant during the late Paleozoic, the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">diapsid</a> amniotes became dominant during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. In the sea, the <a href="/wiki/Teleosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleosts">teleosts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a> became dominant. Mesothermic synapsids called <a href="/wiki/Cynodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodonts">cynodonts</a> gave rise to endothermic <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> and diapsids called <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> eventually gave rise to endothermic <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, both in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Mesozoic">After the Mesozoic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After the Mesozoic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> world saw great diversification of bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fish (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_stone_loach" title="Tibetan stone loach">Tibetan stone loach</a> (<i>Triplophysa stolickai</i>) in western <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot springs">hot springs</a> near <a href="/wiki/Longmu_Lake" title="Longmu Lake">Longmu Lake</a> at an elevation of 5,200 metres (17,100 feet) to an unknown species of snailfish (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoliparis_(fish)" title="Pseudoliparis (fish)">Pseudoliparis</a></i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Izu%E2%80%93Ogasawara_Trench" title="Izu–Ogasawara Trench">Izu–Ogasawara Trench</a> at a depth of 8,336 metres (27,349 feet).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fish varieties are the main predators in most of the world's freshwater and marine water bodies . The rest of the vertebrate species are tetrapods, a single lineage that includes amphibians (with roughly 7,000 species); mammals (with approximately 5,500 species); and reptiles and birds (with about 20,000 species divided evenly between the two classes). Tetrapods comprise the dominant megafauna of most terrestrial environments and also include many partially or fully aquatic groups (e.g., sea <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguins">penguins</a>, cetaceans).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several ways of classifying animals. <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary systematics</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> history, which is determined through similarities in anatomy and, if possible, the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> of organisms. <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Phylogenetic classification</a> is based solely on <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evolutionary systematics gives an overview; phylogenetic systematics gives detail. The two systems are thus complementary rather than opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_classification">Traditional classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spindle_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/220px-Spindle_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/330px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Spindle_diagram.jpg/440px-Spindle_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Traditional spindle diagram of the evolution of the vertebrates at class level</figcaption></figure> <p>Conventional classification has living vertebrates grouped into seven classes based on traditional interpretations of gross <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> traits. This classification is the one most commonly encountered in school textbooks, overviews, non-specialist, and popular works. The <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> vertebrates are:<sup id="cite_ref-Romer_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Subphylum Vertebrata</b> <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a> (jawless fishes)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (cartilaginous fishes)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> (bony fishes)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a> (amphibians)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a> (reptiles)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> (birds)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a> (mammals)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In addition to these, there are two classes of extinct armoured fishes, the <a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a>, both considered <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. </p><p>Other ways of classifying the vertebrates have been devised, particularly with emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodontia" title="Labyrinthodontia">early amphibians</a> and reptiles. An example based on Janvier (1981, 1997), Shu <i>et al.</i> (2003), and Benton (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is given here († = <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>): </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_evolution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fish_evolution.png/220px-Fish_evolution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fish_evolution.png/330px-Fish_evolution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Fish_evolution.png/440px-Fish_evolution.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a> of various groups of vertebrates through the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic ages">geologic ages</a>. The width of the bubbles signifies the diversity (number of <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Subphylum Vertebrata</b> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Palaeospondylus" title="Palaeospondylus">Palaeospondylus</a></i></li> <li><b>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a></b> or <a href="/wiki/Cephalaspidomorphi" title="Cephalaspidomorphi">Cephalaspidomorphi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> and other jawless fishes) <ul><li><b>Superclass <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anaspidomorphi" title="Anaspidomorphi">Anaspidomorphi</a></b> (anaspids and relatives)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Infraphylum <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></b> (vertebrates with jaws) <ul><li>Class <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a> (extinct armoured fishes)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (cartilaginous fishes)</li> <li>Class <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a> (extinct spiny "sharks")</li> <li><b>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></b> (bony fishes) <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (ray-finned bony fishes)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> (lobe-finned fishes, including the tetrapods)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Superclass <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a></b> (four-limbed vertebrates) <ul><li>Class <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">Amphibia</a> (amphibians, some ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">amniotes</a>)—now a paraphyletic group</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> (mammals and the extinct mammal-like reptiles)</li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> (reptiles and birds)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>While this traditional classification is orderly, most of the groups are <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, i.e. do not contain all descendants of the class's common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton2004_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, descendants of the first reptiles include modern reptiles, mammals and birds; the <a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">agnathans</a> have given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">jawed vertebrates</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">bony fishes</a> have given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">land vertebrates</a>; the traditional "<a href="/wiki/Labyrinthodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthodont">amphibians</a>" have given rise to the <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">reptiles</a> (traditionally including the <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> or mammal-like "reptiles"), which in turn have given rise to the mammals and birds. Most scientists working with vertebrates use a classification based purely on <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organized by their known evolutionary history and sometimes disregarding the conventional interpretations of their anatomy and physiology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetic_relationships">Phylogenetic relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phylogenetic relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic taxonomy</a>, the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks but illustrated as a nested "family tree" known as a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below is based on studies compiled by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Janvier" title="Philippe Janvier">Philippe Janvier</a> and others for the <i>Tree of Life Web Project</i> and Delsuc et al.,<sup id="cite_ref-tol_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tol-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and complemented (based on,<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_&_Sallan_2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhu2016_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhu2016-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). A <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (symbol)">dagger</a> (†) denotes an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, whereas all other clades have living <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">descendants</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/220px-NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/330px-NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/440px-NochelaspisMaeandrine-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galeaspid" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeaspid">galeaspid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nochelaspis" title="Nochelaspis">Nochelaspis maeandrine</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_(21137540331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg/220px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg/330px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg/440px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_2014-12-26_%2821137540331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Placoderm" title="Placoderm">placoderm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkleosteus_terrelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkleosteus terrelli">Dunkleosteus terrelli</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplacanthus_acus_(acanthodian_fish)_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg/220px-Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg/330px-Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg/440px-Diplacanthus_acus_%28acanthodian_fish%29_from_Waterloo_Farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="2764" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Acanthodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodian">acanthodian</a> fish <i><a href="/wiki/Diplacanthus_acus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplacanthus acus">Diplacanthus acus</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg/220px-Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg/330px-Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg/440px-Cheirolepis_canadensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption>The early <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-fin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cheirolepis" title="Cheirolepis">Cheirolepis canadensis</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg/220px-Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg/330px-Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg/440px-Tiktaalik_roseae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tetrapodomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapodomorph">tetrapodomorph</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik_roseae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiktaalik roseae">Tiktaalik roseae</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg/220px-Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg/330px-Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg/440px-Seymouria_Tambach_Lovers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>The early <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Seymouria" title="Seymouria">Seymouria</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg/220px-Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg/330px-Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg/440px-Tellus_Dimetrodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">synapsid</a> "mammal-like reptile" <i><a href="/wiki/Dimetrodon" title="Dimetrodon">Dimetrodon limbatus</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg/220px-Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg/330px-Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg/440px-Archaeopteryx_fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The bird-like <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Vertebrata</b>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Agnatha</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nejon%C3%B6ga,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/90px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/135px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/180px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Myxini" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxini">Myxini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg/90px-Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg/135px-Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg/180px-Cuvier-120-Myxine116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomes">Cyclostomes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Euconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euconodonta">Euconodonta</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/90px-ConodontZICA.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/135px-ConodontZICA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/180px-ConodontZICA.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingiidae" title="Myllokunmingiidae">Myllokunmingiida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myllokunmingia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/65px-Myllokunmingia.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/98px-Myllokunmingia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/130px-Myllokunmingia.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid red;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi" title="Pteraspidomorphi">Pteraspidomorphi</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/50px-Astraspis_desiderata.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/75px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/100px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/50px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/75px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/100px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasanius_NT_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/70px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/105px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Lasanius_NT_small.jpg/140px-Lasanius_NT_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galeaspids_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/70px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/105px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/140px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pituriaspida.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/70px-Pituriaspida.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/105px-Pituriaspida.