CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ayodhya - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e990287-4b9e-49c8-bc2e-3355e5302f78","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ayodhya","wgTitle":"Ayodhya","wgCurRevisionId":1275009190,"wgRevisionId":1275009190,"wgArticleId":42098,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2021","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use Indian English from January 2025","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from January 2025","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images" ,"Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list","Pages with Hindustani IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Ayodhya","Ancient Indian cities","Cities and towns in Ayodhya district","Hindu holy cities","Populated places along the Silk Road","Former capital cities in India","Jain pilgrimage sites","Hindu pilgrimage sites in India","Rama","Rama temples"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ayodhya", "wgRelevantArticleId":42098,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":26.799166666666668,"lon":82.20444444444445},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q186040","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile", "model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/1200px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="693"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/800px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="462"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/640px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="369"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ayodhya - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ayodhya rootpage-Ayodhya skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ayodhya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ayodhya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ayodhya" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ayodhya" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_Saketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Saketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>As Saketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Saketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gupta period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_as_a_political_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_as_a_political_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline as a political centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_as_a_political_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mughal period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>British period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Independent India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ram_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ram_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Ram temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ram_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ram_Mandir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ram_Mandir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ram Mandir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ram_Mandir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanuman_Garhi_Fort" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanuman_Garhi_Fort"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hanuman Garhi Fort</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanuman_Garhi_Fort-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramkot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramkot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ramkot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramkot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nageshwarnath_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nageshwarnath_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Nageshwarnath Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nageshwarnath_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayodhya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أيوديا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أيوديا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodxya" title="Ayodxya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ayodxya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="অযোধ্যা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অযোধ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨ་ཡོ་དྷི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨ་ཡོ་དྷི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aj%C3%B3dhja" title="Ajódhja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ajódhja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajodjo" title="Ajodjo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ajodjo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایودیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایودیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="અયોધ્યા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અયોધ્યા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6)" title="अयोध्या (उत्तर प्रदेश) – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अयोध्या (उत्तर प्रदेश)" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%94%EB%94%94%EC%95%84" title="아요디아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아요디아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="অযোধ্যা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="অযোধ্যা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86" title="ಅಯೋಧ್ಯೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಯೋಧ್ಯೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აიოდჰია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აიოდჰია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajodhija" title="Ajodhija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ajodhija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="അയോദ്ധ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയോദ്ധ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="აიოდჰია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აიოდჰია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya_(stad)" title="Ayodhya (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ayodhya (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोद्धा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अयोद्धा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="アヨーディヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヨーディヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅଯୋଧ୍ୟା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଯୋଧ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਯੋਧਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਯੋਧਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایودھیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایودھیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai%C3%B3dia" title="Aiódia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aiódia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Айодхья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Айодхья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अयोध्या – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अयोध्या" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱭᱳᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱳᱫᱷᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajodhja" title="Ajodhja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ajodhja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%8C%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ايوڌيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايوڌيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="அயோத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயோத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF" title="అయోధ్య – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయోధ్య" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="อโยธยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อโยธยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%27%D1%8F" title="Айодг'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Айодг'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ایودھیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایودھیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ayodhya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%A6%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="阿约提亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿约提亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%A6%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9A" title="阿约提亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿约提亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186040#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ayodhya" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ayodhya" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ayodhya" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&oldid=1275009190" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ayodhya&id=1275009190&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAyodhya"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAyodhya"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ayodhya&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ayodhya" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ayodhya" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q186040" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ayodhya&params=26_47_57_N_82_12_16_E_type:city(55890)_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°47′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°12′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.79917°N 82.20444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.79917; 82.20444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Uttar Pradesh, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ayodhya Dham" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ayodhya (disambiguation)">Ayodhya (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the legendary city mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts, see <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya (Ramayana)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Uttar Pradesh, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ayodhya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style=";height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/278px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/417px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg/556px-Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div style=";height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarayu_River_night_view,_Ayodhya_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/149px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/224px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg/298px-Sarayu_River_night_view%2C_Ayodhya_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ram_ki_Paidi" title="Ram ki Paidi">Ram ki Paidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghat</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style=";height:83px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijayraghav_Mandir,_Ayodhya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/125px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/188px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/250px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div>Vijayraghav Mandir</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style=";height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Garhi_Temple,_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/117px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/176px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/234px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6464" data-file-height="3928" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple" title="Hanuman Garhi Temple">Hanuman Garhi Temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div style=";height:70px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanak_Bhawan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kanak_Bhawan.jpg/157px-Kanak_Bhawan.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kanak_Bhawan.jpg/236px-Kanak_Bhawan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kanak_Bhawan.jpg/314px-Kanak_Bhawan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Bhawan" title="Kanak Bhawan">Kanak Bhawan</a> Temple</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Ram Nagri</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i>The Temple Town</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayodhya is located in Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Ayodhya is located in Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg/250px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg/375px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg/500px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.236%;left:67.59%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ayodhya"><img alt="Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ayodhya</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Uttar Pradesh</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayodhya is located in India"><img alt="Ayodhya is located in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/250px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/375px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/500px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.926%;left:47.514%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ayodhya"><img alt="Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Ayodhya</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ayodhya&params=26_47_57_N_82_12_16_E_type:city(55890)_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°47′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°12′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.79917°N 82.20444°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.79917; 82.20444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states and union territories of India">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Division</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_district" title="Ayodhya district">Ayodhya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Municipal_Corporation" title="Ayodhya Municipal Corporation">Ayodhya Municipal Corporation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Girish Pati Tripathi<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha MP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awadhesh_Prasad" title="Awadhesh Prasad">Awadhesh Prasad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">SP</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">MLA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Gupta" title="Ved Prakash Gupta">Ved Prakash Gupta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120.8 km<sup>2</sup> (46.6 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">93 m (305 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulationde_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulationde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">460/km<sup>2</sup> (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ayodhyawasi, Awadhwasi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a><sup id="cite_ref-nclmnicin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nclmnicin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Additional official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a><sup id="cite_ref-nclmnicin_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nclmnicin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_Index_Number" title="Postal Index Number">PIN(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">224001, 224123, 224133, 224135</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_India" title="Telephone numbers in India">+91-5278</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UP-42</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/">ayodhya<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Ayodhya</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindustani:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hns-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[əˈjoːdʱjaː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/41\/Ayodhya.ogg\/Ayodhya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ayodhya.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/Ayodhya.ogg/Ayodhya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya.ogg" title="File:Ayodhya.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ayodhyā</i></span>) is a city situated on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Saryu river</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. It is the administrative headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_district" title="Ayodhya district">Ayodhya district</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-district_ayodhya_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-district_ayodhya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayodhya became the top <a href="/wiki/Tourist_destination" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist destination">tourist destination</a> of Uttar Pradesh with 110 million visitors in the first half of 2024, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayodhya was historically known as <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81keta" title="Sāketa">Saketa</a> until renamed Ayodhya, by <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a> namely, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajitanatha" title="Ajitanatha">Ajitanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhinandananatha" title="Abhinandananatha">Abhinandananatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatinatha" title="Sumatinatha">Sumatinatha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anantanatha" title="Anantanatha">Anantanatha</a>, and associate it with the legendary <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravarti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravarti">Bharata Chakravarti</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">legendary city of Ayodhya</a>, popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is identified in the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_the_Ramayana" title="Versions of the Ramayana">its many versions</a> as the birthplace of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> and is hence regarded as the first of the <a href="/wiki/Sapta_Puri" title="Sapta Puri">seven most important pilgrimage sites</a> for Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-district_ayodhya_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-district_ayodhya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a> was centred on the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri mosque</a>, built 1528–29 under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and said to have been built on top of a Hindu temple that stood at the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">birth spot of Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 a Hindu mob <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolished the mosque</a>, provoking riots throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/2019_Supreme_Court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_dispute" title="2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute">final verdict</a> that the land belonged to the government based on tax records;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It further ordered the land to be handed over to <a href="/wiki/Shri_Ram_Janmabhoomi_Teerth_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Teerth Kshetra">a trust</a> to build the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a>; which was <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_the_Ram_Mandir" title="Consecration of the Ram Mandir">consecrated in January 2024</a>. It also ordered the government to give an alternate five acre tract of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Mosque,_Dhannipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur">mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_names">Etymology and names</h2></div> <p>The word "Ayodhya" is a regularly formed derivation of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> verb <i>yudh</i>, "to fight, or wage war".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yodhya</i> is the future passive participle, meaning "to be fought"; the initial <i>a</i> is the negative prefix; the whole, therefore, means "not to be fought" or, more idiomatically in English, "invincible".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This meaning is attested by the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i>, which uses it to refer to the unconquerable city of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982103_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ninth century <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Adi_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Purana">Adi Purana</a></i> also states that Ayodhya "does not exist by name alone but by the merit" of being unconquerable by enemies. <i>Satyopakhyana</i> interprets the word differently, stating that it means "that which cannot be conquered by sins" (instead of enemies).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20164_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20164-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Saketa" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya199722_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya199722-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vaman_Shivram_Apte" title="Vaman Shivram Apte">Vaman Shivram Apte</a>, the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words <i>Saha</i> (with) and <i>Aketen</i> (houses or buildings). The <i>Adi Purana</i> states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Hans T. Bakker</a>, the word may be derived from the roots <i>sa</i> and <i>ketu</i> ("with banner"); the variant name <i>saketu</i> is attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh State</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kosala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala Kingdom">Kosala kingdom</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The <i>Adi Purana</i> states that Ayodhya is famous as <i>su-kośala</i> "because of its prosperity and good skill".