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<span><i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men</i> (2006)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Language_of_the_Gods_in_the_World_of_Men_(2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Sanskrit_Cosmopolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sanskrit_Cosmopolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>The Sanskrit Cosmopolis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sanskrit_Cosmopolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_vernacular_millennium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_vernacular_millennium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>The vernacular millennium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_vernacular_millennium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_a_singular_Indian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_a_singular_Indian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Lack of a singular Indian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_a_singular_Indian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_philology_to_transcend_Sanskrit's_"toxicity"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_philology_to_transcend_Sanskrit's_"toxicity""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Critical philology to transcend Sanskrit's "toxicity"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_philology_to_transcend_Sanskrit's_"toxicity"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambedkar_Sanskrit_Fellowship_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambedkar_Sanskrit_Fellowship_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Ambedkar Sanskrit Fellowship Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambedkar_Sanskrit_Fellowship_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hegemonic_role_of_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hegemonic_role_of_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hegemonic role of Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemonic_role_of_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_death_of_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_death_of_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The death of Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_death_of_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Socialist_Indology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Socialist_Indology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>National Socialist Indology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Socialist_Indology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petition_to_remove_Pollock_from_Murty_Classical_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petition_to_remove_Pollock_from_Murty_Classical_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Petition to remove Pollock from Murty Classical Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petition_to_remove_Pollock_from_Murty_Classical_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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<span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_book_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_book_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Articles and book chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_book_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sheldon Pollock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਸ਼ੈਲਡਨ ਪੋਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਲਡਨ ਪੋਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American scholar of Sanskrit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Sheldon I. Pollock</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1948 (age 75–76)<br />United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Chair, South Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">intellectual history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheldonpollock.org/">sheldonpollock<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg/220px-T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg/330px-T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg/440px-T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry_with_Indologist_Sheldon_Pollock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Pollock (in right) with <a href="/wiki/T._V._Venkatachala_Sastry" title="T. V. Venkatachala Sastry">Venkatachala Sastry</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sheldon I. Pollock</b> (born 1948) is an American scholar of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the intellectual and literary history of India, and comparative intellectual history. He is the Arvind Raghunathan Professor of South Asian Studies at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. He was the general editor of the <a href="/wiki/Clay_Sanskrit_Library" title="Clay Sanskrit Library">Clay Sanskrit Library</a> and the founding editor of the <a href="/wiki/Murty_Classical_Library_of_India" title="Murty Classical Library of India">Murty Classical Library of India</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sheldon Pollock was educated at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. He completed an undergraduate degree in Greek Classics <a href="/wiki/Latin_honors#Distinctions" title="Latin honors"><i>magna cum laude</i></a> in 1971 and then a Masters in 1973. This was followed by a Ph.D. in 1975 in Sanskrit and Indian Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupations">Occupations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occupations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before his current position at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Pollock was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/George_V._Bobrinskoy" title="George V. Bobrinskoy">George V. Bobrinskoy Professor of Sanskrit and Indic Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. </p><p>He directed the project <i>Sanskrit Knowledge Systems on the Eve of Colonialism</i>, in which a number of non-Indian scholars (including Pollock, Yigal Bronner, Lawrence McCrea, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Minkowski" title="Christopher Minkowski">Christopher Minkowski</a>, Karin Preisendanz, and Dominik Wujastyk) examine the state of knowledge produced in Sanskrit before colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also editing a series of <i>Historical Sourcebooks in Classical Indian Thought</i>, to which he has contributed <i>A Rasa Reader: Classical Indian Aesthetics</i>. </p><p>He was general editor of the Clay Sanskrit Library and is founding editor of the Murty Classical Library of India.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served on the Humanities Jury for the <a href="/wiki/Infosys_Prize" title="Infosys Prize">Infosys Prize</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock's research focuses on the history and interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts. He completed his dissertation, "Aspects of Versification in Sanskrit Lyric Poetry", at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> under <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._H._Ingalls,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel H. H. Ingalls, Sr.">Daniel H. H. Ingalls</a>. Much of his work, including his 2006 book <i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men</i>, discusses the different roles that Sanskrit has played in intellectual and cultural life throughout its history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_Orientalism?_(1993)"><span id="Deep_Orientalism.3F_.281993.29"></span><i>Deep Orientalism?</i> (1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deep Orientalism? (1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Pollock's <i>Deep Orientalism?</i> (1993), European indologists and the British colonialists merely propagated the pre-existing oppressive structures inherent in Sanskrit such as <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>. Pollock labels the Varnas not as cognates for the European social categories known as Estates, but as pre-existing oppressive structures, which he finds revealed in Sanskrit text as "pre-orientalist orientalism", "pre-colonial orientalism" and "a preform of orientalism".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Pollock, "Sanskrit was the principal discursive instrument of domination in premodern India."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Halbfass" title="Wilhelm Halbfass">Wilhelm Halbfass</a>, Pollock postulates an inherent relationship between the hegemonic role of Sanskrit in traditional India and its students among British colonialists or German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halbfass2007-p.18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbfass2007-p.18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollock believes that the previous "Eurocentrism" and "European epistemological hegemony" prevented scholars "from probing central features of South Asian life".<sup id="cite_ref-download.springer.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.springer.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollock1993p115-6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock1993p115-6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pollock, "One task of post-orientalist Indology has to be to exhume, isolate, analyze, theorize, and at the very least talk about the different modalities of domination in traditional India."<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock1993p115-6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock1993p115-6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rāmāyaṇa"><span id="R.C4.81m.C4.81ya.E1.B9.87a"></span><i>Rāmāyaṇa</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rāmāyaṇa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock was part of the "Rāmāyaṇa Translation Consortion" led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Goldman" title="Robert P. Goldman">Robert Goldman</a>, which produced an annotated translation of the critical edition of the entire <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Rāmāyaṇa</a></i>, published by Princeton University Press. Pollock contributed translations of the <i>Ayodhyākāṇḍa</i> (1986) and the <i>Araṇyakāṇḍa</i> (1991), as well as a note on the critical edition of the <i>Rāmāyaṇa</i> published in the first volume of the Princeton translation and several articles on the <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">textual criticism</a> and interpretation of the poem.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock1981_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock1981-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollock1984a_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock1984a-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies include <i>The Divine King in the Indian Epic</i>, which examines the divinity of Rāma in the <i>Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa</i> and its political implications.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock1984b_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock1984b-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Ramayana and Political Imagination in India</i> (1993), written against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolition of the Babri Masjid</a> and attendant sectarian violence in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, Pollock seeks to explain how the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, a text commonly viewed as a "narrative of the divine presence" in the world could serve as a basis for a divisive contemporary political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a261–262_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a261–262-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asserts that there is a long history of relationship between the Ramayana and political symbology, with the protagonist, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> depicted as the "chief of the righteous", and <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, in opposition, as the one "who fills all the world with terror".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a263_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a263-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock calls the Ramayana fundamentally a text of "othering" as outsiders in the epic are "othered" by being represented as sexual, <a href="/wiki/Dietetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietetics">dietetical</a>, and political deviants. Ravana, is not only "other" due to his <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> but is presented as a tyrant. Similarly, he states that the <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">rakshasas</a> (demons) of the poem can be viewed from a psychosexual perspective to symbolise all that the traditional Sanskritic Indian might desire and fear. He contrasts the othering in the Ramayana with the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> which not only has no othering, but in fact has "brothering" due to the shared identity of the antagonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282–283_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282–283-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "dramatic and unparalleled" turn came about in the eleventh to fourteenth centuries, a time when the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rule_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rule of India">Muslim Turkic rule</a> took hold in India, with Ramayana taking a central place in the public political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a264_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a264-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes the specific meaning-conjuncture in the depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_I" title="Nagabhata I">Nagabhata I</a> as the sage <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> that "shone with four arms with glittering terrible weapons".