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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inductively_coupled_plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inductively_coupled_plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Inductively coupled plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inductively_coupled_plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_spectrometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_spectrometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mass spectrometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_spectrometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button 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id="toc-Quantification_of_proteins_and_biomolecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantification_of_proteins_and_biomolecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quantification of proteins and biomolecules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantification_of_proteins_and_biomolecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elemental_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elemental_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Elemental analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elemental_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sample introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma_torch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_torch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plasma torch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma_torch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantage_of_argon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantage_of_argon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Advantage of argon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantage_of_argon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_ions_into_vacuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_ions_into_vacuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transfer of ions into vacuum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_ions_into_vacuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ion_optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ion optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collision_reaction_cell_and_iCRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collision_reaction_cell_and_iCRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Collision reaction cell and iCRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collision_reaction_cell_and_iCRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routine_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routine_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Routine maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routine_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AB" title="مطيافية كتلة مزودة ببلازما مقترنة بالحث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطيافية كتلة مزودة ببلازما مقترنة بالحث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectrometria_de_masses_per_plasma_d%27acoblament_inductiu" title="Espectrometria de masses per plasma d'acoblament inductiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espectrometria de masses per plasma d'acoblament inductiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-MS" title="ICP-MS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="ICP-MS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenspektrometrie_mit_induktiv_gekoppeltem_Plasma" title="Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-MS" title="ICP-MS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="ICP-MS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="طیف‌سنجی جرمی پلاسمای جفت‌شده القایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طیف‌سنجی جرمی پلاسمای جفت‌شده القایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrom%C3%A9trie_de_masse_%C3%A0_plasma_%C3%A0_couplage_inductif" title="Spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spectrométrie de masse à plasma à couplage inductif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8F%84_%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%A9_%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A6%88%EB%A7%88_%EC%A7%88%EB%9F%89_%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="유도 결합 플라즈마 질량 분석기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유도 결합 플라즈마 질량 분석기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrometri_massa_plasma_gandeng_induktif" title="Spektrometri massa plasma gandeng induktif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Spektrometri massa plasma gandeng induktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICP-MS" title="ICP-MS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ICP-MS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductief_gekoppelde_plasmamassaspectrometrie" title="Inductief gekoppelde plasmamassaspectrometrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inductief gekoppelde plasmamassaspectrometrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%98%E5%B0%8E%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9E%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="誘導結合プラズマ質量分析 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="誘導結合プラズマ質量分析" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induktivt_koblet_plasmamassespektrometri" title="Induktivt koblet plasmamassespektrometri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Induktivt koblet plasmamassespektrometri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrometria_mas_sprz%C4%99%C5%BCona_z_plazm%C4%85_wzbudzan%C4%85_indukcyjnie" title="Spektrometria mas sprzężona z plazmą wzbudzaną indukcyjnie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Spektrometria mas sprzężona z plazmą wzbudzaną indukcyjnie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espectrometria_de_massa_por_plasma_acoplado_indutivamente" title="Espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espectrometria de massa por plasma acoplado indutivamente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Масс-спектрометрия с индуктивно-связанной плазмой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Масс-спектрометрия с индуктивно-связанной плазмой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شەبەنگپێوی بارستایی پلازمای جووتکراوی سەپێنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەبەنگپێوی بارستایی پلازمای جووتکراوی سەپێنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nd%C3%BCksiyonla_birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_plazma_k%C3%BCtle_spektrometrisi" title="İndüksiyonla birleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometrisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İndüksiyonla birleşmiş plazma kütle spektrometrisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="电感耦合等离子体质谱法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电感耦合等离子体质谱法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q900680#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg/220px-PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg/330px-PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg/440px-PerkinElmerICP-768x576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Perkin Elmer NexION 2000 ICP-MS</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acronym</th><td class="infobox-data">ICP-MS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Analytes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">atomic</a> and polyatomic species in plasma, with exceptions; usually interpreted towards concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">chemical elements</a> in sample</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skyray_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skyray Instruments (page does not