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a> (Thailand), and <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a> (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg/220px-Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg/330px-Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg/440px-Ayodhya-jain-teracotta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta image of Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankar">Tirthankar</a> dated fourth century BCE excavated from Ayodhya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg/220px-Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg/330px-Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg/440px-Ayodhya_Nagri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3624" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Gold carving depiction of the legendary Ayodhya at the <a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Jain_temple" title="Ajmer Jain temple">Ajmer Jain temple</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)#Historicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">Ayodhya (legendary city) § Historicity</a></div> <p>Ancient Indian <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>-language epics, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> mention a <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">legendary city called Ayodhya</a>, which was the capital of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku</a> kings of Kosala, including Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither these texts, nor the earlier Sanskrit texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, mention a city called Saketa. Non-religious, non-legendary ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Panini's <i>Ashtadhyayi</i> and Patanjali's commentary on it, do mention Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Buddhist text <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavastu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavastu">Mahavastu</a></i> describes Saketa as the seat of the Ikshvaku king Sujata, whose descendants established the <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> capital <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pali_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali canon">Pali-language texts</a> and the Jain Prakrit-language texts mention a city called Saketa (Sageya or Saeya in Prakrit) as an important city of the <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">mahajanapada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845–6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845–6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topographical indications in both Buddhist and Jain texts suggest that Saketa is the same as the present-day Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaya Pitaka">Vinaya Pitaka</a></i>, Saketa was located at a distance of six <i><a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">yojana</a></i>s from <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a>. The <i>Vinaya Pitaka</i> mentions that a big river was located between the two cities, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a></i> mentions Saketa as the first halting place on the southward road from Shravasti to <a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fourth century onwards, multiple texts, including Kalidasa's <i><a href="/wiki/Raghuvamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghuvamsha">Raghuvamsha</a></i>, mention Ayodhya as another name for Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846–7_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846–7-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Jain canonical text <i>Jambudvipa-Pannati</i> describes a city called Viniya (or Vinita) as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rishabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabha">Lord Rishabhanatha</a>, and associates this city with <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Chakravartin">Bharata Chakravartin</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa Sutra">Kalpa-Sutra</a></i> describes Ikkhagabhumi as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhadev</a>. The index on the Jain text <i>Paumachariya</i> clarifies that Aojjha (Aodhya), Kosala-puri ("Kosala city"), Viniya, and Saeya (Saketa) are synonyms. The post-Canonical Jain texts also mention "Aojjha"; for example, the <i>Avassagacurni</i> describes it as the principal city of Kosala, while the <i>Avassaganijjutti</i> names it as the capital of <a href="/wiki/King_Sagara" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sagara">Sagara Chakravartin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Avassaganijjutti</i> implies that Viniya ("Vinia"), Kosalapuri ("Kosalapura"), and Ikkhagabhumi were distinct cities, naming them as the capitals of Abhinamdana, Sumai, and Usabha respectively. Abhayadeva's commentary on the <i>Thana Sutta</i>, another post-canonical text, identifies Saketa, Ayodhya, and Vinita as one city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one theory, the legendary Ayodhya city is the same as the historical city of Saketa and the present-day Ayodhya. According to another theory, the legendary Ayodhya is a mythical city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArya199044_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArya199044-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the name "Ayodhya" came to be used for the Saketa (present-day Ayodhya) only around the fourth century, when a <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> emperor (probably <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a>) moved his capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119843_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119843-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Saketa">As Saketa</h3></div> <p>Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that the site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the fifth or sixth-century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is identified as the location of the ancient <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81keta" title="Sāketa">Saketa city</a>, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a> north–south road, and the <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a>-<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>-Shravasti-<a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> east–west road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Buddhist texts, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikaya</a></i>, state that Saketa was located in the <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> kingdom ruled by <a href="/wiki/Prasenajit" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasenajit">Prasenajit</a> (or Pasenadi; c. sixth–5th century BC), whose capital was located at Shravasti.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845,_13_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845,_13-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Buddhist commentary <i>Dhammapada-<a href="/wiki/Atthakatha" title="Atthakatha">atthakatha</a></i> states that the Saketa town was established by merchant Dhananjaya (the father of <a href="/wiki/Visakha" title="Visakha">Visakha</a>), on the suggestion of king Prasenajit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikaya</a></i> describes it as one of the six large cities of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Buddhist canonical texts mention <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a> as the capital of Kosala, but the later texts, such as the Jain texts <i>Nayadhammakahao</i> and <i>Pannavana Suttam</i>, and the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Jataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka">Jatakas</a>, mention Saketa as the capital of Kosala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842,5–6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842,5–6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a busy town frequented by travellers, it appears to have become important for preachers such as <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Samyutta Nikaya</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a></i> mention that Buddha resided at Saketa at times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Jain canonical texts (such as <i>Antagada-dasao</i>, <i>Anuttarovavaiya-dasao</i>, and <i>Vivagasuya</i>) state that Mahavira visited Saketa; <i>Nayadhammakahao</i> states that <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> also visited Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jain texts, both canonical and post-canonical, describe Ayodhya as the location of various shrines, such as those of snake, <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a> Pasamiya, Muni Suvratasvamin, and Surappia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear what happened to Saketa after Kosala was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ajatashatru" title="Ajatashatru">Ajatashatru</a> around fifth century BC. There is lack of historical sources about the city's situation for the next few centuries: it is possible that the city remained a commercial centre of secondary importance, but did not grow into a political centre of Magadha, whose capital was located at <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Buddhist buildings may have been constructed in the town during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the third century BC: these buildings were probably located on the present-day human-made mounds in Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414–18_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414–18-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations at Ayodhya have resulted in the discovery of a large brick wall, identified as a fortification wall by archaeologist <a href="/wiki/B._B._Lal_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Lal (archaeologist)">B. B. Lal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wall probably erected in the last quarter of the third-century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198419–20_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198419–20-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg/220px-Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg/330px-Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg/440px-Dhanadeva_Ayodhya_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dhanadeva-Ayodhya_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription">Dhanadeva-Ayodhya inscription</a>, first-century BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg/220px-Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg/330px-Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg/440px-Muladeva_coin_Kosala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Coin of ruler Muladeva, of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty_(Saketa)" title="Deva dynasty (Saketa)">Deva dynasty</a> minted in Ayodhya, Kosala. Obv: <i>Muladevasa</i>, elephant to left facing symbol. Rev: Wreath, above symbol, below snake.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the decline of the Maurya empire, Saketa appears to have come under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a>. The first century BC <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Inscription_of_Dhana" title="Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana">inscription of Dhanadeva</a> suggests that he appointed a governor there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Yuga_Purana" title="Yuga Purana">Yuga Purana</a></i> mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of <a href="/wiki/Yavanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavanas">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathuras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418–19_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418–19-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali's commentary on Panini also refers to the Greek siege of Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847,19_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847,19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Saketa appears to have become part of a small, independent kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Yuga Purana</i> states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Vayu Purana</i> and the <i>Brahmanda Purana</i> also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. The historicity of these kings is attested by the discovery of the coins of the <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty_(Saketa)" title="Deva dynasty (Saketa)">Deva dynasty</a> kings, including Dhanadeva, whose inscription describes him as the king of Kosala (<i>Kosaladhipati</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198421_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198421-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the capital of Kosala, Saketa probably eclipsed Shravasti in importance during this period. The east–west route connecting Pataliputra to <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, which earlier passed through Saketa and Shravasti, appears to have shifted southwards during this period, now passing through Saketa, <a href="/wiki/Ahichhatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahichhatra">Ahichhatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakubja">Kanyakubja</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198422_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198422-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Deva kings, Saketa appears to have been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Datta_dynasty" title="Datta dynasty">Datta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a>, and Mitra kings, although the chronological order of their rule is uncertain. Bakker theorises that the <a href="/wiki/Datta_dynasty" title="Datta dynasty">Dattas</a> succeeded the Deva kings in the mid-1st century AD, and their kingdom was annexed to the Kushan Empire by <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tibetan text <i>Annals of Li Country</i> (c. 11th century) mentions that an alliance of king Vijayakirti of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, king Kanika, the king of Gu-zan, and the king of Li, marched to India and captured the So-ked city. During this invasion, Vijayakirti took several Buddhist relics from Saketa, and placed them in the stupa of Phru-no. If Kanika is identified as Kanishka, and So-ked as Saketa, it appears that the invasion of Kushans and their allies led to the destruction of the Buddhist sites at Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Saketa appears to have remained a prosperous town during the Kushan rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second century geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mentions a metropolis "Sageda" or "Sagoda", which has been identified with Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest inscription that mentions Saketa as a place name is dated to the late Kushan period: it was found on the pedestal of a Buddha image in Shravasti, and records the gift of the image by Sihadeva of Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before or after the Kushans, Saketa appears to have been ruled by a dynasty of kings whose names end in "-mitra", and whose coins have been found at Ayodhya. They may have been members of a local dynasty that was distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra dynasty</a> of Mathura. These kings are attested only by their coinage: Sangha-mitra, Vijaya-mitra, Satya-mitra, Deva-mitra, and Arya-mitra; coins of Kumuda-sena and Aja-varman have also been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198423_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198423-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta_period">Gupta period</h3></div> <p>Around the fourth century, the region came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>, who revived <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i> attest that the early Gupta kings ruled Saketa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Gupta-era archaeological layers have been discovered in present-day Ayodhya, although a large number of Gupta coins have been discovered here. It is possible that during the Gupta period, the habitations in the city were located in the areas that have not yet been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198427_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198427-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist sites that had suffered destruction during the Khotanese-Kushan invasion appear to have remained deserted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425–26_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425–26-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifth-century Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> states that the ruins of Buddhist buildings existed at "Sha-chi" during his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198417_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198417-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theory identifies Sha-chi with Saketa, although this identification is not undisputed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Sha-chi is indeed Saketa, it appears that by the fifth century, the town no longer had a flourshing Buddhist community or any important Buddhist building that was still in use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important development during the Gupta time was the recognition of Saketa as the <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">legendary city of Ayodhya</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 436 AD Karamdanda (Karmdand) inscription, issued during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kumaragupta_I" title="Kumaragupta I">Kumaragupta I</a>, names Ayodhya as the capital of the Kosala province, and records commander Prithvisena's offerings to Brahmins from Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198428_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198428-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> was moved from Pataliputra to Ayodhya. <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Paramartha</a> states that king Vikramaditya moved the royal court to Ayodhya; Xuanzang also corroborates this, stating that this king moved the court to the "country of Shravasti", that is, Kosala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Robert Montgomery Martin</a> in 1838,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions that the city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant <a href="/wiki/Brihadbala" title="Brihadbala">Brihadbala</a>. The city remain deserted until King Vikrama of <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> came searching for it, and re-established it. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vikramditya was a title of multiple Gupta kings, and the king who moved the capital to Ayodhya is identified as Skandagupta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bakker theorises that the move to Ayodhya may have been prompted by a flooding of the river Ganges at Pataliputra, the need to check the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna</a> advance from the west, and Skandagupta's desire to compare himself with Rama (whose Ikshvaku dynasty is associated with the legendary Ayodhya).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paramaratha's <i>Life of Vasubandhu</i>, Vikramaditya was a patron of scholars, and awarded 300,000 pieces of gold to <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text states that Vasubandhu was a native of Saketa ("Sha-ki-ta"), and describes Vikramaditya as the king of Ayodhya ("A-yu-ja").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119848_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119848-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wealth was used to build three monasteries in the country of A-yu-ja (Ayodhya).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramartha further states that the later king Baladitya (identified with <a href="/wiki/Narasimhagupta" title="Narasimhagupta">Narasimhagupta</a>) and his mother also awarded large sums of gold to Vasubandhu, and these funds were used to build another Buddhist temple at Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These structures may have been seen by the seventh century Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, who describes a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> at Ayodhya ("O-yu-t-o").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418,_31_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418,_31-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_as_a_political_centre">Decline as a political centre</h3></div> <p>Ayodhya probably suffered when the Hunas led by <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> invaded the Gupta empire in the sixth century. After the fall of the Guptas, it may have been ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> dynasty, whose coins have been found in the nearby areas. It was not devastated, as Xuanzang describes it as a flourishing town and a Buddhist centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432–33_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432–33-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it had lost its position as an important political centre to <a href="/wiki/Kanyakubja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanyakubja">Kanyakubja</a> (Kannauj).