CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" class="mt-0"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"229f494c49",applicationID:"177966165"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://github.githubassets.com/favicon.ico"> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages - The GitHub Blog</title> <meta name="description" content="To make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages" /> <meta property="og:description" content="To make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The GitHub Blog" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-07-02T16:51:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-02-17T01:07:00+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?fit=1201%2C630" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1201" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Kavita Ganesan" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="To make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?fit=1201%2C630" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Kavita Ganesan" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="8 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/","url":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/","name":"C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages - The GitHub Blog","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://github.blog/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?fit=1201%2C630","datePublished":"2019-07-02T16:51:00+00:00","dateModified":"2022-02-17T01:07:00+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://github.blog/#/schema/person/1d0a884cd22c0e9dd4f7934d91f81589"},"description":"To make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/#primaryimage","url":"https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?fit=1201%2C630","contentUrl":"https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?fit=1201%2C630","width":1201,"height":630,"caption":"null"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/c-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://github.blog/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"AI & ML","item":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Machine learning","item":"https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://github.blog/#website","url":"https://github.blog/","name":"The GitHub Blog","description":"Updates, ideas, and inspiration from GitHub to help developers build and design software.","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://github.blog/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://github.blog/#/schema/person/1d0a884cd22c0e9dd4f7934d91f81589","name":"Kavita Ganesan","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://github.blog/#/schema/person/image/b32937c8cfbf876a74dfff54baadc54a","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88d682f30f8cd7d16abc7ec74cbced2f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88d682f30f8cd7d16abc7ec74cbced2f?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Kavita Ganesan"},"sameAs":["http://kavita-ganesan.com"],"url":"https://github.blog/author/kavgan/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ghcc.githubassets.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.monitor.azure.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//analytics.githubassets.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The GitHub Blog » Feed" href="https://github.blog/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The GitHub Blog » Comments Feed" href="https://github.blog/comments/feed/" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/github.blog\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-2' href='https://github.blog/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?m=1732206008g' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-css-20' href='https://github.blog/_static/??/wp-content/plugins/wp-menu-image/assets/css/wmi-front-style.css,/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/css/site-script.css?m=1732601037' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='highlightjs-css-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.4.0/styles/default.min.css?ver=11.4.0' media='all' /> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://github.blog/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://github.blog/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/49768" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://github.blog/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://wp.me/pamS32-cWI' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://github.blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fai-and-ml%2Fmachine-learning%2Fc-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://github.blog/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fai-and-ml%2Fmachine-learning%2Fc-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages%2F&format=xml" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <meta name="ha-url" content="https://collector.githubapp.com/github-blog/collect"><link rel="preload" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/fonts/alliance/Alliance-No-1-ExtraBold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/fonts/alliance/Alliance-No-1-Bold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/fonts/alliance/Alliance-No-1-SemiBold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="preload" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/fonts/alliance/Alliance-No-1-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="icon" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-github-favicon-512.png?fit=32%2C32" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-github-favicon-512.png?fit=192%2C192" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-github-favicon-512.png?fit=180%2C180" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/cropped-github-favicon-512.png?fit=270%2C270" /> <style id="wp-custom-css"> .post__content { word-break: break-word; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-49768 single-format-standard font-mktg no-sidebar"> <div data-color-mode="dark" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark_dimmed" class="pt-header pt-lg-0"> <header id="header" class="header position-fixed position-lg-static pb-lg-header z-4 top-0 left-0 right-0 d-flex flex-column flex-items-stretch color-bg-default"> <a href="#start-of-content" class="p-3 color-bg-accent-emphasis color-fg-on-emphasis show-on-focus"> Skip to content </a> <a href="#sidebar" class="p-3 color-bg-accent-emphasis color-fg-on-emphasis show-on-focus"> Skip to sidebar </a> <div class="position-relative container-xl width-full mx-auto p-responsive-blog"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between pt-3 pb-3 color-fg-default"> <a href="https://github.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="GitHub homepage" class="Header-link position-relative d-flex flex-items-center color-fg-default"> <svg aria-hidden="true" role="presentation" class="nav-back-arrow position-absolute d-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M15.28 5.22a.75.75 0 00-1.06 0l-6.25 6.25a.75.75 0 000 1.06l6.25 6.25a.75.75 0 101.06-1.06L9.56 12l5.72-5.72a.75.75 0 000-1.06z"></path></svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" role="img" class="octicon octicon-mark-github d-block" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="32" height="32" fill="currentColor"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 0C3.58 0 0 3.58 0 8c0 3.54 2.29 6.53 5.47 7.59.4.07.55-.17.55-.38 0-.19-.01-.82-.01-1.49-2.01.37-2.53-.49-2.69-.94-.09-.23-.48-.94-.82-1.13-.28-.15-.68-.52-.01-.53.63-.01 1.08.58 1.23.82.72 1.21 1.87.87 2.33.66.07-.52.28-.87.51-1.07-1.78-.2-3.64-.89-3.64-3.95 0-.87.31-1.59.82-2.15-.08-.2-.36-1.02.08-2.12 0 0 .67-.21 2.2.82.64-.18 1.32-.27 2-.27.68 0 1.36.09 2 .27 1.53-1.04 2.2-.82 2.2-.82.44 1.1.16 1.92.08 2.12.51.56.82 1.27.82 2.15 0 3.07-1.87 3.75-3.65 3.95.29.25.54.73.54 1.48 0 1.07-.01 1.93-.01 2.2 0 .21.15.46.55.38A8.013 8.013 0 0016 8c0-4.42-3.58-8-8-8z"></path></svg> </a> <span class="d-inline-block ml-2 f1-mktg f2-md-mktg" style="opacity: 0.3;">/</span> <a class="d-inline-block Header-link font-weight-semibold ml-2 f2 color-fg-default" href="https://github.blog/"> Blog</a> <nav class="d-none d-lg-block" aria-label="Secondary navigation"> <ul id="secondary-navigation" class="secondary-navigation flex-items-center flex-nowrap list-style-none ml-4" aria-hidden="false"><li id="menu-item-78809"><a href="https://github.blog/changelog/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-2 px-4 f4 lh-condensed-ultra Link--secondary color-fg-default text-medium">Changelog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-78810"><a href="https://docs.github.com/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-2 px-4 f4 lh-condensed-ultra Link--secondary color-fg-default text-medium">Docs<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down position-absolute right-0 d-block ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-78811"><a href="https://github.com/customer-stories" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-2 px-4 f4 lh-condensed-ultra Link--secondary color-fg-default text-medium">Customer stories<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down position-absolute right-0 d-block ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul></nav> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-1"> <form id="desktop-search" class="desktop-search position-relative ml-lg-4 flex-1" action="https://github.blog" method="get" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Search form" role="search"> <div class="position-relative d-flex flex-1 height-full color-bg-transparent" data-color-mode="light" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" > <input aria-label="Search the blog" type="search" class="p-2 pl-3 pr-6 border-0 rounded-2 flex-1" placeholder="Search the blog…" value="" name="s" id="search-input"> <button type="submit" class="position-absolute right-0 z-3 d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-center flex-self-center mr-2 p-2 border-0 rounded-2 color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-label="Search"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20" height="20" class="octicon octicon-search" role="presentation"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 11-8.998 0A4.499 4.499 0 0111.5 7zm-.82 4.74a6 6 0 111.06-1.06l3.04 3.04a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06l-3.04-3.04z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </form> <button aria-label="Toggle search" class="flex-self-center ml-auto p-2 border-0 color-bg-transparent color-fg-default rounded-3 js-toggle" aria-controls="desktop-search" aria-expanded="false" > <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-search" role="presentation"><path d="M10.25 2a8.25 8.25 0 0 1 6.34 13.53l5.69 5.69a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-5.69-5.69A8.25 8.25 0 1 1 10.25 2ZM3.5 10.25a6.75 6.75 0 1 0 13.5 0 6.75 6.75 0 0 0-13.5 0Z"></path></svg> <svg viewBox="2 2 20 20" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-x" role="presentation"><path d="M5.72 5.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L12 10.94l5.22-5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L13.06 12l5.22 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L12 13.06l-5.22 5.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.94 12 5.72 6.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on button, text: Try GitHub Copilot; ref_location:top nav;" class="no-wrap btn-mktg font-weight-semibold ml-3 js-header-cta header-cta" href="https://docs.github.com/en/copilot/quickstart?utm_source=github&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=topnav" target="_blank">Try GitHub Copilot</a> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on button, text: Contact sales; ref_location:top nav;" class="no-wrap btn-mktg btn-muted-mktg font-weight-semibold ml-3 js-header-cta header-cta" href="https://github.com/enterprise/contact?ref_cta=contact%2520sales&ref_loc=banner&ref_page=blog" target="_blank">Contact sales</a> </div> <div class="d-flex d-lg-none flex-items-center flex-1 mr-n2"> <button aria-label="Toggle search" class="ml-auto p-2 border-0 color-bg-transparent color-fg-default rounded-3 js-toggle" aria-controls="mobile-search" aria-expanded="false" > <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-search" role="presentation"><path d="M10.25 2a8.25 8.25 0 0 1 6.34 13.53l5.69 5.69a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-5.69-5.69A8.25 8.25 0 1 1 10.25 2ZM3.5 10.25a6.75 6.75 0 1 0 13.5 0 6.75 6.75 0 0 0-13.5 0Z"></path></svg> <svg viewBox="2 2 20 20" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-x" role="presentation"><path d="M5.72 5.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L12 10.94l5.22-5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L13.06 12l5.22 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L12 13.06l-5.22 5.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.94 12 5.72 6.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> <button aria-label="Toggle menu" class="ml-2 p-2 border-0 color-bg-transparent color-fg-default rounded-3 js-toggle" aria-controls="mobile-menu" aria-expanded="false" data-trap-focus="#header"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-three-bars" role="presentation"><path d="M1 2.75A.75.75 0 0 1 1.75 2h12.