exist)">Skyray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agilent" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilent">Agilent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytik_Jena" title="Analytik Jena">Analytik Jena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horiba" title="Horiba">Horiba</a> (only ICP-OES), <a href="/wiki/PerkinElmer" title="PerkinElmer">PerkinElmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimadzu" title="Shimadzu">Shimadzu</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPECTRO_Analytical_Instruments" title="SPECTRO Analytical Instruments">Spectro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=GBC_Scientific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBC Scientific (page does not exist)">GBC Scientific</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nu_Instruments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nu Instruments (page does not exist)">Nu Instruments</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=DVS_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DVS Sciences (page does not exist)">DVS Sciences</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Standard_BioTools" title="Standard BioTools">Standard BioTools</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other techniques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_atomic_emission_spectroscopy" title="Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy">Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hyphenated</th><td class="infobox-data">Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS), Gas chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (GC-ICP-MS), Laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</b> (<b>ICP-MS</b>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> that uses an <a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">inductively coupled plasma</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionize</a> the sample. It atomizes the sample and creates atomic and small polyatomic <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>, which are then detected. It is known and used for its ability to detect <a href="/wiki/Metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metals">metals</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Non-metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-metals">non-metals</a> in liquid samples at very low concentrations. It can detect different <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of the same element, which makes it a versatile tool in <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_labeling" title="Isotopic labeling">isotopic labeling</a>. </p><p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, ICP-MS has greater speed, precision, and sensitivity. However, compared with other types of mass spectrometry, such as <a href="/wiki/Thermal_ionization_mass_spectrometry" title="Thermal ionization mass spectrometry">thermal ionization mass spectrometry</a> (TIMS) and <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">glow discharge</a> mass spectrometry (GD-MS), ICP-MS introduces many interfering species: argon from the plasma, component gases of air that leak through the cone orifices, and contamination from glassware and the cones. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inductively_coupled_plasma">Inductively coupled plasma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inductively coupled plasma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">Inductively coupled plasma</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma" title="Inductively coupled plasma">inductively coupled plasma</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> that is energized (<a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Induction_heating" title="Induction heating">inductively heating</a> the gas with an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">electromagnetic coil</a>, and contains a sufficient concentration of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> to make the gas <a href="/wiki/Electrically_conductive" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrically conductive">electrically conductive</a>. Not all of the gas needs to be ionized for the gas to have the characteristics of a plasma; as little as 1% ionization creates a plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plasmas used in spectrochemical analysis are essentially electrically neutral, with each positive charge on an ion balanced by a free electron. In these plasmas the positive ions are almost all singly charged and there are few negative ions, so there are nearly equal numbers of ions and electrons in each unit volume of plasma. </p><p>The ICPs have two operation modes, called capacitive (E) mode with low plasma density and inductive (H) mode with high plasma density, and E to H heating mode transition occurs with external inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry is operated in the H mode. </p><p>What makes Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) unique to other forms of inorganic mass spectrometry is its ability to sample the analyte continuously, without interruption. This is in contrast to other forms of inorganic mass spectrometry; <a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge#Use_in_analytical_chemistry" title="Glow discharge">Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry</a> (GDMS) and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_ionization_mass_spectrometry" title="Thermal ionization mass spectrometry">Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry</a> (TIMS), that require a two-stage process: Insert sample(s) into a vacuum chamber, seal the vacuum chamber, pump down the vacuum, energize sample, thereby sending ions into the mass analyzer. With ICP-MS the sample to be analyzed is sitting at atmospheric pressure. Through the effective use of differential pumping; multiple vacuum stages separate by differential apertures (holes), the ions created in the argon plasma are, with the aid of various electrostatic focusing techniques, transmitted through the mass analyzer to the detector(s) and counted. Not only does this enable the analyst to radically increase sample throughput (amount of samples over time), but has also made it possible to do what is called "time resolved acquisition". Hyphenated techniques like <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography-mass_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry">Liquid Chromatography</a> ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS); <a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser Ablation</a> ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS); <a href="/wiki/Flow_injection_analysis" title="Flow injection analysis">Flow Injection</a> ICP-MS (FIA-ICP-MS), etc. have benefited from this relatively new technology. It has stimulated the development new tools for research including geochemistry and forensic chemistry; biochemistry and oceanography. Additionally, increases in sample throughput from dozens of samples a day to hundreds of samples a day have revolutionized environmental analysis, reducing costs. Fundamentally, this is all due to the fact that while the sample resides at environmental pressure, the analyzer and detector are at 1/10,000,000 of that same pressure during normal operation. </p><p>An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for spectrometry is sustained in a torch that consists of three concentric tubes, usually made of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, although the inner tube (injector) can be sapphire if <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> is being used. The end of this torch is placed inside an induction coil supplied with a radio-frequency electric current. A flow of <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> gas (usually 13 to 18 liters per minute) is introduced between the two outermost tubes of the torch