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433–34_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433–34-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of Xuanzang's visit, it was a part of <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a>'s empire, and was probably the seat of a vassal or an administrative officer. Xuanzang states that the city measured about 0.6 km (20 <a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a>) in circumference. Another seventh-century source, <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81%C5%9Bik%C4%81v%E1%B9%9Btt%C4%AB" title="Kāśikāvṛttī">Kāśikāvṛttī</a></i>, mentions that the town was surrounded by a moat similar to that around <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of Harsha's empire, Ayodhya appears to have been variously controlled by local kings and the rulers of Kannauj, including <a href="/wiki/Yashovarman" title="Yashovarman">Yashovarman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratiharas</a>. The town is not mentioned in any surviving texts or inscriptions composed during 650–1050 AD, although it may be identified with the "city of <a href="/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a>" mentioned in the eighth-century poem <i><a href="/wiki/Gaudavaho" title="Gaudavaho">Gaudavaho</a></i>. Archaeological evidence (including images to <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, the seven <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a>, and a Buddhist stupa) suggests that the religious activity in the area continued during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198434_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198434-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_period">Early medieval period</h3></div> <p>According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Hans T. Bakker</a>, the only religious significance of Ayodhya in the first millennium AD was related to the <i>Gopratara</i> <a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">tirtha</a> (now called Guptar Ghat), where Rama and his followers are said to have ascended to heaven by entering the waters of Sarayu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982105_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982105-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paramasivan-2009_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paramasivan-2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited201612_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited201612-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gahadavala">Gahadavala</a> dynasty came to power in the region, and promoted <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>. They built several <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> temples in Ayodhya, five of which survived till the end of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s reign. Hans Bakker concludes that there might have been a temple at the supposed birth spot of Rama built by the Gahadavalas (see <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Hari_inscription" title="Vishnu Hari inscription">Vishnu Hari inscription</a>). In subsequent years, the cult of Rama developed within Vaishnavism, with Rama being regarded as the foremost avatar of Vishnu. Between the 13th and 18th century, Ayodhya's importance as a pilgrimage centre grew.<sup id="cite_ref-paramasivan-2009_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paramasivan-2009-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1226 AD, Ayodhya became the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> (or "Oudh") within the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi sultanate">Delhi sultanate</a>. Muslim historians state that the area was little more than wilderness prior to this. Pilgrimage was tolerated, but the tax on pilgrims ensured that the temples did not receive much income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_period">Mughal period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara,_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg/220px-Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg/330px-Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg/440px-Ayodhya_seen_from_the_river_Ghaghara%2C_Uttar_Pradesh._Coloure_Wellcome_V0050436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3271" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption>Ayodhya in 1785 as seen from river <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Ghaghara</a>; painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Hodges" title="William Hodges">William Hodges</a>. It depicts the Svargadvar Ghat. A mosque of Aurangzeb period in the background.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> rule, the <a href="/wiki/Babri_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Babri mosque">Babri mosque</a> was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> (mispronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Provinces_1903.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/220px-United_Provinces_1903.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/330px-United_Provinces_1903.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/United_Provinces_1903.gif/440px-United_Provinces_1903.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_period">British period</h3></div> <p>In the 1850s, a group of Hindus attacked the Babri mosque, on the grounds that it was built over <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">the birthplace</a> of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent further disputes, the British administrators divided the mosque premises between Hindus and Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ayodhya was annexed in 1856 by the British rulers. The rulers of Awadh were <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> groups had already protested against the permissive attitude of the former government. The British intervened and crushed the Sunni resistance. In 1857, the British annexed Oudh (Awadh) and subsequently reorganised it into the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_India">Independent India</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Ayodhya" title="Archaeology of Ayodhya">Archaeology of Ayodhya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Hari_inscription" title="Vishnu Hari inscription">Vishnu Hari inscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_firing_incident" title="Ayodhya firing incident">Ayodhya firing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Ram_Janmabhoomi_attack" title="2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack">2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Supreme_Court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_dispute" title="2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute">2019 Supreme Court verdict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdullah_Masjid" title="Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid">Muhammad bin Abdullah Masjid</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em;"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberhan_Commission" title="Liberhan Commission">Liberhan Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmohi_Akhara" title="Nirmohi Akhara">Nirmohi Akhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Sunni_Central_Waqf_Board" title="Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board">Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ayodhya_debate" title="Template:Ayodhya debate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ayodhya_debate" title="Template talk:Ayodhya debate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ayodhya_debate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ayodhya debate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_dispute" title="Ayodhya dispute">Ayodhya dispute</a></div> <p>A movement was launched in 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> rally turned into a riot, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolition of the Babri mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A makeshift temple at <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Ram_Lalla_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Lalla Temple">Ram Lalla</a></i>, infant Rama was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 July 2005, <a href="/wiki/2005_Ram_Janmabhoomi_attack" title="2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack">five terrorists</a> attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall. </p><p>On 30 September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> bench of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Sunni_Central_Waqf_Board" title="Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board">Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board</a>, one-third to the <a href="/wiki/Nirmohi_Akhara" title="Nirmohi Akhara">Nirmohi Akhara</a> and one-third to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judgement, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of 2.0 hectares (5 acres) in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some South Koreans have identified the "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient <a href="/wiki/Samgungnyusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samgungnyusa">Samgungnyusa</a> legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess <a href="/wiki/Heo_Hwang-ok" title="Heo Hwang-ok">Heo Hwang-ok</a> came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ram_temple">Ram temple</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a></div> <p>On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a 200-hectare (500-acre) site next to the <a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a> highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ram Mandir (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Rama Temple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> complex in Ayodhya, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-the_new_york_times-2024_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_new_york_times-2024-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news-2024_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news-2024-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> believe that it is located at the site of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">Ram Janmabhoomi</a>, the mythical birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, a principal <a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">deity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters-2024_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-2024-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was inaugurated<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news-2024_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news-2024-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 22 January 2024 after a <a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir_Prana_Pratishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mandir Prana Pratishtha">prana pratishtha</a> (consecration) ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-the_new_york_times-2024_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_new_york_times-2024-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reuters-2024_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-2024-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 9946.8488377695px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5683.5186676955px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3788.5237201652px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2742.8358862406px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 220.73544746206px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (93.23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (6.19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.14%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Others^ (0.16%)</div> <p style="margin-bottom:0">^ includes <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and other religion</p> </div> </div></div> <p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> As of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a>, Ayodhya had a population of 55,890. Males constituted 56.7% of the population and females 43.3%. Ayodhya had an average literacy rate of 78.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-citypopulationde_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypopulationde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the religion data of <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census</a>, the majority population is of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> religion with 93.23%, and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> comes the second with 6.19%.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg/220px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg/330px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg/440px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deepawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepawali">Deepawali</a> being celebrated at <a href="/wiki/Ram_ki_Paidi" title="Ram ki Paidi">Ram ki Paidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghat</a> on the banks of <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Saryu river</a> in Ayodhya</figcaption></figure><p>Ayodhya has a humid subtropical climate, typical of central India. Summers are long, dry and hot, lasting from late March to mid-June, with average daily temperatures near 32 °C (90 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-nagarnigamayodhyain_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagarnigamayodhyain-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till October, with annual precipitation of approximately 1,067 mm (42.0 in) and average temperatures around 28 °C (82 °F). Winter starts in early November and lasts till the end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near 16 °C (61 °F), but nights can be colder.<sup id="cite_ref-nagarnigamayodhyain_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagarnigamayodhyain-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Gokarna </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(81) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40<br />(104) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43<br />(109) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41<br />(106) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(95) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(95) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(93) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(91) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(79) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34<br />(92) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(79) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(81) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26<br />(79) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(75) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20<br />(68) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">23<br />(74) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">113<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">438<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #000030; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">316<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #0000AC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">219<br />(8.6) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #6565FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,211<br />(47.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://weatherandclimate.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya">https://weatherandclimate.com/india/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg/789px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="789" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg/1184px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg/1578px-Ayodhya_Diwali_2021_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of <a href="/wiki/Ram_ki_Paidi" title="Ram ki Paidi">Ram ki Paidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghat</a></figcaption></figure><p>Ayodhya is an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. A verse in the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i> names Ayodhya among "the most sacred and foremost cities", the others being <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Avantika</a>. This verse is also found in the other <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> with slight variations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a>, Ayodhya is said to be one of seven holiest places for <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in India, with <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> being the most sacrosanct.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, a <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> celebration in Ayodhya, broke the Guinness World Record of its previous world record of 1,576,944 for the largest display of <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil lamps">oil lamp</a> with 2,223,676 displayed on the eve of Diwali.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ram_Mandir">Ram Mandir</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir,_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg/282px-Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg/423px-Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg/564px-Ram_Janmbhoomi_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya_Dham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a> in Ayodhya is believed to be the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mandir" title="Ram Mandir">Ram Mandir</a>, also known as the Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir, is a Hindu temple complex under construction in Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is significant to Hindus as it is believed to be the birthplace of their revered deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Balak_Ram" class="mw-redirect" title="Balak Ram">Balak Ram</a> or <i>the Infant form of Rama</i> is the presiding deity of the temple <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_the_Ram_Mandir" title="Consecration of the Ram Mandir">consecrated on 22 January 2024</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanuman_Garhi_Fort">Hanuman Garhi Fort</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Garhi_Temple,_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/259px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/389px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg/518px-Hanuman_Garhi_Temple%2C_a_major_religious_site_in_Ayodhya_utter_pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6464" data-file-height="3928" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman Garhi Temple</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple" title="Hanuman Garhi Temple">Hanuman Garhi</a>, a massive four-sided fort with circular bastions at each corner and a temple of Hanuman inside, is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya. Situated in the centre of town, it is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Its legend is that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi, or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe wishes are granted with a visit to the shrine. <a href="/wiki/Kanak_Bhawan" title="Kanak Bhawan">Kanak Bhawan</a> is a temple said to have been given to <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and Rama by Rama's stepmother <a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a> as a wedding gift, and only contains statues of Sita with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramkot">Ramkot</h3></div> <p>Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on "<a href="/wiki/Ram_Navami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Navami">Ram Navami</a>", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a>, which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> Yajnya of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by <a href="/wiki/Ahilyabai_Holkar" title="Ahilyabai Holkar">Ahilyabai Holkar</a> of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nageshwarnath_Temple">Nageshwarnath Temple</h3></div> <p>The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by <a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kush</a>, son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Sarayu</a>, and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya" title="Vikramaditya">Vikramaditya</a>. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of <a href="/wiki/Shivratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivratri">Shivratri</a> is celebrated here with great splendor.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_places_of_interest">Other places of interest</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kund" title="Brahma Kund">Brahma Kund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_ki_Paidi" title="Ram ki Paidi">Ram ki Paidi</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata,_Kanak_Bhavan,_Ayodhya,_Faizabad,_U.P.,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanak Bhawan Temple dedicated to Rama and his consort Sita is in the centre of Ayodhya."><img alt="Kanak Bhawan Temple dedicated to Rama and his consort Sita is in the centre of Ayodhya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG/120px-Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG/180px-Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG/240px-Idols_of_Prabhu_Shri_Rama_and_Sita_Mata%2C_Kanak_Bhavan%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_U.P.