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 1 2.75Zm0 5A.75.75 0 0 1 1.75 7h12.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 1 7.75ZM1.75 12h12.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H1.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path></svg> <svg viewBox="2 2 20 20" width="24" height="24" class="octicon octicon-x " role="presentation"><path d="M5.72 5.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L12 10.94l5.22-5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L13.06 12l5.22 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L12 13.06l-5.22 5.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.94 12 5.72 6.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="position-relative pb-lg-navigation" data-sticky-navigation=".sticky-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="sticky-navigation position-absolute z-4 top-0 left-0 d-none d-lg-block width-full color-border-subtle color-bg-default"> <div class="position-relative container-xl width-full mx-auto p-responsive-blog"> <ul id="primary-navigation" class="primary-navigation position-relative d-flex flex-row flex-nowrap flex-grow-0 flex-justify-between list-style-none"><li id="menu-item-78814"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78814-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">AI & ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="AI & ML sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78814-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78863" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">AI & ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Learn about artificial intelligence and machine learning across the GitHub ecosystem and the wider industry.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="AI & ML sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78815" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Generative AI</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to build with generative AI.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78816" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/github-copilot/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">GitHub Copilot</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Change how you work with GitHub Copilot.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78817" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">LLMs</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Everything developers need to know about LLMs.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78818" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Machine learning</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Machine learning tips, tricks, and best practices.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78864" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/AI-DarkMode-4.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-ai-code-generation-works/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How AI code generation works</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore the capabilities and benefits of AI code generation and how it can improve your developer experience.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78819"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78819-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Developer skills<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Developer skills sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78819-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78865" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Developer skills<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Resources for developers to grow in their skills and careers.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Developer skills sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78820" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/application-development/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Application development</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Insights and best practices for building apps.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78821" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/career-growth/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Career growth</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Tips & tricks to grow as a professional developer.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78822" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">GitHub</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Improve how you use GitHub at work.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78823" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github-education/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">GitHub Education</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to move into your first professional role.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78824" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/programming-languages-and-frameworks/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Programming languages & frameworks</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Stay current on what’s new (or new again).</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78866" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Enterprise-DarkMode-3.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://docs.github.com/en/get-started" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">Get started with GitHub documentation</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to start building, shipping, and maintaining software with GitHub.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78825"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78825-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Engineering<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Engineering sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78825-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78867" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Engineering<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Get an inside look at how we’re building the home for all developers.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Engineering sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78827" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/architecture-optimization/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Architecture & optimization</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Discover how we deliver a performant and highly available experience across the GitHub platform.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78828" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/engineering-principles/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Engineering principles</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore best practices for building software at scale with a majority remote team.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78829" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/infrastructure/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Infrastructure</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Get a glimpse at the technology underlying the world’s leading AI-powered developer platform.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78830" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/platform-security/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Platform security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how we build security into everything we do across the developer lifecycle.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78858" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/user-experience/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">User experience</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Find out what goes into making GitHub the home for all developers.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78868" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.42.45 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. Let’s take a look at how we use GitHub to be more productive, build collaboratively, and shift security left.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78832"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78832-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78832-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78869" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Explore how to write, build, and deploy enterprise software at scale.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78833" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/automation/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Automation</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Automating your way to faster and more secure ships.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78834" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">CI/CD</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Guides on continuous integration and delivery.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78835" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/collaboration/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Collaboration</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Tips, tools, and tricks to improve developer collaboration.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78836" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devops/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">DevOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">DevOps resources for enterprise engineering teams.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78837" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devsecops/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">DevSecOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">How to integrate security into the SDLC.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78838" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/governance-and-compliance/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Governance & compliance</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Ensuring your builds stay clean.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78870" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.43.47 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://resources.github.com/artificial-intelligence/how-enterprise-engineering-teams-can-successfully-adopt-ai/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">How enterprise engineering teams can successfully adopt AI</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to bring AI to your engineering teams and maximize the value that you get from it.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78840"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78840-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">News & insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="News & insights sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78840-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78871" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">News & insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Keep up with what’s new and notable from inside GitHub.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="News & insights sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78841" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/company-news/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Company news</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">An inside look at news and product updates from GitHub.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78844" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Product</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest on GitHub’s platform, products, and tools.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78842" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/octoverse/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Octoverse</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Insights into the state of open source on GitHub.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78843" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/policy-news-and-insights/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Policy</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest policy and regulatory changes in software.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78845" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Research</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Data-driven insights around the developer ecosystem.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78847" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/the-library/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">The library</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Older news and updates from GitHub.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78872" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.44.23 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/unlocking-the-power-of-unstructured-data-with-rag/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">Unlocking the power of unstructured data with RAG</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to capture more insights.