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class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiografia_coron%C3%A0ria" title="Angiografia coronària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiografia coronària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogram_coronaidd" title="Angiogram coronaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Angiogram coronaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koronarangiographie" title="Koronarangiographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koronarangiographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiograf%C3%ADa_coronaria" title="Angiografía coronaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiografía coronaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korkateterado" title="Korkateterado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korkateterado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կորոնար կաթետերիզացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորոնար կաթետերիզացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartkatheterisatie" title="Hartkatheterisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hartkatheterisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cateterismo_de_coron%C3%A1rias" title="Cateterismo de coronárias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cateterismo de coronárias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiocardiography&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radiography of heart and blood vessels</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Coronary catheterization</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg/280px-%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg/420px-%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg/560px-%EC%B0%BD%EC%9B%90%ED%8C%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EC%9B%90_%ED%98%88%EA%B4%80%EC%A1%B0%EC%98%81%EC%8B%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cardiac catheterization lab</div></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297149" class="extiw" title="d:Q42297149">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical intervention</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: lightblue">Angiocardiography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ICD-9-CM_Volume_3" title="ICD-9-CM Volume 3">ICD-9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=88.50&Submit=Search&action=search">88.50</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=88.58&Submit=Search&action=search">88.58</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000790">D000790</a></span></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42297149" class="extiw" title="d:Q42297149">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>coronary catheterization</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive">minimally invasive</a> procedure to access the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a> and blood filled chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a>. It is performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes. </p><p>Coronary catheterization is one of the several <a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a>. Specifically, through the injection of a liquid <a href="/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent" title="Radiocontrast agent">radiocontrast agent</a> and illumination with <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nath2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nath2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> angiocardiography allows the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">occlusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restenosis" title="Restenosis">restenosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">aneurysmal</a> enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery">coronary artery</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumens</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heart_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart chamber">heart chamber</a> size; <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a> contraction performance; and some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">heart valve</a> function. Important internal <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressures</a>, not measurable from outside the body, can be accurately measured during the test. The relevant problems that the test deals with most commonly occur as a result of advanced <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheroma</a> activity within the wall of the coronary <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a>. Less frequently, <a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">valvular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> issues are the primary focus of the test. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery">Coronary artery</a> luminal <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">narrowing</a> reduces the flow reserve for oxygenated blood to the heart, typically producing intermittent <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a>. Very advanced luminal <a href="/wiki/Vascular_occlusion" title="Vascular occlusion">occlusion</a> usually produces a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>. However, it has been increasingly recognized, since the late 1980s, that coronary catheterization does not allow the recognition of the presence or absence of coronary <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> itself, only significant luminal changes which have occurred as a result of end stage complications of the <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerotic</a> process. See <a href="/wiki/IVUS" class="mw-redirect" title="IVUS">IVUS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheroma</a> for a better understanding of this issue.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ha1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ha1.jpg/279px-Ha1.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ha1.jpg/419px-Ha1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ha1.jpg/558px-Ha1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A coronary angiogram (an X-ray with <a href="/wiki/Radiocontrast_agent" title="Radiocontrast agent">radiocontrast agent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>) that shows the left <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a>. The distal <a href="/wiki/Left_main_coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left main coronary artery">left main coronary artery</a> (LMCA) is in the left upper quadrant of the image. Its main branches (also visible) are the <a href="/wiki/Left_circumflex_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Left circumflex artery">left circumflex artery</a> (LCX), which courses top-to-bottom initially and then toward the centre/bottom, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_anterior_descending" class="mw-redirect" title="Left anterior descending">left anterior descending</a> (LAD) artery, which courses from left-to-right on the image and then down the middle of the image to project underneath the distal LCX. The LAD, as is usual, has two large diagonal branches, which arise at the centre-top of the image and course toward the centre/right of the image.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_invasive_and_interventional_cardiology" title="History of invasive and interventional cardiology">History of invasive and interventional cardiology</a></div> <p>The technique of angiography itself was first developed in 1927 by the Portuguese physician <a href="/wiki/Egas_Moniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Egas Moniz">Egas Moniz</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lisbon" title="University of Lisbon">University of Lisbon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_angiography" title="Cerebral angiography">cerebral angiography</a>, the viewing of brain vasculature by X-ray radiation with the aid of a contrast medium introduced by catheter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Heart catheterization was first performed in 1929 when the German physician <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> inserted a plastic tube in his <a href="/wiki/Median_cubital_vein" title="Median cubital vein">cubital vein</a> and guided it to the right chamber of the heart. He took an x-ray to prove his success and published it on November 5, 1929, with the title "Über die Sondierung des rechten Herzens" (About probing of the right heart).