and an <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">electric spark</a> is applied for a short time to introduce free electrons into the gas stream. These electrons interact with the radio-frequency magnetic field of the induction coil and are accelerated first in one direction, then the other, as the field changes at high frequency (usually 27.12 million cycles per second). The accelerated electrons collide with argon atoms, and sometimes a collision causes an argon atom to part with one of its electrons. The released electron is in turn accelerated by the rapidly changing magnetic field. The process continues until the rate of release of new electrons in collisions is balanced by the rate of recombination of electrons with argon ions (atoms that have lost an electron). This produces a ‘fireball’ that consists mostly of argon atoms with a rather small fraction of free electrons and argon ions. The temperature of the plasma is very high, of the order of 10,000 K. The plasma also produces ultraviolet light, so for safety should not be viewed directly. </p><p>The ICP can be retained in the quartz torch because the flow of gas between the two outermost tubes keeps the plasma away from the walls of the torch. A second flow of argon (around 1 liter per minute) is usually introduced between the central tube and the intermediate tube to keep the plasma away from the end of the central tube. A third flow (again usually around 1 liter per minute) of gas is introduced into the central tube of the torch. This gas flow passes through the centre of the plasma, where it forms a channel that is cooler than the surrounding plasma but still much hotter than a chemical flame. Samples to be analyzed are introduced into this central channel, usually as a mist of liquid formed by passing the liquid sample into a nebulizer. </p><p>To maximise plasma temperature (and hence ionisation efficiency) and stability, the sample should be introduced through the central tube with as little liquid (solvent load) as possible, and with consistent droplet sizes. A nebuliser can be used for liquid samples, followed by a spray chamber to remove larger droplets, or a desolvating nebuliser can be used to evaporate most of the solvent before it reaches the torch. Solid samples can also be introduced using laser ablation. The sample enters the central channel of the ICP, evaporates, molecules break apart, and then the constituent atoms ionise. At the temperatures prevailing in the plasma a significant proportion of the atoms of many chemical elements are ionized, each atom losing its most loosely bound electron to form a singly charged ion. The plasma temperature is selected to maximise ionisation efficiency for elements with a high first ionisation energy, while minimising second ionisation (double charging) for elements that have a low second ionisation energy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mass spectrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></div> <p>For coupling to <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>, the ions from the plasma are extracted through a series of cones into a mass spectrometer, usually a <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_mass_analyzer" title="Quadrupole mass analyzer">quadrupole</a>. The ions are separated on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio and a detector receives an ion signal <a href="/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)" title="Proportionality (mathematics)">proportional</a> to the concentration. </p><p>The concentration of a sample can be determined through calibration with <a href="/wiki/Certified_reference_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified reference material">certified reference material</a> such as single or multi-element reference standards. ICP-MS also lends itself to quantitative determinations through <a href="/wiki/Isotopic_dilution" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopic dilution">isotope dilution</a>, a single point method based on an isotopically enriched standard. In order to increase <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> and compensate for errors by sensitivity variation, an <a href="/wiki/Internal_standard" title="Internal standard">internal standard</a> can be added. </p><p>Other mass analyzers coupled to ICP systems include double focusing magnetic-electrostatic sector systems with both single and multiple collector, as well as <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time of flight</a> systems (both <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> accelerators have been used). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the largest volume uses for ICP-MS is in the medical and forensic field, specifically, toxicology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A physician may order a metal assay for a number of reasons, such as suspicion of heavy metal poisoning, metabolic concerns, and even hepatological issues. Depending on the specific parameters unique to each patient's diagnostic plan, samples collected for analysis can range from whole blood, urine, plasma, serum, to even packed red blood cells. Another primary use for this instrument lies in the environmental field. Such applications include <a href="/wiki/Water_testing" title="Water testing">water testing</a> for municipalities or private individuals all the way to soil, water and other material analysis for industrial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, industrial and biological monitoring has presented another major need for metal analysis via ICP-MS. Individuals working in factories where exposure to metals is likely and unavoidable, such as a battery factory, are required by their employer to have their blood or urine analyzed for metal toxicity on a regular basis. This monitoring has become a mandatory practice implemented by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration">U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a>, in an effort to protect workers from their work environment and ensure proper rotation of work duties (i.e. rotating employees from a high exposure position to a low exposure position). </p><p>ICP-MS is also used widely in the geochemistry field for radiometric dating, in which it is used to analyze relative abundance of different isotopes, in particular uranium and lead. ICP-MS is more suitable for this application than the previously used <a href="/wiki/Thermal_ionization_mass_spectrometry" title="Thermal ionization mass spectrometry">thermal ionization mass spectrometry</a>, as species with high <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> can be easily ionized. For high precision ratio work, multiple collector instruments are normally used to reduce the effect noise on the calculated ratios. </p><p>In the field of <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a>, a new technique uses ICP-MS to replace the traditional <a href="/wiki/Fluorochromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorochromes">fluorochromes</a>. Briefly, instead of labelling <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> (or other biological probes) with fluorochromes, each antibody is labelled with a distinct combinations of <a href="/wiki/Lanthanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanides">lanthanides</a>. When the sample of interest is analysed by ICP-MS in a specialised flow cytometer, each antibody can be identified and quantitated by virtue of a distinct ICP "footprint". In theory, hundreds of different biological probes can thus be analysed in an individual cell, at a rate of ca. 1,000 cells per second. Because elements are easily distinguished in ICP-MS, the problem of compensation in multiplex flow cytometry is effectively eliminated. </p><p>Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is a powerful technique for the elemental analysis of a wide variety of materials encountered in forensic casework. (LA-ICP-MS) has already successfully been applied to applications in forensics, metals, glasses, soils, car paints, bones and teeth, printing inks, trace elemental, fingerprint, and paper. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Forensic_glass_analysis" title="Forensic glass analysis">forensic glass analysis</a> stands out as an application for which this technique has great utility to provide highly. Car hit and runs, burglaries, assaults, drive-by shootings and bombings such as these situations may cause glass fragments that could be used as evidence of association in glass transfer conditions. LA-ICP-MS is considered one of the best techniques for analysis of glass due to the short time for sample preparation and sample, small sample size of less than 250 nanograms. In addition there is no need for complex procedure and handling of dangerous materials that is used for digestion of the samples. This allows detecting major, minor and tracing elements with high level of precision and accuracy. There are set of properties that are used to measure glass sample such as physical and optical properties including color, thickness, density, refractive index (RI) and also, if necessary, elemental analysis can be conducted in order to enhance the value of an association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmaceutical_industry">Pharmaceutical industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the pharmaceutical industry, ICP-MS is used for detecting inorganic impurities in <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a> and their ingredients. New and reduced maximum permitted exposure levels of heavy metals from dietary supplements, introduced in USP (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a>) «<i>〈232〉Elemental Impurities—Limits</i>»<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and USP «<i>〈232〉Elemental Impurities—Procedures</i>»,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will increase the need for ICP-MS technology, where, previously, other analytic methods have been sufficient. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cosmetics, such as lipstick, recovered from a crime scene may provide valuable forensic information. Lipstick smears left on cigarette butts, glassware, clothing, bedding; napkins, paper, etc. may be valuable evidence. Lipstick recovered from clothing or skin may also indicate physical contact between individuals. Forensic analysis of recovered lipstick smear evidence can provide valuable information on the recent activities of a victim or suspect. Trace elemental analysis of lipstick smears could be used to complement existing visual comparative procedures to determine the lipstick brand and color. </p><p>Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (SP ICP-MS) was designed for particle suspensions in 2000 by Claude Degueldre. He first tested this new methodology at the Forel Institute of the University of Geneva and presented this new analytical approach at the 'Colloid 2oo2' symposium during the spring 2002 meeting of the EMRS, and in the proceedings in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study presents the theory of SP ICP-MS and the results of tests carried out on clay particles (montmorillonite) as well as other suspensions of colloids. This method was then tested on thorium dioxide nanoparticles by Degueldre & Favarger (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zirconium dioxide by Degueldre <i>et al</i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gold nanoparticles, which are used as a substrate in nanopharmacy, and published by Degueldre <i>et al</i> (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the study of uranium dioxide nano- and micro-particles gave rise to a detailed publication, Ref. Degueldre <i>et al</i> (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2010 the interest for SP ICP-MS has exploded. </p><p>Previous forensic techniques employed for the organic analysis of lipsticks by compositional comparison include thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods provide useful information regarding the identification of lipsticks. However, they all require long sample preparation times and destroy the sample. Nondestructive techniques for the forensic analysis of lipstick smears include UV fluorescence observation combined with purge-and-trap gas chromatography, microspectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_speciation">Metal speciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metal speciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A growing trend in the world of elemental analysis has revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Ion_speciation" title="Ion speciation">speciation</a>, or determination of <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of certain metals such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. The toxicity of those elements varies with the oxidation state, so new regulations from food authorities requires speciation of some elements. One of the primary techniques to achieve this is to separate the chemical species with <a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">high-performance liquid chromatography</a> (HPLC) or <a href="/wiki/Field_flow_fractionation" title="Field flow fractionation">field flow fractionation</a> (FFF) and then measure the concentrations with ICP-MS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantification_of_proteins_and_biomolecules">Quantification of proteins and biomolecules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quantification of proteins and biomolecules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an increasing trend of using ICP-MS as a tool in speciation analysis, which normally involves a front end <a href="/wiki/Chromatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatograph">chromatograph</a> separation and an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elemental_selective_detector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elemental selective detector (page does not exist)">elemental selective detector</a>, such as AAS and ICP-MS. For example, ICP-MS may be combined with <a href="/wiki/Size_exclusion_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Size exclusion chromatography">size exclusion chromatography</a> and <a href="/wiki/QPNC-PAGE" title="QPNC-PAGE">preparative native PAGE</a> for identifying and quantifying <a href="/wiki/Metalloproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloproteins">metalloproteins</a> in biofluids. Also the phosphorylation status of proteins can be analyzed. </p><p>In 2007, a new type of protein tagging reagents called <a href="/wiki/Metal-coded_affinity_tag" title="Metal-coded affinity tag">metal-coded affinity tags</a> (MeCAT) were introduced to label proteins quantitatively with metals, especially lanthanides.