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78848"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78848-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Open Source<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Open Source sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78848-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78873" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Open Source<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Everything open source on GitHub.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Open Source sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78851" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/git/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Git</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest Git updates.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78853" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/maintainers/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Maintainers</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Spotlighting open source maintainers.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78854" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/social-impact/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Social impact</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">How open source is driving positive change.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78850" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/gaming/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Gaming</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore open source games on GitHub.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78874" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.46.23 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.46.23 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.46.23 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.46.23 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.46.23 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://resources.github.com/software-development/innersource/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">An introduction to innersource</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Organizations worldwide are incorporating open source methodologies into the way they build and ship their own software.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78859"><a href="https://github.blog/security/" class="position-relative d-flex flex-items-center flex-start no-wrap py-3 f4-mktg text-bold js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-78859-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Security<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1 color-fg-muted" role="presentation"><path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path></svg></a> <ul class="dropdown d-flex flex-wrap width-full position-absolute left-0 list-style-none mt-2 rounded-3 z-3 overflow-hidden color-border-subtle" aria-label="Security sub-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-dark-theme="dark" data-light-theme="light" id="primary-78859-dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <li id="menu-item-78875" class="flex-1 p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-7"><div class="col-9 mb-4 mb-lg-7"><a href="https://github.blog/security/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-start f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold">Security<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-1 my-0 f4 color-fg-muted">Stay up to date on everything security.</p></div> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap list-style-none" aria-label="Security sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-78860" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right"><a href="https://github.blog/security/application-security/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Application security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Application security, explained.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78861" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8"><a href="https://github.blog/security/supply-chain-security/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Supply chain security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Demystifying supply chain security.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78855" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pr-4 pr-lg-8 border-right pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/vulnerability-research/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Vulnerability research</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Updates from the GitHub Security Lab.</p></li> <li id="menu-item-78862" class="col-6 d-block f4 color-fg-default color-border-subtle pl-4 pl-lg-8 pt-2 pt-lg-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/web-application-security/" class="d-block f4 color-fg-default text-bold">Web application security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Helpful tips on securing web applications.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-78876" class="p-5 py-xl-7 px-xl-8 col-4 color-bg-subtle card"><div class="d-block position-relative mb-3 rounded-2 tease-thumbnail overflow-hidden"><img width="800" height="425" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.47.04 AM.png?resize=800%2C425" class="tease-thumbnail__img d-block width-full height-auto aspect-ratio-1032-548 object-fit-cover" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.47.04 AM.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.47.04 AM.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.47.04 AM.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Screenshot-2024-07-23-at-8.47.04 AM.png?w=516 516w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></div><a href="https://resources.github.com/security/the-enterprise-guide-to-ai-powered-devsecops/" class="d-block mb-2 f3 lh-condensed color-fg-default text-bold card__link">The enterprise guide to AI-powered DevSecOps</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn about core challenges in DevSecOps, and how you can start addressing them with AI and automation.</p><span class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center" role="presentation">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></span></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <form id="mobile-search" role="search" method="get" class="mobile-search" action="https://github.blog" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Search form"> <div class="d-flex flex-1 p-3 color-bg-inset"> <div class="d-flex flex-1 position-relative color-bg-transparent" data-color-mode="light" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark" > <svg height="20" class="d-flex position-absolute z-3 octicon height-full ml-2 color-fg-subtle" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="20" role="img"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 11-8.998 0A4.499 4.499 0 0111.5 7zm-.82 4.74a6 6 0 111.06-1.06l3.04 3.04a.75.75 0 11-1.06 1.06l-3.04-3.04z"></path></svg> <input aria-label="Search the blog" type="search" class="pl-6 search-field form-control p-2 flex-1" placeholder="Search the blog…" value="" name="s" id="search-input"> </div> <button type="submit" class="btn-mktg btn-muted-mktg font-weight-semibold ml-2 border-1 color-fg-default"> Search </button> </div> </form> <nav id="mobile-menu" class="mobile-menu position-relative overflow-y-auto flex-1 width-full rounded-top-3" aria-label="Navigation menu" aria-hidden="true" data-color-mode="light" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark_dimmed"> <div class="p-5"> <h2 class="mb-5 text-bold color-fg-subtle">Categories</h2> <ul id="menu-new-primary-navigation" class="list-style-none"><li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78814-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">AI & ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="AI & ML sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78814-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78814-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">AI & ML<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Learn about artificial intelligence and machine learning across the GitHub ecosystem and the wider industry.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Generative AI</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to build with generative AI.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/github-copilot/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub Copilot</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Change how you work with GitHub Copilot.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">LLMs</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Everything developers need to know about LLMs.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Machine learning</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Machine learning tips, tricks, and best practices.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-ai-code-generation-works/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">How AI code generation works</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore the capabilities and benefits of AI code generation and how it can improve your developer experience.</p><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-ai-code-generation-works/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78819-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Developer skills<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Developer skills sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78819-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78819-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Developer skills<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Resources for developers to grow in their skills and careers.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/application-development/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Application development</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Insights and best practices for building apps.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/career-growth/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Career growth</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Tips & tricks to grow as a professional developer.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Improve how you use GitHub at work.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github-education/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">GitHub Education</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to move into your first professional role.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/programming-languages-and-frameworks/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Programming languages & frameworks</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Stay current on what’s new (or new again).</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://docs.github.com/en/get-started" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Get started with GitHub documentation</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to start building, shipping, and maintaining software with GitHub.</p><a href="https://docs.github.com/en/get-started" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78825-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Engineering<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Engineering sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78825-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78825-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Engineering<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Get an inside look at how we’re building the home for all developers.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/architecture-optimization/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Architecture & optimization</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Discover how we deliver a performant and highly available experience across the GitHub platform.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/engineering-principles/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Engineering principles</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore best practices for building software at scale with a majority remote team.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/infrastructure/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Infrastructure</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Get a glimpse at the technology underlying the world’s leading AI-powered developer platform.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/platform-security/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Platform security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how we build security into everything we do across the developer lifecycle.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/user-experience/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">User experience</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Find out what goes into making GitHub the home for all developers.