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Cournand" class="mw-redirect" title="André Cournand">André Cournand</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Richards" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickinson Richards">Dickinson Richards</a>, performed more systematic measurements of the hemodynamics of the heart. For their work in the discovery of cardiac catheterization and hemodynamic measurements, Cournand, Forssmann, and Richards shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1956. The first radial access for angiography can be traced back to 1953, where <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Pereira" title="Eduardo Pereira">Eduardo Pereira</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, in Lisbon, Portugal, first cannulated the radial artery to perform a coronary angiogram. </p><p>In 1960 <a href="/wiki/F._Mason_Sones" title="F. Mason Sones">F. Mason Sones</a>, a pediatric cardiologist at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic" title="Cleveland Clinic">Cleveland Clinic</a>, accidentally injected radiocontrast in a coronary artery instead of the left ventricle. Although the patient had a reversible cardiac arrest, Sones and Shirey developed the procedure further, and are credited with the discovery (Connolly 2002); they published a series of 1,000 patents in 1966 (Proudfit <i>et al.</i>). </p><p>Since the late 1970s, building on the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dotter">Charles Dotter</a> in 1964 and especially <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gruentzig" title="Andreas Gruentzig">Andreas Gruentzig</a> starting in 1977, coronary catheterization has been extended to therapeutic uses: (a) the performance of less invasive physical treatment for <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina</a> and some of the complications of severe <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, (b) treating <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a> before complete damage has occurred and (c) research for better understanding of the pathology of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, cardiac catheterization frequently took several hours and involved significant complications for as many as 2–3% of patients. With multiple incremental improvements over time, simple coronary catheterization examinations are now commonly done more rapidly and with significantly improved outcomes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indications">Indications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indications for cardiac catheterization include the following: </p> <ul><li>Heart Attack (includes ST elevation MI, Non-ST Elevation MI, Unstable Angina)</li> <li>Abnormal Stress Test</li> <li>New-onset unexplained heart failure</li> <li>Survival of sudden cardiac death or dangerous cardiac arrhythmia</li> <li>Persistent chest pain despite optimal medical therapy</li> <li>Workup of suspected <a href="/wiki/Prinzmetal_angina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinzmetal angina">Prinzmetal angina</a> (coronary vasospasm)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patient_participation">Patient participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Patient participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronary_Angiography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coronary_Angiography.png/220px-Coronary_Angiography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coronary_Angiography.png/330px-Coronary_Angiography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coronary_Angiography.png/440px-Coronary_Angiography.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Coronary Angiography (CAG<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patient</a> being examined or treated is usually awake during catheterization, ideally with only <a href="/wiki/Local_anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anaesthesia">local anaesthesia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> and minimal general <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a>, throughout the <a href="/wiki/Surgical_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical procedure">procedure</a>. Performing the procedure with the patient awake is safer as the patient can immediately report any discomfort or problems and thereby facilitate rapid correction of any undesirable events. Medical monitors fail to give a comprehensive view of the patient's immediate well-being; how the patient feels is often a most reliable indicator of procedural safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Death, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, serious <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular arrhythmia">ventricular arrhythmia</a>, and major vascular complications each occur in less than 1% of patients undergoing catheterization.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-142264-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-142264-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, though the imaging portion of the examination is often brief, because of setup and safety issues, the patient is often in the lab for 20–45 minutes. Any of multiple technical difficulties, while not endangering the patient (indeed added to protect the patient's interests), can significantly increase the examination time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coronary catheterization is performed in a catheterization lab, usually located within a hospital. With current designs, the patient must lie relatively flat on a narrow, minimally padded, <a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">radiolucent</a> (transparent to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>) table. The X-ray source and imaging camera equipment are on opposite sides of the patient's chest and freely move, under motorized control, around the patient's chest so images can be taken quickly from multiple angles. More advanced equipment, termed a bi-plane cath lab, uses two sets of X-ray source and imaging cameras, each free to move independently, which allows two sets of images to be taken with each injection of radio<a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a>. The equipment and installation setup to perform such testing typically represents a capital expenditure of US$2–5 million (2004), sometimes more, partially repeated every few years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic_procedures">Diagnostic procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnostic procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg/220px-Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg/330px-Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg/440px-Angiography_coronary_stenosis_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Coronary angiography of a critical sub-occlusion of the common trunk of the left coronary artery and the circumflex artery. (See arrows)</figcaption></figure> <p>During coronary catheterization (often referred to as a "cath" or "cardiac cath" by physicians), <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressures</a> are recorded and <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> (<a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion picture</a>) shadow-grams of the blood inside the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a> are recorded. In order to create the X-ray pictures, a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> guides a small tube-like device called a catheter, typically ~2.0 mm (6-French) in diameter, through the large arteries of the body until the tip is just within the opening of one of the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary arteries</a>. By design, the catheter is smaller than the lumen of the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> it is placed in; internal (intra-arterial) blood pressures are monitored through the <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> to verify that the catheter does not block blood flow (as indicated by "dampening" of the blood pressure).