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a270_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a270-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Pollock, Ramayana offers "special imaginative resources", of <i>divinization</i> and <i>demonization</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a281_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a281-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a>'s solution to the political paradox of epic India is the "divinized king" who combats evil in the form of a 'demonized others'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later medieval commentaries of Valmiki's Ramayana include instances where the Muslim outsiders are cast as <i>rakshasas</i> and <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">asuras</a>, and in the case of a Mughal translation of the epic, of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> being projected as the divine king, Rama and <a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">divs</a> as the rakshasas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a287_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a287-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock conjectures that this recurrent "mythopolitical strategy" of using the Ramayana as a political instrument has also found favour in modern India in the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a>. This, he posits, is clear not only in the choice of Ayodhya, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">birthplace of Rama</a>, but also in the attempts by the BJP and VHP to portray Muslims as demonic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a289_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a289-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Death_of_Sanskrit_(2001)_and_Rajiv_Malhotra"><span id="The_Death_of_Sanskrit_.282001.29_and_Rajiv_Malhotra"></span><i>The Death of Sanskrit</i> (2001) and Rajiv Malhotra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Death of Sanskrit (2001) and Rajiv Malhotra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock begins his 2001 paper <i>The Death of Sanskrit</i> by associating Sanskrit with <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> (Hindu identity politics), the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pollock writes, "in some crucial way, Sanskrit is <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">dead</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and postulates how Sanskrit might have reached such an impasse. Observing changes in the use of Sanskrit in 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a>, and 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, Pollock argued that Sanskrit came to serve the purposes of "reinscription and restatement", while truly creative energies were directed elsewhere. He added that "what destroyed Sanskrit literary culture was a set of much longer-term cultural, social, and political changes".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian-American</a> Hindu nationalist author <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock devised a novel idea about the "literarization" of Sanskrit, wherein the language "gets endowed with certain structures that make it an elite language of power over the masses". Moreover, in his book <i>The Battle for Sanskrit</i>, Malhotra suggests that Pollock makes deliberate, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobic</a> attempts to de-sanctify Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–14">: 11–14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Language_of_the_Gods_in_the_World_of_Men_(2006)"><span id="The_Language_of_the_Gods_in_the_World_of_Men_.282006.29"></span><i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men</i> (2006)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Language of the Gods in the World of Men (2006)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sanskrit_Cosmopolis">The Sanskrit Cosmopolis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Sanskrit Cosmopolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 2006 book <i>The Language of the Gods in the World of Men</i>, Pollock posits "the scholarly cultivation of language in premodern India" should be seen in terms of "its relationship to political power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT165_165]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT165_165]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> was a language of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> ritual, it was adopted by royal courts, and by the fifth century "power in India now had a Sanskrit voice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock200639,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT122_122]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock200639,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT122_122]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pollock, "Sanskrit become the premier vehicle for the expression of royal will, displacing all other codes" and "Sanskrit learning itself became an essential component of power."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT166_166]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT166_166]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock believes that grammar was linked to power, stating "the main point should be clear: that power's concern with grammar, and to a comparable degree grammar's concern with power, comprised a constitutive feature of the Sanskrit cosmopolitan order."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT176_176]_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT176_176]-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock states, "overlords were keen to ensure the cultivation of the language through patronage awarded to grammarians, lexicographers, metricians, and other custodians of purity, and through endowments to schools for the purpose of grammatical studies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock200615_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock200615-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock links the <i>varna</i> of Sanskrit grammar (which means language sounds) to the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)"><i>varna</i></a> of social order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT183_183]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT183_183]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_vernacular_millennium">The vernacular millennium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The vernacular millennium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock has argued that, in the Sanskrit cosmopolis, <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> languages were largely excluded from doing the kind of political-cultural "work" that Sanskrit did. Gradually, however, a process of "vernacularization" resulted in certain vernacular languages being cultivated in much the same way as Sanskrit. Pollock has argued that "vernacularization" has generally involved two steps: first, the use of a written form of the vernacular in "everyday" contexts, such as recording names in inscriptions, which Pollock calls "literalization", and second, the use of the written form of the vernacular in more imaginative contexts, such as writing poetry, which Pollock calls "literarization". Literarization has often involved the creative adaptation of models from "superposed cultural formations", and in South Asia this has largely meant using Sanskrit models.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPA26_26],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT298_298]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPA26_26],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT298_298]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollock has focused on <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> as a case study in vernacularization in South Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 326">: 326 </span></sup> and has reflected on the vernacularization of Europe as a parallel instance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_a_singular_Indian_culture">Lack of a singular Indian culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lack of a singular Indian culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock believes there never was a singular Indian culture. Pollock states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Indeed, a stable singularity called "Indian culture", so often conjured up by Southeast Asian indigenists, never existed. What did exist was only a range of cultural and political codes and acts, many recently developed (Sanskrit <i>kāvya</i>, public inscriptions, free-standing temple buildings, quasi-universalist political imagery, land-grants to Brahmanical communities, and so on) and undoubtedly generated out of various local practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT535_535]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT535_535]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Pollock believes the idea of "a single Indian 'peoplehood' (<i>janata</i>)" present in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> is a modern invention: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The very names of the groups that make up the institutional complex of Hindutva – including the Bharatiya Janata Party (Indian People's Party) and its ideological wing, the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (World Hindu Council) – bespeak what had never been spoken before, postulating in the one case a single Indian "peoplehood" (<i>janata</i>), in the other, Hinduism as an aggressive universalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006575_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006575-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_philology_to_transcend_Sanskrit's_"toxicity""><span id="Critical_philology_to_transcend_Sanskrit.27s_.22toxicity.22"></span>Critical philology to transcend Sanskrit's "toxicity"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critical philology to transcend Sanskrit's "toxicity""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock has written about the history and current state of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, both inside India and outside. In <i>Indian Philology and India's Philology</i> (2011) he defines this current state as "the practices of making sense of texts".<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2011a_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2011a-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Future Philology?</i> (2009) he has called for practising a "critical philology" which is sensitive to different kinds of truths: the facts of a text's production and circulation, and the various ways in which texts have been interpreted throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Crisis in the Classics</i> (2011) Pollock states that, once the "toxicity", "extraordinary inequality" and "social poisons" of Sanskrit are acknowledged, critical philology can be used to transcend inequality and transform the dominant culture by "outsmarting" the oppressive discourse through study and analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the introduction to <i>World Philology</i> (2015) he has also drawn attention to the diversity and longevity of philological traditions in the world and argued for studying them comparatively.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pollock has published on issues related to the history of aesthetics in India, and in particular on the <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shift</a> from a "formalist" analysis of emotion (<i>rasa</i>) in literary texts to a more "reader-centered" analysis in the (lost) works of the 9th/10th-century theorist Bhaṭṭa Nāyaka.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2011b_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2011b-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambedkar_Sanskrit_Fellowship_Program">Ambedkar Sanskrit Fellowship Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ambedkar Sanskrit Fellowship Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 the Ambedkar Sanskrit Fellowship Program started at Columbia, offering a fellowship for one person to pursue a master's degree in Sanskrit. Pollock hopes that this eventually will result in a PhD. Pollock believes that "learning Sanskrit will empower the oppressed by helping them understand the sources and building blocks of the ideology of oppression, as well as its arbitrary nature."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemonic_role_of_Sanskrit">Hegemonic role of Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hegemonic role of Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Frazier" title="Jessica Frazier">Jessica Frazier</a>, Pollock points "an accusatory finger at the language, highlighting its function as a purveyor of forms of authority that are culturally and ethnically exclusive, benefiting the few at the expense of the many".<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 325">: 325 </span></sup> According to Frazier, Pollock shows how texts can function to support and spread forms of authority which exclude specific cultural and ethnic subgroups, thereby benefiting small groups within society, at the expense of other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Frazier, Pollock has been "contributing to the hermeneutics of suspicion that has become influential in Hindu Studies".<sup id="cite_ref-Frazier_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frazier-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Hermeneutics of suspicion" is a phrase coined by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Paul Ricœur</a>, "to capture a common spirit that pervades the writings of Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche".<sup id="cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RitaFelski-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rita Felski, it is "a distinctively modern style of interpretation that circumvents obvious or self-evident meanings in order to draw out less visible and less flattering truths.<sup id="cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RitaFelski-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruthellen Josselson explains that "Ricoeur distinguishes between two forms of hermeneutics: a hermeneutics of faith which aims to restore meaning to a text and a hermeneutics of suspicion which attempts to decode meanings that are disguised."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to David Peter Lawrence, Pollock characterizes <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, including philosophical works, as efforts to eternally enshrine the interests and cultural practices of sections of pre-modern India.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_death_of_Sanskrit">The death of Sanskrit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The death of Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have reacted to Pollock's claim that Sanskrit is dead. Jürgen Hanneder states that Pollock's argumentation is "often arbitrary".