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">How we use GitHub to be more productive, collaborative, and secure</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Our engineering and security teams do some incredible work. Let’s take a look at how we use GitHub to be more productive, build collaboratively, and shift security left.</p><a href="https://github.blog/engineering/how-we-use-github-to-be-more-productive-collaborative-and-secure/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78832-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Enterprise software sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78832-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78832-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Enterprise software<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Explore how to write, build, and deploy enterprise software at scale.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/automation/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Automation</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Automating your way to faster and more secure ships.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">CI/CD</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Guides on continuous integration and delivery.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/collaboration/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Collaboration</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Tips, tools, and tricks to improve developer collaboration.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devops/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">DevOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">DevOps resources for enterprise engineering teams.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/devsecops/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">DevSecOps</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">How to integrate security into the SDLC.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/governance-and-compliance/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Governance & compliance</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Ensuring your builds stay clean.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://resources.github.com/artificial-intelligence/how-enterprise-engineering-teams-can-successfully-adopt-ai/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">How enterprise engineering teams can successfully adopt AI</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to bring AI to your engineering teams and maximize the value that you get from it.</p><a href="https://resources.github.com/artificial-intelligence/how-enterprise-engineering-teams-can-successfully-adopt-ai/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78840-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">News & insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="News & insights sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78840-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78840-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">News & insights<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Keep up with what’s new and notable from inside GitHub.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/company-news/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Company news</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">An inside look at news and product updates from GitHub.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/product-news/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Product</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest on GitHub’s platform, products, and tools.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/octoverse/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Octoverse</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Insights into the state of open source on GitHub.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/policy-news-and-insights/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Policy</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest policy and regulatory changes in software.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/research/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Research</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Data-driven insights around the developer ecosystem.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/news-insights/the-library/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">The library</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Older news and updates from GitHub.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/unlocking-the-power-of-unstructured-data-with-rag/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Unlocking the power of unstructured data with RAG</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn how to use retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to capture more insights.</p><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/llms/unlocking-the-power-of-unstructured-data-with-rag/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78848-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Open Source<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Open Source sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78848-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78848-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Open Source<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Everything open source on GitHub.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/git/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Git</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">The latest Git updates.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/maintainers/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Maintainers</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Spotlighting open source maintainers.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/social-impact/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Social impact</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">How open source is driving positive change.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/open-source/gaming/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Gaming</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Explore open source games on GitHub.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://resources.github.com/software-development/innersource/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">An introduction to innersource</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Organizations worldwide are incorporating open source methodologies into the way they build and ship their own software.</p><a href="https://resources.github.com/software-development/innersource/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/security/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default js-toggle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78859-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" role="button">Security<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a> <ul aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Security sub-menu" class="dropdown overflow-y-auto position-absolute top-0 left-0 right-0 bottom-0 flex-wrap p-5 list-style-none rounded-3 z-3 color-bg-default color-border-subtle" id="primary-mobile-78859-dropdown"> <li class="mb-5"><div class="mb-4"><button type="button" class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-4 p-0 border-0 text-semibold color-bg-transparent color-fg-subtle" aria-controls="primary-mobile-78859-dropdown" aria-expanded="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-left mr-1"><path d="M9.78 12.78a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L4.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l4.25-4.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L6.06 8l3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06Z"></path></svg>Back</button><a href="https://github.blog/security/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Security<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right ml-1 mt-1" role="presentation"><path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></a><p class="mt-2 mb-0 color-fg-muted">Stay up to date on everything security.</p></div> <ul class="border-top list-style-none"> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/application-security/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Application security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Application security, explained.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/supply-chain-security/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Supply chain security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Demystifying supply chain security.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/vulnerability-research/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Vulnerability research</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Updates from the GitHub Security Lab.</p></li> <li class="mt-4"><a href="https://github.blog/security/web-application-security/" class="text-bold lh-condensed-ultra color-fg-default">Web application security</a><p class="mb-0 f5 color-fg-muted">Helpful tips on securing web applications.</p></li> </ul> </li> <li class="d-none"><div class="mb-4"><a href="https://resources.github.com/security/the-enterprise-guide-to-ai-powered-devsecops/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-start lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">The enterprise guide to AI-powered DevSecOps</a><p class="mb-3 f5 color-fg-muted">Learn about core challenges in DevSecOps, and how you can start addressing them with AI and automation.</p><a href="https://resources.github.com/security/the-enterprise-guide-to-ai-powered-devsecops/" target="" class="Link d-inline-flex flex-items-center">Learn more<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon d-block ml-1 mt-1" viewBox="0 0 12 12" width="12" height="12"><path d="M4.7 10c-.2 0-.4-.1-.5-.2-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1L6.9 6 4.2 3.3c-.3-.3-.3-.8 0-1.1.3-.3.8-.3 1.1 0l3.3 3.2c.3.3.3.8 0 1.1L5.3 9.7c-.2.2-.4.3-.6.3Z"></path></svg></a></div></li> </ul> </li> </ul><ul id="menu-secondary-navigation" class="pt-5 border-top list-style-none"><li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.blog/changelog/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Changelog</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://docs.github.com/" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Docs<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-link-external d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="mb-5"><a href="https://github.com/customer-stories" class="d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between lh-condensed-ultra text-bold color-fg-default">Customer stories<svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-link-external d-block mt-1 color-fg-subtle" role="presentation"><path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on button, text: Contact sales; ref_location:top nav;" class="d-block no-wrap my-3 btn-mktg btn-muted-mktg font-weight-semibold" href="https://github.com/enterprise/contact?ref_cta=contact%2520sales&ref_loc=banner&ref_page=blog" target="_blank">Contact sales</a> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on button, text: Try GitHub Copilot; ref_location:top nav;" class="d-block no-wrap btn-mktg font-weight-semibold" href="https://docs.github.com/en/copilot/quickstart?utm_source=github&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=topnav" target="_blank">Try GitHub Copilot</a> </div> </nav> </header> </div> <main id="start-of-content"> <header class="position-relative" data-color-mode="dark" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark_dimmed"> <div class="container-xl p-responsive-blog"> <div class="gutter-spacious"> <div class="col-12 offset-lg-1 col-lg-10 col-xl-8 py-5 py-md-6 "> <div class="f5 mb-5 mb-md-8"><span><span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/">Home</a></span> <span class="mx-2 opacity-5">/</span> <span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/">AI & ML</a></span> <span class="mx-2 opacity-5">/</span> <span><a class="Link--primary" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/">Machine learning</a></span></span></div> <h1 class="h3-mktg lh-condensed mb-3 color-fg-default">C# or Java? TypeScript or JavaScript? Machine learning based classification of programming languages</h1> <div class="f4-mktg"> <p>To make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture which can handle language predictions in tricky scenarios.