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/140px-Pituriaspida.gif 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid red;border-bottom:2px solid red;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/80px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/120px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/160px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:2px solid blue;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Antiarchi" title="Antiarchi">Antiarchi</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pterichthyodes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pterichthyodes.jpg/80px-Pterichthyodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pterichthyodes.jpg/120px-Pterichthyodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pterichthyodes.jpg/160px-Pterichthyodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Petalichthyida" title="Petalichthyida">Petalichthyida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunaspis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lunaspis.png/50px-Lunaspis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lunaspis.png/75px-Lunaspis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lunaspis.png/100px-Lunaspis.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Arthrodira" title="Arthrodira">Arthrodira</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/70px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/105px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/140px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Ptyctodontida" title="Ptyctodontida">Ptyctodontida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Materpiscis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Materpiscis.png/50px-Materpiscis.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Materpiscis.png/75px-Materpiscis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Materpiscis.png/100px-Materpiscis.png 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf" style="border-right:2px solid blue;border-bottom:2px solid blue;border-top:0;"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Entelognathus" title="Entelognathus">Entelognathus</a></i> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/80px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/120px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png/160px-Reconstruction_of_Entelognathus_primordialis_in_lateral_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="701" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Acanthodii" title="Acanthodii">Acanthodii</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acanthodes_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/90px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/135px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Acanthodes_BW.jpg/180px-Acanthodes_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="303" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">Holocephali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chimaeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimaeriformes">rat fish</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg/60px-Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg/90px-Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg/120px-Chimaera_monstrosa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="552" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Euselachii">Euselachii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharks">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray (fish)">rays</a>)<span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_shark_(Duane_Raver).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png/75px-White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png/113px-White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png/150px-White_shark_%28Duane_Raver%29.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(cartilaginous fishes) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px none;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bichirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Bichirs">bichirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reedfish" title="Reedfish">reedfish</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg/80px-Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg/120px-Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg/160px-Cuvier-105-Polypt%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="155" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sturgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sturgeons">sturgeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyodontidae">paddlefishes</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/90px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/135px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg/180px-Atlantic_sturgeon_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bowfin" title="Bowfin">bowfin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gar" title="Gar">gars</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amia_calva_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Amia_calva_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="733" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Teleostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostei">Teleostei</a> (96% of <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">living</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fishes</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/70px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/105px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg/140px-Common_carp_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="379" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(ray‑fins) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Onychodontiformes" title="Onychodontiformes">Onychodontiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/70px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/105px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg/140px-OnychodusDB15_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="986" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latimeria" title="Latimeria">coelacanths</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelacanth_flipped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/70px-Coelacanth_flipped.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/105px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coelacanth_flipped.png/140px-Coelacanth_flipped.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="228" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Porolepiformes" title="Porolepiformes">Porolepiformes</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/70px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/105px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg/140px-Reconstruction_of_Porolepis_sp_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="1724" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dipnoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipnoi">Dipnoi</a> (lungfishes) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barramunda_coloured.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/75px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/113px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Barramunda_coloured.jpg/150px-Barramunda_coloured.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="214" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Rhizodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizodontidae">Rhizodontimorpha</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/70px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/105px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg/140px-Gooloogongia_loomesi_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Tristichopteridae" title="Tristichopteridae">Tristichopteridae</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/70px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/105px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg/140px-Eusthenodon_DB15_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="924" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Tiktaalik" title="Tiktaalik">Tiktaalik</a></i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/100px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/150px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg/200px-Tiktaalik_BW_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Tetrapoda (see below) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyostega_BW_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/80px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/120px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg/160px-Ichthyostega_BW_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="244" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(lobe‑fins) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(jawed