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanneder2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanneder states "Pollock has overinterpreted the evidence to support his theory, perhaps in his understandable anger over current nationalistic statements about Sanskrit and indeed new attempts at resanskritization – processes that should perhaps be analysed a few decades later from a distance."<sup id="cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanneder2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanneder says that Sanskrit is not a "dead language in the most common usage of the term", since it is still "spoken, written and read", and has emphasized the continuous production of creative literature in Sanskrit up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanneder2002-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, including Pollock himself, have emphasized the new creative and intellectual projects that Sanskrit was a part of in early modernity, such as <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Caturdhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara">Nīlakaṇṭha Caturdhara</a>'s commentary on the <i>Mahābhārata</i> and the development of sophisticated forms of logical analysis (<i>navyanyāya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Socialist_Indology">National Socialist Indology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National Socialist Indology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reinhold Grünendahl takes a critical stance towards Pollock's characterisation of German pre-war Indology as "a state-funded Aryanist think-tank, set up to create an Indo-German 'counter-identity to Semite', and simultaneously preparing the 'scientific' basis for racial antisemitism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrünendahl2012190_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrünendahl2012190-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Grunendahl, Pollock's new American school of Indology is "post-Orientalist messianism", commenting that Pollock's self-described "Indology beyond the Raj and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>" leads to "the 'New Raj' across the deep blue sea".<sup id="cite_ref-download.springer.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-download.springer.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petition_to_remove_Pollock_from_Murty_Classical_Library">Petition to remove Pollock from Murty Classical Library</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Petition to remove Pollock from Murty Classical Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A petition initiated by Indian scholars demanded that Pollock be removed from the editorship of the <a href="/wiki/Murty_Classical_Library_of_India" title="Murty Classical Library of India">Murty Classical Library of India</a>, an initiative that publishes classical literary works from India.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The petitioners are believed to belong to the "<a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence#Coordination" title="Collective intelligence">network of trust</a>" created by <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a>'s book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_for_Sanskrit" title="The Battle for Sanskrit">The Battle for Sanskrit</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review with the Indian Express, Sheldon Pollock said that negative reception of his work from Hindu activists started because of the JNU student agitation protest petition that he signed. He also clarified that he is a scholar and does not do religious things, saying "I never write on Hinduism. I've never used the word Hinduism." Additionally, he acknowledged that with regards to his essay on The Ramayana, he was to some degree insensitive to the fact that the Ramayana has a life in the hearts of the Indian people, and he is still trying to learn. However, he also said "I write what I think is correct and deal with the consequences. It's difficult to debate with people whose behavior is marked with toxicity, vituperation, deceit, and libel", in reference to the organized campaign to remove him from general editorship of the Murty Classical Library of India.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rohan_Murty" title="Rohan Murty">Rohan Murty</a>, the founder of the library,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that Sheldon Pollock will continue his position, saying that the library will commission the best possible scholar for that particular language.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His publications cluster around the <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Rāmāyaṇa">Rāmāyaṇa</a>, the philosophical tradition of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a> (scriptural hermeneutics), and recently, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasa</a> (aesthetic emotion). Pollock directed the <i>Literary Cultures in History</i> project, which culminated in a book of the same title. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monographs">Monographs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Monographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520260030">The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture and Power in Premodern India</a></i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.</li> <li><i>Aspects of Versification in Sanskrit Lyric Poetry</i>. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1977.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edited_volumes">Edited volumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Edited volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>World Philology</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Elman" title="Benjamin A. Elman">B. A. Elman</a> and K. Chang). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015.</li> <li><i>Forms of Knowledge in Early Modern Asia: Explorations in the Intellectual History of India and Tibet, 1500–1800</i>. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Bhānudatta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheldonpollock.org/archive/bhanudatta_misra_bouquet_2009.pdf"><i>"Bouquet of Rasa" and "River of Rasa"</i></a>. Translated & co-edited by Pollock, with I. Onians. New York: NYU Press, <a href="/wiki/Clay_Sanskrit_Library" title="Clay Sanskrit Library">JJC Foundation</a>, 2009.</li> <li><i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Rama's Last Act (</i>Uttararāmacarita<i>) of Bhavabhūti</i>. New York: New York University Press, 2007. (Clay Sanskrit Library.)</li> <li><i>The Bouquet of Rasa and the River of Rasa (</i>Rasamañjarī <i>and</i> Rasataraṅgiṇī<i>) of Bhānudatta</i>. New York: New York University Press, 2009. (Clay Sanskrit Library)</li> <li><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki, An Epic of Ancient India, Vol. III: Araṇyakāṇḍa</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.</li> <li><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki, An Epic of Ancient India, Vol. II: Ayodhyākāṇḍa</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ub51CwAAQBAJ">A Rasa Reader: Classical Indian Aesthetics</a></i>, Historical Sourcebooks in Classical Indian Thought series, Columbia University Press, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_book_chapters">Articles and book chapters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Articles and book chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>'From Rasa Seen to Rasa Heard.' In Caterina Guenzi and Sylvia d'Intino, eds. <i>Aux abords de la clairière</i>. Paris: Brepols, 2012, pp. 189–207.</li> <li>'Review Article: Indian Philology and India's Philology.' <i>Journal Asiatique</i> volume 299, number 1 (2011), pp. 423–475.</li> <li>'Comparison without Hegemony.' In Barbro Klein and Hans Joas, eds. <i>The Benefit of Broad Horizons: Intellectual and Institutional Preconditions for a Global Social Science. Festschrift for Bjorn Wittrock on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday.</i> Leiden: Brill, 2010, pp. 185–204.</li> <li>'What was Bhaṭṭa Nāyaka Saying? The Hermeneutical Transformation of Indian Aesthetics.' In Sheldon Pollock, ed. <i>Epic and Argument in Sanskrit Literary History: Essays in Honor of Robert P. Goldman.</i> Delhi: Manohar, 2010, pp. 143–184.</li> <li>'Future Philology? The Fate of a Soft Science in a Hard World.' In James Chandler and Arnold Davidson, eds. <i>The Fate of the Disciplines</i>. Special number of <i>Critical Inquiry</i> volume 35, number 4 (Summer 2009): 931–961.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPollock2008" class="citation news cs1">—— (27 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-real-classical-languages-debate/article1383967.ece">"The Real Classical Languages Debate"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+Real+Classical+Languages+Debate&rft.date=2008-11-27&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-opinion%2Fthe-real-classical-languages-debate%2Farticle1383967.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2008" class="citation journal cs1">—— (26 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock_pub/political_philology.pdf">"Towards a Political Philology: D. D. Kosambi and Sanskrit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>43</b> (30): 52–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Political+Philology%3A+D.+D.+Kosambi+and+Sanskrit&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=52-59&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fmesaas%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fpollock_pub%2Fpolitical_philology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2001" class="citation journal cs1">—— (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/death_of_sanskrit.pdf">"The Death of Sanskrit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 392–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750100353X">10.1017/S001041750100353X</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35550166">35550166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Sanskrit&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-426&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750100353X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35550166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpollock%2Fsks%2Fpapers%2Fdeath_of_sanskrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation book cs1">—— (1993). "Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj". In Breckenridge, Carol A.; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). <i>Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deep+Orientalism%3F+Notes+on+Sanskrit+and+Power+Beyond+the+Raj&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+the+Postcolonial+Predicament&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1436-9&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1993). "Ramayana and Political Imagination in India". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 261–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059648">10.2307/2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154215656">154215656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Ramayana+and+Political+Imagination+in+India&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-297&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154215656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059648&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>, the President of India, awarded Pollock the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a>, the fourth highest civilian honor in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>, for his distinguished service in the field of letters.</li> <li>Pollock has received the Andrew W. Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-Padma_Awards_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padma_Awards-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011, Yigal Bronner, Whitney Cox, and Lawrence McCrea published a collection of essays by Pollock's students and colleagues, titled <i>South Asian Texts in History: Critical Engagements with Sheldon Pollock</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dean_Shulman" title="David Dean Shulman">David Dean Shulman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Halbfass: [Pollock] "postulates an inherent affinity between the hegemonic role of Sanskrit in traditional India (as propagated by the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsakas</a> and others) and the attitudes of its latter-day students among British colonialists or German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialists</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Halbfass2007-p.18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbfass2007-p.18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock: "We may unhesitatingly grant the premise that classical culture, Sanskrit for example, offers at one and the same time a record of civilization and a record of barbarism, of extraordinary inequality and other social poisons. Once we all agree on the toxicity of this discourse, however, there will be contestation over how to overcome it. In my view, you do not transcend inequality, to the degree it is a conceptual category taking some of its force from traditional discourse, by outlawing the authors and burning the discourses, or indeed by trying to forget them; you transcend inequality by mastering and overmastering those discourses through study and critique. You cannot simply go around a tradition to overcome it, if that is what you wish to do; you must go through it. You only transform a dominant culture by outsmarting it. That, I believe, is precisely what some of India's most disruptive thinkers, such as Dr. Ambedkar, sought to do, though they were not as successful as they might have been had they had access to all the tools of a critical philology necessary to the task.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rita Felski: "The 'hermeneutics of suspicion' is a phrase coined by Paul Ricoeur to capture a common spirit that pervades the writings of Marx, Freud, and Nietzsche. In spite of their obvious differences, he argued, these thinkers jointly constitute a 'school of suspicion'. That is to say, they share a commitment to unmasking 'the lies and illusions of consciousness'; they are the architects of a distinctively modern style of interpretation that circumvents obvious or self-evident meanings in order to draw out less visible and less flattering truths (Ricoeur 356). Ricoeur's term has sustained an energetic after-life within religious studies, as well as in philosophy, intellectual history, and related fields[.]"