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17627934_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17627934-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MeCAT labelling allows relative and absolute quantification of all kind of proteins or other biomolecules like peptides. MeCAT comprises a site-specific biomolecule tagging group with at least a strong chelate group which binds metals. The MeCAT labelled proteins can be accurately quantified by ICP-MS down to low attomol amount of analyte which is at least 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than other mass spectrometry based quantification methods. By introducing several MeCAT labels to a biomolecule and further optimization of LC-ICP-MS detection limits in the <a href="/wiki/Zepto-" class="mw-redirect" title="Zepto-">zeptomol</a> range are within the realm of possibility. By using different lanthanides MeCAT multiplexing can be used for <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of proteins and peptides or the analysis of the differential expression of proteins (<a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a>) e.g. in biological fluids. Breakable PAGE <a href="/wiki/SDS-PAGE" title="SDS-PAGE">SDS-PAGE</a> (DPAGE, dissolvable PAGE), <a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_gel_electrophoresis" title="Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis">two-dimensional gel electrophoresis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> is used for separation of MeCAT labelled proteins. Flow-injection ICP-MS analysis of protein bands or spots from DPAGE SDS-PAGE gels can be easily performed by dissolving the DPAGE gel after electrophoresis and staining of the gel. MeCAT labelled proteins are identified and relatively quantified on peptide level by MALDI-MS or ESI-MS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elemental_analysis">Elemental analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Elemental analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ICP-MS allows determination of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> with atomic mass ranges 7 to 250 (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>), and sometimes higher. Some masses are prohibited, such as 40 Da, due to the abundance of argon in the sample. Other interference regions may include mass 80 (due to the argon dimer) and mass 56 (due to ArO), the latter of which greatly hinders <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> detection unless the instrument is fitted with a reaction chamber. Such interferences can be reduced by using a high resolution ICP-MS (HR-ICP-MS) which uses two or more slits to constrict the beam and distinguish between nearby peaks. This comes at the cost of sensitivity. For example, distinguishing iron from argon requires a resolving power of about 10,000, which may reduce the iron sensitivity by around 99%. Interfering species can alternatively be distinguished through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Collision/reaction_cell" title="Collision/reaction cell">collision chamber</a>, which can filter gasses by either chemical reaction or physical collision. </p><p>A single collector ICP-MS may use a multiplier in pulse counting mode to amplify very low signals, an attenuation grid or a multiplier in analogue mode to detect medium signals, and a Faraday cup/bucket to detect larger signals. A multi-collector ICP-MS may have more than one of any of these, typically Faraday buckets which are more cost-effective than other collectors. With this combination, a dynamic range of 12 orders of magnitude, from 1 part per quadrillion (ppq) to 100 parts per million (ppm) is possible. </p><p>ICP-MS is a common method for the determination of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> in biological samples.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, which can only measure a single element at a time, ICP-MS has the capability to scan for all elements simultaneously. This allows rapid sample processing. A simultaneous ICP-MS that can record the entire analytical spectrum from lithium to uranium in every analysis won the Silver Award at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pittcon_Editors%27_Awards" title="Pittcon Editors' Awards">Pittcon Editors' Awards</a>. An ICP-MS may use multiple scan modes, each one striking a different balance between speed and precision. Using the magnet alone to scan is slow due to <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> but is precise. Electrostatic plates can be used in addition to the magnet to increase the speed, and with multiple collectors can allow a scan of every element from Lithium 6 to Uranium Oxide 256 in less than a quarter of a second. For low detection limits, interfering species and high precision, the counting time can increase substantially. The rapid scanning, large dynamic range and large mass range of ICP-MS is ideally suited to measuring multiple unknown concentrations and isotope ratios in samples that have had minimal preparation (an advantage over TIMS). The analysis of seawater, urine, and digested whole rock samples are examples of industry applications. These properties also lend well to laser-ablated rock samples, where the scanning rate is fast enough to enable a real-time plot of any number of isotopes. This also allows easy spatial mapping of mineral grains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware">Hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Black_box" title="Black box">In terms of input and output</a>, ICP-MS instrument consumes prepared sample material and translates it into mass-spectral data. Actual analytical procedure takes some time; after that time the instrument can be switched to work on the next sample. Series of such sample measurements requires the instrument to have plasma ignited, meanwhile a number of technical parameters has to be stable in order for the results obtained to have feasibly accurate and precise interpretation. Maintaining the plasma requires a constant supply of carrier gas (usually, pure argon) and increased power consumption of the instrument. When these additional running costs are not considered justified, plasma and most of auxiliary systems can be turned off. In such standby mode only pumps are working to keep proper vacuum in mass-spectrometer. </p><p>The constituents of ICP-MS instrument are designed to allow for reproducible and/or stable operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_introduction">Sample introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in analysis is the introduction of the sample. This has been achieved in ICP-MS through a variety of means. </p><p>The most common method is the use of <i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_nebulizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical nebulizers">analytical nebulizers</a>.</i> Nebulizer converts liquids into an aerosol, and that aerosol can then be swept into the plasma to create the ions. Nebulizers work best with simple liquid samples (i.e. solutions). However, there have been instances of their use with more complex materials like a <a href="/wiki/Slurry" title="Slurry">slurry</a>. Many varieties of nebulizers have been coupled to ICP-MS, including pneumatic, cross-flow, Babington, ultrasonic, and desolvating types. The aerosol generated is often treated to limit it to only smallest droplets, commonly by means of a Peltier cooled double pass or cyclonic spray chamber. Use of autosamplers makes this easier and faster, especially for routine work and large numbers of samples. A Desolvating Nebuliser (DSN) may also be used; this uses a long heated capillary, coated with a fluoropolymer membrane, to remove most of the solvent and reduce the load on the plasma. Matrix removal introduction systems are sometimes used for samples, such as seawater, where the species of interest are at trace levels, and are surrounded by much more abundant contaminants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation" title="Laser ablation">Laser ablation</a> is another method. While being less common in the past, is rapidly becoming popular has been used as a means of sample introduction, thanks to increased ICP-MS scanning speeds. In this method, a pulsed UV laser is focused on the sample and creates a plume of ablated material which can be swept into the plasma. This allows geochemists to spacially map the isotope composition in cross-sections of rock samples, a tool which is lost if the rock is digested and introduced as a liquid sample. Lasers for this task are built to have highly controllable power outputs and uniform radial power distributions, to produce craters which are flat bottomed and of a chosen diameter and depth. </p><p>For both Laser Ablation and Desolvating Nebulisers, a small flow of Nitrogen may also be introduced into the