%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanak_Bhawan" title="Kanak Bhawan">Kanak Bhawan</a> Temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and his consort <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> is in the centre of Ayodhya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayodhya Ghaat on the bank Ghaghara river"><img alt="Ayodhya Ghaat on the bank Ghaghara river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ayodhya_city.jpg/120px-Ayodhya_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ayodhya_city.jpg/180px-Ayodhya_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Ayodhya_city.jpg/240px-Ayodhya_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ayodhya Ghaat on the bank <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Ghaghara</a> river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saryu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu, at Ayodhya"><img alt="Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu, at Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saryu.JPG/120px-Saryu.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saryu.JPG/180px-Saryu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Saryu.JPG/240px-Saryu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ghaghra river, locally known as Saryu, at Ayodhya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Garih_Temple,_Ayodhya,_Faizabad_(U.P.),_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanuman Garhi temple. A young priest is operating the Darshan system."><img alt="Hanuman Garhi temple. A young priest is operating the Darshan system." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG/120px-Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG/180px-Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG/240px-Hanuman_Garih_Temple%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad_%28U.P.%29%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanuman Garhi temple. A young priest is operating the Darshan system.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vijayraghav_Mandir,_Ayodhya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya"><img alt="Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/120px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/180px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/240px-Vijayraghav_Mandir%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vijayraghav Mandir, Ayodhya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saryu_River_Bank,_Ayodhya,_Faizabad,_(U.P.),_India..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Steps on the bank of the Ghaghara"><img alt="Steps on the bank of the Ghaghara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG/120px-Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG/180px-Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG/240px-Saryu_River_Bank%2C_Ayodhya%2C_Faizabad%2C_%28U.P.%29%2C_India..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steps on the bank of the Ghaghara</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok">Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok</h3></div> <p>The legendary princess <a href="/wiki/Heo_Hwang-ok" title="Heo Hwang-ok">Heo Hwang-ok</a>, who married king <a href="/wiki/Suro_of_Geumgwan_Gaya" title="Suro of Geumgwan Gaya">Suro of Geumgwan Gaya</a> of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, a <a href="/wiki/Memorial_of_Heo_Hwang-ok,_Ayodhya" title="Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya">Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok</a> was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister <a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Yadav" title="Akhilesh Yadav">Akhilesh Yadav</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station,_Ayodhya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/220px-Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/330px-Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg/440px-Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station%2C_Ayodhya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station" title="Ayodhya Junction railway station">Ayodhya Junction railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae">Gimhae</a>, South Korea <ul><li>The mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen <a href="/wiki/Heo_Hwang-ok" title="Heo Hwang-ok">Heo Hwang-ok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpur</a>, Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayodhya is the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3></div> <p>Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> (130 km (81 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a> (140 km (87 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> (160 km (99 mi)), <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (200 km (120 mi)) and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (636 km (395 mi)).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and <a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpur</a> (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3></div> <p>The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Pandit Din Dayal Upadhyay Junction and Lucknow main route with <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Junction_railway_station" title="Ayodhya Junction railway station">Ayodhya Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Cantt_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya Cantt railway station">Ayodhya Cantt</a> railway stations. </p><p>Ramayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flight">Flight</h3></div> <p>The nearest airports are <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Valmiki_International_Airport_Ayodhya_Dham" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi Valmiki International Airport Ayodhya Dham">Maharishi Valmiki International Airport, Ayodhyadham</a>, 5 km (3.1 mi) away, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh_International_Airport" title="Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport">Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport</a> in Lucknow, 134 km (83 mi) away, and <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_Airport" title="Prayagraj Airport">Prayagraj Airport</a>, 166 km (103 mi) away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandigram" title="Nandigram">Nandigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Assembly_constituency" title="Ayodhya Assembly constituency">Ayodhya Assembly constituency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFराय2024" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">राय, विवेक (7 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/ayodhya-deepotsav-ram-nagri-illuminated-with-light-of-25-lakh-lamps-ann-2798878">"अयोध्या में दीपोत्सव तैयारियां हुई शुरू, 25 लाख दीपों से जगमग होगी राम नगरी"</a>. <i>ABP News</i> (in Hindi)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABP+News&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%2C+25+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft.aulast=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF&rft.aufirst=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abplive.com%2Fstates%2Fup-uk%2Fayodhya-deepotsav-ram-nagri-illuminated-with-light-of-25-lakh-lamps-ann-2798878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176">"Ayodhya decked up for 'Vikas Deepotsav'; over 9 lakh earthen lamps to illuminate temple town"</a>. November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103105420/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/ayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayodhya+decked+up+for+%27Vikas+Deepotsav%27%3B+over+9+lakh+earthen+lamps+to+illuminate+temple+town&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatvnews.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fayodhya-vikas-deepotsav-earthen-lamps-diwali-ram-mandir-shree-ram-janmabhoomi-743176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/frenzied-spiral-grips-ayodhya-temple-town-turns-festive-burlesque-ahead-of-ram-temple-consecretion/cid/1995201">"Frenzied spiral grips Ayodhya, temple town turns festive burlesque ahead of Ram Mandir consecration"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 21 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121013351/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/frenzied-spiral-grips-ayodhya-temple-town-turns-festive-burlesque-ahead-of-ram-temple-consecretion/cid/1995201">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Frenzied+spiral+grips+Ayodhya%2C+temple+town+turns+festive+burlesque+ahead+of+Ram+Mandir+consecration&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2Ffrenzied-spiral-grips-ayodhya-temple-town-turns-festive-burlesque-ahead-of-ram-temple-consecretion%2Fcid%2F1995201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/the-voices-of-ayodhya-watch-ndtv-special-episode-from-temple-town-755073">"The Voices Of Ayodhya – Watch NDTV Special Episode From Temple Town"</a>. <i>NDTV</i>. 20 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122002546/https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/ndtv-special-ndtv-24x7/the-voices-of-ayodhya-watch-ndtv-special-episode-from-temple-town-755073">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=The+Voices+Of+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Watch+NDTV+Special+Episode+From+Temple+Town&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fvideo%2Fnews%2Fndtv-special-ndtv-24x7%2Fthe-voices-of-ayodhya-watch-ndtv-special-episode-from-temple-town-755073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html">"Meet Ayodhya's new mayor: A former UPSC aspirant and Mahant of a city mandir"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 13 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520110850/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+Ayodhya%27s+new+mayor%3A+A+former+UPSC+aspirant+and+Mahant+of+a+city+mandir&rft.date=2023-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Flucknow-news%2Fayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhya-kanpur-gorakhpur-and-gonda-seats-in-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-101717465470862.html">"Ayodhya, Kanpur, Gorakhpur and Gonda seats results LIVE updates: SP leads in Ayodhya as BJP's Lallu Singh falls behind"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 4 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Ayodhya%2C+Kanpur%2C+Gorakhpur+and+Gonda+seats+results+LIVE+updates%3A+SP+leads+in+Ayodhya+as+BJP%27s+Lallu+Singh+falls+behind&rft.date=2024-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fayodhya-kanpur-gorakhpur-and-gonda-seats-in-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-101717465470862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypopulationde-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulationde_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypopulationde_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0944705000">"AYODHYA in Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh)"</a>. .citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812042007/http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0944705000">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AYODHYA+in+Faizabad+%28Uttar+Pradesh%29&rft.pub=.citypopulation.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fphp%2Findia-uttarpradesh.php%3Fcityid%3D0944705000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nclmnicin-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nclmnicin_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nclmnicin_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. p. 49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=52nd+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.pages=49&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa">"Awadhi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606184310/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/awa">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Awadhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/uttar-pradesh-water-level-of-saryu-river-in-ayodhya-rises20240915150403/">"Uttar Pradesh: Water level of Saryu river in Ayodhya rises"</a>. <i>ANI News</i>. 15 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh%3A+Water+level+of+Saryu+river+in+Ayodhya+rises&rft.date=2024-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Futtar-pradesh-water-level-of-saryu-river-in-ayodhya-rises20240915150403%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/saryu-river-crosses-danger-mark-in-ayodhya/articleshow/111618933.cms">"Alert sounded as Saryu river crosses red mark in Ayodhya"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 10 July 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Alert+sounded+as+Saryu+river+crosses+red+mark+in+Ayodhya&rft.date=2024-07-10&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Flucknow%2Fsaryu-river-crosses-danger-mark-in-ayodhya%2Farticleshow%2F111618933.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-district_ayodhya-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-district_ayodhya_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-district_ayodhya_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/">"District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh | City Of Lord Rama | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh+%7C+City+Of+Lord+Rama+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayodhya.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/">"About District"</a>. <i>District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=District+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.atitle=About+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayodhya.nic.in%2Fabout-district%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhya-top-tourist-destination-in-u-p-with-11-crore-visitors-101726340702232.html">"Ayodhya top tourist destination in U.P. with 11 crore visitors"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 15 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+top+tourist+destination+in+U.P.+with+11+crore+visitors&rft.date=2024-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Flucknow-news%2Fayodhya-top-tourist-destination-in-u-p-with-11-crore-visitors-101726340702232.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/ayodhya-emerges-as-the-top-destination-in-uttar-pradesh-with-over-11-crore-visitors/articleshow/113388767.cms">"Ayodhya emerges as the top destination in Uttar Pradesh with over 11 crore visitors"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+emerges+as+the+top+destination+in+Uttar+Pradesh+with+over+11+crore+visitors&rft.date=2024-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-news%2Fayodhya-emerges-as-the-top-destination-in-uttar-pradesh-with-over-11-crore-visitors%2Farticleshow%2F113388767.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2003" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Vinay (2003). <i>The History of History: Politics and Scholarship in Modern India</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566465-2"><bdi>978-0-19-566465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+History%3A+Politics+and+Scholarship+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566465-2&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-holy-triangle-has-led-to-a-mega-surge-in-ups-tourist-footfall/articleshow/107006369.cms">"How holy triangle has led to a mega surge in UP's tourist footfall – Times of India"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 20 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121162619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-holy-triangle-has-led-to-a-mega-surge-in-ups-tourist-footfall/articleshow/107006369.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+holy+triangle+has+led+to+a+mega+surge+in+UP%27s+tourist+footfall+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fhow-holy-triangle-has-led-to-a-mega-surge-in-ups-tourist-footfall%2Farticleshow%2F107006369.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2017" class="citation cs2">Jain, Meenakshi (2017), <i>The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya</i>, Aryan Books International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-173-05579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-173-05579-9"><bdi>978-8-173-05579-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Rama+%E2%80%93+Case+of+the+Temple+at+Ayodhya&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-8-173-05579-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html">"Ayodhya verdict: No place for fear, negativity in 'New India', says PM"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>. 9 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109184525/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+verdict%3A+No+place+for+fear%2C+negativity+in+%27New+India%27%2C+says+PM&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-verdict-supreme-court-dismisses-shia-waqf-board-s-appeal-says-land-belongs-to-govt-1617279-2019-11-09">"Ayodhya verdict: Supreme Court dismisses Shia Waqf Board's appeal, says land belongs to govt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>. 9 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109105049/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-verdict-supreme-court-dismisses-shia-waqf-board-s-appeal-says-land-belongs-to-govt-1617279-2019-11-09">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+verdict%3A+Supreme+Court+dismisses+Shia+Waqf+Board%27s+appeal%2C+says+land+belongs+to+govt&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-verdict-supreme-court-dismisses-shia-waqf-board-s-appeal-says-land-belongs-to-govt-1617279-2019-11-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms">"Ram Mandir verdict: Supreme Court verdict on Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 9 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109143026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case/articleshow/71978918.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ram+Mandir+verdict%3A+Supreme+Court+verdict+on+Ram+Janmabhoomi-Babri+Masjid+case&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fayodhya-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-case-verdict-highlights-supreme-court-declared-verdict-on-ram-janmabhoomi-case%2Farticleshow%2F71978918.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/en/yudh?q=yudh">"yudh – KST (Online Sanskrit Dictionary)"</a>. <i>kosha.sanskrit.today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025128/https://kosha.sanskrit.today/word/en/yudh?q=yudh">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kosha.sanskrit.today&rft.atitle=yudh+%E2%80%93+KST+%28Online+Sanskrit+Dictionary%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosha.sanskrit.today%2Fword%2Fen%2Fyudh%3Fq%3Dyudh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20162_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016">Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982103-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982103_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982">Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage 1982</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20164-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20164_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016">Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya199722-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya199722_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya1997">Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya 1997</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited20165_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016">Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198412_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2018" class="citation news cs1">Subrahmanyam, K (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/">"Ayodhya & Ayutthaya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831071339/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+%26+Ayutthaya&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fthe-speaking-tree%2Fayodhya-ayutthaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorduyn1986" class="citation journal cs1">Noorduyn, Jacobus (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272">"The Etymology of the Name of Yogyakarta"</a>. <i>Archipel</i>. <b>31</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farch.1986.2272">10.3406/arch.1986.2272</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831065837/https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archipel&rft.atitle=The+Etymology+of+the+Name+of+Yogyakarta&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farch.1986.2272&rft.aulast=Noorduyn&rft.aufirst=Jacobus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Farch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845–6-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845–6_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846–7-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846–7_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119846_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArya199044-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArya199044_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArya1990">Arya 1990</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagwan_Singh_JoshBipan_ChandraHarbans_MukhiaK._N._Panikkar1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Singh_Josh" title="Bhagwan Singh Josh">Bhagwan Singh Josh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bipan_Chandra" title="Bipan Chandra">Bipan Chandra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harbans_Mukhia" title="Harbans Mukhia">Harbans Mukhia</a>; <a href="/wiki/K._N._Panikkar" title="K. N. Panikkar">K. N. Panikkar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Madhavan_K._Palat" title="Madhavan K. Palat">Madhavan K. Palat</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mridula_Mukherjee" title="Mridula Mukherjee">Mridula Mukherjee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Muzaffar Alam</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._Champakalakshmi" title="R. Champakalakshmi">R. Champakalakshmi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rajan_Gurukkal" title="Rajan Gurukkal">Rajan Gurukkal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a>; et al. (1990). "The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute". <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>18</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3517330">10.2307/3517330</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517330">3517330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Political+Abuse+of+History%3A+Babri+Masjid-Rama+Janmabhumi+Dispute&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3517330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3517330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Bhagwan+Singh+Josh&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft.au=Harbans+Mukhia&rft.au=K.