<sup id="cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RitaFelski-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsgram.com/general/2016/02/26/132-indian-academicians-call-for-removal-of-sheldon-pollock-as-general-editor-of-murthy-classical-library">`132 Indian academicians call for removal of Sheldon Pollock as general editor of Murthy Classical Library'</a> for the original text of the petition.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/cu/mesaas/faculty/directory/pollock.html">"Sheldon Pollock, faculty page"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Sheldon+Pollock%2C+faculty+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fmesaas%2Ffaculty%2Fdirectory%2Fpollock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/index.html">"The Sanskrit Knowledge-Systems Project"</a>. <i>www.columbia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=The+Sanskrit+Knowledge-Systems+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpollock%2Fsks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.murtylibrary.com/">"Murty Classical Library of India"</a>. <i>www.murtylibrary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.murtylibrary.com&rft.atitle=Murty+Classical+Library+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.murtylibrary.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities_Jury" class="citation web cs1">Humanities Jury, Infosys Science Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2012.asp#Humanities">"Infosys Prize - Jury 2012"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Infosys+Prize+-+Jury+2012&rft.aulast=Humanities+Jury&rft.aufirst=Infosys+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infosys-science-foundation.com%2Fprize%2Fjury%2Fjury-2012.asp%23Humanities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1993). "Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj". In Breckenridge, Carol A.; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). <i>Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deep+Orientalism%3F+Notes+on+Sanskrit+and+Power+Beyond+the+Raj&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+the+Postcolonial+Predicament&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1436-9&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halbfass2007-p.18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halbfass2007-p.18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbfass2007-p.18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Halbfass, Wilhelm. "Research and Reflection: Responses to my Respondents". In: <i>Beyond Orientalism: The Work of Wilhelm Halbfass and its Impact on Indian and Cross-Cultural Studies</i>, edited by Franco, Eli. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, 2007. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-download.springer.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-download.springer.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-download.springer.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/297/art%3A10.1007%2Fs11407-012-9115-1.pdf?originUrl=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11407-012-9115-1&token2=exp=1457480757~acl=/static/pdf/297/art%253A10.1007%252Fs11407-012-9115-1.pdf?originUrl=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-012-9115-1*~hmac=90f3d8f434a8d91377014acdffc8961fbf9f66ea039dc62f3c23b9fd9d314a92">History in the Making: On Sheldon Pollock's 'NS Indology' and Vishwa Adluri's 'Pride and Prejudice'.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Grünendahl, Reinhold // International Journal of Hindu Studies; Aug2012, Vol. 16, Issue 2, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock1993p115-6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock1993p115-6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock1993p115-6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1993). "Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj". In Breckenridge, Carol A.; van der Veer, Peter (eds.). <i>Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 115–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1436-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-1436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deep+Orientalism%3F+Notes+on+Sanskrit+and+Power+Beyond+the+Raj&rft.btitle=Orientalism+and+the+Postcolonial+Predicament&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=115-6&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1436-9&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock1981-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock1981_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1981" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). "Text-Critical Observations on Vālmīki's <i>Rāmāyaṇa</i>". <i>Dr. Ludwik Sternbach Felictation Volume</i>. Lucknow: Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad. pp. 317–325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Text-Critical+Observations+on+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%27s+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a&rft.btitle=Dr.+Ludwik+Sternbach+Felictation+Volume&rft.place=Lucknow&rft.pages=317-325&rft.pub=Akhila+Bharatiya+Sanskrit+Parishad&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock1984a-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock1984a_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1984). "<i>Ātmānaṃ mānuṣaṃ manye</i>: <i>Dharmākūtam</i> on the Divinity of Rāma". <i>Journal of the Oriental Institute, Baroda</i>. <b>33</b>: 231–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Oriental+Institute%2C+Baroda&rft.atitle=%C4%80tm%C4%81na%E1%B9%83+m%C4%81nu%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%83+manye%3A+Dharm%C4%81k%C5%ABtam+on+the+Divinity+of+R%C4%81ma&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=231-243&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock1984b-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock1984b_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1984" class="citation news cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1984). "The Divine King in the Indic Epic". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. Vol. 104, no. 3. pp. 505–528. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/601658">601658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Divine+King+in+the+Indic+Epic&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-528&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F601658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a261–262-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a261–262_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, pp. 261–262.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a263-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a263_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 263.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282–283-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282–283_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, pp. 282–283.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a264-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a264_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 264.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a270-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a270_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 270.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a281-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a281_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 281.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a282_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 282.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a287-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a287_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 287.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a289-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock1993a289_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock1993a">Pollock 1993a</a>, p. 289.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollock1993a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock2001-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2001_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2001" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/papers/death_of_sanskrit.pdf">"The Death of Sanskrit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_in_Society_and_History" title="Comparative Studies in Society and History">Comparative Studies in Society and History</a></i>. <b>43</b> (2): 392–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001041750100353X">10.1017/S001041750100353X</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35550166">35550166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Sanskrit&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=392-426&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001041750100353X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35550166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fmealac%2Fpollock%2Fsks%2Fpapers%2Fdeath_of_sanskrit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2001a">Pollock 2001a</a>, p. 393.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPollock2001a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2001a">Pollock 2001a</a>, p. 398.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPollock2001a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malhotra, R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajivmalhotra.com/books/the-battle-for-sanskrit/challenge-understanding-sheldon-pollock-part-1-make-sense-sheldon-pollock/">"How to make sense of Sheldon Pollock? By Rajiv Malhotra"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501022451/https://rajivmalhotra.com/books/the-battle-for-sanskrit/challenge-understanding-sheldon-pollock-part-1-make-sense-sheldon-pollock/">Archived</a> 2019-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in <i>The Challenge of Understanding Sheldon Pollock</i> (<a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: Infinity Foundation, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malhotra, <i>The Battle for Sanskrit—Is Sanskrit political or sacred, oppressive or liberating, dead or alive?</i> (<a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins India</a>, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LOSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">pp. 11–14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT165_165]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT165_165]_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT165">165</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock200639,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT122_122]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock200639,_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT122_122]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. 39, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT122">122</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT166_166]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT166_166]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT166">166</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT176_176]-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT176_176]_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT176">176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock200615-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock200615_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT183_183]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT183_183]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT183">183</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPA26_26],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT298_298]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPA26_26],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT298_298]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA26">26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT298">298</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock, ed., <i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA326">p. 326</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT535_535]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0UCh7r2TjQICpgPT535_535]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PT535">535</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollock2006575-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollock2006575_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPollock2006">Pollock 2006</a>, p. 575.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock2011a-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2011a_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2011). "Review Article: Indian Philology and India's Philology". <i>Journal Asiatique</i>. <b>299</b> (1): 423–475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Asiatique&rft.atitle=Review+Article%3A+Indian+Philology+and+India%27s+Philology&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=423-475&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span>, page 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Future Philology? The Fate of a Soft Science in a Hard World.' In James Chandler and Arnold Davidson, eds. <i>The Fate of the Disciplines</i>. Special number of <i>Critical Inquiry</i> volume 35, number 4 (Summer 2009), pp. 931–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2011_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2011_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock, Sheldon. 2011. <i>Crisis in the Classics</i>. Social Research: An International Quarterly 78(1): 21–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Introduction' in Sheldon Pollock, Benjamin Elman and Kevin Change, eds., <i>World Philology</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015, pp. 1–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock2011b-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2011b_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'What was Bhaṭṭa Nāyaka Saying? The Hermeneutical Transformation of Indian Aesthetics.' In Sheldon Pollock, ed. <i>Epic and Argument in Sanskrit Literary History: Essays in Honor of Robert P. Goldman.</i> Delhi: Manohar, 2010, pp. 143–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chronicle.com/article/columbia-u-professor-broadens-access-to-sanskrit-ancient-language-of-the-elite/">"Columbia Professor Broadens Access to Sanskrit, Ancient Language of the Elite"</a>. 