Argon flow. Nitrogen exists as a dimer, so has more vibrational modes and is more efficient at receiving energy from the RF coil around the torch. </p><p>Other methods of sample introduction are also utilized. Electrothermal vaporization (ETV) and in torch vaporization (ITV) use hot surfaces (graphite or metal, generally) to vaporize samples for introduction. These can use very small amounts of liquids, solids, or slurries. Other methods like vapor generation are also known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasma_torch">Plasma torch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plasma torch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICP_atomizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICP_atomizer.jpg/220px-ICP_atomizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICP_atomizer.jpg/330px-ICP_atomizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICP_atomizer.jpg/440px-ICP_atomizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3090" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The atomizer of an ICP</figcaption></figure> <p>The plasma used in an ICP-MS is made by partially ionizing argon gas (Ar → Ar<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup>). The energy required for this reaction is obtained by pulsing an alternating electric current in load coil that surrounds the plasma torch with a flow of argon gas. </p><p>After the sample is injected, the plasma's extreme temperature causes the sample to separate into individual atoms (atomization). Next, the plasma ionizes these atoms (M → M<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup>) so that they can be detected by the mass spectrometer. </p><p>An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) for spectrometry is sustained in a torch that consists of three concentric tubes, usually made of quartz. The two major designs are the Fassel and Greenfield torches.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenfield1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenfield1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of this torch is placed inside an induction coil supplied with a radio-frequency electric current. A flow of argon gas (usually 14 to 18 liters per minute) is introduced between the two outermost tubes of the torch and an electrical spark is applied for a short time to introduce free electrons into the gas stream. These electrons interact with the radio-frequency magnetic field of the induction coil and are accelerated first in one direction, then the other, as the field changes at high frequency (usually <a href="/wiki/ISM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="ISM band">27.12 MHz or 40 MHz</a>). The accelerated electrons collide with argon atoms, and sometimes a collision causes an argon atom to part with one of its electrons. The released electron is in turn accelerated by the rapidly changing magnetic field. The process continues until the rate of release of new electrons in collisions is balanced by the rate of recombination of electrons with argon ions (atoms that have lost an electron). This produces a ‘fireball’ that consists mostly of argon atoms with a rather small fraction of free electrons and argon ions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantage_of_argon">Advantage of argon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Advantage of argon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Making the plasma from argon, instead of other gases, has several advantages. First, argon is abundant (in the atmosphere, as a result of the radioactive decay of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>) and therefore cheaper than other <a href="/wiki/Noble_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gases">noble gases</a>. Argon also has a higher first <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization potential</a> than all other elements except <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>. Because of this high ionization energy, the reaction (Ar<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → Ar) is more energetically favorable than the reaction (M<sup>+</sup> + e<sup>−</sup> → M). This ensures that the sample remains ionized (as M<sup>+</sup>) so that the mass spectrometer can detect it. </p><p>Argon can be purchased for use with the ICP-MS in either a refrigerated liquid or a gas form. However it is important to note that whichever form of argon purchased, it should have a guaranteed purity of 99.9% Argon at a minimum. It is important to determine which type of argon will be best suited for the specific situation. Liquid argon is typically cheaper and can be stored in a greater quantity as opposed to the gas form, which is more expensive and takes up more tank space. If the instrument is in an environment where it gets infrequent use, then buying argon in the gas state will be most appropriate as it will be more than enough to suit smaller run times and gas in the cylinder will remain stable for longer periods of time, whereas liquid argon will suffer loss to the environment due to venting of the tank when stored over extended time frames. However, if the ICP-MS is to be used routinely and is on and running for eight or more hours each day for several days a week, then going with liquid argon will be the most suitable. If there are to be multiple ICP-MS instruments running for long periods of time, then it will most likely be beneficial for the laboratory to install a bulk or micro bulk argon tank which will be maintained by a gas supply company, thus eliminating the need to change out tanks frequently as well as minimizing loss of argon that is left over in each used tank as well as down time for tank changeover. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> can be used either in place of, or mixed with, argon for plasma generation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Helium's higher first ionisation energy allows greater ionisation and therefore higher sensitivity for hard-to-ionise elements. The use of pure helium also avoids argon-based interferences such as ArO.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of the interferences can be mitigated by use of a <a href="/wiki/Collision_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Collision cell">collision cell</a>, and the greater cost of helium has prevented its use in commercial ICP-MS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_ions_into_vacuum">Transfer of ions into vacuum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transfer of ions into vacuum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The carrier gas is sent through the central channel and into the very hot plasma. The sample is then exposed to <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> which converts the gas into a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a>. The high temperature of the plasma is sufficient to cause a very large portion of the sample to form ions. This fraction of ionization can approach 100% for some elements (e.g. sodium), but this is dependent on the ionization potential. A fraction of the formed ions passes through a ~1 mm hole (sampler cone) and then a ~0.4 mm hole (skimmer cone). The purpose of which is to allow a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> that is required by the <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>. </p><p>The vacuum is created and maintained by a series of pumps. The first stage is usually based on a roughing pump, most commonly a standard rotary vane pump. This removes most of the gas and typically reaches a pressure of around 133 Pa. Later stages have their vacuum generated by more powerful vacuum systems, most often turbomolecular pumps. Older instruments may have used oil diffusion pumps for high vacuum regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_optics">Ion optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ion optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before mass separation, a beam of positive ions has to be extracted from the plasma and focused into the mass-analyzer. It is important to separate the ions from UV photons, energetic neutrals and from any solid particles that may have been carried into the instrument from the ICP. Traditionally, ICP-MS instruments have used transmitting ion lens arrangements for this purpose. Examples include the Einzel lens, the Barrel lens, Agilent's Omega Lens<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Perkin-Elmer's Shadow Stop.