+N.+Panikkar&rft.au=Madhavan+K.+Palat&rft.au=Mridula+Mukherjee&rft.au=Muzaffar+Alam&rft.au=R.+Champakalakshmi&rft.au=Rajan+Gurukkal&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft.au=Sarvepalli+Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119843-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119843_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198413_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845,_13-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119845,_13_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 5, 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842,5–6-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119842,5–6_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 2,5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414–18-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198414–18_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 14–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198419–20-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198419–20_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198420_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418–19-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418–19_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847,19-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119847,19_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 7,19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198421-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198421_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198422-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198422_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198424_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198423-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198423_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198426_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198427-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198427_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425–26-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198425–26_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198417-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198417_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._C._AggarwalN._K._Chowdhry1991" class="citation book cs1">J. C. Aggarwal; N. K. Chowdhry (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3JuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ram Janmabhoomi through the ages: Babri Masjid controversy</i></a>. S. Chand. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-2745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-2745-5"><bdi>978-0-8364-2745-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907214041/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3JuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ram+Janmabhoomi+through+the+ages%3A+Babri+Masjid+controversy&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-2745-5&rft.au=J.+C.+Aggarwal&rft.au=N.+K.+Chowdhry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3JuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198428-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198428_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198429_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198430_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198431_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119848-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_119848_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418,_31-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198418,_31_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 18, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432–33-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198432–33_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433–34-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433–34_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198433_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198434-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_1198434_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984">Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1 1984</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982105-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982105_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982">Bakker, The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage 1982</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paramasivan-2009-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paramasivan-2009_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paramasivan-2009_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamasivan2009" class="citation book cs1">Paramasivan, Vasudha (2009). "Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari". In Heidi R. M. Pauwels (ed.). <i>Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05723-3"><bdi>978-3-447-05723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yah+Ayodhya+Vah+Ayodhya%3A+Earthly+and+Cosmic+Journeys+in+the+Anand-lahari&rft.btitle=Patronage+and+Popularisation%2C+Pilgrimage+and+Procession&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05723-3&rft.aulast=Paramasivan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited201612-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited201612_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016">Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991">Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016">Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited 2016</a>, pp. 439–440: "It is remarkable to note that William Hodges, R.A., who visited Fyzabad and Ayodhya in 1783, made the well known painting of the bank with Svargadvāri mosque."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation web cs1">Service, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592">"Awadh Archives in Ayodhya"</a>. <i>Tribuneindia News Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Awadh+Archives+in+Ayodhya&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fawadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA92"><i>The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India)</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-024602-5"><bdi>978-0-14-024602-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907214041/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVsfVOTUnYEC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Nationalist+Movement+and+Indian+Politics%3A+1925+to+the+1990s%3A+Strategies+of+Identity-building%2C+Implantation+and+Mobilisation+%28with+Special+Reference+to+Central+India%29&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-024602-5&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVsfVOTUnYEC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Carnegy: <i>A Historical Sketch of Tehsil Fyzabad</i>, Lucknow 1870, cited by Harsh Narain, <i>The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources</i>, 1993, New Delhi, Penman Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85504-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-85504-16-4">81-85504-16-4</a> p.8-9, and by Peter Van der Veer <i>Religious Nationalism</i>, p.153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_Chua2007" class="citation book cs1">Amy Chua (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0"><i>Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – And Why They Fall</i></a></span>. Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0/page/182">182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51284-8"><bdi>978-0-385-51284-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Empire%3A+How+Hyperpowers+Rise+to+Global+Dominance+%E2%80%93+And+Why+They+Fall&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-385-51284-8&rft.au=Amy+Chua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayofempirehowhy00chua_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040623012141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm">"Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 19 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm">the original</a> on 23 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ram+Lalla+deity+to+be+taken+to+Ayodhya&rft.date=2002-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2F2002%2F01%2F19%2Fstories%2F2002011901441000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm">"Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>. 25 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926043755/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Proof+of+temple+found+at+Ayodhya%3A+ASI+report&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Faug%2F25ayo1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030906030401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm">"Evidence of temple found: ASI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune (Chandigarh)</a></i>. 25 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune+%28Chandigarh%29&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+temple+found%3A+ASI&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2003%2F20030826%2Fmain6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChishti2003" class="citation news cs1">Chishti, Seema (14 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm">"Can Ayodhya dig settle the dispute?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325192812/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Can+Ayodhya+dig+settle+the+dispute%3F&rft.date=2003-03-14&rft.aulast=Chishti&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F2848393.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063">"Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002110425/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+verdict%3A+Allahabad+High+Court+says+divide+land+in+3+ways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000743/http://rjbm.nic.in/">"High Court of Allahabad, Ram Janmbhoomi Babri Masjid Judgement, Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters"</a>. Rjbm.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rjbm.nic.in/">the original</a> on 2 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Court+of+Allahabad%2C+Ram+Janmbhoomi+Babri+Masjid+Judgement%2C+Decision+of+Hon%27ble+Special+Full+Bench+Hearing+Ayodhya+Matters&rft.pub=Rjbm.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frjbm.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2019" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Pathikrit Sen (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html">"Ayodhya Verdict: Entire Disputed Site Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109055244/https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+Verdict%3A+Entire+Disputed+Site+Goes+to+Hindus+for+Ram+Mandir%2C+Muslims+to+Get+5+Acres+of+Alternate+Land&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Pathikrit+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNairTiwari2019" class="citation news cs1">Nair, Arun; Tiwari, Vaibhav, eds. (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704">"Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109060357/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+Verdict+Live+Updates%3A+Disputed+Land+To+Be+Given+For+Temple+Construction%2C+Muslims+To+Get+5-Acre+Plot+In+Ayodhya%2C+Says+Top+Court&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms">"Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 10 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110001744/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+verdict+live%3A+Country%27s+unity+strengthened+after+verdict%2C+say+religious+leaders&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute%2Fliveblog%2F71978224.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjul2010" class="citation news cs1">Manjul, Tarannum (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/">"Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305120500/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Korean+relative+of+Kings+of+Ayodhya+goes+on+evidence+hunting&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Manjul&rft.aufirst=Tarannum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fkorean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on%2F569976%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2004" class="citation news cs1">Arora, V N (12 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection">"South Korea's Ayodhya connection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection">the original</a> on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Ayodhya+connection&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=V+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2004-09-12%2Findia%2F27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhn2000" class="citation news cs1">Ahn, San Whan (12 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html">"Festivities organized to honor Indian princess"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Abroad" title="India Abroad">India Abroad</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html">the original</a> on 5 November 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/HighBeam_Research" title="HighBeam Research">HighBeam Research</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Abroad&rft.atitle=Festivities+organized+to+honor+Indian+princess&rft.date=2000-05-12&rft.aulast=Ahn&rft.aufirst=San+Whan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-79276360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2020" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, Avaneesh (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/">"Ram temple bhoomi pujan: Ceremony starts at 12.30 pm, PM to offer prayers to idol, address gathering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075417/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Ram+temple+bhoomi+pujan%3A+Ceremony+starts+at+12.30+pm%2C+PM+to+offer+prayers+to+idol%2C+address+gathering&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Avaneesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikku2020" class="citation news cs1">Tikku, Aloke, ed. (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html">"Golden chapter, says PM Modi after laying foundation stone for Ram temple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127132120/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Golden+chapter%2C+says+PM+Modi+after+laying+foundation+stone+for+Ram+temple&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fpm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya%2Fstory-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2020" class="citation news cs1">Sinha, Rakesh (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/">"Ayodhya breaks ground today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127132120/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+breaks+ground+today&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_new_york_times-2024-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_new_york_times-2024_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_new_york_times-2024_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html">"Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 22 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206160611/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+India%27s+New+Ram+Temple+Is+So+Important&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-ram-temple-ayodhya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_news-2024-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_news-2024_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_news-2024_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095">"Ayodhya Ram Mandir: India PM Modi inaugurates Hindu temple on razed Babri mosque site"</a>. BBC News. 22 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122144228/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68003095">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ayodhya+Ram+Mandir%3A+India+PM+Modi+inaugurates+Hindu+temple+on+razed+Babri+mosque+site&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-68003095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp">"BBC"</a>. 16 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907194334/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277.amp">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-50065277.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2020" class="citation web cs1">Bajpai, Namita (7 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html">"Land levelling for Ayodhya Ram temple soon, says mandir trust after video conference"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308122919/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/07/land-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Land+levelling+for+Ayodhya+Ram+temple+soon%2C+says+mandir+trust+after+video+conference&rft.date=2020-05-07&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=Namita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2020%2Fmay%2F07%2Fland-levelling-for-ayodhya-ram-temple-soon-says-mandir-trust-after-video-conference-2140354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters-2024-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reuters-2024_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reuters-2024_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-opening-grand-ram-temple-ayodhya-2024-01-22">"India's Modi leads consecration of Ram temple in Ayodhya"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 22 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the consecration on Monday of a grand temple to the Hindu god Lord Ram on a site believed to be his birthplace</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=India%27s+Modi+leads+consecration+of+Ram+temple+in+Ayodhya&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Findia%2Findia-counts-down-opening-grand-ram-temple-ayodhya-2024-01-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.co.in/data/town/801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html">"Ayodhya Nagar Palika Parishad City Population Census 2011–2021 | Uttar Pradesh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census of India</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025126/https://www.census.co.in/data/town/801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2011+Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+Nagar+Palika+Parishad+City+Population+Census+2011%E2%80%932021+%7C+Uttar+Pradesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.co.in%2Fdata%2Ftown%2F801109-ayodhya-uttar-pradesh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagarnigamayodhyain-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagarnigamayodhyain_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagarnigamayodhyain_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nagarnigamayodhya.in/pages/en/newtopmenu/ayodhya-city/en-geographical-status">"Official Website of Nagar Nigam, Ayodhya / Ayodhya City / Geographical status"</a>. <i>nagarnigamayodhya.