2011-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+Professor+Broadens+Access+to+Sanskrit%2C+Ancient+Language+of+the+Elite&rft.date=2011-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fcolumbia-u-professor-broadens-access-to-sanskrit-ancient-language-of-the-elite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazier-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazier_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazierFlood2011" class="citation book cs1">Frazier, Jessica; <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (2011). <i>The Continuum companion to Hindu studies</i>. London: Continuum. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC&pg=PT325">325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Flood%2C+Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RitaFelski-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RitaFelski_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelski2011" class="citation journal cs1">Felski, Rita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.431">"Critique and the Hermeneutics of Suspicion"</a>. <i>M/C Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5204%2Fmcj.431">10.5204/mcj.431</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%2FC+Journal&rft.atitle=Critique+and+the+Hermeneutics+of+Suspicion&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5204%2Fmcj.431&rft.aulast=Felski&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5204%252Fmcj.431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206142102/http://ruthellenjosselson.com/articles/josselson.ni.14-1.1e.pdf">"Ruthellen Josselson, <i>The hermeneutics of faith and the hermeneutics of suspicion</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160206142102/http://ruthellenjosselson.com/articles/josselson.ni.14-1.1e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruthellen+Josselson%2C+The+hermeneutics+of+faith+and+the+hermeneutics+of+suspicion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160206142102%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fruthellenjosselson.com%2Farticles%2Fjosselson.ni.14-1.1e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2011" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, David Peter (2011). <i>The Continuum companion to Hindu studies</i>. London: Continuum. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9966-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-9966-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+companion+to+Hindu+studies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=David+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanneder2002-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanneder2002_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneder2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hanneder, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021366131934">"On 'The Death of Sanskrit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 293–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000002124994847">10.1163/000000002124994847</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24664154">24664154</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189797805">189797805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=On+%27The+Death+of+Sanskrit%27&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-310&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189797805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24664154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000002124994847&rft.aulast=Hanneder&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1021366131934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanneder2009" class="citation cs2">Hanneder, J. (2009), "Modernes Sanskrit: eine vergessene Literatur", in Straube, Martin; Steiner, Roland; Soni, Jayandra; Hahn, Michael; Demoto, Mitsuyo (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indologica.de/drupal/?q=node/749"><i>Pāsādikadānaṃ : Festschrift für Bhikkhu Pāsādika</i></a>, Indica et Tibetica Verlag, pp. 205–228</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modernes+Sanskrit%3A+eine+vergessene+Literatur&rft.btitle=P%C4%81s%C4%81dikad%C4%81na%E1%B9%83+%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Bhikkhu+P%C4%81s%C4%81dika&rft.pages=205-228&rft.pub=Indica+et+Tibetica+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hanneder&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findologica.de%2Fdrupal%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkowski2004" class="citation journal cs1">Minkowski, Christopher (2004). "Nilakantha's instruments of war:Modern, vernacular, barbarous". <i>The Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>. <b>41</b> (4): 365–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001946460404100402">10.1177/001946460404100402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145089802">145089802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Economic+and+Social+History+Review&rft.atitle=Nilakantha%27s+instruments+of+war%3AModern%2C+vernacular%2C+barbarous&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=365-385&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F001946460404100402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145089802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Minkowski&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaneri2011" class="citation book cs1">Ganeri, Jonardon (2011). <i>The Lost Age of Reason: Philosophy in Early Modern India, 1450–1700</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Age+of+Reason%3A+Philosophy+in+Early+Modern+India%2C+1450%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ganeri&rft.aufirst=Jonardon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrünendahl2012190-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrünendahl2012190_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrünendahl2012">Grünendahl 2012</a>, p. 190.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGrünendahl2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikita Puri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wap.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/project-interrupted-116031101266_1.html">Murty Classical Library: Project interrupted</a>, Business Standard, 12 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2018" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Tanushree (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/im-a-target-because-im-an-outsider-sanskrit-scholar-sheldon-pollock-5191995/">"I'm a target because I'm an outsider: Sheldon Pollock"</a>. Indian Express<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I%27m+a+target+because+I%27m+an+outsider%3A+Sheldon+Pollock&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Tanushree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexpress-sunday-eye%2Fim-a-target-because-im-an-outsider-sanskrit-scholar-sheldon-pollock-5191995%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murtylibrary.com/people.php">Item re Pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murty_Classical_Library_of_India" title="Murty Classical Library of India">Murty Classical Library of India</a>, March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Divya Shekhar & Indulekha Aravind, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/rohan-murty-says-american-indologist-sheldon-pollock-to-stay/articleshow/51231553.cms"><i>Rohan Murty says American Indologist Sheldon Pollock to stay</i></a>, The Economic Times, 3 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sudha Pillai, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/It-is-always-nice-to-diagree-but-dont-be-disagreeable/articleshow/51231419.cms"><i>It is always nice to disagree, but don't be disagreeable</i></a>, Bangalore Mirror, 3 March 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchipelago2016" class="citation book cs1">Archipelago, World (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/a-rasa-reader/9780231173902"><i>Book Details : A Rasa Reader</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231540698" title="Special:BookSources/9780231540698"><bdi>9780231540698</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Details+%3A+A+Rasa+Reader&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04&rft.isbn=9780231540698&rft.aulast=Archipelago&rft.aufirst=World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fa-rasa-reader%2F9780231173902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padma_Awards-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padma_Awards_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf">"Padma Awards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padma+Awards&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fmha%2Ffiles%2FLST-PDAWD-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1993" class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (1993). "Rāmāyaṇa and Political Imagination in India". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (2): 261–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059648">10.2307/2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059648">2059648</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154215656">154215656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+Political+Imagination+in+India&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-297&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154215656%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059648&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2006" class="citation book cs1">Pollock, Sheldon (2006). <i>Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+the+Gods+in+the+World+of+Men%3A+Sanskrit%2C+Culture%2C+and+Power+in+Premodern+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Pollock" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Pollock&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sheldon Pollock</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheldon_Pollock" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Sheldon Pollock">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" class="extiw" title="q:Sheldon Pollock">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nb-helveticat.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/search?query=any,contains,%22Sheldon+Pollock%22&tab=LibraryCatalog&search_scope=MyInstitution&vid=41SNL_51_INST:helveticat&lang=de&offset=0">Publications by and about Sheldon Pollock</a> in the catalogue Helveticat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Library" title="Swiss National Library">Swiss National Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D13620094X">Literature by and about Sheldon Pollock</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/n86050251">Sheldon Pollock</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Personal and institutional webpages</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sheldonpollock.org/">Personal webpage</a>, with full bibliography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mesaas.columbia.edu/faculty-directory/sheldon-pollock/">Pollock's faculty webpage at Columbia University</a>, including a bibliography of selected works</li></ul> <dl><dt>Research</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pollock/sks/index.html">Sanskrit Knowledge Systems on the Eve of Colonialism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarit.indology.info/exist/apps/sarit/works/">SARIT: Enriching Digital Collections in Indology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Libraries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murtylibrary.com/why-a-classical-library-of-india.php">Murty Classical Library of India</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/">Clay Sanskrit Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707040843/http://www.claysanskritlibrary.org/">Archived</a> 2019-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/saad/index.html">South Asia Across The Disciplines</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Interviews</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/09/11/mon03.asp">Glimpse into Sanskrit literary culture</a>, <i>Sunday Observer</i> (2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/mind-your-ancient-language/">Mind Your (Ancient) Language</a>, <i>The Indian Express</i> (2015)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Literature_&amp;_Education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Template talk:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Padma_Shri_Award_Recipients_in_Literature_%26_Education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Shri_in_Literature_&amp;_Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a> in Literature & Education</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1954%E2%80%931959)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–1959)">1950s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kanta_Handique" title="Krishna Kanta Handique">Krishna Kanta Handique</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Kumar_Bhuyan" title="Surya Kumar Bhuyan">Surya Kumar Bhuyan</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Pande" title="Sukhdev Pande">Sukhdev Pande</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Bala_Devi" title="Nalini Bala Devi">Nalini Bala Devi</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Ranganathan" title="S. R. Ranganathan">S. R. Ranganathan</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Chandra_Varma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Chandra Varma (page does not exist)">Ram Chandra Varma</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magan_Lal_Tribhuvandas_Vyas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas (page does not exist)">Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Chandrasekharan" title="K. S. Chandrasekharan">K. S. Chandrasekharan</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1960%E2%80%931969)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–1969)">1960s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._S._Kesavan" title="B. S. Kesavan">B. S. Kesavan</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaballabha_Mohanty" title="Artaballabha Mohanty">Artaballabha Mohanty</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Sundaravadivelu" title="N. D. Sundaravadivelu">N. D. Sundaravadivelu</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayaka_Krishna_Gokak" title="Vinayaka Krishna Gokak">Vinayaka Krishna Gokak</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnukant_Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnukant Jha (page does not exist)">Vishnukant Jha</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinvijay" title="Jinvijay">Jinvijay</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evengeline_Lazarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evengeline Lazarus (page does not exist)">Evengeline Lazarus</a> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–1979)">1970s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Chandra_Barua" title="Ananda