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach is to use ion guides (quadrupoles, hexapoles, or octopoles) to guide the ions into mass analyzer along a path away from the trajectory of photons or neutral particles. Yet another approach is <a href="/wiki/Varian,_Inc." title="Varian, Inc.">Varian</a> patented used by <a href="/wiki/Analytik_Jena" title="Analytik Jena">Analytik Jena</a> ICP-MS<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90 degrees reflecting parabolic "Ion Mirror" optics, which are claimed to provide more efficient ion transport into the mass-analyzer, resulting in better sensitivity and reduced background. Analytik Jena ICP-MS PQMS is the most sensitive instrument on the market.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The claim that "Analytik Jena ICP-MS PQMS is the most sensitive instrument on the market" is not in any of the 3 cited references. Additionally, extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof, but this claim doesn't pass the smell test. (August 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A sector ICP-MS will commonly have four sections: an extraction acceleration region, steering lenses, an electrostatic sector and a magnetic sector. The first region takes ions from the plasma and accelerates them using a high voltage. The second uses may use a combination of parallel plates, rings, quadrupoles, hexapoles and octopoles to steer, shape and focus the beam so that the resulting peaks are symmetrical, flat topped and have high transmission. The electrostatic sector may be before or after the magnetic sector depending on the particular instrument, and reduces the spread in kinetic energy caused by the plasma. This spread is particularly large for ICP-MS, being larger than Glow Discharge and much larger than TIMS. The geometry of the instrument is chosen so that the instrument the combined focal point of the electrostatic and magnetic sectors is at the collector, known as Double Focusing (or Double Focussing). </p><p>If the mass of interest has a low sensitivity and is just below a much larger peak, the low mass tail from this larger peak can intrude onto the mass of interest. A Retardation Filter might be used to reduce this tail. This sits near the collector, and applies a voltage equal but opposite to the accelerating voltage; any ions that have lost energy while flying around the instrument will be decelerated to rest by the filter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collision_reaction_cell_and_iCRC">Collision reaction cell and iCRC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collision reaction cell and iCRC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collision_reaction_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Collision reaction cell">collision reaction cell</a></div> <p>The collision/reaction cell is used to remove interfering ions through ion/neutral reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collision/reaction cells are known under several names. The dynamic reaction cell is located before the <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole" title="Quadrupole">quadrupole</a> in the ICP-MS device.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chamber has a quadrupole and can be filled with reaction (or collision) gases (<a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>), with one gas type at a time or a mixture of two of them, which reacts with the introduced sample, eliminating some of the interference. </p><p>The integrated Collisional Reaction Cell (iCRC) used by Analytik Jena ICP-MS is a mini-collision cell installed in front of the parabolic ion mirror optics that removes interfering ions by injecting a collisional gas (He), or a reactive gas (H<sub>2</sub>), or a mixture of the two, directly into the plasma as it flows through the skimmer cone and/or the sampler cone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iCRC removed interfering ions using a collisional kinetic energy discrimination (KED) phenomenon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and chemical reactions with interfering ions similarly to traditionally used larger collision cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routine_maintenance">Routine maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Routine maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any piece of instrumentation or equipment, there are many aspects of maintenance that need to be encompassed by daily, weekly and annual procedures. The frequency of maintenance is typically determined by the sample volume and cumulative run time that the instrument is subjected to. </p><p>One of the first things that should be carried out before the calibration of the ICP-MS is a sensitivity check and optimization. This ensures that the operator is aware of any possible issues with the instrument and if so, may address them before beginning a calibration. Typical indicators of sensitivity are Rhodium levels, Cerium/Oxide ratios and DI water blanks. One common standard practice is to measure a standard tuning solution provided by the ICP manufacturer every time the plasma torch is started. Then the instrument is auto-calibrated for optimum sensitivity and the operator obtains a report providing certain parameters such as sensitivity, mass resolution and estimated amount of oxidized species and double-positive charged species. </p><p>One of the most frequent forms of <a href="/wiki/Planned_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned maintenance">routine maintenance</a> is replacing sample and waste tubing on the peristaltic pump, as these tubes can get worn fairly quickly resulting in holes and clogs in the sample line, resulting in skewed results. Other parts that will need regular cleaning and/or replacing are sample tips, nebulizer tips, sample cones, skimmer cones, injector tubes, torches and lenses. It may also be necessary to change the oil in the interface roughing pump as well as the vacuum backing pump, depending on the workload put on the instrument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_preparation">Sample preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sample preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most clinical methods using ICP-MS, there is a relatively simple and quick sample prep process. The main component to the sample is an internal standard, which also serves as the diluent. This internal standard consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Deionized_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Deionized water">deionized water</a>, with nitric or <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, and Indium and/or Gallium. The addition of volatile acids allows for the sample to decompose into its gaseous components in the plasma which minimizes the ability for concentrated salts and solvent loads to clog the cones and contaminate the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the sample type, usually 5 mL of the internal standard is added to a test tube along with 10–500 microliters of sample. This mixture is then vortexed for several seconds or until mixed well and then loaded onto the autosampler tray. For other applications that may involve very viscous samples or samples that have particulate