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075417/http://nagarnigamayodhya.in/pages/en/newtopmenu/ayodhya-city/en-geographical-status">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nagarnigamayodhya.in&rft.atitle=Official+Website+of+Nagar+Nigam%2C+Ayodhya+%2F+Ayodhya+City+%2F+Geographical+status&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnagarnigamayodhya.in%2Fpages%2Fen%2Fnewtopmenu%2Fayodhya-city%2Fen-geographical-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_KramrischRaymond_Burnier1946" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch; Raymond Burnier (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3"><i>The Hindu temple, Volume 1</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0223-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+temple%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0223-0&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft.au=Raymond+Burnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddow2023" class="citation web cs1">Addow, Amina (17 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/commercial/2023/11/largest-display-of-oil-lamps-illuminate-indian-city-to-celebrate-diwali-761303">"Largest display of oil lamps illuminate Indian city to celebrate Diwali"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Largest+display+of+oil+lamps+illuminate+Indian+city+to+celebrate+Diwali&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft.aulast=Addow&rft.aufirst=Amina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fnews%2Fcommercial%2F2023%2F11%2Flargest-display-of-oil-lamps-illuminate-indian-city-to-celebrate-diwali-761303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravelliKumar2024" class="citation news cs1">Travelli, Alex; Kumar, Hari (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/22/world/asia/india-ram-temple-ayodhya.html">"Why India's New Ram Temple Is So Important"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+India%27s+New+Ram+Temple+Is+So+Important&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft.aulast=Travelli&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Hari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F01%2F22%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia-ram-temple-ayodhya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaTiwari2024" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Nikita; Tiwari, Pushkar (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ram-mandir-ram-temple-ayodhya-pran-pratistha-consecration-ceremony-inauguration-live-breaking-news-updates-4907770">"Ayodhya Ram Mandir Consecration Highlights: "Jan 22 Not Just A Date, It Is Beginning Of A New Era", Says PM Modi"</a>. <i>NDTV</i>. India News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDTV&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+Ram+Mandir+Consecration+Highlights%3A+%22Jan+22+Not+Just+A+Date%2C+It+Is+Beginning+Of+A+New+Era%22%2C+Says+PM+Modi&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+Pushkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fram-mandir-ram-temple-ayodhya-pran-pratistha-consecration-ceremony-inauguration-live-breaking-news-updates-4907770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2024" class="citation news cs1">Gupta, Anant (25 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/25/india-ayodhya-hindu-nationalism-attacks/">"Triumphant Hindu mobs stoke fears in India after Modi delivers temple"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Triumphant+Hindu+mobs+stoke+fears+in+India+after+Modi+delivers+temple&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Anant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F01%2F25%2Findia-ayodhya-hindu-nationalism-attacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/">"Kanak Bhawan | District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://ayodhya.nic.in/tourist-place/kanak-bhawan/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kanak+Bhawan+%7C+District+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayodhya.nic.in%2Ftourist-place%2Fkanak-bhawan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prakash, Satya (10 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/">"माता सीता की कुल देवी के रूप में विराजमान हैं माँ छोटी देवकाली"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Patrika" title="Rajasthan Patrika">Rajasthan Patrika</a></i> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rajasthan+Patrika&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Satya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Ffaizabad-news%2Fchhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pandey, Dharmendra (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html">"रामनगरी अयोध्या में आज महाशिवरात्रि पर भोले की बम-बम"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dainik_Jagran" title="Dainik Jagran">Dainik Jagran</a></i> (in Hindi). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831075415/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagran&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Dharmendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagran.com%2Futtar-pradesh%2Ffaizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIl-yeon_(tr._by_Ha_Tae-Hung_&_Grafton_K._Mintz)1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Il-yeon" title="Il-yeon">Il-yeon</a> (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) (1972). <i>Samguk Yusa</i>. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-7141-017-5" title="Special:BookSources/89-7141-017-5"><bdi>89-7141-017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samguk+Yusa&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Yonsei+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=89-7141-017-5&rft.au=Il-yeon+%28tr.+by+Ha+Tae-Hung+%26+Grafton+K.+Mintz%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm">"Korean memorial to Indian princess"</a>. 6 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803000831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span> – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Korean+memorial+to+Indian+princess&rft.date=2001-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1205728.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html">UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212132456/https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArora2004" class="citation news cs1">Arora, V N (12 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms">"South Korea's Ayodhya connection"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322144105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Ayodhya+connection&rft.date=2004-09-12&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=V+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FSouth-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection%2Farticleshow%2F847880.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053">"MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities"</a>. <i>pib.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823152314/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=MoU+on+Twinning+arrangements+between+Kathmandu-Varanasi%2C+Janakpur-Ayodhya+and+Lumbini-Bodh+Gaya+as+sister+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D112053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms">"PM Narendra Modi signs 10 agreements with Nepal, inaugurates bus service"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 26 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920152250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=PM+Narendra+Modi+signs+10+agreements+with+Nepal%2C+inaugurates+bus+service&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FPM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service%2Farticleshow%2F45278008.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/">"How to Reach | District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh | India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831072916/https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Reach+%7C+District+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayodhya.nic.in%2Fhow-to-reach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857">"Modi, Oli Jointly Inaugurate Janakpur-Ayodhya Direct Bus Service"</a>. <i>Outlook</i>. 11 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511082244/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Modi%2C+Oli+Jointly+Inaugurate+Janakpur-Ayodhya+Direct+Bus+Service&rft.date=2018-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fwebsite%2Fstory%2Fpm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to%2F311857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034">"Explained: The Ramayan Railway Circuit That Will Retrace The Epic In 8,000 Kms Journey"</a>. <i>www.outlookindia.com/</i>. 28 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212051436/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.outlookindia.com%2F&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+The+Ramayan+Railway+Circuit+That+Will+Retrace+The+Epic+In+8%2C000+Kms+Journey&rft.date=2022-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnational%2Fexplained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArya1990" class="citation journal cs1">Arya, S. N. (1990). "Historicity of Ayodhya". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>51</b>. Indian History Congress: <span class="nowrap">44–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148186">44148186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Historicity+of+Ayodhya&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44148186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arya&rft.aufirst=S.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Bakker, Hans T.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AyodhyaAsPageOfPilgrimageHTBakker_201801/page/n0">"The rise of Ayodhya as a place of pilgrimage"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000082790081267">10.1163/000000082790081267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161957449">161957449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+Ayodhya+as+a+place+of+pilgrimage&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000082790081267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161957449%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAyodhyaAsPageOfPilgrimageHTBakker_201801%2Fpage%2Fn0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984" class="citation cs2">Bakker, Hans (1984), <i>Ayodhya, Part 1: The History of Ayodhya from the seventh century BC to the middle of the 18th century</i>, Groningen: Egbert Forsten, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6980-007-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-6980-007-1"><bdi>90-6980-007-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayodhya%2C+Part+1%3A+The+History+of+Ayodhya+from+the+seventh+century+BC+to+the+middle+of+the+18th+century&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=Egbert+Forsten&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=90-6980-007-1&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_T._Bakker" title="Hans T. Bakker">Bakker, Hans T.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&btnG=">"Ayodhyā: A Hindu Jerusalem: An Investigation of 'Holy War' as a Religious Idea in the Light of Communal Unrest in India"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>38</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">80–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3270005">10.2307/3270005</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270005">3270005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025125/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&btnG=">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Ayodhy%C4%81%3A+A+Hindu+Jerusalem%3A+An+Investigation+of+%27Holy+War%27+as+a+Religious+Idea+in+the+Light+of+Communal+Unrest+in+India&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3270005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3270005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Hans+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fhl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C5%26q%3DAyodhy%25C4%2581%253A%2BA%2BHindu%2BJerusalem%253A%2BAn%2BInvestigation%2Bof%2B%2527Holy%2BWar%2527%2Bas%2Ba%2BReligious%2BIdea%2Bin%2Bthe%2BLight%2Bof%2BCommunal%2BUnrest%2Bin%2BIndia%26btnG%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain,_Rama_and_Ayodhya2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Jain, Meenakshi</a> (2013). <i>Rama and Ayodhya</i>. New Delhi: Aryan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-451-8"><bdi>978-81-7305-451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rama+and+Ayodhya&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Aryan+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-451-8&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Through_the_Jade_Gate_to_Rome2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, John E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G0AJQgAACAAJ"><i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes During the Later Han Dynasty first to second Centuries CE</i></a>. BookSurge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1"><bdi>978-1-4392-2134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Jade+Gate+to+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+the+Silk+Routes+During+the+Later+Han+Dynasty+first+to+second+Centuries+CE&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0AJQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kishore_Kunal" title="Kishore Kunal">Kunal, Kishore</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ"><i>Ayodhya Revisited</i></a>. Ocean. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-357-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8430-357-5"><bdi>978-81-8430-357-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ayodhya+Revisited&rft.pub=Ocean&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-8430-357-5&rft.aulast=Kunal&rft.aufirst=Kishore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKKaDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents.pub/document/imagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html">"Imagining Ayodhya: Utopia and its Shadows in a Hindu Landscape"</a>. <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0011-z">10.1007/s11407-997-0011-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106448">20106448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144225912">144225912</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230125013736/https://documents.pub/document/imagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Imagining+Ayodhya%3A+Utopia+and+its+Shadows+in+a+Hindu+Landscape&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144225912%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106448%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-997-0011-z&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.pub%2Fdocument%2Fimagining-ayodhya-utopia-and-its-shadows-in-a-hindu-landscape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyanendra_Pandey2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_Pandey" title="Gyanendra Pandey">Pandey, Gyanendra</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand"><i>Routine Violence: Nations, Fragments, Histories</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routineviolencen0000pand/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5264-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5264-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5264-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routine+Violence%3A+Nations%2C+Fragments%2C+Histories&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5264-0&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Gyanendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutineviolencen0000pand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman_Paul2015" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Herman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AP3qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114"><i>Key Issues in Historical Theory</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-51946-1"><bdi>978-1-317-51946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Issues+in+Historical+Theory&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-51946-1&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAP3qBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain1993" class="citation cs2">Narain, Harsh (1993), <i>The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources</i>, Delhi: Penman Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ayodhya+Temple+Mosque+Dispute%3A+Focus+on+Muslim+Sources&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Penman+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Narain&rft.aufirst=Harsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavalikar1988" class="citation cs2">Dhavalikar, M. K. (1988), "Reviewed Work(s): AYODHYĀ Part I (Pts. I-III) by Hans Bakker", <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>, vol. 69, no. 1/4, pp. <span class="nowrap">319–</span>320, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693795">41693795</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%28s%29%3A+AYODHY%C4%80+Part+I+%28Pts.+I-III%29+by+Hans+Bakker&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41693795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dhavalikar&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2017" class="citation cs2">Jain, Meenakshi (2017), <i>The Battle for Rama: Case of the Temple at Ayodhya</i>, Aryan Books International, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-579-9"><bdi>978-81-7305-579-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Rama%3A+Case+of+the+Temple+at+Ayodhya&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-579-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Meenakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._B._Lal2008" class="citation cs2">B. B. Lal (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBwPgAACAAJ"><i>Rāma, His Historicity, Mandir, and Setu: Evidence of Literature, Archaeology, and Other Sciences</i></a>, Aryan Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-345-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-345-0"><bdi>978-81-7305-345-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma%2C+His+Historicity%2C+Mandir%2C+and+Setu%3A+Evidence+of+Literature%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Other+Sciences&rft.pub=Aryan+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-345-0&rft.au=B.+B.+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYBwPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge1886" class="citation cs2">Legge, James (1886), <i>A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414)</i>, New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965, Oxford, Clarendon Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Record+of+Buddhistic+Kingdoms%3A+Being+an+account+by+the+Chinese+Monk+Fa-Hien+of+his+travels+in+India+and+Ceylon+%28A.D.+399%E2%80%93414%29&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShourie1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Shourie, Arun</a> (1995), <i>The Ayodhya Reference: Supreme Court Judgement and Commentaries</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_India" title="Voice of India">Voice of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85990-30-9"><bdi>978-81-85990-30-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ayodhya+Reference%3A+Supreme+Court+Judgement+and+Commentaries&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-85990-30-9&rft.aulast=Shourie&rft.aufirst=Arun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShourieGoelNarainDubashi1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Shourie, Arun</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Goel, Sita Ram</a>; Narain, Harsh; Dubashi, Jay; <a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Swarup, Ram</a> (1990), <i>Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I</i>, A Preliminary Survey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85990-49-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85990-49-2"><bdi>81-85990-49-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Temples+%E2%80%93+What+Happened+to+Them+Vol.+I&rft.pub=A+Preliminary+Survey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-85990-49-2&rft.aulast=Shourie&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.au=Goel%2C+Sita+Ram&rft.au=Narain%2C+Harsh&rft.au=Dubashi%2C+Jay&rft.au=Swarup%2C+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1944" class="citation cs2">Thomas, F. W. (1944), "New Indian Antiquary VII", <i>Sandanes, Nahapāna, Caṣṭana and Kaniṣka: Tung-li P'an-ch'i and Chinese Turkestan</i>, p. 90</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Indian+Antiquary+VII&rft.btitle=Sandanes%2C+Nahap%C4%81na%2C+Ca%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADana+and+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka%3A+Tung-li+P%27an-ch%27i+and+Chinese+Turkestan&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatters1904–1905" class="citation cs2">Watters, Thomas (1904–1905), <i>On Yuan Chwang's travels in India, 629–645 A.D.</i>, vol. 5, Mushiram Manoharlal: Delhi, London: Royal Asiatic Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Yuan+Chwang%27s+travels+in+India%2C+629%E2%80%93645+A.D.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1904%2F1905&rft.aulast=Watters&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif"><i>Ajodhya State</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>, p. 174, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130015/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif">archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ajodhya+State&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=The+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V05_182.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAyodhya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Ayodhya</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ayodhya">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="c:अयोध्या">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Ayodhya">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="q:Ayodhya">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ayodhya">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ayodhya">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ayodhya" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ayodhya">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ajodhya" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ajodhya">Ajodhya</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ayodhya#Q186040" class="extiw" title="voy:Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ramayana191" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ramayana" title="Template:Ramayana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ramayana" title="Template talk:Ramayana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ramayana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ramayana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ramayana191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ikshvaku_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikshvaku dynasty">Ikshvaku dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitra" title="Sumitra">Sumitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmila" title="Urmila">Urmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavi" title="Mandavi">Mandavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrutakirti" title="Shrutakirti">Shrutakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramapanchayan,_Raja_Ravi_Varma_(Lithograph).