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class="mw-page-title-main">Browder contro Gayle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. 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href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Sigillo della Corte Suprema</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Browder contro Gayle</b></i> è stato un caso giudiziario del 1956<sup id="cite_ref-googlescholar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-googlescholar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> affrontato dalla Corte Distrettuale degli Stati Uniti per l'<a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> e riguardante le leggi sulla <a href="/wiki/Segregazione_razziale" title="Segregazione razziale">segregazione</a> degli autobus di <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_(Alabama)" title="Montgomery (Alabama)">Montgomery</a>. Il gruppo di giudici consisteva in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Minis_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Minis Johnson (la pagina non esiste)">Frank Minis Johnson</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seybourn_Harris_Lynne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seybourn Harris Lynne (la pagina non esiste)">Seybourn Harris Lynne</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Rives (la pagina non esiste)">Richard Rives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La sentenza finale, approvata il 5 giugno 1956 con una maggioranza di 2 a 1 (Lynne votò contro), stabilì che la segregazione sui bus era incostituzionale stando al 14° Emendamento della Costituzione che sanciva eguali diritti per tutti i cittadini.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lo stato e la città fecero ricorso ma la decisione fu infine ufficializzata dalla <a href="/wiki/Corte_Suprema_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America">Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America</a> il 13 novembre dello stesso anno. Una mozione per una chiarificazione e per un eventuale ricorso il 17 dicembre 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_del_caso">Storia del caso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia del caso" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Storia del caso"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poco dopo l'inizio del <a href="/wiki/Boicottaggio_dei_bus_a_Montgomery" title="Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery">boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery</a>, nel dicembre 1955 e dopo l'intervento di <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, i vari leader della comunità <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrostatunitense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrostatunitense (la pagina non esiste)">afrostatunitense</a> iniziarono a discutere di come poter avviare una battaglia legale contro la città di Montgomery e le leggi sulla segregazione. Puntarono sul fatto che gli statuti dell'Alabama e le ordinanze della città di Montgomery, che permettevano e rafforzavano la segregazione razziale sugli autobus, fosse una piena violazione del 14° Emendamento, atto a garantire pari diritti a tutti i cittadini statunitensi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antefatti">Antefatti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Antefatti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Antefatti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa due mesi prima del boicottaggio, gli attivisti per i diritti civili riconsiderarono il caso di <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a>. Era una ragazza di 15 anni, la prima ad essere stata arrestata per essersi rifiutata di cedere il posto ad un bianco, nel 1955, nove mesi prima del gesto di Rosa Parks. Il presidente del <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(avvocato)" title="Fred Gray (avvocato)">Fred Gray</a> e <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" title="Edgar Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a>, il segretario della <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a>, insieme a <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Durr" title="Clifford Durr">Clifford Durr</a> (un avvocato bianco che, con sua moglie Virginia, combatteva a fianco degli attivisti per i diritti civili) si impegnarono a studiare le accuse migliori per sfidare le leggi segregazioniste dell'Alabama. </p><p>Durr era preoccupato che tirare di nuovo in ballo il caso di Rosa Parks avrebbe solo portato le corti statali dell'Alabama a chiudere di nuovo la questione senza risolvere niente e pensò che fosse necessario trovare un modo per raggiungere direttamente le corti federali. Gray fece delle ricerche in ambito legale e si consultò con i rappresentanti legali del <a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP Legal Defense Fund (la pagina non esiste)">NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Carter (la pagina non esiste)">Robert L. Carter</a> e <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a>, divenuto poi il primo afrostatunitense membro della Corte Suprema). Gray riunì in seguito la Colvin, <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a>, Susie McDonald, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(attivista)" title="Mary Louise Smith (attivista)">Mary Louise Smith</a> e Jeanette Reese, tutte donne che erano state discriminate dagli autisti che applicavano la politica segregazionista sui mezzi di trasporto. Le donne si misero d'accordo e decisero di costituirsi parte offesa nel processo che finalmente giunse alle corti federali, eludendo quelle dell'Alabama. Jeanette Reese, tuttavia, fu costretta a tirarsi indietro dopo aver subito vessazioni ed intimidazioni serie da parte della comunità di bianchi.<sup id="cite_ref-Patton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decisione">Decisione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Decisione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Decisione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gray avviò la causa il 1º febbraio 1956. La Browder era una normale casalinga statunitense, <a href="/w/index.php?title=W._A._Gayle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W. A. Gayle (la pagina non esiste)">W. A. Gayle</a> il sindaco di Montgomery. </p><p>Il 13 giugno 1956, la corte sentenziò che “la segregazione forzata dei passeggeri bianchi e neri sui bus nella città di Montgomery viola le leggi costituzionali degli Stati Uniti”, dal momento che esclude gli afrostatunitensi da coloro che godono di pari diritti e pari opportunità secondo il 14° Emendamento. La corte ha inoltre proibito a Alabama e Montgomery di continuare a gestire autobus segregati. </p><p>Il caso non fu completo finché non giunse alla <a href="/wiki/Corte_Suprema_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America">Corte Suprema</a> il 13 novembre 1956. A quel punto, la Corte fu irremovibile e chiese all'Alabama intera di eliminare la segregazione sugli autobus. Un mese dopo, il 20 dicembre, il sindaco Gayle ricevette personalmente una lettera da parte della Corte, consegnatagli dai marescialli federali, in cui si ordinava di cessare immediatamente la segregazione sui mezzi di trasporto. Anche se a rilento, la segregazione terminò nel 1957. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-googlescholar-1"><a href="#cite_ref-googlescholar_1-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6352107186205745283&q=Browder+v.+Gayle,+142+F.+Supp.+707+(1956),&hl=en&as_sdt=2,26&as_vis=1"><span style="font-style:italic;">Browder v. Gayle</span></a>, vol. 142, 1147, p. 707. <small>URL consultato il 31 agosto 2017</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6352107186205745283&hl=en&as_sdt=800000000002&as_vis=1">https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6352107186205745283&hl=en&as_sdt=800000000002&as_vis=1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-3"><a href="#cite_ref-nps_3-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/browder_v_gayle.htm">Browder v. Gayle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211013058/http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/browder_v_gayle.htm">Archiviato</a> l'11 febbraio 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>., District Court of the United States for the Middle District of Alabama Northern Division, June 19, 1956, retrieved October 29, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title42/pdf/USCODE-2009-title42-chap21-subchapI-sec1981.pdf">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title42/pdf/USCODE-2009-title42-chap21-subchapI-sec1981.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title28/pdf/USCODE-2011-title28-partIV-chap85-sec1331.pdf">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title28/pdf/USCODE-2011-title28-partIV-chap85-sec1331.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723232442/http://origin.www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title28/pdf/USCODE-2009-title28-partIV-chap85-sec1343.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">origin.www.gpo.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2015</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://origin.www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title28/pdf/USCODE-2009-title28-partIV-chap85-sec1343.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 23 luglio 2015)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title28/pdf/USCODE-2009-title28-partVI-chap155-sec2281.pdf">https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2009-title28/pdf/USCODE-2009-title28-partVI-chap155-sec2281.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patton-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Patton_9-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Dr. Gwen Patton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmvet.org/info/mbbbios.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Montgomery Bus Boycott — Biographic Sketches</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">crmvet.org</span>, Trenholm State Technical College Archives. <small>URL consultato il 4 febbraio 2013</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896): il caso che diffuse la dottrina del <i><a href="/wiki/Separati_ma_uguali" title="Separati ma uguali">separati ma uguali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954): dichiarò illegale la segregazione degli istituti scolastici</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolling_v._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolling v. Sharpe (la pagina non esiste)">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i> (1954): la segregazione nelle scuole è incostituzionale in tutti gli stati</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boicottaggio_dei_bus_a_Montgomery" title="Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery">Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery</a> e <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani">Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Browder_contro_Gayle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122124900/http://new.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/Browder%20v%20Gayle%20Court%20Summary.pdf">Text, <i>Browder v. Gayle</i> Judgement</a>, Gilder Lehrman Center</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211013058/http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/browder_v_gayle.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">District Court decision</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">faculty.washington.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 30 aprile 2019</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/documents_us/browder_v_gayle.htm">url originale</abbr> l'11 febbraio 2017)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 8px / 2 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_book_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diritto"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/25px-Open_book_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/38px-Open_book_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Open_book_01.svg/50px-Open_book_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Diritto" title="Portale:Diritto">Portale Diritto</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 2 - 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Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani">Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Eventi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></i> <small>(1917)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_contro_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown contro Board of Education">Brown contro Board of Education</a></i> <small>(1954)</small> (<i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_contro_Elliott" title="Briggs contro Elliott">Briggs contro Elliott</a></i> <small>(1952)</small>)<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Keys_contro_Carolina_Coach" title="Keys contro Carolina Coach">Keys contro Carolina Coach</a></i> <small>(1955)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> <small>(1955)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Boicottaggio_dei_bus_a_Montgomery" title="Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery">Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery</a> <small>(1955)</small> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Browder contro Gayle</a></i> <small>(1956)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a> <small>(1955)</small>)<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></i> <small>(1958)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_contro_lo_stato_della_Virginia" title="Boynton contro lo stato della Virginia">Boynton contro lo stato della Virginia</a></i> <small>(1960)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_contro_Lightfoot" title="Gomillion contro