vertebrates) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-bar" style="width:100px;"><div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:18.5%;">†"<a href="/wiki/Ostracodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracodermi">Ostracodermi</a>"</div><div style="position:absolute;white-space:nowrap;top:39%;">†"<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>"</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">Craniata </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Note that, as shown in the cladogram above, the †"<a href="/wiki/Ostracodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracodermi">Ostracodermi</a>" (armoured jawless fishes) and †"<a href="/wiki/Placodermi" class="mw-redirect" title="Placodermi">Placodermi</a>" (armoured jawed fishes) are shown to be <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphylectic</a> groups, separated from gnathostomes and eugnathostomes respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_et_al_2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles_et_al_2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also note that <a href="/wiki/Teleostei" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleostei">Teleostei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>) each make up about 50% of today's vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a>, while all other groups are either <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> or rare. The next <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> shows the extant <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> of tetrapods (the four-limbed vertebrates), and a selection of <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> (†) groups: </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">Tetrapoda</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Amphibians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caecilian" title="Caecilian">caecilians</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salamandra_salamandra_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/80px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg/160px-Salamandra_salamandra_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†"<a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">Reptile-like amphibians</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diadectes1DB_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/90px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/135px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg/180px-Diadectes1DB_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="363" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†"<a href="/wiki/Mammal-like_reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal-like reptile">Mammal-like reptiles</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ophiacomorphs2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/100px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/150px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ophiacomorphs2.jpg/200px-Ophiacomorphs2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monotremes" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotremes">monotremes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammals">placentals</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskea_rotta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/60px-Ruskea_rotta.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/90px-Ruskea_rotta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruskea_rotta.png/120px-Ruskea_rotta.png 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="110" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Parareptilia" title="Parareptilia">Parareptilia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/70px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/105px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg/140px-Scutosaurus_BW_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="301" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Diapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapsida">Diapsida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Scaled reptiles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_reptiles,_amphibians,_and_fresh-water_fishes_(1920)_(Lacerta_agilis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/80px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/120px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg/160px-British_reptiles%2C_amphibians%2C_and_fresh-water_fishes_%281920%29_%28Lacerta_agilis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="644" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaurs</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crocodiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodiles">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligatoridae" title="Alligatoridae">alligatorids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavialidae" title="Gavialidae">gavialids</a>)<span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/80px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/120px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png/160px-Deinosuchus_riograndensis.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†"<a href="/wiki/Non-avian_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-avian dinosaurs">Non-avian dinosaurs</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/90px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/135px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/180px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_(1908)_(Antwerpener_Breiftaube).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/40px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/60px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg/80px-Meyers_grosses_Konversations-Lexikon_-_ein_Nachschlagewerk_des_allgemeinen_Wissens_%281908%29_%28Antwerpener_Breiftaube%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="698" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">four‑limbed vertebrates </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Note that <a href="/wiki/Reptiliomorpha" title="Reptiliomorpha">reptile-like amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammal-like_reptile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammal-like reptile">mammal-like reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-avian_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-avian dinosaurs">non-avian dinosaurs</a> are all <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. </p><p>The placement of hagfish on the vertebrate tree of life has been controversial. Their lack of proper <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> (among with other characteristics found in lampreys and jawed vertebrates) led phylogenetic analyses based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> to place them outside Vertebrata. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular data">Molecular data</a>, however, indicates they are vertebrates closely related to <a href="/wiki/Lampreys" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampreys">lampreys</a>. A study by Miyashita <i>et al</i>. (2019), 'reconciliated' the two types of analysis as it supports the <a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> using only morphological data.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Myllokunmingiidae" title="Myllokunmingiidae">Myllokunmingiida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myllokunmingia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/55px-Myllokunmingia.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/83px-Myllokunmingia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Myllokunmingia.png/110px-Myllokunmingia.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Vertebrata</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Anaspida" title="Anaspida">Anaspida</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaspida.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anaspida.png/50px-Anaspida.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anaspida.png/75px-Anaspida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Anaspida.png/100px-Anaspida.