Chandra Barua">Ananda Chandra Barua</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulabha_Panandikar" title="Sulabha Panandikar">Sulabha Panandikar</a> (1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–1989)">1980s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj (1981)</li> <li>Abid Ali Khan (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Punjwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Punjwani">Ram Punjwani</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Muhammad_Basheer" title="Vaikom Muhammad Basheer">Vaikom Muhammad Basheer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._V._Pandit" title="R. V. Pandit">R. V. Pandit</a> (1982)</li> <li>Sher Singh Sher (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_Pant_Shivani" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura Pant Shivani">Gaura Pant Shivani</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahalya_Chari" title="Ahalya Chari">Ahalya Chari</a> (1983)</li> <li>Amitabha Chaudhuri (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha_Abid_Hussain" title="Saliha Abid Hussain">Saliha Abid Hussain</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komal_Kothari" title="Komal Kothari">Komal Kothari</a> (1983)</li> <li>Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuvir_Sharan_Mitra" title="Raghuvir Sharan Mitra">Raghuvir Sharan Mitra</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_Singh" title="Attar Singh">Attar Singh</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayangnokcha_Ao" title="Mayangnokcha Ao">Mayangnokcha Ao</a> (1984)</li> <li>Kshem Suman Chandra (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Kumari_Chundawat" title="Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat">Lakshmi Kumari Chundawat</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta_Gandhi" title="Shanta Gandhi">Shanta Gandhi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Singh_Hamdard" title="Sadhu Singh Hamdard">Sadhu Singh Hamdard</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurratulain_Hyder" title="Qurratulain Hyder">Qurratulain Hyder</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganpatrao_Jadhav" title="Ganpatrao Jadhav">Ganpatrao Jadhav</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Malik" title="Syed Abdul Malik">Syed Abdul Malik</a> (1984)</li> <li>John Arthur King Martyn (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooranad_Kunjan_Pillai" title="Sooranad Kunjan Pillai">Sooranad Kunjan Pillai</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Askari" title="Syed Hasan Askari">Syed Hasan Askari</a> (1985)</li> <li>Jamesh Dokhuma (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka_Hathrasi" title="Kaka Hathrasi">Kaka Hathrasi</a> (1985)</li> <li>Bharat Mishra (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harishankar_Parsai" title="Harishankar Parsai">Harishankar Parsai</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashangbam_Minaketan_Singh" title="Ashangbam Minaketan Singh">Ashangbam Minaketan Singh</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Agarwal_(environmentalist)" title="Anil Agarwal (environmentalist)">Anil Agarwal</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Kanungo" title="Binod Kanungo">Binod Kanungo</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Naik" title="Chitra Naik">Chitra Naik</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdur_Rahman_(science_policy_analyst)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdur Rahman (science policy analyst) (page does not exist)">Abdur Rahman</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuchhungi_Renthlei" title="Nuchhungi Renthlei">Nuchhungi Renthlei</a> (1986)</li> <li>Raghunath Sharma (1986)</li> <li>Abdul Sattar (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazir_Ahmed_(scholar)" title="Nazir Ahmed (scholar)">Nazir Ahmed</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaja_Iyengar" title="Vanaja Iyengar">Vanaja Iyengar</a> (1987)</li> <li>Khawlkungi (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badri_Narayan" title="Badri Narayan">Badri Narayan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debi_Prasanna_Pattanayak" title="Debi Prasanna Pattanayak">Debi Prasanna Pattanayak</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Singh_Sekhon" title="Sant Singh Sekhon">Sant Singh Sekhon</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Khelchandra_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Khelchandra Singh">N. Khelchandra Singh</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madaram_Brahma" title="Madaram Brahma">Madaram Brahma</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissim_Ezekiel" title="Nissim Ezekiel">Nissim Ezekiel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._George_(writer)" title="K. M. George (writer)">K. M. George</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Niwas_Mishra" title="Vidya Niwas Mishra">Vidya Niwas Mishra</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Jawad_Zaidi" title="Ali Jawad Zaidi">Ali Jawad Zaidi</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalim_Aajiz" title="Kalim Aajiz">Kalim Aajiz</a> (1989)</li> <li>Barsane Lal Chaturvedi (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Desai" title="Anita Desai">Anita Desai</a> (1989)</li> <li>Moti Lal Saqi (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbong_Terang" title="Rongbong Terang">Rongbong Terang</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Venkatachalam" title="V. Venkatachalam">V. Venkatachalam</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1990%E2%80%931999)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–1999)">1990s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Aram" title="M. Aram">M. Aram</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Kumar_Chopra" title="Vijay Kumar Chopra">Vijay Kumar Chopra</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behram_Contractor" title="Behram Contractor">Behram Contractor</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Mohan_Gadanayak" title="Radha Mohan Gadanayak">Radha Mohan Gadanayak</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhav_Yeshwant_Gadkari" title="Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari">Madhav Yeshwant Gadkari</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashpal_Jain" title="Yashpal Jain">Yashpal Jain</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Joshi" title="Sharad Joshi">Sharad Joshi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhiyalal_Prabhakar_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra">Kanhiyalal Prabhakar Mishra</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopi_Chand_Narang" title="Gopi Chand Narang">Gopi Chand Narang</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagdu_Maruti_Pawar" title="Dagdu Maruti Pawar">Dagdu Maruti Pawar</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilmani_Phookan_Jr" title="Nilmani Phookan Jr">Nilmani Phookan Jr</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Singh_Shashi" title="Shyam Singh Shashi">Shyam Singh Shashi</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Shastri" title="Ram Nath Shastri">Ram Nath Shastri</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Bhushan_(yogi)" title="Bharat Bhushan (yogi)">Bharat Bhushan (yogi)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Deva_Dvivedi" title="Kapil Deva Dvivedi">Kapil Deva Dvivedi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_Kakati" title="Satish Chandra Kakati">Satish Chandra Kakati</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Bhikaji_Kolte" title="Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte">Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Lal_Madhu" title="Madan Lal Madhu">Madan Lal Madhu</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Dhondo_Mahanor" title="Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor">Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Malik" title="Keshav Malik">Keshav Malik</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Mohanty" title="Surendra Mohanty">Surendra Mohanty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._T._Narasimhachar" title="P. T. Narasimhachar">P. T. Narasimhachar</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Bhide" title="V. G. Bhide">V. G. Bhide</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulabdas_Broker" title="Gulabdas Broker">Gulabdas Broker</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chaithanya" title="Krishna Chaithanya">Krishna Chaithanya</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajammal_P._Devadas" title="Rajammal P. Devadas">Rajammal P. Devadas</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Shankar_Kanetkar" title="Vasant Shankar Kanetkar">Vasant Shankar Kanetkar</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._C._Kulandaiswamy" title="V. C. Kulandaiswamy">V. C. Kulandaiswamy</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._Lugani" title="R. S. Lugani">R. S. Lugani</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shovana_Narayan" title="Shovana Narayan">Shovana Narayan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisith_Ranjan_Ray" title="Nisith Ranjan Ray">Nisith Ranjan Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Kirti_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="M. Kirti Singh">M. Kirti Singh</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._K._Thapar" title="B. K. Thapar">B. K. Thapar</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tully" title="Mark Tully">Mark Tully</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._N._Goswamy" title="B. N. Goswamy">B. N. Goswamy</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalsangzuali_Sailo" title="Lalsangzuali Sailo">Lalsangzuali Sailo</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdial_Singh" title="Gurdial Singh">Gurdial Singh</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Gangaram_Surve" title="Narayan Gangaram Surve">Narayan Gangaram Surve</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Bond" title="Ruskin Bond">Ruskin Bond</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayama_Chona" title="Shayama Chona">Shayama Chona</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Chopra" title="G. P. Chopra">G. P. Chopra</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Dhasal" title="Namdeo Dhasal">Namdeo Dhasal</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhaiya_Lal_Nandan" title="Kanhaiya Lal Nandan">Kanhaiya Lal Nandan</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Vrat_Shastri" title="Satya Vrat Shastri">Satya Vrat Shastri</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkumar_Jhalajit_Singh" title="Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh">Rajkumar Jhalajit Singh</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2000%E2%80%932009)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–2009)">2000s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Lvovitch_Bondarevsky" title="Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky">Grigoriy Lvovitch Bondarevsky</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._S._Chawngthu" title="P. S. Chawngthu">P. S. Chawngthu</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloo_Nowshir_Jungalwalla" title="Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla">Piloo Nowshir Jungalwalla</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan_Mishra" title="Mandan Mishra">Mandan Mishra</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehman_Rahi" title="Rehman Rahi">Rehman Rahi</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Saxena" title="K. P. Saxena">K. P. Saxena</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabaneeta_Dev_Sen" title="Nabaneeta Dev Sen">Nabaneeta Dev Sen</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elangbam_Nilakanta_Singh" title="Elangbam Nilakanta Singh">Elangbam Nilakanta Singh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bala_V._Balachandran" title="Bala V. Balachandran">Bala V. Balachandran</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeelani_Bano" title="Jeelani Bano">Jeelani Bano</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Das" title="Manoj Das">Manoj Das</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javare_Gowda" class="mw-redirect" title="Javare Gowda">Javare Gowda</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekhara_Kambara" title="Chandrashekhara Kambara">Chandrashekhara Kambara</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnanananda_Kavi" title="Gnanananda Kavi">Gnanananda Kavi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Ketkar" title="Kumar Ketkar">Kumar Ketkar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kumar_(political_scientist)" title="Ravindra Kumar (political scientist)">Ravindra Kumar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalidas_Gupta_Riza" title="Kalidas Gupta Riza">Kalidas Gupta Riza</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Sachdev" title="Padma Sachdev">Padma Sachdev</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhabendra_Nath_Saikia" title="Bhabendra Nath Saikia">Bhabendra Nath Saikia</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachnesh_Tripathi" title="Vachnesh Tripathi">Vachnesh Tripathi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munirathna_Anandakrishnan" title="Munirathna Anandakrishnan">Munirathna Anandakrishnan</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Chhotray" title="Gopal Chhotray">Gopal Chhotray</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Chand_Jain" title="Gyan Chand Jain">Gyan Chand Jain</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Mangesh_Karnik" title="Madhu Mangesh Karnik">Madhu Mangesh Karnik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Ramchandra_Kelkar" title="Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar">Ashok Ramchandra Kelkar</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Madhavan_Kutty" title="V. K. Madhavan Kutty">V. K. Madhavan Kutty</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turlapaty_Kutumba_Rao" title="Turlapaty Kutumba Rao">Turlapaty Kutumba Rao</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Yang-shik" title="Kim Yang-shik">Kim Yang-shik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Ahtesham" title="Manzoor Ahtesham">Manzoor Ahtesham</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Chaturvedi_(writer)" title="Jagdish Chaturvedi (writer)">Jagdish Chaturvedi</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Jotwani" title="Motilal Jotwani">Motilal Jotwani</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlagadda_Lakshmi_Prasad" title="Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad">Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkatte_Narayan_Shanbhag" title="Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag">Tekkatte