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The catheter is itself designed to be <a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">radiodense</a> for visibility and it allows a clear, watery, blood compatible radiocontrast agent, commonly called an X-ray dye, to be selectively injected and mixed with the blood flowing within the artery. Typically 3–8 cc of the radiocontrast agent is injected for each image to make the <a href="/wiki/Blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood flow">blood flow</a> visible for about 3–5 seconds as the radiocontrast agent is rapidly washed away into the coronary <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> and then coronary <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a>. Without the X-ray dye injection, the blood and surrounding heart <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a> appear, on X-ray, as only a mildly-shape-changing, otherwise uniform water density mass; no details of the blood and internal organ structure are discernible. The radiocontrast within the blood allows visualization of the blood flow within the arteries or heart chambers, depending on where it is injected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheroma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clots</a>, are protruding into the lumen, producing <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">narrowing</a>, the narrowing may be seen instead as increased haziness within the X-ray shadow images of the blood/dye column within that portion of the artery; this is as compared to adjacent, presumed healthier, less <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenotic</a> areas. </p><p>For guidance regarding catheter positions during the examination, the physician mostly relies on detailed knowledge of internal anatomy, guide wire and catheter behavior and intermittently, briefly uses <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> and a low X-ray dose to visualize when needed. This is done without saving recordings of these brief looks. When the physician is ready to record diagnostic views, which are saved and can be more carefully scrutinized later, he activates the equipment to apply a significantly higher X-ray dose, termed <a href="/wiki/Cine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cine">cine</a>, in order to create better quality motion picture images, having sharper radiodensity contrast, typically at 30 frames per second. The physician controls both the contrast injection, <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> and cine application timing so as to minimize the total amount of radiocontrast injected and times the X-ray to the injection so as to minimize the total amount of X-ray used. Doses of radiocontrast agents and X-ray exposure times are routinely recorded in an effort to maximize safety. </p><p>Though not the focus of the test, <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> walls, located in the outer edges of <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atheroma</a> within the artery walls, is sometimes recognizable on fluoroscopy (without contrast injection) as radiodense halo rings partially encircling, and separated from the blood filled lumen by the interceding radiolucent atheroma tissue and <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> lining. Calcification, even though usually present, is usually only visible when quite advanced and calcified sections of the artery wall happen to be viewed on end <a href="/wiki/Tangent" title="Tangent">tangentially</a> through multiple rings of calcification, so as to create enough radiodensity to be visible on fluoroscopy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_congenital_malformations">For congenital malformations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: For congenital malformations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Angiocardiography can be used to detect and diagnose congenital defects in the heart and adjacent vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-timby_smith2004_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timby_smith2004-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, the use of angiocardiography has declined with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">echocardiography</a>. However, angiocardiography is still in use for selected cases as it provides a higher level of anatomical detail than echocardiography.<sup id="cite_ref-jaroslav_de_leval_tsang2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaroslav_de_leval_tsang2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-donoghue2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donoghue2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_procedures">Therapeutic procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Therapeutic procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Percutaneous coronary intervention</a></div> <p>By changing the diagnostic catheter to a guiding catheter, physicians can also pass a variety of instruments through the catheter and into the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesion</a> site. The most commonly used are 0.014-inch-diameter (0.36 mm) guide wires and the balloon dilation catheters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By injecting radiocontrast agent through a tiny passage extending down the <a href="/wiki/Balloon_catheter" title="Balloon catheter">balloon catheter</a> and into the balloon, the balloon is progressively expanded. The hydraulic pressures are chosen and applied by the physician, according to how the balloon within the <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a> (abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel) responds. The radiocontrast filled balloon is watched under <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> (it typically assumes a "dog bone" shape imposed on the outside of the balloon by the stenosis as the balloon is expanded), as it opens. As much <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> brute force is applied as judged needed and visualized to be effective to make the stenosis of the artery lumen visibly enlarge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typical normal <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery">coronary artery</a> pressures are in the <200 mmHg range (27 kPa). The hydraulic pressures applied within the balloon may extend to as high as 19000 mmHg (2,500 kPa). Prevention of over-enlargement is achieved by choosing balloons manufactured out of high tensile strength clear plastic membranes. The balloon is initially folded around the catheter, near the tip, to create a small cross-sectional profile to facilitate passage through luminal stenotic areas, and is designed to inflate to a specific pre-designed diameter. If over-inflated, the balloon material simply tears and allows the inflating radiocontrast agent to simply escape into the blood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Additionally, several other devices can be advanced into the artery via a guiding catheter. These include <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> catheters, <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a> catheters, <a href="/wiki/IVUS" class="mw-redirect" title="IVUS">IVUS</a> catheters, <a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler</a> catheter, pressure