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<i><a href="/wiki/Pipiscius" title="Pipiscius">Pipiscius</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Euconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Euconodonta">Euconodonta</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ConodontZICA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/70px-ConodontZICA.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/105px-ConodontZICA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ConodontZICA.png/140px-ConodontZICA.png 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nejon%C3%B6ga,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/70px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/105px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg/140px-Nejon%C3%B6ga%2C_Iduns_kokbok.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="216" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pteraspidomorphi" title="Pteraspidomorphi">Pteraspidomorphi</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astraspis_desiderata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/50px-Astraspis_desiderata.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/75px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Astraspis_desiderata.png/100px-Astraspis_desiderata.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Thelodonti" title="Thelodonti">Thelodonti</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/50px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/75px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg/100px-Sphenonectris_turnernae_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Pituriaspida" title="Pituriaspida">Pituriaspida</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pituriaspida.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/70px-Pituriaspida.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/105px-Pituriaspida.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pituriaspida.gif/140px-Pituriaspida.gif 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="237" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Galeaspida" title="Galeaspida">Galeaspida</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galeaspids_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/70px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/105px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Galeaspids_NT.jpg/140px-Galeaspids_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>†<a href="/wiki/Osteostraci" title="Osteostraci">Osteostraci</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/70px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/105px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg/140px-Cephalaspis_Lyellii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Jawed vertebrates</a><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/70px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/105px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png/140px-Dunkleosteus_terrelli_2023_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="2655" data-file-height="1492" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(crown group) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_extant_species">Number of extant species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Number of extant species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of described vertebrate species are split between <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. The following table lists the number of described <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxa">extant</a> species for each vertebrate <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> as estimated in the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>, 2014.3.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Vertebrate groups </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Estimated number of<br />described species<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Group<br />totals<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6" style="background:rgb(120,120,185)"><a href="/wiki/Anamniote" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamniote"><span style="color:white;">Anamniote</span></a><br /><br /><span style="color:white;"><small>lack<br /><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic membrane"><span style="color:white;">amniotic<br />membrane</span></a><br />so need to<br />reproduce<br />in water</small></span> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="background:rgb(120,120,185)"><a href="/wiki/Jawless_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawless vertebrates"><span style="color:white;">Jawless</span></a> </th> <th rowspan="5" style="background:rgb(130,130,130)"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish"><span style="color:white;">Fish</span></a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg/140px-Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg/210px-Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg/280px-Eptatretus_polytrema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="723" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Myxini" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxini">Myxini</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a>)</small> </td> <td align="center">78 </td> <td align="center" rowspan="5">>32,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg/140px-Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg/210px-Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg/280px-Eudontomyzon_danfordi_Tiszai_ingola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="297" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lamprey</a>)</small> </td> <td align="center">40 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7" style="background:rgb(120,120,185)"><a href="/wiki/Jawed_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawed vertebrates"><span style="color:white;">Jawed</span></a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg/140px-Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg/210px-Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg/280px-Shark_fish_chondrichthyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="832" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous<br />fish</a> </td> <td align="center">>1,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/140px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/210px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg/280px-Carassius_wild_golden_fish_2013_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3740" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned<br />fish</a> </td> <td align="center">>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelacanth-bgiu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/140px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/210px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Coelacanth-bgiu.png/280px-Coelacanth-bgiu.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="330" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Lobe-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobe-finned fish">lobe-finned<br />fish</a> </td> <td align="center">8 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" style="background:rgb(130,130,130)"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod"><span style="color:white;">Tetrapods</span></a> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/140px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/210px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lithobates_pipiens.jpg/280px-Lithobates_pipiens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> </td> <td align="center">7,302 </td> <td rowspan="4" align="center">33,278 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote"><span style="color:gray;">Amniote</span></a><br /><br /><span style="color:gray;"><small>have<br /><a href="/wiki/Amniotic_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniotic membrane"><span style="color:gray;">amniotic<br />membrane</span></a><br />adapted to<br />reproducing<br />on land</small></span> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/140px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/210px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg/280px-Florida_Box_Turtle_Digon3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> </td> <td align="center">10,711 