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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/330px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/440px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Emblema della Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Buchanan contro Warley</b></i>, è un caso giudiziario del 1917 affrontato dalla <a href="/wiki/Corte_Suprema_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" class="mw-redirect" title="Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti d'America">Corte Suprema degli Stati Uniti</a> e che riguardava la <a href="/wiki/Segregazione_razziale" title="Segregazione razziale">segregazione razziale</a> in alcune aree residenziali. La Corte sentenziò che un'ordinanza cittadina di <a href="/wiki/Louisville" title="Louisville">Louisville</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, che proibiva la vendita di beni immobili agli <a href="/wiki/Afroamericano" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroamericano">afroamericani</a> violasse il <a href="/wiki/XIV_emendamento_della_Costituzione_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="XIV emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America">14° Emendamento</a>, che proteggeva la libertà di contratto. La decisione sovvertì la sentenza della Kentucky Court of Appeals. A differenza di altre sentenze della corte che avevano avuto a che fare con la segregazione nelle zone residenziali (fenomeno in inglese detto <i>zoning</i>), con questo caso per la prima volta la Corte stabilì che il solo fattore della razza non era sufficiente a giustificare una tale scelta (da ritenersi, dunque, anticostituzionale).<sup id="cite_ref-Silver1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antefatti">Antefatti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Antefatti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Antefatti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nello stato del Kentucky vigeva un'ordinanza per la quale era proibito agli afroamericani possedere o occupare qualunque edificio situato in una zona a maggioranza di bianchi. Nel 1915, un uomo di nome Charles H. Buchanan, un uomo bianco che stava per vendere la sua proprietà, portò in tribunale questo caso contro William Warley, un acquirente afroamericano, per convincerlo a pagare a prezzo pieno un lotto che aveva acquistato per la costruzione di un'abitazione. In sua difesa, Warley sostenne che pagare la cifra completa gli sembrava eccessiva, dal momento che, per le allora vigenti leggi del Kentucky, non avrebbe potuto vivere nella sua proprietà, considerando che si trovava in una zona a prevalenza di bianchi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La battaglia legale inizialmente finì nelle mani dei giudici della Kentucky Court of Appeals, che difese le leggi di Louisville e così il caso passò direttamente alla Corte Suprema. </p><p>I sostenitori della segregazione razziale sostenevano che, dal momento che ai bianchi era proibito trasferirsi in quartieri abitati in prevalenza da neri, e questi ultimi non potevano fare altrettanto in quartieri a maggioranza bianca, la legge era neutrale, non razzista nella sua applicazione, poiché imponeva un accordo bilaterale ad entrambe le razze.<sup id="cite_ref-blackpast_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackpast-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ad ogni modo, nel caso in questione Buchanan si schierò contro l'ordinanza, ritenendola una violazione del 14° Emendamento. I suoi difensori legali, inoltre, sostennero che lo U.S. Civil Rights del 1886 dovesse essere applicato e citarono la frase:<sup id="cite_ref-Buchanan_v._Warley_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchanan_v._Warley-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r143194400">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione{margin-bottom:.5em;font-size:95%;padding-left:2.4em;padding-right:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia{display:flex;gap:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-doppia>div{width:0;flex:1 1 0}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-citazione-footer{padding:0 1.2em 0 0;margin:-0.8em 0 0 0;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="itwiki-template-citazione"> <div class="itwiki-template-citazione-doppia"> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <p>«All citizens … shall have the same right … as is enjoyed by white citizens to … purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property» </p> </div> <div>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <p>«Tutti i cittadini... devono avere lo stesso diritto... come goduto dai cittadini bianchi di... comprare, affittare, vendere, detenere o traslocare beni mobili ed immobili» </p> </div></div><p class="itwiki-template-citazione-footer">(Estratto dal 14° Emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti)</p></div> <p>La Corte Suprema riconobbe la ragione di Buchanan e invalidò la legge di Louisville, reputandola anticostituzionale. Mentre lavorava al caso, la Corte evitò anche di entrare in conflitto con il precedente decreto emanato dopo il caso <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" class="mw-redirect" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896) e la dottrina del "<a href="/wiki/Separati_ma_uguali" title="Separati ma uguali">separati ma uguali</a>", sostenendo che né in questo "motto" né nel 14° Emendamento si legge che agli afroamericani deve essere negato il diritto di usare, controllare, vendere o affittare la propria proprietà. </p><p>In definitiva, la Corte formulò la sentenza alla luce del 14° Emendamento, sostenendo che la differenza di razza, da sola, non era un valido motivo per tenere separati bianchi e neri. </p><p>Tuttavia, le conseguenze del caso Buchanan rimangono discutibili. Mentre la decisione della Corte impedì ufficialmente agli stati del Sud di accogliere simili leggi, non aveva comunque risolto la questione della segregazione razziale e di altri fattori discriminanti. Infatti, sebbene dopo Buchanan ogni afroamericano avesse diritto a fare delle proprie