or temperature measurement catheter and various <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clot</a> and grinding or removal devices. Most of these devices have turned out to be niche devices, only useful in a small percentage of situations or for research. </p><p>Stents, which are specially manufactured expandable stainless steel mesh tubes, mounted on a balloon catheter, are the most commonly used device beyond the balloon catheter. When the stent/balloon device is positioned within the stenosis, the balloon is inflated which, in turn, expands the stent and the artery. The balloon is removed and the stent remains in place, supporting the inner artery walls in the more open, dilated position. Current stents generally cost around $1,000 to 3,000 each (US 2004 dollars), the drug-coated ones being the more expensive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advances_in_catheter-based_physical_treatments">Advances in catheter-based physical treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Advances in catheter-based physical treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interventional procedures have been plagued by <a href="/wiki/Restenosis" title="Restenosis">restenosis</a> due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a> overgrowth at the lesion site. Restenosis is the body's response to the injury of the vessel wall from <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_body" title="Foreign body">foreign body</a>. As assessed in clinical trials during the late 1980 and 1990s, using only balloon angioplasty (POBA, plain old balloon angioplasty), up to 50% of patients developed significant restenosis; but that percentage has dropped to the single to lower two-digit range with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">drug-eluting stents</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">paclitaxel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Everolimus" title="Everolimus">everolimus</a> are the three drugs used in coatings which are currently FDA approved in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As opposed to bare metal, <a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">drug-eluting stents</a> are covered with a medicine that is slowly dispersed with the goal of suppressing the restenosis reaction. The key to the success of drug coating has been (a) choosing effective agents, (b) developing ways of adequately binding the drugs to the stainless surface of the <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a> struts (the coating must stay bound despite marked handling and stent deformation stresses), and (c) developing coating controlled release mechanisms that release the drug slowly over about 30 days. One of the newest innovations in coronary stents is the development of a dissolving stent. <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Laboratories" title="Abbott Laboratories">Abbott Laboratories</a> has used a dissolvable material, <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">polylactic acid</a>, that will completely absorb within 2 years of being implanted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_approaches">Alternative approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternative approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronary_revascularization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coronary_revascularization.png/220px-Coronary_revascularization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coronary_revascularization.png/330px-Coronary_revascularization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coronary_revascularization.png/440px-Coronary_revascularization.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>Angiography (left) and CT (middle and right) of chronic total occlusion lesions at the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and right coronary artery (RCA).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CT angiography</a> can act as a less invasive alternative to Catheter angiography. Instead of a catheter being inserted into a vein or artery, CT angiography involves only the injection of a CT-visible dye into the arm or hand via an IV line. CT angiography lowers the risk of arterial perforation and catheter site infection. It provides 3D images that can be studied on computer, and also allows measurement of heart ventricle size. Infarct area and arterial calcium can also be observed (however those require a somewhat higher radiation exposure). That said, one advantage retained by Catheter angiography is the ability of the physician to perform procedure such as <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">balloon angioplasty</a> or insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stent</a> to improve blood flow to the artery.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiation_dosage">Radiation dosage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Radiation dosage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angiography">Angiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Angiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imaging in coronary angiograms is performed via <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a> using X-rays, which pose a potential for increasing the patient's risk of <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">radiation-induced cancer</a>. The risk increases with the exposure time, consisting of 1) time guiding the probe into and out of the heart and 2) time illuminating the contrast agent to perform the angiogram. Absorbed radiation is also a function of <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a>, with obese patients having twice the dose of normal-weight patients; exposure to the operator was also doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coronary angiograms can be done either transradial (through the wrist) or transfemoral (through the groin).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transradial route results in somewhat greater patient and operator exposure. Overall, patient exposure can range from 2 millisieverts (equivalent of about 20 chest x-ray plates) to 20 millisieverts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a given patient, exposure can vary within an institution and between institutions by up to 121%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiation exposure to the operator can be reduced by the use of protective equipment. Exposure to the patient can be reduced by minimizing fluoroscopy time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_flow_reserve" title="Fractional flow reserve">Fractional flow reserve</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nath2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nath2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNath2005" class="citation book cs1">Nath, Judi Lindsley (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usingmedicalterm0000nath/page/97"><i>Using medical terminology: a practical approach</i></a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usingmedicalterm0000nath/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-4868-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-4868-2"><bdi>0-7817-4868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+medical+terminology%3A+a+practical+approach&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7817-4868-2&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Judi+Lindsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusingmedicalterm0000nath%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatine2011" class="citation book cs1">Sabatine, Marc S., ed. (2011). <i>Pocket medicine</i> (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608319053" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608319053"><bdi>978-1608319053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1608319053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaou2023" class="citation journal cs1">Nikolaou, Nikolaos