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squirrel_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/140px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/210px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png/280px-Squirrel_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="1352" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> </td> <td align="center">5,513 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_bird_(Sagittarius_serpentarius)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/140px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/210px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg/280px-Secretary_bird_%28Sagittarius_serpentarius%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> </td> <td align="center">10,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="right"><b>Total described species</b> </td> <td align="center"><b>66,178</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The IUCN estimates that 1,305,075 <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate#Number_of_extant_species" title="Invertebrate">extant invertebrate species</a> have been described,<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN1014_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN1014-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that less than 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Animal#Number_of_extant_species" title="Animal">described animal species</a> in the world are vertebrates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrate_species_databases">Vertebrate species databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vertebrate species databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following databases maintain (more or less) up-to-date lists of vertebrate species: </p> <ul><li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">Fishbase</a></li> <li>Amphibians: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphibiaweb.org">Amphibiaweb</a></li> <li>Reptiles: <a href="/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">Reptile Database</a></li> <li>Birds: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/avibase.jsp?lang=EN">Avibase</a></li> <li>Mammals: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/">Mammal species of the World</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproductive_systems">Reproductive systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reproductive systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all vertebrates undergo <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. They produce <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Haploid_and_monoploid" title="Ploidy">haploid</a> gametes by <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>. The smaller, motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> and the larger, non-motile gametes are <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ova</a>. These fuse by the process of <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygotes</a>, which develop into new individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Inbreeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During sexual reproduction, mating with a close relative (<a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>) often leads to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>. Inbreeding depression is considered to be largely due to expression of deleterious <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19834483_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of inbreeding have been studied in many vertebrate species. In several species of fish, inbreeding decreases reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16189545_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16189545-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19486236_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19486236-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23798977_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23798977-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inbreeding increases juvenile mortality in 11 small animal species studied.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7043080_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7043080-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21737321_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21737321-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice generally has a negative effect on measures of reproductive success, including decreased litter size and puppy survival.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10490080_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10490080-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15803761_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15803761-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25475165_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25475165-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inbreeding in birds result in severe <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> costs due to inbreeding depression (e.g. reduction in hatchability of eggs and reduced progeny survival).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12144022_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12144022-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22643890_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22643890-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingma_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingma-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inbreeding_avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inbreeding avoidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_avoidance" title="Inbreeding avoidance">Inbreeding avoidance</a></div> <p>As a result of the negative fitness consequences of <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>, vertebrate species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. </p><p>Several mechanisms operate prior to mating. Amphibians including toads display <a href="/wiki/Philopatry" title="Philopatry">breeding site fidelity</a>. Individuals that return to natal ponds to breed will likely encounter <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a> as potential mates. Although <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">incest</a> is possible, <i>Bufo americanus</i> siblings rarely mate.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These toads likely recognize and actively avoid close kin as mates. <a href="/wiki/Advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisement">Advertisement</a> vocalizations by males appear to serve as cues by which females recognize their kin.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operate after <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> of rival males for achieving <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male, a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When female <a href="/wiki/Sand_lizard" title="Sand lizard">sand lizards</a> mate with two or more males, sperm competition within the female's reproductive tract may occur. Active selection of sperm by females appears to occur in a manner that enhances female fitness.<sup id="cite_ref-Olsson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of this selective process, the sperm of males that are more distantly related to the female are preferentially used for fertilization, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> of close relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Olsson_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This preference may enhance the fitness of progeny by reducing <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outcrossing">Outcrossing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Outcrossing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a> with unrelated or distantly related members of the same species results in <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">heterosis</a>, which provides the advantage of masking deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3898363_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3898363-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outcrossing as a way of avoiding inbreeding depression has been especially well studied in birds. For instance, inbreeding depression occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a> (<i>Parus major</i>) when the offspring are produced as a result of a mating between close relatives. In natural populations of the great tit, inbreeding is avoided by dispersal of individuals from their birthplace, which reduces the chance of mating with a close relative.