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/125px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/188px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/250px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="5712" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angada" title="Angada">Angada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Ramayana)" title="Tara (Ramayana)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%81" title="Rumā">Rumā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_(Ramayana)" title="Nala (Ramayana)">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_(Ramayana)" title="Nila (Ramayana)">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaradhwaja" title="Makaradhwaja">Makaradhwaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Indrajit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshayakumara" title="Akshayakumara">Akshayakumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikaya" title="Atikaya">Atikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabandha" title="Kabandha">Kabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khara_(Ramayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khara (Ramayana)">Khara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushana">Dushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Mandodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanyamalini" title="Dhanyamalini">Dhanyamalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavanasura" title="Lavanasura">Lavanasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malyavan" title="Malyavan">Malyavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Maricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasura" title="Mayasura">Mayasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Narantaka-Devantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahasta" title="Prahasta">Prahasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarama_(Ramayana)" title="Sarama (Ramayana)">Sarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subahu" title="Subahu">Subahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulochana_(Ramayana)" title="Sulochana (Ramayana)">Sulochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumali">Sumali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Shurpanakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataka" title="Tataka">Tataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijata" title="Trijata">Trijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishira" title="Trishira">Trishira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viradha" title="Viradha">Viradha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahalya" title="Ahalya">Ahalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)" title="Arundhati (Hinduism)">Arundhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Kambhoja" title="Sage Kambhoja">Kambhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishyasringa" title="Rishyasringa">Rishyasringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in the Ramayana">Other figures<br />and concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_rekha" title="Lakshmana rekha">Lakshmana rekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavan" title="Jambavan">Jambavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushadhvaja" title="Kushadhvaja">Kushadhvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthara" title="Manthara">Manthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Sita" title="Maya Sita">Maya Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampati" title="Sampati">Sampati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta" title="Shanta">Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravana Kumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedavati" title="Vedavati">Vedavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambuka" title="Shambuka">Shambuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila (ancient)">Mithila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandakaranya" title="Dandakaranya">Dandakaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshadhiparvata" title="Oshadhiparvata">Oshadhiparvata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Books/Kandas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Kand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya Kand">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara%E1%B9%87ya-K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Araṇya-Kāṇḍa">Aranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishkindha Kanda">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuddha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuddha Kanda">Yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kanda">Uttara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">Versions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbhuta_Ramayana" title="Adbhuta Ramayana">Adbhuta Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyathmaramayanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Ramayana" title="Ananda Ramayana">Ananda Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilanka_Ramayana" title="Bilanka Ramayana">Bilanka Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittivasi Ramayana">Krittivasi Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana">Maharadia Lawana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam">Molla Ramayanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Ram" title="Phra Lak Phra Ram">Phra Lak Phra Ram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Ramayana" title="Raghunatha Ramayana">Raghunatha Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavruksham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanamu" title="Ranganatha Ramayanamu">Ranganatha Ramayanamu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayana_Darshanam" title="Sri Ramayana Darshanam">Sri Ramayana Darshanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayanamu" title="Sri Ramayanamu">Sri Ramayanamu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yama_Zatdaw" title="Yama Zatdaw">Yama Zatdaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_holy_cities57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_holy_cities" title="Template:Hindu holy cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_holy_cities" title="Template talk:Hindu holy cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_holy_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu holy cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_holy_cities57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> holy cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham" title="Char Dham">Char Dham</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple" title="Dwarkadhish Temple">Dwarkadhish Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chota Char Dham</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancharama_Kshetras" title="Pancharama Kshetras">Pancharama Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amararama" title="Amararama">Amararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draksharama" class="mw-redirect" title="Draksharama">Draksharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksheerarama" title="Ksheerarama">Ksheerarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumararama" title="Kumararama">Kumararama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somarama" title="Somarama">Somarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Six_Abodes_of_Murugan" title="Six Abodes of Murugan">Six Abodes of Murugan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palani" title="Palani">Palani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arulmigu_Solaimalai_Murugan_Temple,_Pazhamudircholai" class="mw-redirect" title="Arulmigu Solaimalai Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai">Pazhamudircholai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamimalai" title="Swamimalai">Swamimalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruparankundram" title="Thiruparankundram">Thiruparankundram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruttani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruttani">Thiruttani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchendur" title="Tiruchendur">Tiruchendur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trilinga_Kshetras" title="Trilinga Kshetras">Trilinga Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draksharama" class="mw-redirect" title="Draksharama">Draksharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaleshwaram" title="Kaleshwaram">Kaleshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ashtavinayaka" title="Ashtavinayaka">Ashtavinayaka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenyadri" title="Lenyadri">Lenyadri</a> <ul><li>Girijatmaja</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahad" title="Mahad">Mahad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varadvinayak" title="Varadvinayak">Varadvinayaka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Morgaon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Temple,_Morgaon" title="Ganesha Temple, Morgaon">Mayureshwara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ozar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vigneshwara_Temple,_Ozar" title="Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar">Vighneswara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali,_Raigad" title="Pali, Raigad">Pali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballaleshwar_Pali" title="Ballaleshwar Pali">Ballaleshwara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjangaon" title="Ranjangaon">Ranjangaon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjangaon_Ganpati" title="Ranjangaon Ganpati">Mahaganapati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhatek" title="Siddhatek">Siddhatek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhivinayak_Temple,_Siddhatek" title="Siddhivinayak Temple, Siddhatek">Siddhivinayaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintamani_Temple,_Theur" title="Chintamani Temple, Theur">Theur</a> <ul><li>Chintamani</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baidyanath_Temple" title="Baidyanath Temple">Vaidyanath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandwa_district" title="Khandwa district">Khandwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhas_Patan" title="Prabhas Patan">Prabhas Patan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khed_taluka" title="Khed taluka">Rajgurunagar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srisailam#The_Temple" title="Srisailam">Mallikājuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbak" title="Trimbak">Trimbak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kasi Vishvanath</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhoota_Stalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancha Bhoota Stalam">Panchabootha Lingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Annamalai (Fire)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiruvannamalai" title="Tiruvannamalai">Tiruvannamalai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Ekambareswarar (Earth)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Jambukeswarar (Water)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvanaikaval" title="Thiruvanaikaval">Thiruvanaikaval</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Srikalahasti (Air)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasti" title="Srikalahasti">Srikalahasti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Art/Chithiram, Courtallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Copper/Thamiram, Nellai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Emerald/Rathinam, Thiruvalangadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Gold/Pon, Thillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Temple, Madurai">Silver/Velli, Madurai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Puri" title="Sapta Puri">Sapta Puris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Avantika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Maya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Pitha">Shakti Peeths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Vimala Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukkuteswara_Temple" title="Kukkuteswara Temple">Kukkuteswara Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneswaram Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakshi_Amman_Temple" title="Kamakshi Amman Temple">Kamakshi Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamundeshwari_Temple" title="Chamundeshwari Temple">Chamundeshwari Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biraja_Temple" title="Biraja Temple">Biraja Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopi_Devi_Mandir" title="Alopi Devi Mandir">Alopi Devi Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangla_Gauri_Temple" title="Mangla Gauri Temple">Mangla Gauri Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishalakshi_Temple" title="Vishalakshi Temple">Vishalakshi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Pitha#List_of_51_Shakti_Peethas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Pitha">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumbha_Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbha Mela">Kumbha Kshetras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar Kumbha Mela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>-<a href="/wiki/Trimbak" title="Trimbak">Trimbak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik-Trimbak Kumbha Mela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> (Prayaga) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayaga Kumbha Mela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain kumbha Mela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Sun Temple for Chhath Puja</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deo_Surya_Mandir" title="Deo Surya Mandir">Deo Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umga_Sun_Temple" title="Umga Sun Temple">Umga Sun Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha_temples_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu">Navagraha temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suryanar_Kovil" title="Suryanar Kovil">Suryanar Kovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailasanthar_Temple,Thingalur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasanthar Temple,Thingalur">Kailasanathar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaitheeswaran_Koil" title="Vaitheeswaran Koil">Vaitheeswaran Koil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swetharanyeswarar_Temple" title="Swetharanyeswarar Temple">Swetharanyeswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatsahayesvarar_Temple,_Alangudi" title="Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi">Apatsahayesvarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agniswarar_Temple,_Kanjanur" title="Agniswarar Temple, Kanjanur">Agniswarar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunallar_Saniswaran_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple">Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu_Stalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahu Stalam">Rahu Stalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagannathaswamy_Temple,_Keezhaperumpallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagannathaswamy Temple, Keezhaperumpallam">Nagannathaswamy Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><b>Important</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundha_Nagnath" title="Aundha Nagnath">Aundha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabaleshwar_Temple,_Gokarna" title="Mahabaleshwar Temple, Gokarna">Gokarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Kandariya Mahadeva Temple">Khajuraho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudalasangama" title="Kudalasangama">Kudalasangama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paadal_Petra_Sthalam" title="Paadal Petra Sthalam">Paadal Petra Sthalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyagaraja_Temple,_Tiruvarur" title="Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Thrissur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Sree_Mahadeva_Temple" title="Vaikom Sree Mahadeva Temple">Vaikom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">Samadhis</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alandi" title="Alandi">Alandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Ghat" title="Tulsi Ghat">Tulsi Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meherabad" title="Meherabad">Meherabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirdi" title="Shirdi">Shirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li>Panchaganga Ghat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasanthi_Nilayam" title="Prasanthi Nilayam">Prasanthi Nilayam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahobilam" title="Ahobilam">Ahobilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambaji" title="Ambaji">Ambaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalappuzha" title="Ambalappuzha">Ambalappuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annavaram" title="Annavaram">Annavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachala" title="Arunachala">Arunachala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnana_Saraswati_Temple,_Basar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar">Basar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ramachandraswamy_Temple,_Bhadrachalam" title="Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam">Bhadrachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chottanikkara" title="Chottanikkara">Chottanikkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakor" title="Dakor">Dakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deo,_Bihar" title="Deo, Bihar">Deo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasthala" title="Dharmasthala">Dharmasthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettumanoor" title="Ettumanoor">Ettumanoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokul" title="Gokul">Gokul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Indraprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jageshwar" title="Jageshwar">Jageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biraja_Temple" title="Biraja Temple">Jajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi_Temple" title="Vaishno Devi Temple">Katra Vaishno Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatushyamji,_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatushyamji, Rajasthan">Khatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollur,_Udupi_district" title="Kollur, Udupi district">Kollur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Kumbakonam" title="List of Hindu temples in Kumbakonam">Kumbakonam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalagiri" title="Mangalagiri">Mangalagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayapur" title="Mayapur">Mayapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathdwara" title="Nathdwara">Nathdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri,_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Pushpagiri, Andhra Pradesh">Pushpagiri Temple Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryali" title="Ryali">Ryali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabarimala">Sabarimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Pitha">Shakti Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Lakshmi_Narasimha_temple,_Simhachalam" title="Varaha Lakshmi Narasimha temple, Simhachalam">Simhachalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonamukhi" title="Sonamukhi">Sonamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Kurmam" title="Sri Kurmam">Sri Kurmam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Akshardham_(Gandhinagar)" title="Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)">Swaminarayan Akshardham (Gandhinagar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Akshardham_(New_Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)">Swaminarayan Akshardham (New Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippunithura" title="Thrippunithura">Thrippunithura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruchanur" title="Tiruchanur">Tiruchanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumala" title="Tirumala">Tirumala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi" title="Udupi">Udupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velliangiri_Mountains" title="Velliangiri Mountains">Velliangiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Rajeswara_Temple,_Vemulawada" title="Raja Rajeswara Temple, Vemulawada">Vemulawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Durga_Temple" title="Kanaka Durga Temple">Vijayawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lakshmi_Narasimha_Swamy_Temple,_Yadadri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Yadadri">Yadagirigutta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aum"><img alt="Aum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/30px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/45px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/60px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><b>Out of India</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ateshgah_of_Baku" title="Ateshgah of Baku">Ateshgah of Baku (Azerbaijan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Bhadreshwaram (Vietnam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_Talao" title="Ganga Talao">Ganga Talao (Mauritius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraivan_Temple" title="Iraivan Temple">Iraivan temple (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Temple_(Quanzhou)" title="Kaiyuan Temple (Quanzhou)">Kadhalishwaram ruins (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash (Tibet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sivan_Temple" title="Sri Sivan Temple">Sivan temple (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanom_Rung_Historical_Park" title="Phanom Rung Historical Park">Sthūlādri (Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_the_Sea" title="Temple in the Sea">Temple in the Sea (Trinidad and Tobago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasathan" title="Devasathan">Thewasathan Bot Phram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giant_Swing" title="Giant Swing">Sao Chingcha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteay_Srei" title="Banteay Srei">Tribhuvanamāhesvaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besakih_Temple" title="Besakih Temple">Besakih Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surawana" title="Surawana">Candi Surawana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangkuang" title="Cangkuang">Cangkuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_Temple" title="Ceto Temple">Ceto Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpasar" title="Denpasar">Denpasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieng_Plateau" title="Dieng Plateau">Dieng Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebang" title="Gebang">Gebang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedong_Songo" title="Gedong Songo">Gedong Songo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianyar_Regency" title="Gianyar Regency">Gianyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Kawi" title="Gunung Kawi">Gunung Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Temple" title="Jawi Temple">Jawi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidal_Temple" title="Kidal Temple">Kidal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marga,_Tabanan" title="Marga, Tabanan">Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pejeng" title="Pejeng">Pejeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluwatu_Temple" title="Uluwatu Temple">Pura Luhur Ulu Watu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pura_Penataran_Sasih" title="Pura Penataran Sasih">Pura Penataran Sasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pura_Ulun_Danu_Batur" title="Pura Ulun Danu Batur">Pura Ulun Danu Batur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pura_Ulun_Danu_Bratan" title="Pura Ulun Danu Bratan">Pura Ulun Danu Bratan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Shivagraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari_temple" title="Singhasari temple">Singhasari temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuh" title="Sukuh">Sukuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Lot" title="Tanah Lot">Tanah Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirta_Empul" title="Tirta Empul">Tirta Empul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barahachhetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Barahachhetra">Chataradham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpur" title="Janakpur">Janakpurdham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatinath_Temple" title="Pashupatinath Temple">Pashupatinath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinglaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinglaj">Hinglaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_Peeth" title="Sharada Peeth">Sharada Peeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Sun_Temple" title="Multan Sun Temple">Multan Sun Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amb_Temples" title="Amb Temples">Amb Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalat_Kali_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalat Kali Temple">Kalat Kali Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarparkar_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarparkar Temples">Nagarparkar Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansehra_Shiva_Temple" title="Mansehra Shiva Temple">Mansehra Shiva Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Temple" title="Lava Temple">Lava Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Sialkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple, Sialkot">Jagannath Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churrio_Jabal" class="mw-redirect" title="Churrio Jabal">Churrio Jabal Durga Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadh_Belo" title="Sadh Belo">Sadh Belo Island Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir_Kot" title="Kafir Kot">Kafir Kot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Ishwarams" title="Pancha Ishwarams">Pancheshwarams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketheeswaram_temple" title="Ketheeswaram temple">Ketheeshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_Temple" title="Koneswaram Temple">Koneswaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguleswaram_temple" title="Naguleswaram temple">Naguleshwaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenavaram_temple" title="Tenavaram temple">Thondeshwaram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati_Konanayakar" title="Ati Konanayakar">Ati Konanayakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataragama" title="Kataragama">Kataragama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkadicholai_Thaanthonreeswarar_Temple" title="Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar Temple">Kokkadicholai Thaanthonreeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathirakali_Amman_Temple" title="Pathirakali Amman Temple">Pathirakali Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thambiluvil_Kannaki_Amman_Temple" title="Thambiluvil Kannaki Amman Temple">Thambiluvil Kannaki Amman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thambiluvil_Sri_Sivalinga_Pillayar_Temple" title="Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple">Thambiluvil Sri Sivalinga Pillayar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkovil_Temple" title="Thirukkovil Temple">Thirukkovil Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_in_Ayodhya_district62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Faizabad_district" title="Template:Faizabad district"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Faizabad_district" title="Template talk:Faizabad district"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Faizabad_district" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Faizabad district"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_in_Ayodhya_district62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cities and towns in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_district" title="Ayodhya district">Ayodhya district</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Ayodhya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaniganj,_Faizabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaniganj, Faizabad">Amaniganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarsa" title="Bhadarsa">Bhadarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikapur" title="Bikapur">Bikapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deokali" title="Deokali">Deokali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehganj" title="Fatehganj">Fatehganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faizabad" title="Faizabad">Faizabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faizabad_Cantonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Faizabad Cantonment">Faizabad Cantonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddopur" title="Gaddopur">Gaddopur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshainganj" title="Goshainganj">Goshainganj</a></li> <li>Gudri Bazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastinganj" title="Hastinganj">Hastinganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarganj,_Ayodhya" title="Kumarganj, Ayodhya">Kumarganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Bazar,_Ayodhya" title="Maya Bazar, Ayodhya">Maya Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masodha" title="Masodha">Masodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkipur" title="Milkipur">Milkipur</a></li> <li>Mumtaj Nagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka_Muzzafra" title="Naka Muzzafra">Naka Muzzafra</a></li> <li>Pura Bazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Bazar" title="Rani Bazar">Rani Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikabganj" title="Rikabganj">Rikabganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudauli" title="Rudauli">Rudauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohawal" title="Sohawal">Sohawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarairasi" title="Sarairasi">Sarairasi</a></li> <li>Sahadatganj</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1em;">Other districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_district" title="Aligarh district">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkar_Nagar_district" title="Ambedkar Nagar district">Ambedkar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethi_district" title="Amethi district">Amethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amroha_district" title="Amroha district">Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auraiya_district" title="Auraiya district">Auraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaun_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Badaun district">Badaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagpat_district" title="Bagpat district">Bagpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraich_district" title="Bahraich district">Bahraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballia_district" title="Ballia district">Ballia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh">Balrampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_district_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda district (India)">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabanki_district" title="Barabanki district">Barabanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_district" title="Bareilly district">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimnagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhimnagar district">Bhimnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijnor_district" title="Bijnor district">Bijnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr_district" title="Bulandshahr district">Bulandshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandauli_district" title="Chandauli district">Chandauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot_district" title="Chitrakoot district">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoria_district" title="Deoria district">Deoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etah_district" title="Etah district">Etah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_district" title="Etawah district">Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_district" title="Farrukhabad district">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_district" title="Fatehpur district">Fatehpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozabad_district" title="Firozabad district">Firozabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_district" title="Gautam Buddha Nagar district">Gautam Buddha Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_district" title="Ghazipur district">Ghazipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonda_district" title="Gonda district">Gonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardoi_district" title="Hardoi district">Hardoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathras_district" title="Hathras district">Hathras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaun_district" title="Jalaun district">Jalaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_district" title="Jhansi district">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Kanpur Nagar district">Kanpur Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanshi_Ram_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanshi Ram Nagar district">Kanshi Ram Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar_district" title="Kushinagar district">Kushinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri_district" title="Lakhimpur Kheri district">Lakhimpur Kheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_district,_India" title="Lalitpur district, India">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_district" title="Lucknow district">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajganj_district" title="Maharajganj district">Maharajganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoba_district" title="Mahoba district">Mahoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainpuri_district" title="Mainpuri district">Mainpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_district" title="Mau district">Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_district" title="Meerut district">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_district" title="Mirzapur district">Mirzapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_district" title="Moradabad district">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district" title="Muzaffarnagar district">Muzaffarnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchsheel_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchsheel Nagar district">Panchsheel Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_district" title="Pilibhit district">Pilibhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabuddhanagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Prabuddhanagar district">Prabuddhanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_district" title="Prayagraj district">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raebareli_district" title="Raebareli district">Raebareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramabai_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramabai Nagar district">Ramabai Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_district" title="Rampur district">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kabir_Nagar_district" title="Sant Kabir Nagar district">Sant Kabir Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Ravidas_Nagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Ravidas Nagar district">Sant Ravidas Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahjahanpur_district" title="Shahjahanpur district">Shahjahanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravasti_district" title="Shravasti district">Shravasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharthnagar_district" title="Siddharthnagar district">Siddharthnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitapur_district" title="Sitapur district">Sitapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbhadra_district" title="Sonbhadra district">Sonbhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnao_district" title="Unnao district">Unnao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_district" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186040#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186040#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186040#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/159552468">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4349446-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12412980s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12412980s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567196905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&oldid=1275009190">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&oldid=1275009190</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ayodhya" title="Category:Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Indian_cities" title="Category:Ancient Indian cities">Ancient Indian cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Ayodhya_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Ayodhya district">Cities and towns in Ayodhya district</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_holy_cities" title="Category:Hindu holy cities">Hindu holy cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Category:Populated places along the Silk Road">Populated places along the Silk Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_capital_cities_in_India" title="Category:Former capital cities in India">Former capital cities in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_pilgrimage_sites" title="Category:Jain pilgrimage sites">Jain pilgrimage sites</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Hindu pilgrimage sites in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rama" title="Category:Rama">Rama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rama_temples" title="Category:Rama temples">Rama temples</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hindi-language_sources_(hi)" title="Category:CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)">CS1 Hindi-language sources (hi)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use Indian English from January 2025">Use Indian English from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2025">Use dmy dates from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_nickname_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible nickname list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_demonym_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hindustani_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hindustani IPA">Pages with Hindustani IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_January_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 February 2025, at 15:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayodhya&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ayodhya</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-scsbh","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.977","walltime":"2.427","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17771,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":412985,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26288,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":401874,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2057.980 1 -total"," 24.28% 499.688 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.54% 360.961 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 15.13% 311.276 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.46% 235.918 36 Template:Cite_news"," 9.82% 202.018 74 Template:Sfn"," 5.05% 103.972 1 Template:IAST3"," 4.98% 102.443 1 Template:IAST"," 4.91% 100.972 1 Template:Transliteration"," 4.77% 98.233 1 Template:Ayodhya_debate"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.187","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25336504,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAddow2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmy_Chua2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArora2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArya1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._B._Lal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBajpai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya,_Part_11984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker,_Ayodhya:_A_Hindu_Jerusalem1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakker,_The_rise_of_Ayodhya_as_a_place_of_pilgrimage1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhagwan_Singh_JoshBipan_ChandraHarbans_MukhiaK._N._Panikkar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChishti2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhavalikar1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyanendra_Pandey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman_Paul2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill,_Through_the_Jade_Gate_to_Rome2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIl-yeon_(tr._by_Ha_Tae-Hung_\u0026amp;_Grafton_K._Mintz)1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._C._AggarwalN._K._Chowdhry1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain,_Rama_and_Ayodhya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKunal,_Ayodhya_Revisited2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegge1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLutgendorf,_Imagining_Ayodhya1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjul2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNairTiwari2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarain1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorduyn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParamasivan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaTiwari2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShourieGoelNarainDubashi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShourieJois1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_KramrischRaymond_Burnier1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikku2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravelliKumar2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatters1904–1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFराय2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Ayodhya debate\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 12,\n [\"EB1911 poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Faizabad district\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu holy cities\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ramayana\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 74,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","17.7"],["?","200","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","9.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.2"],["(for generator)","40","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.2"],["[others]","360","29.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-k4q2k","timestamp":"20250216130641","ttl":39211,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ayodhya","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ayodhya","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q186040","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q186040","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-27T12:20:19Z","dateModified":"2025-02-10T15:47:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/df\/Ayodhya_Ram_Mandir_Inauguration_Day_Picture.jpg","headline":"City in Uttar Pradesh, India"}</script> </body> </html>