proprietà ciò che voleva, la questione dei quartieri segregati rimase comunque una costante nel Sud degli USA fino al 1952 ed anche dopo i primi passi verso l'integrazione, intere città rimasero con quartieri separati per molto altro tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-blackpast_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackpast-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Silver1997-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Silver1997_1-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Christopher Silver, <span style="font-style:italic;">The Racial Origins of Zoning in American Cities</span>, in Thomas, J. M.; Ritzdorf, M. (a cura di), <span style="font-style:italic;">Urban Planning & the African American Community: In the Shadows</span>, Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE Publ., 1997, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8039-7233-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-8039-7233-4">0-8039-7233-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/245/60"><span style="font-style:italic;">Buchanan v. Warley</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Cornell University Law School: Legal Information Institute</span>, Cornell University Law School. <small>URL consultato il 22 novembre 2015</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blackpast-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-blackpast_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-blackpast_3-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/buchanan-v-warley-1917">http://www.blackpast.org/aah/buchanan-v-warley-1917</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buchanan_v._Warley-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Buchanan_v._Warley_4-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/245/60/case.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Buchanan v. Warley</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Justia</span>, U.S. Supreme Court. <small>URL consultato il 22 novembre 2015</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bernstein, David E. Rehabilitating Lochner: Defending Individual Rights against Progressive Reform. Chapter 5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0226043533" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-04353-3</a></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Arthur C. Nelson, Dawkins, Casey J. e Sanchez, Thomas W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_urban-studies_2004-02_41_2/page/423"><span style="font-style:italic;">Urban Containment and Residential Segregation: A Preliminary Investigation</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Urban Studies</span>, vol. 41, n. 2, 2004, pp. 423–439, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0042098032000165325">10.1080/0042098032000165325</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Roger L. Rice, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-history_1968-05_34_2/page/179"><span style="font-style:italic;">Residential Segregation by Law, 1910-1917</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Journal of Southern History</span>, vol. 34, n. 2, The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1968, pp. 179–199, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2204656">10.2307/2204656</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2204656">2204656</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani">Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregazione_razziale_negli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America">Segregazione razziale negli Stati Uniti d'America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchanan_contro_Warley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130123132644/http://laws.findlaw.com/us/245/60.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Findlaw</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">laws.findlaw.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 29 dicembre 2015</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://laws.findlaw.com/us/245/60.html">url originale</abbr> il 23 gennaio 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/245/60/case.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Justia</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">supreme.justia.com</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">bostonfairhousing.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1917-Buchanan-v.Warley.html">http://www.bostonfairhousing.org/timeline/1917-Buchanan-v.Warley.html</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> Titolo mancante per url <code>url</code> (<a href="/wiki/Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto#bare_url_missing_title" title="Modulo:Citazione/Aiuto">aiuto</a>)</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <span style="font-style:italic;">blackpast.org</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/buchanan-v-warley-1917">http://www.blackpast.org/aah/buchanan-v-warley-1917</a><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Template:Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/wiki/Discussioni_template:Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Discussioni template:Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Movimento_per_i_diritti_civili_degli_afroamericani" title="Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani">Movimento per i diritti civili degli afroamericani</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Eventi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></i> <small>(1917)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_contro_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown contro Board of Education">Brown contro Board of Education</a></i> <small>(1954)</small> (<i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_contro_Elliott" title="Briggs contro Elliott">Briggs contro Elliott</a></i> <small>(1952)</small>)<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Keys_contro_Carolina_Coach" title="Keys contro Carolina Coach">Keys contro Carolina