I. (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/MCC.0000000000001036">"Coronary angiography after cardiac arrest"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Critical Care</i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">186–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMCC.0000000000001036">10.1097/MCC.0000000000001036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-5295">1070-5295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Critical+Care&rft.atitle=Coronary+angiography+after+cardiac+arrest&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMCC.0000000000001036&rft.issn=1070-5295&rft.aulast=Nikolaou&rft.aufirst=Nikolaos+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lww.com%2F10.1097%2FMCC.0000000000001036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-07-142264-1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-07-142264-1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurst,_J._WillisFuster,_ValentinO'Rourke,_Robert_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, J. Willis; Fuster, Valentin; O'Rourke, Robert A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Yl1LNe69lwC&pg=RA2-PA481"><i>Hurst's The Heart</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-142264-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-142264-1"><bdi>0-07-142264-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurst%27s+The+Heart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Medical+Publishing+Division&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-07-142264-1&rft.au=Hurst%2C+J.+Willis&rft.au=Fuster%2C+Valentin&rft.au=O%27Rourke%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Yl1LNe69lwC%26pg%3DRA2-PA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timby_smith2004-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timby_smith2004_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimby,_Barbara_KuhnSmith,_Nancy_Ellen2004" class="citation book cs1">Timby, Barbara Kuhn; Smith, Nancy Ellen (2004). <i>Essentials of nursing: care of adults and children</i>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-5098-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-5098-9"><bdi>0-7817-5098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+nursing%3A+care+of+adults+and+children&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7817-5098-9&rft.au=Timby%2C+Barbara+Kuhn&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nancy+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaroslav_de_leval_tsang2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jaroslav_de_leval_tsang2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark,_JaroslavDe_Leval,_MarcTsang,_Victor_T.2006" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Jaroslav; De Leval, Marc; Tsang, Victor T. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surgeryforcongen00star"><i>Surgery for congenital heart defects</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surgeryforcongen00star/page/n132">95</a>–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-09316-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-09316-1"><bdi>0-470-09316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgery+for+congenital+heart+defects&rft.pages=95-96&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-470-09316-1&rft.au=Stark%2C+Jaroslav&rft.au=De+Leval%2C+Marc&rft.au=Tsang%2C+Victor+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurgeryforcongen00star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donoghue2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donoghue2002_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue2002" class="citation book cs1">Donoghue, Veronica (2002). <i>Radiological imaging of the neonatal chest</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ct-angiogram.com/Angiogram_vs._CT_Catscan_Angiogram_2273.htm">the original</a> on May 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angiogram+vs.+CT+Catscan+Angiogram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ct-angiogram.com%2FAngiogram_vs._CT_Catscan_Angiogram_2273.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashish Shah et al., Radiation Dose During Coronary Angiogram: Relation to Body Mass Index, Heart, Lung and Circulation (2015), vol. 24, pp. 21–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_D._Madder2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan D. Madder (2 Jan 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823">"Patient Body Mass Index and Physician Radiation Dose During Coronary Angiography"</a>. <i>Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions</i>. <b>12</b> (1): e006823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FCIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823">10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30599769">30599769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58611326">58611326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulation%3A+Cardiovascular+Interventions&rft.atitle=Patient+Body+Mass+Index+and+Physician+Radiation+Dose+During+Coronary+Angiography&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e006823&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A58611326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30599769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FCIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823&rft.au=Ryan+D.+Madder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252FCIRCINTERVENTIONS.118.006823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness, Journal of the American College of Cardiology May 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12872-017-0474-9">[1]</a> Clara Carpeggiani et al., Variability of radiation doses of cardiac diagnostic imaging tests: the RADIO-EVINCI study, BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 16 February 2017</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coronary_catheterization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connolly JE. The development of coronary artery surgery: personal recollections. <i>Tex Heart Inst J</i> 2002;29:10-4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995842">11995842</a>.</li> <li>Proudfit WL, Shirey EK, Sones FM Jr. Selective cine coronary arteriography. Correlation with clinical findings in 1,000 patients. <i>Circulation</i> 1966;33:901-10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5942973">5942973</a>.</li> <li>Sones FM, Shirey EK. Cine coronary arteriography. <i>Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis</i> 1962;31:735-8. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13915182">13915182</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1603072-overview">[2]</a> Coronary CT angiography by Eugene Lin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018180232/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-09/abbott-dissolving-stent-may-be-next-revolution-.html">[3]</a> Abbott Dissolving Stent May Be 'Next Revolution' by Michelle Fay Cortez</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelzer1992" class="citation book cs1">Selzer, Arthur (1992). <i>Understanding heart disease</i>. University of California Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06560-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06560-3"><bdi>0-520-06560-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+heart+disease&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-06560-3&rft.aulast=Selzer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoronary+catheterization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cardiac_procedures" title="Template talk:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac_procedures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cardiac procedures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tests_and_procedures_involving_the_heart388" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tests and <a href="/wiki/Medical_procedure" title="Medical procedure">procedures</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve" title="Heart valve">Heart valves</a><br />and septa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heart_valve_repair" title="Heart valve repair">Valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvulotomy" title="Valvulotomy">Valvulotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_repair" title="Mitral valve repair">Mitral valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valvuloplasty">Valvuloplasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valvuloplasty" title="Aortic valvuloplasty">aortic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valvuloplasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitral valvuloplasty">mitral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve_replacement" title="Valve replacement">Valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_repair" title="Aortic valve repair">Aortic valve repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_replacement" title="Aortic valve replacement">Aortic valve replacement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ross_procedure" title="Ross procedure">Ross procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_aortic_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter aortic valve replacement">Transcatheter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitral_valve_replacement" title="Mitral valve replacement">Mitral valve replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcatheter_pulmonary_valve_replacement" title="Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement">Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">production of septal defect in heart</span></dt> <dd><i>enlargement of existing septal defect</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septostomy" title="Atrial septostomy">Atrial septostomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balloon_septostomy" title="Balloon septostomy">Balloon septostomy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><i>creation of septal defect in heart</i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Hanlon_procedure" title="Blalock–Hanlon procedure">Blalock–Hanlon procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atrium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fontan_procedure" title="Fontan procedure">Fontan procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Left_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Left ventricle">left ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rastelli_procedure" title="Rastelli procedure">Rastelli procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Right_ventricle" class="mw-redirect" title="Right ventricle">right ventricle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sano_shunt" title="Sano shunt">Sano shunt</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">compound procedures</span></dt> <dd>for <a href="/wiki/Transposition_of_the_great_vessels" title="Transposition of the great vessels">transposition of the great vessels</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arterial_switch_operation" title="Arterial switch operation">Arterial switch operation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mustard_procedure" title="Mustard procedure">Mustard procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Senning_procedure" title="Senning procedure">Senning procedure</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>for univentricular defect <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Norwood_procedure" title="Norwood procedure">Norwood procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kawashima_procedure" title="Kawashima procedure">Kawashima procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">pulmonary artery</a> shunt <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blalock%E2%80%93Taussig_shunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Blalock–Taussig shunt">Blalock–Taussig shunt</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">SVC</a> to the right <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">PA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Glenn_procedure" title="Glenn procedure">Glenn procedure</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cardiac vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">CHD</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Percutaneous_coronary_intervention" title="Percutaneous coronary intervention">Angioplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bypass" title="Vascular bypass">Bypass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_surgery" title="Coronary artery bypass surgery">Coronary artery bypass</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/MIDCAB" class="mw-redirect" title="MIDCAB">MIDCAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Off-pump_coronary_artery_bypass" title="Off-pump coronary artery bypass">Off-pump CAB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TECAB" class="mw-redirect" title="TECAB">TECAB</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">Coronary stent</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bare-metal_stent" title="Bare-metal stent">Bare-metal stent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drug-eluting_stent" title="Drug-eluting stent">Drug-eluting stent</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Obstacle removal</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endarterectomy" title="Endarterectomy">Endarterectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atherectomy" title="Atherectomy">Atherectomy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentall_procedure" title="Bentall procedure">Bentall procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve-sparing_aortic_root_replacement" title="Valve-sparing aortic root replacement">Valve-sparing aortic root replacement</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeCompte_maneuver" title="LeCompte maneuver">LeCompte maneuver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Pericardium" title="Pericardium">Pericardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">Pericardiocentesis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardial_window" title="Pericardial window">Pericardial window</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pericardiectomy" title="Pericardiectomy">Pericardiectomy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiomyoplasty" title="Cardiomyoplasty">Cardiomyoplasty</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dor_procedure" title="Dor procedure">Dor procedure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Septal_myectomy" title="Septal myectomy">Septal myectomy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricular reduction">Ventricular reduction</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_septal_ablation" title="Alcohol septal ablation">Alcohol septal ablation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_conduction_system" title="Cardiac conduction system">Conduction system</a></span></dt> <dd>Maze procedure (<a href="/wiki/Cox_maze_procedure" title="Cox maze procedure">Cox maze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimaze_procedure" title="Minimaze procedure">minimaze</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catheter_ablation" title="Catheter ablation">Catheter ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cryoablation" title="Cryoablation">Cryoablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radiofrequency_ablation" title="Radiofrequency ablation">Radiofrequency ablation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">Pacemaker insertion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S-ICD" class="mw-redirect" title="S-ICD">S-ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a> implantation</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_resynchronization_therapy" title="Cardiac resynchronization therapy">Cardiac resynchronization therapy</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_atrial_appendage_occlusion" title="Left atrial appendage occlusion">Left atrial appendage occlusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotomy" title="Cardiotomy">Cardiotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">Heart transplantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vectorcardiography" title="Vectorcardiography">Vectorcardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magnetocardiography" title="Magnetocardiography">Magnetocardiography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Implantable_loop_recorder" title="Implantable loop recorder">Implantable loop recorder</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stress_test" title="Cardiac stress test">Cardiac stress test</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bruce_protocol" title="Bruce protocol">Bruce protocol</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology_study" title="Electrophysiology study">Electrophysiology study</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_imaging" title="Cardiac imaging">Cardiac imaging</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiovascular MRI</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_ventriculography" title="Cardiac ventriculography">Ventriculography</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coronary catheterization</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_CT" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac CT">Cardiac CT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phonocardiogram" title="Phonocardiogram">Phonocardiogram</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiology_diagnostic_tests_and_procedures" title="Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures">Function tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impedance_cardiography" title="Impedance cardiography">Impedance cardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballistocardiography" title="Ballistocardiography">Ballistocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotocography" title="Cardiotocography">Cardiotocography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardioversion" title="Cardioversion">Cardioversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcutaneous_pacing" title="Transcutaneous pacing">Transcutaneous pacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cardiac_procedures" title="Category:Cardiac procedures">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medical_imaging373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medical_imaging" title="Template talk:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_imaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical imaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medical_imaging373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoencephalography" title="Pneumoencephalography">Pneumoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_radiography" title="Dental radiography">Dental radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialography" title="Sialography">Sialography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelography" title="Myelography">Myelography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">CXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchography" title="Bronchography">Bronchography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">AXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_x-ray" title="Abdominal x-ray">KUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-energy_X-ray_absorptiometry" title="Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry">DXA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Digital_X-ray_radiogrammetry" title="Digital X-ray radiogrammetry">DXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">Upper gastrointestinal series</a>/<a href="/wiki/Small-bowel_follow-through" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-bowel follow-through">Small-bowel follow-through</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_series" title="Lower gastrointestinal series">Lower gastrointestinal series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholangiography" title="Cholangiography">Cholangiography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cholecystography" title="Cholecystography">Cholecystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammography" title="Mammography">Mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyelogram" title="Pyelogram">Pyelogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystography" title="Cystography">Cystography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthrogram" title="Arthrogram">Arthrogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterosalpingography" title="Hysterosalpingography">Hysterosalpingography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_survey" title="Skeletal survey">Skeletal survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiography" title="Angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiocardiography">Angiocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortography" title="Aortography">Aortography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venography" title="Venography">Venography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphogram" title="Lymphogram">Lymphogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_x-ray" title="Orbital x-ray">Orbital x-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_of_computed_tomography" title="Operation of computed tomography">General operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_computed_tomography" title="Quantitative computed tomography">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_computed_tomography" title="High-resolution computed tomography">High-resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_microtomography" title="X-ray microtomography">X-ray microtomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_computed_tomography" title="Electron beam computed tomography">Electron beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_beam_computed_tomography" title="Cone beam computed tomography">Cone beam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Heart <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_calcium_scan" title="Coronary CT calcium scan">calcium scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">angiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_abdomen_and_pelvis" title="Computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis">Abdominal and pelvis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_colonoscopy" title="Virtual colonoscopy">Virtual colonoscopy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_angiography" title="Computed tomography angiography">Angiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_CT_angiography" title="Coronary CT angiography">Coronary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CT_pulmonary_angiogram" title="CT pulmonary angiogram">Pulmonary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_head" title="Computed tomography of the head">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography_of_the_thyroid" title="Computed tomography of the thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_body_imaging" title="Whole body imaging">Whole body imaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full-body_CT_scan" title="Full-body CT scan">Full-body CT scan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">Fluoroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_radiograph" title="Panoramic radiograph">Dental panoramic radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_motion_analysis" title="X-ray motion analysis">X-ray motion analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hounsfield_scale" title="Hounsfield scale">Hounsfield scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodensity" title="Radiodensity">Radiodensity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging_of_the_brain" title="Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain">Brain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_neurography" title="Magnetic resonance