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18211876_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18211876-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26577076_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26577076-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently or to join unrelated groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parthenogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">Parthenogenesis</a> is a natural form of reproduction in which growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization. </p><p>Reproduction in <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">squamate</a> reptiles is ordinarily sexual, with males having a <a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZZ pair</a> of sex determining chromosomes, and females a ZW pair. However, various species, including the <a href="/wiki/Epicrates_maurus" title="Epicrates maurus">Colombian Rainbow boa</a> (<i>Epicrates maurus</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Agkistrodon contortrix">Agkistrodon contortrix</a></i> (copperhead snake) and <i><a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_piscivorus" title="Agkistrodon piscivorus">Agkistrodon piscivorus</a></i> (cotton mouth snake) can also reproduce by facultative parthenogenesis—that is, they are capable of switching from a sexual mode of reproduction to an <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> mode—resulting in production of WW female progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22977071_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22977071-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21868391_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21868391-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WW females are likely produced by <a href="/wiki/Thelytoky#Automixis_with_terminal_fusion" title="Thelytoky">terminal automixis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mole_salamander" title="Mole salamander">Mole salamanders</a> are an ancient (2.4–3.8 million year-old) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unisexual_salamanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unisexual salamanders (page does not exist)">unisexual</a> vertebrate lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17546077_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17546077-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> unisexual mole salamander females, a premeiotic endomitotic event doubles the number of chromosomes. As a result, the mature eggs produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same <a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cells</a> of the female salamander. <a href="/wiki/Synapsis" title="Synapsis">Synapsis</a> and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasionally between <a href="/wiki/Homologous_chromosome" title="Homologous chromosome">homologous chromosomes</a>. Thus little, if any, genetic variation is produced. Recombination between <a href="/wiki/Ploidy#Homoeologous" title="Ploidy">homeologous</a> chromosomes occurs only rarely, if at all.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20358399_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20358399-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since production of genetic variation is weak, at best, it is unlikely to provide a benefit sufficient to account for the long-term maintenance of meiosis in these organisms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-fertilization">Self-fertilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Self-fertilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Killifish" title="Killifish">killifish</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_killifish" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove killifish">mangrove killifish</a> (<i>Kryptolebias marmoratus</i>) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kryptolebias_hermaphroditus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kryptolebias hermaphroditus (page does not exist)">Kryptolebias hermaphroditus</a></i>, are the only known vertebrates to self-fertilize.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produce eggs and sperm by meiosis and routinely reproduce by <a href="/wiki/Reproduction#Autogamy" title="Reproduction">self-fertilisation</a>. This capacity has apparently persisted for at least several hundred thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19706532_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19706532-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each individual <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a> normally fertilizes itself through uniting inside the fish's body of an egg and a sperm that it has produced by an internal organ.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGonadal_morphology_in_the_self-fertilizing_mangrove_killifish,_Kryptolebias_marmoratus_–_Springer_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGonadal_morphology_in_the_self-fertilizing_mangrove_killifish,_Kryptolebias_marmoratus_–_Springer-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nature, this mode of reproduction can yield highly homozygous lines composed of individuals so genetically uniform as to be, in effect, identical to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Avise_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avise-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid22990587_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22990587-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although inbreeding, especially in the extreme form of self-fertilization, is ordinarily regarded as detrimental because it leads to expression of deleterious recessive alleles, self-fertilization does provide the benefit of <i>fertilization assurance</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fertilisation#Self-pollination" title="Fertilisation">reproductive assurance</a>) at each generation.<sup id="cite_ref-Avise_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avise-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_trends">Population trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Population trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Index" title="Living Planet Index">Living Planet Index</a>, following 16,704 populations of 4,005 species of vertebrates, shows a decline of 60% between 1970 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1970, freshwater species declined 83%, and tropical populations in South and Central America declined 89%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors note that, "An average trend in population change is not an average of total numbers of animals lost."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, this could lead to a sixth <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">major extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five main causes of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> are <a href="/wiki/Land-use_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-use change">land-use change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation of natural resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Marine vertebrate</a> – Marine animals with a vertebrate column</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoskeleton" title="Endoskeleton">Endoskeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_system_of_the_horse" title="Skeletal system of the horse">Skeletal system of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_vertebrates_(Young,_1962)" title="Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)">Taxonomy of the vertebrates (Young, 1962)</a> – Classification of spine-possessing animals according to some authorities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetrapoda are <a href="/wiki/Cladistically" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistically">cladistically</a> included within Sarcopterygii.