Lightfoot">Gomillion contro Lightfoot</a></i> <small>(1960)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sommossa_all%27Universit%C3%A0_del_Mississippi_del_1962" title="Sommossa all'Università del Mississippi del 1962">Sommossa all'Università del Mississippi del 1962</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strage_di_Birmingham" title="Strage di Birmingham">Strage di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Campagna_di_Birmingham" title="Campagna di Birmingham">Campagna di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small> (chiamata all'epoca anche <a href="/wiki/Bombingham" title="Bombingham">Bombingham</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lettera_dalla_prigione_di_Birmingham" title="Lettera dalla prigione di Birmingham">Lettera dalla prigione di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_su_Washington_per_il_lavoro_e_la_libert%C3%A0" title="Marcia su Washington per il lavoro e la libertà">Marcia su Washington per il lavoro e la libertà</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/I_have_a_dream" title="I have a dream">I have a dream</a></i> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Assassinio_degli_attivisti_per_i_diritti_civili_del_Mississippi" title="Assassinio degli attivisti per i diritti civili del Mississippi">Assassinio degli attivisti per i diritti civili del Mississippi</a> <small>(1964)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marce_da_Selma_a_Montgomery" title="Marce da Selma a Montgomery">Marce da Selma a Montgomery</a> <small>(1965)</small> (<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> e <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting <i>Rights Act</i></a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Assassinio_di_Martin_Luther_King" title="Assassinio di Martin Luther King">Assassinio di Martin Luther King</a> <small>(1968)</small><b> ·</b> <i>Civil Rights Act</i> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1957)" title="Civil Rights Act (1957)">1957</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1960)" title="Civil Rights Act (1960)">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1964)" title="Civil Rights Act (1964)">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1968)" title="Civil Rights Act (1968)">1968</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Articoli<br />relativi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Leggi_Jim_Crow" title="Leggi Jim Crow">Leggi Jim Crow</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_contro_Ferguson" title="Plessy contro Ferguson">Plessy contro Ferguson</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Separati_ma_uguali" title="Separati ma uguali">Separati ma uguali</a>")<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_contro_Warley" title="Buchanan contro Warley">Buchanan contro Warley</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_contro_Painter" title="Sweatt contro Painter">Sweatt contro Painter</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_contro_Virginia" title="Loving contro Virginia">Loving contro Virginia</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Movimento_della_marcia_su_Washington" title="Movimento della marcia su Washington">Movimento della marcia su Washington</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Songs" title="Freedom Songs">Freedom Songs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">Oh, Freedom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">This Little Light of Mine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a></i>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fatti_di_Watts" title="Fatti di Watts">Fatti di Watts</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Gruppi di <br />attivisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnijean_Brown" title="Minnijean Brown">Minnijean Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eckford" title="Elizabeth Eckford">Elizabeth Eckford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Mothershed-Wair" title="Thelma Mothershed-Wair">Thelma Mothershed-Wair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Ray_Karlmark" title="Gloria Ray Karlmark">Gloria Ray Karlmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Roberts" title="Terrence Roberts">Terrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Green" title="Ernest Green">Ernest Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melba_Pattillo_Beals" title="Melba Pattillo Beals">Melba Pattillo Beals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Thomas" title="Jefferson Thomas">Jefferson Thomas</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Attivisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(attivista)" title="Daisy Bates (attivista)">Daisy Bates</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(avvocato)" title="Fred Gray (avvocato)">Fred Gray</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Henry" title="Barbara Henry">Barbara Henry</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Trumpauer_Mulholland" title="Joan Trumpauer Mulholland">Joan Trumpauer Mulholland</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Daniel_Williams_King" title="Alfred Daniel Williams King">Alfred Daniel Williams King</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(politico)" title="John Lewis (politico)">John Lewis</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone Jones</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Meredith" title="James Howard Meredith">James Howard Meredith</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nixon" title="Edgar Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(attivista)" title="Mary Louise Smith (attivista)">Mary Louise Smith</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson" title="George Jackson">George Jackson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Altro</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Potere_nero" title="Potere nero">Potere nero</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Six" title="Big Six">Big Six</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Segregazione_razziale_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America">Segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cronologia_della_segregazione_razziale_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Cronologia della segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America">Cronologia</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_del_movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani_(1865-1896)" title="Storia del movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani (1865-1896)">Storia 1865-1896</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Storia_del_movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani_(1896-1954)" title="Storia del movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani (1896-1954)">Storia 1896-1954</a></th></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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