Narayan Shanbhag</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailendra_Nath_Shrivastava" title="Shailendra Nath Shrivastava">Shailendra Nath Shrivastava</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritam_Singh_(Uttarakhand_politician)" title="Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)">Pritam Singh</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairamuthu" title="Vairamuthu">Vairamuthu</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Bareh" title="Hamlet Bareh">Hamlet Bareh</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarpal_Desai" title="Kumarpal Desai">Kumarpal Desai</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Elizarenkova" title="Tatyana Elizarenkova">Tatyana Elizarenkova</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gupta" title="Anil Kumar Gupta">Anil Kumar Gupta</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowri_Ishwaran" title="Gowri Ishwaran">Gowri Ishwaran</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeladhar_Jagudi" title="Leeladhar Jagudi">Leeladhar Jagudi</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Jain" title="Sunita Jain">Sunita Jain</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Nath_Kaula" title="Prithvi Nath Kaula">Prithvi Nath Kaula</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Paniker" title="Ayyappa Paniker">Ayyappa Paniker</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Samant" title="Bal Samant">Bal Samant</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhaiyalal_Sethia" title="Kanhaiyalal Sethia">Kanhaiyalal Sethia</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Shah" title="Ramesh Chandra Shah">Ramesh Chandra Shah</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Stietencron" title="Heinrich von Stietencron">Heinrich von Stietencron</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Tailang" title="Sudhir Tailang">Sudhir Tailang</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Kaur_Tiwana" title="Dalip Kaur Tiwana">Dalip Kaur Tiwana</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiya_Kumar_Bagchi" title="Amiya Kumar Bagchi">Amiya Kumar Bagchi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhana_Bhartia" title="Shobhana Bhartia">Shobhana Bhartia</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Chaudhuri" title="Manas Chaudhuri">Manas Chaudhuri</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darchhawna" title="Darchhawna">Darchhawna</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">J. S. Grewal</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_Kamil" title="Amin Kamil">Amin Kamil</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadul_Singh_Lama" title="Gadul Singh Lama">Gadul Singh Lama</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammen_Mathew" title="Mammen Mathew">Mammen Mathew</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._B._Mujumdar" title="S. B. Mujumdar">S. B. Mujumdar</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilat_Paswan_Vihangam" title="Bilat Paswan Vihangam">Bilat Paswan Vihangam</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajeet_Cour" title="Ajeet Cour">Ajeet Cour</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucheta_Dalal" title="Sucheta Dalal">Sucheta Dalal</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laltluangliana_Khiangte" title="Laltluangliana Khiangte">Laltluangliana Khiangte</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Lutze" title="Lothar Lutze">Lothar Lutze</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrinal_Pande" title="Mrinal Pande">Mrinal Pande</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugathakumari" title="Sugathakumari">Sugathakumari</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitanshu_Yashaschandra" title="Sitanshu Yashaschandra">Sitanshu Yashaschandra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tems%C3%BCla_Ao" title="Temsüla Ao">Temsüla Ao</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaydan_Detha" title="Vijaydan Detha">Vijaydan Detha</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakul_Harshadrai_Dholakia" title="Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia">Bakul Harshadrai Dholakia</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitav_Ghosh" title="Amitav Ghosh">Amitav Ghosh</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Gopinath" title="Meenakshi Gopinath">Meenakshi Gopinath</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giriraj_Kishore_(writer)" title="Giriraj Kishore (writer)">Giriraj Kishore</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhar_Pathak" title="Shekhar Pathak">Shekhar Pathak</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Ray" title="Pratibha Ray">Pratibha Ray</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Rybakov" title="Rostislav Rybakov">Rostislav Rybakov</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Seth" title="Vikram Seth">Vikram Seth</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaali_(poet)" title="Vaali (poet)">Vaali</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivanthi_Adithan" title="Sivanthi Adithan">Sivanthi Adithan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Agarwal" title="Bina Agarwal">Bina Agarwal</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellayani_Arjunan" title="Vellayani Arjunan">Vellayani Arjunan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirupam_Bajpai" title="Nirupam Bajpai">Nirupam Bajpai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjya_Kanta_Hazarika" title="Surjya Kanta Hazarika">Surjya Kanta Hazarika</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Dua" title="Vinod Dua">Vinod Dua</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Leelavathy" title="M. Leelavathy">M. Leelavathy</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabh_Mattoo" title="Amitabh Mattoo">Amitabh Mattoo</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bholabhai_Patel" title="Bholabhai Patel">Bholabhai Patel</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajdeep_Sardesai" title="Rajdeep Sardesai">Rajdeep Sardesai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhadeo_Thorat" title="Sukhadeo Thorat">Sukhadeo Thorat</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinibash_Udgata" title="Srinibash Udgata">Srinibash Udgata</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Gundu_Amonkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresh Gundu Amonkar">Suresh Gundu Amonkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_Chhajlani" title="Abhay Chhajlani">Abhay Chhajlani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birendra_Nath_Datta" title="Birendra Nath Datta">Birendra Nath Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Deshpande" title="Shashi Deshpande">Shashi Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannanje_Govindacharya" title="Bannanje Govindacharya">Bannanje Govindacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchapakesa_Jayaraman" title="Panchapakesa Jayaraman">Panchapakesa Jayaraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathoor_Krishnamurty" title="Mathoor Krishnamurty">Mathoor Krishnamurty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Mahapatra" title="Jayanta Mahapatra">Jayanta Mahapatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxman_Mane" title="Laxman Mane">Laxman Mane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Marr" title="John Ralston Marr">John Ralston Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alok_Mehta" title="Alok Mehta">Alok Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sankara_Reddy" title="A. Sankara Reddy">A. Sankara Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalthangfala_Sailo" title="Lalthangfala Sailo">Lalthangfala Sailo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Samten" title="Ngawang Samten">Ngawang Samten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranbir_Chander_Sobti" title="Ranbir Chander Sobti">Ranbir Chander Sobti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shankar_Tripathi" title="Ram Shankar Tripathi">Ram Shankar Tripathi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2010%E2%80%932019)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)">2010s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lalzuia_Colney" title="Lalzuia Colney">Lalzuia Colney</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Aurora_Couto" title="Maria Aurora Couto">Maria Aurora Couto</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuald_D%27Souza" title="Romuald D'Souza">Romuald D'Souza</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Gyndykes_Dkhar" title="Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar">Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendra_Dubey" title="Surendra Dubey">Surendra Dubey</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq-ur-Rahman_Kidwai" title="Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai">Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Hermann Kulke</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaranjan_Mukherji" title="Ramaranjan Mukherji">Ramaranjan Mukherji</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Chandra_Pande" title="Govind Chandra Pande">Govind Chandra Pande</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs_YGP" title="Mrs YGP">Mrs YGP</a> (2010)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sheldon Pollock</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Sarma" title="Arun Sarma">Arun Sarma</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Udhampuri" title="Jitendra Udhampuri">Jitendra Udhampuri</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Austin" title="Granville Austin">Granville Austin</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahim_Bora" title="Mahim Bora">Mahim Bora</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urvashi_Butalia" title="Urvashi Butalia">Urvashi Butalia</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullella_Sriramachandrudu" title="Pullella Sriramachandrudu">Pullella Sriramachandrudu</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamang_Dai" title="Mamang Dai">Mamang Dai</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravin_Darji" title="Pravin Darji">Pravin Darji</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prakash_Deval" title="Chandra Prakash Deval">Chandra Prakash Deval</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviprasad_Dwivedi" title="Deviprasad Dwivedi">Deviprasad Dwivedi</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balraj_Komal" title="Balraj Komal">Balraj Komal</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Kumar_(educationist)" title="Krishna Kumar (educationist)">Krishna Kumar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajni_Kumar" title="Rajni Kumar">Rajni Kumar</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanur_Mahadeva" title="Devanur Mahadeva">Devanur Mahadeva</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barun_Mazumder" title="Barun Mazumder">Barun Mazumder</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Menon" title="Ritu Menon">Ritu Menon</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avvai_Natarajan" title="Avvai Natarajan">Avvai Natarajan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhalchandra_Nemade" title="Bhalchandra Nemade">Bhalchandra Nemade</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrington_Potter" title="Karl Harrington Potter">Karl Harrington Potter</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneru_Ramakrishna_Rao" title="Koneru Ramakrishna Rao">Koneru Ramakrishna Rao</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Dutt_Sharma" title="Devi Dutt Sharma">Devi Dutt Sharma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilamber_Dev_Sharma" title="Nilamber Dev Sharma">Nilamber Dev Sharma</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Dharmarajan" title="Geeta Dharmarajan">Geeta Dharmarajan</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Fischer_(art_historian)" title="Eberhard Fischer (art historian)">Eberhard Fischer</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedar_Gurung" title="Kedar Gurung">Kedar Gurung</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Patar" title="Surjit Patar">Surjit Patar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachchidanand_Sahai" title="Sachchidanand Sahai">Sachchidanand Sahai</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Sealy" title="Allan Sealy">Allan Sealy</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepita_Seth" title="Pepita Seth">Pepita Seth</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Dutt_Shridhar" title="Vijay Dutt Shridhar">Vijay Dutt Shridhar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralte_L._Thanmawia" title="Ralte L. Thanmawia">Ralte L. Thanmawia</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvita_Abbi" title="Anvita Abbi">Anvita Abbi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida_Fazli" title="Nida Fazli">Nida Fazli</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Herzberger" title="Radhika Herzberger">Radhika Herzberger</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noboru_Karashima" title="Noboru Karashima">Noboru Karashima</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik_Lucknawi" title="Salik Lucknawi">Salik Lucknawi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Malsawma" title="J. Malsawma">J. Malsawma</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Patel" title="Devendra Patel">Devendra Patel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pinney" title="Christopher Pinney">Christopher Pinney</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Sharaf-e-Alam" title="Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam">Mohammad Sharaf-e-Alam</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Kant_Shukla" title="Rama Kant Shukla">Rama Kant Shukla</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Prasad_Singh" title="Jagdish Prasad Singh">Jagdish Prasad Singh</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtarul_Wasey" title="Akhtarul Wasey">Akhtarul Wasey</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naheed_Abidi" title="Naheed Abidi">Naheed Abidi</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Chakradhar" title="Ashok Chakradhar">Ashok Chakradhar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keki_N._Daruwalla" title="Keki N. Daruwalla">Keki N. Daruwalla</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._N._Devy" title="G. N. Devy">G. N. Devy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolakaluri_Enoch" title="Kolakaluri Enoch">Kolakaluri Enoch</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_Kumari_Ghai" title="Ved Kumari Ghai">Ved Kumari