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yang2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYangLiZhuCondon2018" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel 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Bonn: IPBES Secretariat. pp. 1–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3553579">10.5281/zenodo.3553579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summary+for+policymakers+of+the+global+assessment+report+on+biodiversity+and+ecosystem+services&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pages=1-56&rft.pub=IPBES+Secretariat&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3553579&rft.au=IPBES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3553579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKardong1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Kardong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Kardong (page does not exist)">Kardong, Kenneth V.</a> (1998). <i>Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution</i> (second ed.). USA: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. pp. 747 pp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-28654-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-28654-3"><bdi>978-0-697-28654-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrates%3A+Comparative+Anatomy%2C+Function%2C+Evolution&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=747+pp&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-697-28654-3&rft.aulast=Kardong&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=331030">"Vertebrata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vertebrata&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D331030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVertebrate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertebrate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Vertebrata/14829">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7079/abs/nature04336.html">Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/fasulo/vector/chapter_07.htm">Vertebrate Pests</a> chapter in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>/<a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Food_and_Agricultural_Sciences" title="Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences">Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences</a> National Public Health Pesticide Applicator Training Manual</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421094527/http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=Subphylum_Vertebrata">The Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103084123/http://www.ibiology.org/ibioseminars/evolution-ecology/marc-w-kirschner-part-1.html">The Origin of Vertebrates</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_W._Kirschner" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc W. Kirschner">Marc W. Kirschner</a>, <i>iBioSeminars</i>, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_chordate_classes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chordata" title="Template:Chordata"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chordata" title="Template talk:Chordata"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chordata"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_chordate_classes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a> classes</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>(unranked) <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></li> <li>Superphylum <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cephalochordata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Cephalochordata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelet" title="Lancelet">Leptocardii (lancelets)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Olfactores" title="Olfactores">Olfactores</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Urochordata)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larvacean" title="Larvacean">Appendicularia (larvaceans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acopa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stolidobranchia" title="Stolidobranchia">Stolidobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaliacea" title="Thaliacea">Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterogona" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterogona">Enterogona</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phlebobranchia" title="Phlebobranchia">Phlebobranchia</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplousobranchia" title="Aplousobranchia">Aplousobranchia</a>¹</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vertebrata</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cyclostomata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyclostomata" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclostomata">Cyclostomata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">Myxini (hagfish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">Hyperoartia (lampreys)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-37px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(jawed vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:left;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bony vertebrates)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-32px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii<br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(lobe-finned fish)</span></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinistia" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinistia">Actinistia (coelacanths)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Rhipidistia" title="Rhipidistia">Rhipidistia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Dipnoi (lungfish)</a>²</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-29px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapoda</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lissamphibia" title="Lissamphibia">Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><span style="margin:-25px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Amniote" title="Amniote">Amniota</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia (mammals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><span style="margin:-19px;display: inline-block;-webkit-transform: rotate(270deg);-moz-transform: rotate(270deg);-ms-transform: rotate(270deg);-o-transform: rotate(270deg);transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Sauria" title="Sauria">Sauria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchocephalia" title="Rhynchocephalia">Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata (scaled reptiles)</a>³</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archelosauria" title="Archelosauria">Archelosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Testudines (turtles)</a>³</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia (crocodilians)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves (birds)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea (sea squirts)</a></i></li> <li>²subclasses of <a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Sarcopterygii</a></li> <li>³orders of class <i><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia (reptiles)</a></i></li> <li><i>italics</i> denote paraphyletic groups</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Vertebrata</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25241" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25241">Q25241</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Vertebrata/">Vertebrata</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Vertebrata">Vertebrata</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8V4V3">8V4V3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2774383">2774383</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1VERTQ">1VERTQ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:16752">16752</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/a8e97b2e-2734-49da-bebc-1fc0481b557c">a8e97b2e-2734-49da-bebc-1fc0481b557c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/49730">49730</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/355675">355675</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11905117">11905117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=331030">331030</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7742">7742</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=67149">67149</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/14829">14829</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=146419">146419</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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