neurography">Neurography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging">Cardiac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_magnetic_resonance_imaging_perfusion" title="Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging perfusion">perfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">Angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_cholangiopancreatography" title="Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography">Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_MRI" title="Breast MRI">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRI_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI sequence">Sequences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion MRI">diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfusion_MRI" title="Perfusion MRI">restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractography" title="Tractography">Tractography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_MRI" title="Synthetic MRI">Synthetic MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Techniques <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_ultrasonography" title="Doppler ultrasonography">doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">contrast-enhanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic_ultrasound" title="Endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex ultrasonography">duplex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echocardiography" title="Echocardiography">Echocardiography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppler_echocardiography" title="Doppler echocardiography">Doppler echocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram" title="Transthoracic echocardiogram">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiogram" title="Transesophageal echocardiogram">TEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_echocardiogram" title="Intracardiac echocardiogram">ICE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_Doppler" title="Transcranial Doppler">Transcranial Doppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_ultrasound" title="Intravascular ultrasound">Intravascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_ultrasonography" title="Gynecologic ultrasonography">Gynecologic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Obstetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echoencephalography" title="Echoencephalography">Echoencephalography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_ultrasonography" title="Abdominal ultrasonography">Abdominal ultrasonography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renal_ultrasonography" title="Renal ultrasonography">renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_tract_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal tract ultrasound">renal tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transrectal_ultrasonography" title="Transrectal ultrasonography">Rectal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ultrasound" title="Breast ultrasound">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotal_ultrasound" title="Scrotal ultrasound">Scrotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">Carotid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">Emergency ultrasound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_ultrasound" title="Pre-hospital ultrasound">pre-hospital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine#Diagnostic_medical_imaging" title="Nuclear medicine">Radionuclide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2D/<a href="/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">scintigraphy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholescintigraphy" title="Cholescintigraphy">Cholescintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scintimammography" class="mw-redirect" title="Scintimammography">Scintimammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation/perfusion_scan" title="Ventilation/perfusion scan">Ventilation/perfusion scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_ventriculography" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionuclide ventriculography">Radionuclide ventriculography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionuclide_angiography" title="Radionuclide angiography">Radionuclide angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_renography" title="Radioisotope renography">Radioisotope renography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sestamibi_parathyroid_scintigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy">Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_iodine_uptake_test" title="Radioactive iodine uptake test">Radioactive iodine uptake test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_scintigraphy" title="Bone scintigraphy">Bone scintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoscintigraphy" title="Immunoscintigraphy">Immunoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacryoscintigraphy" title="Dacryoscintigraphy">Dacryoscintigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMSA_scan" title="DMSA scan">DMSA scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_emptying_study" title="Gastric emptying study">Gastric emptying study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Full body:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide_scan" title="Octreotide scan">Octreotide scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Gallium-67 scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium_scan" title="Gallium scan">Ga-68-DOTATOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium-111_WBC_scan" title="Indium-111 WBC scan">Indium-111 WBC scan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3D/<a href="/wiki/Emission_computed_tomography" title="Emission computed tomography">ECT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">SPECT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardial_perfusion_imaging" title="Myocardial perfusion imaging">Myocardial perfusion imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_positron_emission_tomography" title="Brain positron emission tomography">Brain PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_PET" title="Cardiac PET">Cardiac PET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_mammography" title="Positron emission mammography">PET mammography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-CT" title="PET-CT">PET-CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET-MRI" title="PET-MRI">PET-MRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_optical_imaging" title="Medical optical imaging">Optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_tomography" title="Optical tomography">Optical tomography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_coherence_tomography" title="Optical coherence tomography">Optical coherence tomography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confocal_microscopy" title="Confocal microscopy">Confocal microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomicroscopy" title="Endomicroscopy">Endomicroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_polarization_spectral_imaging" title="Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging">Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">Thermography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-contact_thermography" title="Non-contact thermography">Non-contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contact_thermography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contact thermography (page does not exist)">Contact thermography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_angiothermography" title="Dynamic angiothermography">Dynamic angiothermography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Target conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stroke_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute stroke imaging">Acute stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy" title="Medical imaging in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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