</p> </div> </div> <div class="offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="position-relative overflow-hidden rounded-2 z-1"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class=" d-block width-full height-auto" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="1201" height="630" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?resize=1201%2C630" class="d-block cover-image wp-post-image" alt="null" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?w=1201 1201w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?w=768 768w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/BlogHeaders_final_INSIGHTS_1200x630.png?w=1024 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1201px) 100vw, 1201px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="position-absolute bottom-0 width-full" style="background:#fff; height:80px;"></div> </header> <section class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4"> <div class="gutter-spacious"> <div class="col-12 offset-lg-1 col-lg-10"> <div class="d-lg-flex flex-justify-between flex-items-center"> <div class="mb-4 mb-lg-0"> <div class="mb-1"> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/kavgan/" title="Posts by Kavita Ganesan" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Kavita Ganesan</a><span class="mx-2">·</span><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/kavgan" class="Link--primary" aria-label="GitHub profile of kavgan">@kavgan</a> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div data-color-mode="auto" data-light-theme="light_tritanopia" class="d-flex flex-column flex-md-row text-mono color-fg-muted"> <time datetime="2019-07-02" class="d-block"> July 2, 2019 </time> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <time datetime="2022-02-16" class="d-block mt-1 mt-md-0"> Updated February 16, 2022 </time> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mt-2 mt-md-0"> <span class="d-none d-md-block mx-3">|</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="mr-2"> <path fill="currentcolor" d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7-3.25v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> 8 minutes </div> </div> </div> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-items-center"> <li> <span class="text-semibold"> Share: </span> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://x.com/share?text=C%23%20or%20Java%3F%20TypeScript%20or%20JavaScript%3F%20Machine%20learning%20based%20classification%20of%20programming%20languages&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fai-and-ml%2Fmachine-learning%2Fc-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on X"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?t=C%23%20or%20Java%3F%20TypeScript%20or%20JavaScript%3F%20Machine%20learning%20based%20classification%20of%20programming%20languages&u=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fai-and-ml%2Fmachine-learning%2Fc-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on Facebook"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15.3 15.4" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M14.5 0H.8a.88.88 0 0 0-.8.9v13.6a.88.88 0 0 0 .8.9h7.3v-6h-2V7.1h2V5.4a2.87 2.87 0 0 1 2.5-3.1h.5a10.87 10.87 0 0 1 1.8.1v2.1h-1.3c-1 0-1.1.5-1.1 1.1v1.5h2.3l-.3 2.3h-2v5.9h3.9a.88.88 0 0 0 .9-.8V.8a.86.86 0 0 0-.8-.8z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="ml-3"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=C%23%20or%20Java%3F%20TypeScript%20or%20JavaScript%3F%20Machine%20learning%20based%20classification%20of%20programming%20languages&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.blog%2Fai-and-ml%2Fmachine-learning%2Fc-or-java-typescript-or-javascript-machine-learning-based-classification-of-programming-languages%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center border circle px-2 py-2" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18" width="10" height="10"> <path d="M3.94 2A2 2 0 1 1 2 0a2 2 0 0 1 1.94 2zM4 5.48H0V18h4zm6.32 0H6.34V18h3.94v-6.57c0-3.66 4.77-4 4.77 0V18H19v-7.93c0-6.17-7.06-5.94-8.72-2.91z" fill="currentColor" /> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="indigo-separator mt-4"></div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="container-xl mx-auto p-responsive-blog mt-4 mt-md-7 mb-7 mb-md-9"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-justify-center gutter-spacious"> <section class="col-12 col-md-8 col-lg-7 post__content post-49768 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-ai-and-ml category-machine-learning tag-machine-learning"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">GitHub hosts over 300 programming languages—from commonly used languages such as Python, Java, and Javascript to esoteric languages such as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language#Befunge"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Befunge</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">, only known to very small communities.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" class="alignnone" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7935808/60456030-506b1a80-9bf5-11e9-9f18-89f1681d0821.png?resize=1812%2C818&ssl=1" alt="JavaScript is the top programming language on GitHub, followed by Java and HTML" width="1812" height="818" loading="lazy"><br> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Figure 1: Top 10 programming languages hosted by GitHub by repository count </span><span style="font-weight: 400;"><br> </span></h6> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the necessary challenges that GitHub faces is to be able to recognize these different languages. When some code is pushed to a repository, it’s important to recognize the type of code that was added for the purposes of search, security vulnerability alerting, and syntax highlighting—and to show the repository’s content distribution to users.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Despite the appearance, language recognition isn’t a trivial task. File names and extensions, while providing a good indication of what the coding language is likely to be, do not offer the full picture. In fact, many extensions are associated with the same language (e.g., “.pl”, “.pm”, “.t”, “.pod” are all associated with Perl), while others are ambiguous and used almost interchangeably across languages (e.g., “.h” is commonly used to indicate many languages of the “C” family, including C, C++, and Objective-C). In other cases, files are simply provided with no extension (especially for executable scripts) or with the incorrect extension (either on purpose or accidentally).</span></p> <p><a href="https://github.com/github/linguist"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Linguist</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is the tool we currently use to detect coding languages at GitHub. Linguist a Ruby-based application that uses various strategies for language detection, leveraging naming conventions and file extensions and also taking into account Vim or Emacs modelines, as well as the content at the top of the file (shebang). Linguist handles language disambiguation via heuristics and, failing that, via a Naive Bayes classifier trained on a small sample of data. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Although Linguist does a good job making file-level language predictions (84% accuracy), its performance declines considerably when files use unexpected naming conventions and, crucially, when a file extension is not provided. This renders Linguist unsuitable for content such as GitHub Gists or code snippets within README’s, issues, and pull requests.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In order to make language detection more robust and maintainable in the long run, we developed a machine learning classifier named OctoLingua based on an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture which can handle language predictions in tricky scenarios. The current version of the model is able to make predictions for the top 50 languages hosted by GitHub and surpasses Linguist in accuracy and performance. </span></p> <h2 id="the-nuts-and-bolts-behind-octolingua"><span style="font-weight: 400;">The Nuts and Bolts Behind OctoLingua</span><a href="#the-nuts-and-bolts-behind-octolingua" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="<span style="font-weight: 400;">The Nuts and Bolts Behind OctoLingua</span>"></a></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">OctoLingua was built from scratch using Python, Keras with TensorFlow backend—and is built to be accurate, robust, and easy to maintain. In this section, we describe our data sources, model architecture, and performance benchmark for OctoLingua. We also describe what it takes to add support for a new language. </span></p> <h3 id="data-sources">Data sources<a href="#data-sources" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Data sources"></a></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The current version of OctoLingua was trained on files retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.rosettacode.org/wiki/Rosetta_Code"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rosetta Code</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> and from a set of quality repositories internally crowdsourced. We limited our language set to the top 50 languages hosted on GitHub.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Rosetta Code was an excellent starter dataset as it contained source code for the same task expressed in different programming languages. For example, the task of generating a </span><a href="https://github.com/acmeism/RosettaCodeData/tree/master/Task/Fibonacci-sequence/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Fibonacci sequence</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> is expressed in C, C++, CoffeeScript, D, Java, Julia, and more. However, the coverage across languages was not uniform where some languages only have a handful of files and some files were just too sparsely populated. Augmenting our training set with some additional sources was therefore necessary and substantially improved language coverage and performance.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Our process for adding a new language is now fully automated. We programmatically collect source code from public repositories on GitHub. We choose repositories that meet a minimum qualifying criteria such as having a minimum number of forks, covering the target language and covering specific file extensions. For this stage of data collection, we determine the primary language of a repository using the classification from Linguist. </span></p> <h3 id="features-leveraging-prior-knowledge">Features: leveraging prior knowledge<a href="#features-leveraging-prior-knowledge" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Features: leveraging prior knowledge"></a></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Traditionally, for text classification problems with Neural Networks, memory-based architectures such as Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Long Short Term Memory Networks (LSTM) are often employed. However, given that programming languages have differences in vocabulary, commenting style, file extensions, structure, libraries import style and other minor differences, we opted for a simpler approach that leverages all this information by extracting some relevant features in tabular form to be fed to our classifier. The features currently extracted are as follows:</span></p> <ol> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Top five special characters per file</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Top 20 tokens per file</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">File extension</span></li> <li style="font-weight: 400;"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Presence of certain special characters commonly used in source code files such as colons, curly braces, and semicolons</span></li> </ol> <h3 id="the-artificial-neural-network-ann-model">The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model<a href="#the-artificial-neural-network-ann-model" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model"></a></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We use the above features as input to a two-layer Artificial Neural Network built using Keras with Tensorflow backend. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The diagram below shows that the feature extraction step produces an n-dimensional tabular input for our classifier. As the information moves along the layers of our network, it is regularized by dropout and ultimately produces a 51-dimensional output which represents the predicted probability that the given code is written in each of the top 50 GitHub languages plus the probability that it is not written in any of those.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7935808/60456057-6a0c6200-9bf5-11e9-9f87-fdc4f8cc145b.png?ssl=1" alt="image" loading="lazy"><br> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Figure 2: The ANN Structure of our initial model (50 languages + 1 for “other”)</span></h6> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We used 90% of our dataset for training over approximately eight epochs. Additionally, we removed a percentage of file extensions from our training data at the training step, to encourage the model to learn from the vocabulary of the files, and not overfit on the file extension feature, which is highly predictive.</span></p> <h3 id="performance-benchmark">Performance benchmark<a href="#performance-benchmark" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Performance benchmark"></a></h3> <h4 id="octolingua-vs-linguist"><strong>OctoLingua vs. Linguist</strong><a href="#octolingua-vs-linguist" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="<strong>OctoLingua vs. Linguist</strong>"></a></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In Figure 3, we show the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_and_recall"><span style="font-weight: 400;">F1 Score</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (harmonic mean between precision and recall) of OctoLingua and Linguist calculated on the same test set (10% from our initial data source). </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Here we show three tests. The first test is with the test set untouched in any way. The second test uses the same set of test files with file extension information removed and the third test also uses the same set of files but this time with file extensions scrambled so as to confuse the classifiers (e.g., a Java file may have a “.txt” extension and a Python file may have a “.java”) extension. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The intuition behind scrambling or removing the file extensions in our test set is to assess the robustness of OctoLingua in classifying files when a key feature is removed or is misleading. A classifier that does not rely heavily on extension would be extremely useful to classify gists and snippets, since in those cases it is common for people not to provide accurate extension information (e.g., many code-related gists have a .txt extension).</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The table below shows how OctoLingua maintains a good performance under various conditions, suggesting that the model learns primarily from the vocabulary of the code, rather than from meta information (i.e. file extension), whereas Linguist fails as soon as the information on file extensions is altered.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7935808/60456070-7abcd800-9bf5-11e9-8bd8-18eed09b3612.png?ssl=1" alt="image" loading="lazy"><br> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Figure 3: Performance of OctoLingua vs. Linguist on the same test set</span></h6> <p> </p> <h4 id="effect-of-removing-file-extension-during-training-time"><strong>Effect of removing file extension during training time</strong><a href="#effect-of-removing-file-extension-during-training-time" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="<strong>Effect of removing file extension during training time</strong>"></a></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As mentioned earlier, during training time we removed a percentage of file extensions from our training data to encourage the model to learn from the vocabulary of the files. The table </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">below shows the performance of our model with different fractions of file extensions removed during training time. </span></p> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7935808/60456079-87d9c700-9bf5-11e9-842a-7c6044d0c587.png?ssl=1" alt="image" loading="lazy"><br> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Figure 4: Performance of OctoLingua with different percentage of file extensions removed on our three test variations</span></h6> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Notice that with no file extension removed during training time, the performance of OctoLingua on test files with no extensions and randomized extensions decreases considerably from that on the regular test data. On the other hand, when the model is trained on a dataset where some file extensions are removed, the model performance does not decline much on the modified test set. This confirms that removing the file extension from a fraction of files at training time induces our classifier to learn more from the vocabulary. It also shows that the file extension feature, while highly predictive, had a tendency to dominate and prevented more weights from being assigned to the content features. </span></p> <h3 id="supporting-a-new-language">Supporting a new language<a href="#supporting-a-new-language" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Supporting a new language"></a></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Adding a new language in OctoLingua is fairly straightforward. It starts with obtaining a bulk of files in the new language (we can do this programmatically as described in data sources). These files are split into a training and a test set and then run through our preprocessor and feature extractor. This new train and test set is added to our existing pool of training and testing data. The new testing set allows us to verify that the accuracy of our model remains acceptable.</span></p> <h6 style="text-align: center;"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" src="https://i0.wp.com/user-images.githubusercontent.com/7935808/60456097-988a3d00-9bf5-11e9-9ce9-005fc154982e.png?ssl=1" alt="image" loading="lazy"><br> <span style="font-weight: 400;">Figure 5: Adding a new language with OctoLingua</span></h6> <h2 id="our-plans">Our plans<a href="#our-plans" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Our plans"></a></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">As of now, OctoLingua is at the “advanced prototyping stage”. Our language classification engine is already robust and reliable, but does not yet support all coding languages on our platform. Aside from broadening language support—which would be rather straightforward—we aim to enable language detection at various levels of granularity. Our current implementation already allows us, with a small modification to our machine learning engine, to classify code snippets. It wouldn’t be too far fetched to take the model to the stage where it can reliably detect and classify embedded languages. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">We are also contemplating the possibility of open sourcing our model and would love to hear from the community if you’re interested.</span></p> <h2 id="summary">Summary<a href="#summary" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Summary"></a></h2> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">With OctoLingua, our goal is to provide a service that enables robust and reliable source code language detection at multiple levels of granularity, from file level or snippet level to potentially line-level language detection and classification. Eventually, this service can support, among others, code searchability, code sharing, language highlighting, and diff rendering—all of this aimed at supporting developers in their day to day development work in addition to helping them write quality code.  If you are interested in leveraging or contributing to our work, please feel free to get in touch on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/github">@github</a>!</span></p> <h2 id="topics-data-team" id="topics-data-team" >Authors<a href="#topics-data-team" class="heading-link pl-2 text-italic text-bold" aria-label="Authors"></a></h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.kavita-ganesan.com/">Kavita Ganesan</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kavgan/">@kavgan</a>, Machine Learning Engineer</li> <li>Romano Foti, <a href="https://github.com/romanofoti/">@romanofoti</a>, Senior Machine Learning Engineer</li> </ul> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"229f494c49","applicationID":"177966165","transactionName":"NgFSYBZXCxJTUEVfCQ9LcVcQXwoPHUBYWAENAQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":249,"atts":"GkZFFl5NGE0QUhMMHRwZ","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body></html> <section class="my-6 my-md-8 mt-md-0"> <hr class="post-tags-separator border-0 mt-0 mb-2" /> <div class="d-flex flex-items-start"> <h2 class="text-mono f4-mktg py-1 mr-3">Tags:</h2> <ul class="d-flex flex-wrap px-0 my-0 list-style-none post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/machine-learning/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> machine learning </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mt-8 mb-8 mb-md-0"> <h2 class="h5-mktg"> Written by </h2> <div class="gradient-separator mt-3 mb-4"></div> <article class="author-bio mb-5 mb-md-4"> <div class="author-bio__content"> <div class="author-bio__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/7935808?v=4&s=200" width="120" height="120" media="(min-width: 768px)" /> <img class="d-block circle" src="https://avatars1.githubusercontent.com/u/7935808?v=4&s=200" alt="Kavita Ganesan" width="80" height="80" loading="lazy" decoding="async" > </picture> </div> <header class="author-bio__header"> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold mb-1"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/kavgan/" class="Link--primary color-fg-default">Kavita Ganesan</a> </h3> <p class="mb-0 f4 lh-condensed"> <a href="https://github.com/kavgan" target="_blank">@kavgan</a> </p> </header> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside id="sidebar" class="col-12 col-md-4 col-lg-3 post__sidebar" aria-label="Sidebar"> <section aria-label="Tags"> <ul class="d-none d-md-flex flex-items-start flex-wrap list-style-none mt-4 mt-md-0 mb-6 mb-md-8 post-tags"> <li class="my-0"> <a href="https://github.blog/tag/machine-learning/" class="d-block border py-2 px-3 f5 lh-condensed-ultra text-semibold Link--primary" rel="tag"> machine learning </a> </li> </ul> </section> <div class="position-sticky top-md-scroll"> <div class="d-none d-md-block"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="machine-learning-related-posts-title" class="mb-7 mb-md-8 mt-7 mt-md-0"><h2 class="h5-mktg aside-heading pb-3 border-bottom color-fg-muted color-border-muted" id="machine-learning-related-posts-title">More on <a href="https://github.blog/tag/machine-learning/" class="Link--primary">machine learning</a></h2><article class="py-4 d-flex flex-column"><div class="col-12 tease-text"><h3 class="h6-mktg mb-12px"><a href="https://github.blog/enterprise-software/ci-cd/streamlining-your-mlops-pipeline-with-github-actions-and-arm64-runners/" class="Link--primary">Streamlining your MLOps pipeline with GitHub Actions and Arm64 runners</a></h3><div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"><p>Explore how Arm’s optimized performance and cost-efficient architecture, coupled with PyTorch, can enhance machine learning operations, from model training to deployment and learn how to leverage CI/CD for machine learning workflows, while reducing time, cost, and errors in the process.</p> </div><div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/scottarbeit/" title="Posts by Scott Arbeit" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Scott Arbeit</a> </span> </span> </div> </div></article><article class="py-4 d-flex flex-column border-top"><div class="col-12 tease-text"><h3 class="h6-mktg mb-12px"><a href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github/exciting-new-github-features-powering-machine-learning/" class="Link--primary">Exciting new GitHub features powering machine learning</a></h3><div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"><p>Discover the exciting enhancements in GitHub that empower Machine Learning practitioners to do more.</p> </div><div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/sethjuarez/" title="Posts by Seth Juarez" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Seth Juarez</a> </span> </span> </div> </div></article></section> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <section class="container-xl p-responsive-blog mx-auto mt-12 mb-8"> <h2 class="h5-mktg mb-4 mb-lg-7 pb-3 border-bottom color-border-subtle"> Related posts </h2> <div class="post-columns post-columns--3-3"> <article class="color-border-muted card"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div class="d-block col-12 position-relative rounded-2 mb-3 overflow-hidden tease-thumbnail" target="_self"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class="width-full height-auto d-block" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="400" height="212" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?resize=400%2C212" class="d-block cover-image tease-thumbnail__img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?w=516 516w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AI-DarkMode-3-1.png?zoom=3&resize=400%2C212 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> </div> <div class="mb-1"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="f5-mktg text-gradient-purple-coral text-bold pb-1 position-relative z-2">AI & ML</a></div> <h3 class="h6-mktg mb-2"> <a class="Link--primary card__link" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/how-developers-spend-the-time-they-save-thanks-to-ai-coding-tools/" target="_self"> How developers spend the time they save thanks to AI coding tools </a> </h3> <div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <p>Developers tell us how GitHub Copilot and other AI coding tools are transforming their work and changing how they spend their days.</p> </div> <footer> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/klintron/" title="Posts by Klint Finley" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Klint Finley</a> </span> </span> </div> </footer> </div> </article> <article class="color-border-muted card"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div class="d-block col-12 position-relative rounded-2 mb-3 overflow-hidden tease-thumbnail" target="_self"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class="width-full height-auto d-block" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="400" height="212" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?resize=400%2C212" class="d-block cover-image tease-thumbnail__img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?w=516 516w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/copilot-header-1.png?zoom=3&resize=400%2C212 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> </div> <div class="mb-1"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="f5-mktg text-gradient-purple-coral text-bold pb-1 position-relative z-2">AI & ML</a></div> <h3 class="h6-mktg mb-2"> <a class="Link--primary card__link" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/github-copilot/5-tips-and-tricks-when-using-github-copilot-workspace/" target="_self"> 5 tips and tricks when using GitHub Copilot Workspace </a> </h3> <div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <p>GitHub Next launched the technical preview for GitHub Copilot Workspace in April 2024. Since then, we’ve been listening to the community, learning, and have some tips to share on how to get the most out of it!