Ghai</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorama_Jafa" title="Manorama Jafa">Manorama Jafa</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehana_Khatoon" title="Rehana Khatoon">Rehana Khatoon</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kilemsungla" title="P. Kilemsungla">P. Kilemsungla</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengaku_Mayeda" title="Sengaku Mayeda">Sengaku Mayeda</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikhom_Gojen_Meitei" title="Waikhom Gojen Meitei">Waikhom Gojen Meitei</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnunarayanan_Namboothiri" title="Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri">Vishnunarayanan Namboothiri</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(academic)" title="Dinesh Singh (academic)">Dinesh Singh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Baosheng" title="Huang Baosheng">Huang Baosheng</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_B%C3%A4umer" title="Bettina Bäumer">Bettina Bäumer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Nandan_Bora" title="Lakshmi Nandan Bora">Lakshmi Nandan Bora</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyan_Chaturvedi" title="Gyan Chaturvedi">Gyan Chaturvedi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Chetty" title="Raj Chetty">Raj Chetty</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibek_Debroy" title="Bibek Debroy">Bibek Debroy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Gulati" title="Ashok Gulati">Ashok Gulati</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Hart" title="George L. Hart">George L. Hart</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Jogi" title="Sunil Jogi">Sunil Jogi</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usha_Kiran_Khan" title="Usha Kiran Khan">Usha Kiran Khan</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Purushothama_Mallaya" title="Narayana Purushothama Mallaya">Narayana Purushothama Mallaya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Mascarenhas" title="Lambert Mascarenhas">Lambert Mascarenhas</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taarak_Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Taarak Mehta">Taarak Mehta</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Bahadur_Rai" title="Ram Bahadur Rai">Ram Bahadur Rai</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Rajput" title="J. S. Rajput">J. S. Rajput</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Kumar_Roy" title="Bimal Kumar Roy">Bimal Kumar Roy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Schmiedchen" title="Annette Schmiedchen">Annette Schmiedchen</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvant_Shah" title="Gunvant Shah">Gunvant Shah</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmdev_Sharma" title="Brahmdev Sharma">Brahmdev Sharma</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhirendra_Nath_Bezbaruah" title="Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah">Dhirendra Nath Bezbaruah</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Bhyrappa" title="S. L. Bhyrappa">S. L. Bhyrappa</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kameshwar_Brahma" title="Kameshwar Brahma">Kameshwar Brahma</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Lal_Kaul" title="Jawahar Lal Kaul">Jawahar Lal Kaul</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Sal Khan</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Malik" title="Ashok Malik">Ashok Malik</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldhar_Nag" title="Haldhar Nag">Haldhar Nag</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpesh_Pant" title="Pushpesh Pant">Pushpesh Pant</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahyabhai_Shastri" title="Dahyabhai Shastri">Dahyabhai Shastri</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahlad_Chandra_Tasa" title="Prahlad Chandra Tasa">Prahlad Chandra Tasa</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Agarwal" title="Anant Agarwal">Anant Agarwal</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Ahmed" title="Eli Ahmed">Eli Ahmed</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kohli" title="Narendra Kohli">Narendra Kohli</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkitham_Achuthan_Namboothiri" title="Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri">Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Pandita" title="K. N. Pandita">Kashi Nath Pandita</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Pandya" title="Vishnu Pandya">Vishnu Pandya</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._G._Patel" title="V. G. Patel">V. G. Patel</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.R._Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.R. Shah (page does not exist)">H.R. Shah</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamu_Krishna_Shastry" title="Chamu Krishna Shastry">Chamu Krishna Shastry</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawana_Somaaya" title="Bhawana Somaaya">Bhawana Somaaya</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punam_Suri" title="Punam Suri">Punam Suri</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihar_Kripalu_Tripathi" title="Harihar Kripalu Tripathi">Harihar Kripalu Tripathi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Venkatasubbiah" title="G. Venkatasubbiah">G. Venkatasubbiah</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Govinda_Baruah" title="Prafulla Govinda Baruah">Prafulla Govinda Baruah</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamlal_Chaturvedi" title="Shyamlal Chaturvedi">Shyamlal Chaturvedi</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arup_Kumar_Dutta" title="Arup Kumar Dutta">Arup Kumar Dutta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Gupta" title="Arvind Gupta">Arvind Gupta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digamber_Hansda" title="Digamber Hansda">Digamber Hansda</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Jalalpuri" title="Anwar Jalalpuri">Anwar Jalalpuri</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyong_Temjen_Jamir" title="Piyong Temjen Jamir">Piyong Temjen Jamir</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyasree_Goswami_Mahanta" title="Joyasree Goswami Mahanta">Joyasree Goswami Mahanta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaverilal_Mehta" title="Zaverilal Mehta">Zaverilal Mehta</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomio_Mizokami" title="Tomio Mizokami">Tomio Mizokami</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullo_Rajabov" title="Habibullo Rajabov">Habibullo Rajabov</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagish_Shastri" title="Vagish Shastri">Vagish Shastri</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharao_Raghuveer_Singh" title="Maharao Raghuveer Singh">Maharao Raghuveer Singh</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Zakia" class="mw-redirect" title="A Zakia">A Zakia</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narsingh_Dev_Jamwal" title="Narsingh Dev Jamwal">Narsingh Dev Jamwal</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagindas_Sanghavi" title="Nagindas Sanghavi">Nagindas Sanghavi</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif_Khan_Shastri" title="Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri">Mohammed Hanif Khan Shastri</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Swarup" title="Devendra Swarup">Devendra Swarup</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(2020%E2%80%932029)" title="List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)">2020s</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhiraj_Rajendra_Mishra" title="Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra">Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binapani_Mohanty" title="Binapani Mohanty">Binapani Mohanty</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damayanti_Beshra" title="Damayanti Beshra">Damayanti Beshra</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._M._Desai" title="H. M. Desai">H. M. Desai</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lil_Bahadur_Chettri" title="Lil Bahadur Chettri">Lil Bahadur Chettri</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Chandrasekharan_Nair" title="N. Chandrasekharan Nair">N. Chandrasekharan Nair</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Joshi_Karayal" title="Narayan Joshi Karayal">Narayan Joshi Karayal</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithwindra_Mukherjee" title="Prithwindra Mukherjee">Prithwindra Mukherjee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._P._Kothari" title="S. P. Kothari">S. P. Kothari</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabuddin_Rathod" title="Shahabuddin Rathod">Shahabuddin Rathod</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudharma" title="Sudharma">Sudharma</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayasarathi_Sribhashyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam">Vijayasarathi Sribhashyam</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Dorjee_Thongchi" title="Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi">Yeshe Dorjee Thongchi</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogesh_Praveen" title="Yogesh Praveen">Yogesh Praveen</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benichandra_Jamatia" title="Benichandra Jamatia">Benichandra Jamatia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_G._Vall%C3%A9s" title="Carlos G. Vallés">Carlos G. Vallés</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadudan_Gadhvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadudan Gadhvi">Dadudan Gadhvi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Shah_(writer)" title="Imran Shah (writer)">Imran Shah</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Hazowary" title="Mangal Singh Hazowary">Mangal Singh Hazowary</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridula_Sinha" title="Mridula Sinha">Mridula Sinha</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdeo_Kamble" title="Namdeo Kamble">Namdeo Kamble</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangasami_L._Kashyap" title="Rangasami L. Kashyap">Rangasami L. Kashyap</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikant_Datar" title="Srikant Datar">Srikant Datar</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Pappaiah" title="Solomon Pappaiah">Solomon Pappaiah</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asavadi_Prakasarao" title="Asavadi Prakasarao">Asavadi Prakasarao</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbiakthanga_Pachuau" title="Lalbiakthanga Pachuau">Lalbiakthanga Pachuau</a> (2021)</li> <li>Najma Akhtar (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Senka_Ao" class="mw-redirect" title="T Senka Ao">T Senka Ao</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_K_Bajaj" title="J K Bajaj">J K Bajaj</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirpi_Balasubramaniam" title="Sirpi Balasubramaniam">Sirpi Balasubramaniam</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhone_Asgar_Ali_Basharat" title="Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat">Akhone Asgar Ali Basharat</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmohinder_Singh_Bedi" title="Harmohinder Singh Bedi">Harmohinder Singh Bedi</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Christopher_Byrski" title="Maria Christopher Byrski">Maria Christopher Byrski</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Dhantejvi" title="Khalil Dhantejvi">Khalil Dhantejvi</a> (Posthumous) (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaneswar_Engti" title="Dhaneswar Engti">Dhaneswar Engti</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garikapati_Narasimha_Rao" title="Garikapati Narasimha Rao">Narasimha Rao Garikapati</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girdhari_Ram_Gonjhu" title="Girdhari Ram Gonjhu">Girdhari Ram Gonjhu</a> (Posthumous) (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaibal_Gupta" title="Shaibal Gupta">Shaibal Gupta</a> (Posthumous) (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasingha_Prasad_Guru" title="Narasingha Prasad Guru">Narasingha Prasad Guru</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadh_Kishore_Jadia" title="Avadh Kishore Jadia">Avadh Kishore Jadia</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Jauhar" title="Tara Jauhar">Tara Jauhar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Kortenhorst" title="Rutger Kortenhorst">Rutger Kortenhorst</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P_Narayana_Kurup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P Narayana Kurup (page does not exist)">P Narayana Kurup</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_L_Nghaka" title="V L Nghaka">V L Nghaka </a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirapat_Prapandavidya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chirapat Prapandavidya">Chirapat Prapandavidya</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyanand_Sarek" title="Vidyanand Sarek">Vidyanand Sarek</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali_Pada_Saren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kali Pada Saren (page does not exist)">Kali Pada Saren</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dilip_Shahani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilip Shahani (page does not exist)">Dilip Shahani </a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwamurti_Shastri" title="Vishwamurti Shastri">Vishwamurti Shastri</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tatiana_Lvovna_Shaumyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tatiana Lvovna Shaumyan (page does not exist)">Tatiana Lvovna Shaumyan</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddhalingaiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddhalingaiah (page does not exist)">Siddhalingaiah</a> (Posthumous) (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Vindu_Singh" title="Vidya Vindu Singh">Vidya Vindu Singh</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuvendra_Tanwar" title="Raghuvendra Tanwar">Raghuvendra Tanwar</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaplin_War" title="Badaplin War">Badaplin War</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Charan_Gupta" title="Radha Charan Gupta">Radha Charan Gupta</a> (2023)</li> <li>C. I. Issac (2023)</li> <li>Rattan Singh Jaggi (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Kumar" title="Anand Kumar">Anand Kumar</a> (2023)</li> <li>Prabhakar Bhanudas Mande (2023)</li> <li>Antaryami Mishra (2023)</li> <li>Ramesh Patange (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Ramakrishna_Reddy" title="B. Ramakrishna Reddy">B. 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