Coach</a></i> <small>(1955)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a> <small>(1955)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Boicottaggio_dei_bus_a_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery">Boicottaggio dei bus a Montgomery</a> <small>(1955)</small> (<i><a href="/wiki/Browder_contro_Gayle" title="Browder contro Gayle">Browder contro Gayle</a></i> <small>(1956)</small>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a> <small>(1955)</small>)<b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></i> <small>(1958)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_contro_lo_stato_della_Virginia" title="Boynton contro lo stato della Virginia">Boynton contro lo stato della Virginia</a></i> <small>(1960)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_contro_Lightfoot" title="Gomillion contro Lightfoot">Gomillion contro Lightfoot</a></i> <small>(1960)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sommossa_all%27Universit%C3%A0_del_Mississippi_del_1962" title="Sommossa all'Università del Mississippi del 1962">Sommossa all'Università del Mississippi del 1962</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Strage_di_Birmingham" title="Strage di Birmingham">Strage di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Campagna_di_Birmingham" title="Campagna di Birmingham">Campagna di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small> (chiamata all'epoca anche <a href="/wiki/Bombingham" title="Bombingham">Bombingham</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lettera_dalla_prigione_di_Birmingham" title="Lettera dalla prigione di Birmingham">Lettera dalla prigione di Birmingham</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_su_Washington_per_il_lavoro_e_la_libert%C3%A0" title="Marcia su Washington per il lavoro e la libertà">Marcia su Washington per il lavoro e la libertà</a> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/I_have_a_dream" title="I have a dream">I have a dream</a></i> <small>(1963)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Assassinio_degli_attivisti_per_i_diritti_civili_del_Mississippi" title="Assassinio degli attivisti per i diritti civili del Mississippi">Assassinio degli attivisti per i diritti civili del Mississippi</a> <small>(1964)</small><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Marce_da_Selma_a_Montgomery" title="Marce da Selma a Montgomery">Marce da Selma a Montgomery</a> <small>(1965)</small> (<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> e <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting <i>Rights Act</i></a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Assassinio_di_Martin_Luther_King" title="Assassinio di Martin Luther King">Assassinio di Martin Luther King</a> <small>(1968)</small><b> ·</b> <i>Civil Rights Act</i> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1957)" title="Civil Rights Act (1957)">1957</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1960)" title="Civil Rights Act (1960)">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1964)" title="Civil Rights Act (1964)">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_(1968)" title="Civil Rights Act (1968)">1968</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Articoli<br />relativi</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Leggi_Jim_Crow" title="Leggi Jim Crow">Leggi Jim Crow</a><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_contro_Ferguson" title="Plessy contro Ferguson">Plessy contro Ferguson</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Separati_ma_uguali" title="Separati ma uguali">Separati ma uguali</a>")<b> ·</b> <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buchanan contro Warley</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_contro_Painter" title="Sweatt contro Painter">Sweatt contro Painter</a></i><b> ·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_contro_Virginia" title="Loving contro Virginia">Loving contro Virginia</a></i><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Movimento_della_marcia_su_Washington" title="Movimento della marcia su Washington">Movimento della marcia su Washington</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Songs" title="Freedom Songs">Freedom Songs</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">Oh, Freedom</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">This Little Light of Mine</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">We Shall Overcome</a></i>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fatti_di_Watts" title="Fatti di Watts">Fatti di Watts</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Gruppi di <br />attivisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minnijean_Brown" title="Minnijean Brown">Minnijean Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eckford" title="Elizabeth Eckford">Elizabeth Eckford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Mothershed-Wair" title="Thelma Mothershed-Wair">Thelma Mothershed-Wair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Ray_Karlmark" title="Gloria Ray Karlmark">Gloria Ray Karlmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrence_Roberts" title="Terrence Roberts">Terrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Green" title="Ernest Green">Ernest Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melba_Pattillo_Beals" title="Melba Pattillo Beals">Melba Pattillo Beals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Thomas" title="Jefferson Thomas">Jefferson Thomas</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group" style="padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em">Attivisti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(attivista)" title="Daisy Bates (attivista)">Daisy Bates</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(avvocato)" title="Fred Gray (avvocato)">Fred Gray</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Henry" title="Barbara Henry">Barbara Henry</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Trumpauer_Mulholland" title="Joan Trumpauer Mulholland">Joan Trumpauer Mulholland</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. 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