</p> </div> <footer> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/chrisreddington/" title="Posts by Chris Reddington" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Chris Reddington</a> & <a href="https://github.blog/author/colebemis/" title="Posts by Cole Bemis" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Cole Bemis</a> </span> </span> </div> </footer> </div> </article> <article class="color-border-muted card"> <div class="d-flex flex-column"> <div class="d-block col-12 position-relative rounded-2 mb-3 overflow-hidden tease-thumbnail" target="_self"> <svg aria-hidden="true" width="1032" height="548" class="width-full height-auto d-block" role="presentation"></svg> <img width="400" height="212" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?resize=400%2C212" class="d-block cover-image tease-thumbnail__img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?w=300 300w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?w=800 800w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?w=400 400w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?w=1032 1032w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?w=516 516w, https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Collaboration-LightMode-3-1.png?zoom=3&resize=400%2C212 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> </div> <div class="mb-1"><a href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/" class="f5-mktg text-gradient-purple-coral text-bold pb-1 position-relative z-2">AI & ML</a></div> <h3 class="h6-mktg mb-2"> <a class="Link--primary card__link" href="https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/machine-learning/how-students-teamed-up-to-decode-2000-year-old-texts-using-ai/" target="_self"> How students teamed up to decode 2,000-year-old texts using AI </a> </h3> <div class="f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <p>Students used GitHub Copilot to decode ancient texts buried in Mount Vesuvius, achieving a groundbreaking historical breakthrough. This is their journey, the technology behind it, and the power of collaboration.</p> </div> <footer> <div class="d-flex flex-items-center mb-6px"> <span> <span class="text-bold"> <a href="https://github.blog/author/juanpflores/" title="Posts by Juan Pablo Flores Cortés" class="author url fn Link--primary no-wrap position-relative z-2" rel="author">Juan Pablo Flores Cortés</a> </span> </span> </div> </footer> </div> </article> </div> </section> <aside class="container-xl p-responsive-blog mx-auto mb-12"> <h2 class="h5-mktg border-bottom pb-3"> Explore more from GitHub </h2> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap ml-md-n4"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3 d-flex mt-4 mt-lg-6 pl-md-4"> <div class="rounded-3 color-bg-subtle d-flex flex-column flex-items-start width-full p-5 f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <img src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Icon-Circle.svg" width="44" height="44" class="width-auto d-block mb-3" alt="Docs"/> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold color-fg-default mb-3"> Docs </h3> <div class="mb-auto"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Everything you need to master GitHub, all in one place.</p> </body></html> </div> <div class="mt-7"> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on module, text: Go to Docs; ref_location:bottom recirculation;" href="https://docs.github.com/" class="text-semibold arrow-target-mktg Link--primary" target="_blank" aria-label="Go to Docs"> Go to Docs <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-link-external ml-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3 d-flex mt-4 mt-lg-6 pl-md-4"> <div class="rounded-3 color-bg-subtle d-flex flex-column flex-items-start width-full p-5 f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <img src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Icon_95220f.svg" width="44" height="44" class="width-auto d-block mb-3" alt="GitHub"/> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold color-fg-default mb-3"> GitHub </h3> <div class="mb-auto"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Build what’s next on GitHub, the place for anyone from anywhere to build anything.</p> </body></html> </div> <div class="mt-7"> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on module, text: Start building; ref_location:bottom recirculation;" href="https://github.blog/developer-skills/github/" class="text-semibold arrow-target-mktg Link--primary" target="_blank" aria-label="Start building"> Start building <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon arrow-symbol-mktg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="octicon-chevrow-stem" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3 d-flex mt-4 mt-lg-6 pl-md-4"> <div class="rounded-3 color-bg-subtle d-flex flex-column flex-items-start width-full p-5 f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <img src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Icon_da43dc.svg" width="44" height="44" class="width-auto d-block mb-3" alt="Customer stories"/> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold color-fg-default mb-3"> Customer stories </h3> <div class="mb-auto"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Meet the companies and engineering teams that build with GitHub.</p> </body></html> </div> <div class="mt-7"> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on module, text: Learn more; ref_location:bottom recirculation;" href="https://github.com/customer-stories" class="text-semibold arrow-target-mktg Link--primary" target="_blank" aria-label="Learn more"> Learn more <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-link-external ml-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 col-lg-3 d-flex mt-4 mt-lg-6 pl-md-4"> <div class="rounded-3 color-bg-subtle d-flex flex-column flex-items-start width-full p-5 f4-mktg color-fg-muted"> <img src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Icon.svg" width="44" height="44" class="width-auto d-block mb-3" alt="GitHub Universe 2024"/> <h3 class="f3-mktg text-bold color-fg-default mb-3"> GitHub Universe 2024 </h3> <div class="mb-auto"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p>Get tickets to the 10th anniversary of our global developer event on AI, DevEx, and security.</p> </body></html> </div> <div class="mt-7"> <a data-analytics-click="Blog, click on module, text: Get tickets; ref_location:bottom recirculation;" href="https://githubuniverse.com/?utm_source=Blog&utm_medium=GitHub&utm_campaign=blog-module" class="text-semibold arrow-target-mktg Link--primary" target="_blank" aria-label="Get tickets"> Get tickets <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" class="octicon octicon-link-external ml-1"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M10.604 1h4.146a.25.25 0 01.25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 01-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.75.75 0 01-1.06-1.06l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0110.604 1zM3.75 2A1.75 1.75 0 002 3.75v8.5c0 .966.784 1.75 1.75 1.75h8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0014 12.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 00-1.5 0v3.5a.25.25 0 01-.25.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 01-.25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 01.25-.25h3.5a.75.75 0 000-1.5h-3.5z"></path></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="py-6 py-lg-8 color-bg-subtle" data-color-mode="dark" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark"> <div class="container-xl p-responsive-blog"> <section id="newsletter" class="newsletter rounded-2"> <div class="color-bg-subtle rounded-2"> <div class="d-flex flex-row flex-wrap gutter-spacious py-5 px-4 py-md-6 px-md-5"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 col-xl-7"> <h2 class="h4-mktg color-fg-default"> We do newsletters, too</h2> <p class="f3-mktg color-fg-muted mt-2 mb-3">Discover tips, technical guides, and best practices in our biweekly newsletter just for devs.</p> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 col-xl-5"> <form method="post" action="https://s88570519.t.eloqua.com/e/f2?elqFormName=copynewsletter-signup-form-637872624660309567&elqSiteID=88570519" class="js-form-validator"> <div class="newsletter-form d-md-flex flex-row mt-0 mb-3 rounded-2 required form-group"> <div class="m-0 width-full"> <label for="newsletter_emailAddress" class="screen-reader-text">Your email address</label> <input type="email" required id="newsletter_emailAddress" name="emailAddress" placeholder="Your email address" class="required js-validity-check d-block width-full height-md-full mb-2 mb-md-0 f4-mktg newsletter-field rounded-2" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="classification" value="Practitioner"> <button type="submit" class="js-form-validator-submit newsletter-submit flex-shrink-0 arrow-target-mktg d-none d-md-flex flex-row f3-mktg flex-items-center text-semibold rounded-2"> <span>Subscribe</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon arrow-symbol-mktg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="octicon-chevrow-stem" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg> </button> </div> <div class="form-checkbox color-fg-muted f6-mktg m-0 mt-2 form-group"> <label class="text-normal"> <input id="optincheckbox" name="marketingEmailOptIn1" type="checkbox" value="True"> Yes please, I’d like GitHub and affiliates to use my information for personalized communications, targeted advertising and campaign effectiveness. See the <a href="https://github.com/site/privacy" target="blank">GitHub Privacy Statement</a> for more details. </label> </div> <button type="submit" class="js-form-validator-submit newsletter-submit flex-shrink-0 arrow-target-mktg mt-3 d-flex d-md-none flex-row f3-mktg flex-items-center text-semibold rounded-2"> <span>Subscribe</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="octicon arrow-symbol-mktg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 16 16" fill="none"><path fill="currentColor" d="M7.28033 3.21967C6.98744 2.92678 6.51256 2.92678 6.21967 3.21967C5.92678 3.51256 5.92678 3.98744 6.21967 4.28033L7.28033 3.21967ZM11 8L11.5303 8.53033C11.8232 8.23744 11.8232 7.76256 11.5303 7.46967L11 8ZM6.21967 11.7197C5.92678 12.0126 5.92678 12.4874 6.21967 12.7803C6.51256 13.0732 6.98744 13.0732 7.28033 12.7803L6.21967 11.7197ZM6.21967 4.28033L10.4697 8.53033L11.5303 7.46967L7.28033 3.21967L6.21967 4.28033ZM10.4697 7.46967L6.21967 11.7197L7.28033 12.7803L11.5303 8.53033L10.4697 7.46967Z"></path><path class="octicon-chevrow-stem" stroke="currentColor" d="M1.75 8H11" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"></path></svg> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </main> <div data-color-mode="dark" data-light-theme="light" data-dark-theme="dark"> <footer class="footer pt-6"> <div class="container-xl p-responsive-blog"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap py-5 mb-5"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-4 mb-5"> <a href="https://github.com/" data-ga-click="Resources, go to home, resources footer" class="color-fg-default" aria-label="Go to GitHub homepage"> <svg height="30" class="octicon octicon-logo-github" viewBox="0 0 45 16" version="1.1" width="84" aria-hidden="true"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M18.53 12.03h-.02c.009 0 .015.01.024.011h.006l-.01-.01zm.004.011c-.093.001-.327.05-.574.05-.78 0-1.05-.36-1.05-.83V8.13h1.59c.09 0 .16-.08.16-.19v-1.7c0-.09-.08-.17-.16-.17h-1.59V3.96c0-.08-.05-.13-.14-.13h-2.16c-.09 0-.14.05-.14.13v2.17s-1.09.27-1.16.28c-.08.02-.13.09-.13.17v1.36c0 .11.08.19.17.19h1.11v3.28c0 2.44 1.7 2.69 2.86 2.69.53 0 1.17-.17 1.27-.22.06-.02.09-.09.09-.16v-1.5a.177.177 0 00-.146-.18zM42.23 9.84c0-1.81-.73-2.05-1.5-1.97-.6.04-1.08.34-1.08.34v3.52s.49.34 1.22.36c1.03.03 1.36-.34 1.36-2.25zm2.43-.16c0 3.43-1.11 4.41-3.05 4.41-1.64 0-2.52-.83-2.52-.83s-.04.46-.09.52c-.03.06-.08.08-.14.08h-1.48c-.1 0-.19-.08-.19-.17l.02-11.11c0-.09.08-.17.17-.17h2.13c.09 0 .17.08.17.17v3.77s.82-.53 2.02-.53l-.01-.02c1.2 0 2.97.45 2.97 3.88zm-8.72-3.61h-2.1c-.11 0-.17.08-.17.19v5.44s-.55.39-1.3.39-.97-.34-.97-1.09V6.25c0-.09-.08-.17-.17-.17h-2.14c-.09 0-.17.08-.17.17v5.11c0 2.2 1.23 2.75 2.92 2.75 1.39 0 2.52-.77 2.52-.77s.05.39.08.45c.02.05.09.09.16.09h1.34c.11 0 .17-.08.17-.17l.02-7.47c0-.09-.08-.17-.19-.17zm-23.7-.01h-2.13c-.09 0-.17.09-.17.2v7.34c0 .2.13.27.3.27h1.92c.2 0 .25-.09.25-.27V6.23c0-.09-.08-.17-.17-.17zm-1.05-3.38c-.77 0-1.38.61-1.38 1.38 0 .77.61 1.38 1.38 1.38.75 0 1.36-.61 1.36-1.38 0-.77-.61-1.38-1.36-1.38zm16.49-.25h-2.11c-.09 0-.17.08-.17.17v4.09h-3.31V2.6c0-.09-.08-.17-.17-.17h-2.13c-.09 0-.17.08-.17.17v11.11c0 .09.09.17.17.17h2.13c.09 0 .17-.08.17-.17V8.96h3.31l-.02 4.75c0 .09.08.17.17.17h2.13c.09 0 .17-.08.17-.17V2.6c0-.09-.08-.17-.17-.17zM8.81 7.35v5.74c0 .04-.01.11-.06.13 0 0-1.25.89-3.31.89-2.49 0-5.44-.78-5.44-5.92S2.58 1.99 5.1 2c2.18 0 3.06.49 3.2.58.04.05.06.09.06.14L7.94 4.5c0 .09-.09.2-.2.17-.36-.11-.9-.33-2.17-.33-1.47 0-3.05.42-3.05 3.73s1.5 3.7 2.58 3.7c.92 0 1.25-.11 1.25-.11v-2.3H4.88c-.11 0-.19-.08-.19-.17V7.35c0-.09.08-.17.19-.17h3.74c.11 0 .19.08.19.17z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="col-6 col-sm-3 col-lg-2 mb-6 mb-md-2 pr-3 pr-lg-0 pl-lg-4"><h2 class="h5 mb-3 text-mono color-text-tertiary text-normal">Product</h2><ul class="list-style-none text-gray f5"><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/features" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Features, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Features</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/security" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Security, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Security</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/enterprise" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Enterprise, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Enterprise</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/customer-stories?type=enterprise" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Customer Stories, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Customer Stories</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/pricing" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Pricing, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Pricing</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://resources.