matter, a process known as sample digestion may have to be carried out, before it can be pipetted and analyzed. This adds an extra first step to the above process, and therefore makes the sample prep more lengthy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plasma-universe.com/plasma/">"Plasma"</a>. <i>Plasma-Universe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Inductively+coupled+plasma+mass+spectrometry+%28ICP+MS%29%3A+a+versatile+tool&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-427&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17385793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjms.1206&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JMSp...42..419A&rft.aulast=Ammann&rft.aufirst=Adrian+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjms.1206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInductively+coupled+plasma+mass+spectrometry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_source" title="Ion source">Ion source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric-pressure_chemical_ionization" title="Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization">APCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric-pressure_laser_ionization" title="Atmospheric-pressure laser ionization">APLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric-pressure_photoionization" title="Atmospheric-pressure photoionization">APPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_ionization" title="Chemical ionization">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desorption_atmospheric_pressure_photoionization" title="Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization">DAPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_analysis_in_real_time" title="Direct analysis in real time">DART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desorption_electrospray_ionization" title="Desorption electrospray ionization">DESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desorption/ionization_on_silicon" title="Desorption/ionization on silicon">DIOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_electrospray_ionization" title="Extractive electrospray ionization">EESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrospray_ionization" title="Electrospray ionization">ESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_atom_bombardment" title="Fast atom bombardment">FAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_desorption" title="Field desorption">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_discharge" title="Glow discharge">GD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-attachment_mass_spectrometry" title="Ion-attachment mass spectrometry">IA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ablation_electrospray_ionization" title="Laser ablation electrospray ionization">LAESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption_electrospray_ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization">MALDESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave plasma">MIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-transfer-reaction_mass_spectrometry" title="Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry">PTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_electrospray_ionization" title="Secondary electrospray ionization">SESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_ion_mass_spectrometry" title="Secondary ion mass spectrometry">SIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_ionization" title="Spark ionization">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_spray_ionization" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic spray ionization">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-enhanced_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization">SELDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_ionization" title="Thermal ionization">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermospray" title="Thermospray">TS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mass analyzer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sector_mass_spectrometer" title="Sector mass spectrometer">Sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wien_filter" title="Wien filter">Wien filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">Time-of-flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_mass_analyzer" title="Quadrupole mass analyzer">Quadrupole mass filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_ion_trap" title="Quadrupole ion trap">Quadrupole ion trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penning_trap" title="Penning trap">Penning trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_ion_cyclotron_resonance" title="Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance">FT-ICR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitrap" title="Orbitrap">Orbitrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Detector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_multiplier" title="Electron multiplier">Electron multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchannel_plate_detector" title="Microchannel plate detector">Microchannel plate detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daly_detector" title="Daly detector">Daly detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_cup" title="Faraday cup">Faraday cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir%E2%80%93Taylor_detector" title="Langmuir–Taylor detector">Langmuir–Taylor detector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MS combination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_mass_spectrometry" title="Tandem mass spectrometry">MS/MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_quadrupole_mass_spectrometer" title="Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer">QqQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_mass_spectrometry" title="Accelerator mass spectrometry">AMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_mass_spectrometer" title="Hybrid mass spectrometer">Hybrid MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">GC/MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry">LC/MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-mobility_spectrometry%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry">IMS/MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_electrophoresis%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry">CE-MS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(mass_spectrometry)" title="Fragmentation (mass spectrometry)">Fragmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbody_infrared_radiative_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody infrared radiative dissociation">BIRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision-induced_dissociation" title="Collision-induced dissociation">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-capture_dissociation" title="Electron-capture dissociation">ECD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-detachment_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-detachment dissociation">EDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-transfer_dissociation" title="Electron-transfer dissociation">ETD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-energy_collisional_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher-energy collisional dissociation">HCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_multiphoton_dissociation" title="Infrared multiphoton dissociation">IRMPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_electron-transfer_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative electron-transfer dissociation">NETD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-induced_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-induced dissociation">SID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a 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