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Resources, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Resources</a></li></ul></div><div class="col-6 col-sm-3 col-lg-2 mb-6 mb-md-2 pr-3 pr-lg-0 pl-lg-4"><h2 class="h5 mb-3 text-mono color-text-tertiary text-normal">Platform</h2><ul class="list-style-none text-gray f5"><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://developer.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Developer API, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Developer API</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://partner.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Partners, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Partners</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://atom.io/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Atom, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Atom</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://www.electronjs.org/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Electron, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Electron</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://desktop.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to GitHub Desktop, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">GitHub Desktop</a></li></ul></div><div class="col-6 col-sm-3 col-lg-2 mb-6 mb-md-2 pr-3 pr-lg-0 pl-lg-4"><h2 class="h5 mb-3 text-mono color-text-tertiary text-normal">Support</h2><ul class="list-style-none text-gray f5"><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://docs.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Docs, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Docs</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.community/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Community Forum, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Community Forum</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://services.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Training, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Training</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://www.githubstatus.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Status, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Status</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://support.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Contact, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Contact</a></li></ul></div><div class="col-6 col-sm-3 col-lg-2 mb-6 mb-md-2 pr-3 pr-lg-0 pl-lg-4"><h2 class="h5 mb-3 text-mono color-text-tertiary text-normal">Company</h2><ul class="list-style-none text-gray f5"><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/about" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to About, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">About</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.blog/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Blog, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Blog</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/about/careers" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Careers, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Careers</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://github.com/about/press" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Press, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Press</a></li><li class="lh-condensed mb-3"><a href="https://shop.github.com/" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to Shop, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Shop</a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="color-bg-subtle"> <div class="container-xl p-responsive-blog f6 py-4 d-sm-flex flex-justify-between flex-row-reverse flex-items-center"> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-items-center mb-3 mb-sm-0 lh-condensed-ultra"> <li class="mr-3"> <a href="https://twitter.com/github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to X, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" class="d-block" height="18"> <title>X icon</title> <path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" d="M714.163 519.284 1160.89 0h-105.86L667.137 450.887 357.328 0H0l468.492 681.821L0 1226.37h105.866l409.625-476.152 327.181 476.152H1200L714.137 519.284h.026ZM569.165 687.828l-47.468-67.894-377.686-540.24h162.604l304.797 435.991 47.468 67.894 396.2 566.721H892.476L569.165 687.854v-.026Z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on X</span> </a> </li> <li class="mr-3"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/GitHub" data-ga-click="Blog, go to Facebook, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 15.3 15.4" class="d-block" height="18"> <title>Facebook icon</title> <path d="M14.5 0H.8a.88.88 0 0 0-.8.9v13.6a.88.88 0 0 0 .8.9h7.3v-6h-2V7.1h2V5.4a2.87 2.87 0 0 1 2.5-3.1h.5a10.87 10.87 0 0 1 1.8.1v2.1h-1.3c-1 0-1.1.5-1.1 1.1v1.5h2.3l-.3 2.3h-2v5.9h3.9a.88.88 0 0 0 .9-.8V.8a.86.86 0 0 0-.8-.8z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li class="mr-3"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to YouTube, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19.17 13.6" class="d-block" height="16"> <title>YouTube icon</title> <path d="M18.77 2.13A2.4 2.4 0 0 0 17.09.42C15.59 0 9.58 0 9.58 0a57.55 57.55 0 0 0-7.5.4A2.49 2.49 0 0 0 .39 2.13 26.27 26.27 0 0 0 0 6.8a26.15 26.15 0 0 0 .39 4.67 2.43 2.43 0 0 0 1.69 1.71c1.52.42 7.5.42 7.5.42a57.69 57.69 0 0 0 7.51-.4 2.4 2.4 0 0 0 1.68-1.71 25.63 25.63 0 0 0 .4-4.67 24 24 0 0 0-.4-4.69zM7.67 9.71V3.89l5 2.91z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on YouTube</span> </a> </li> <li class="mr-3 flex-self-start"> <a href="https://www.twitch.tv/github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to Twitch, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-block" height="18"> <title>Twitch icon</title> <path d="M11.571 4.714h1.715v5.143H11.57zm4.715 0H18v5.143h-1.714zM6 0L1.714 4.286v15.428h5.143V24l4.286-4.286h3.428L22.286 12V0zm14.571 11.143l-3.428 3.428h-3.429l-3 3v-3H6.857V1.714h13.714Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on Twitch</span> </a> </li> <li class="mr-3 flex-self-start"> <a href="https://www.tiktok.com/@github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to TikTok, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-block" height="18"> <title>TikTok icon</title> <path d="M12.525.02c1.31-.02 2.61-.01 3.91-.02.08 1.53.63 3.09 1.75 4.17 1.12 1.11 2.7 1.62 4.24 1.79v4.03c-1.44-.05-2.89-.35-4.2-.97-.57-.26-1.1-.59-1.62-.93-.01 2.92.01 5.84-.02 8.75-.08 1.4-.54 2.79-1.35 3.94-1.31 1.92-3.58 3.17-5.91 3.21-1.43.08-2.86-.31-4.08-1.03-2.02-1.19-3.44-3.37-3.65-5.71-.02-.5-.03-1-.01-1.49.18-1.9 1.12-3.72 2.58-4.96 1.66-1.44 3.98-2.13 6.15-1.72.02 1.48-.04 2.96-.04 4.44-.99-.32-2.15-.23-3.02.37-.63.41-1.11 1.04-1.36 1.75-.21.51-.15 1.07-.14 1.61.24 1.64 1.82 3.02 3.5 2.87 1.12-.01 2.19-.66 2.77-1.61.19-.33.4-.67.41-1.06.1-1.79.06-3.57.07-5.36.01-4.03-.01-8.05.02-12.07z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on TikTok</span> </a> </li> <li class="mr-3 flex-self-start"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to Linkedin, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 19 18" class="d-block" height="18"> <title>LinkedIn icon</title> <path d="M3.94 2A2 2 0 1 1 2 0a2 2 0 0 1 1.94 2zM4 5.48H0V18h4zm6.32 0H6.34V18h3.94v-6.57c0-3.66 4.77-4 4.77 0V18H19v-7.93c0-6.17-7.06-5.94-8.72-2.91z" fill="currentColor"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub on LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/github" data-ga-click="Blog, go to github's org, resources footer" style="color: #959da5;"> <svg height="20" class="octicon octicon-mark-github d-block" alt="" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="20" aria-hidden="true"> <title>GitHub icon</title> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8 0C3.58 0 0 3.58 0 8c0 3.54 2.29 6.53 5.47 7.59.4.07.55-.17.55-.38 0-.19-.01-.82-.01-1.49-2.01.37-2.53-.49-2.69-.94-.09-.23-.48-.94-.82-1.13-.28-.15-.68-.52-.01-.53.63-.01 1.08.58 1.23.82.72 1.21 1.87.87 2.33.66.07-.52.28-.87.51-1.07-1.78-.2-3.64-.89-3.64-3.95 0-.87.31-1.59.82-2.15-.08-.2-.36-1.02.08-2.12 0 0 .67-.21 2.2.82.64-.18 1.32-.27 2-.27.68 0 1.36.09 2 .27 1.53-1.04 2.2-.82 2.2-.82.44 1.1.16 1.92.08 2.12.51.56.82 1.27.82 2.15 0 3.07-1.87 3.75-3.65 3.95.29.25.54.73.54 1.48 0 1.07-.01 1.93-.01 2.2 0 .21.15.46.55.38A8.013 8.013 0 0016 8c0-4.42-3.58-8-8-8z"></path> </svg> <span class="sr-only">GitHub’s organization on GitHub</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="list-style-none d-flex flex-wrap text-gray"> <li class="mr-3">© 2024 GitHub, Inc.</li> <li class="mr-3"> <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/github/site-policy/github-terms-of-service" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to terms, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Terms</a> </li> <li class="mr-3"> <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/github/site-policy/github-privacy-statement" data-ga-click="Site Foundation Components, go to privacy, site foundation components footer" class="Link--secondary">Privacy</a> </li> <li class="mr-3"> <button type="button" class="btn-link Link--secondary" onClick="_ghcc.showPreferences()">Manage Cookies</button> </li> <li class="mr-3"> <button type="button" class="btn-link Link--secondary" onClick="_ghcc.showPreferences()">Do not share my personal information</button> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="ghcc" style="position: sticky; bottom: 0; z-index: 99999;"></div><script src="https://ghcc.githubassets.com/ghcc.min.js" id="github_cookie_consent-js"></script> <script src="https://js.monitor.azure.com/scripts/c/ms.analytics-web-4.js" id="github_microsoft_analytics-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.blog/_static/??/wp-content/plugins/gh-cookie-consent-and-tracking/dist/js/cookie-consent-and-tracking.js,/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?m=1732206009j" ></script><script src="https://github.blog/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script id="wp-i18n-js-after"> wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.blog/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js?m=1732206009g" ></script><script src="https://github.blog/wp-includes/js/dist/api-fetch.min.js?ver=4c185334c5ec26e149cc" id="wp-api-fetch-js"></script> <script id="wp-api-fetch-js-after"> wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.createRootURLMiddleware( "https://github.blog/wp-json/" ) ); wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware = wp.apiFetch.createNonceMiddleware( "ff4e033871" ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.mediaUploadMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.nonceEndpoint = "https://github.blog/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce"; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://github.blog/wp-content/themes/github-2021/dist/js/site-script.js?m=1732205351g" ></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/11.4.0/highlight.min.js?ver=11.4.0" id="highlightjs-js"></script> <script id="highlightjs-js-after"> hljs.highlightAll() </script> <script integrity="sha256-kAnFXX7lCXF9K2o4g5q1lKyk167yRq6C4TiXWtbgvQw=" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://analytics.githubassets.com/v1.1.0/hydro-marketing.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="hydro-analytics-js"></script> <script src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"153214340\",\"post\":\"49768\",\"tz\":\"-8\",\"srv\":\"github.blog\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "153214340", "49768" ]); </script> </body> </html>