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searchaux" style="display:none">Readability test for English writing</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, the <b>Gunning fog index</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Readability_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Readability test">readability test</a> for English writing. The index estimates the years of formal education a person needs to understand the text on the first reading. For instance, a fog index of 12 requires the reading level of a United States high school senior (around 18 years old). The test was developed in 1952 by Robert Gunning, an American businessman who had been involved in newspaper and textbook publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-plwork8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plwork8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fog index is commonly used to confirm that text can be read easily by the intended audience. Texts for a wide audience generally need a fog index less than 12. Texts requiring near-universal understanding generally need an index less than 8. </p> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fog Index </th> <th>Reading level by grade </th></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>College graduate </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>College senior </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>College junior </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>College sophomore </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>College freshman </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>High school senior </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>High school junior </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>High school sophomore </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>High school freshman </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Eighth grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Seventh grade </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Sixth grade </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calculation">Calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunning_fog_index&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gunning fog index is calculated with the following <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOG_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOG-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Select a passage (such as one or more full paragraphs) of around 100 words. Do not omit any sentences;</li> <li>Determine the average sentence length. (Divide the number of words by the number of sentences.);</li> <li>Count the "complex" words consisting of three or more syllables. Do not include proper nouns, familiar jargon, or compound words. Do not include common suffixes (such as -es, -ed, or -ing) as a syllable;</li> <li>Add the average sentence length and the percentage of complex words; and</li> <li>Multiply the result by 0.4.</li></ol> <p>The complete formula is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0.4\left[\left({\frac {\mbox{words}}{\mbox{sentences}}}\right)+100\left({\frac {\mbox{complex words}}{\mbox{words}}}\right)\right]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0.4</mn> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>words</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>sentences</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>100</mn> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>complex words</mtext> </mstyle> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext>words</mtext> </mstyle> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0.4\left[\left({\frac {\mbox{words}}{\mbox{sentences}}}\right)+100\left({\frac {\mbox{complex words}}{\mbox{words}}}\right)\right]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/84cd504cf61d43230ef59fbd0ecf201796e5e577" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:45.367ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0.4\left[\left({\frac {\mbox{words}}{\mbox{sentences}}}\right)+100\left({\frac {\mbox{complex words}}{\mbox{words}}}\right)\right]}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunning_fog_index&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high fog index is a good measure of hard-to-read text, but it has its limits. Not all complex words are difficult to understand. For example, "interesting" is not generally thought to be a difficult word, although it has three syllables (excluding the common -ing suffix). On the other hand, short words can still be difficult if they are not often used. The frequency of word usage also affects the readability of a text.<sup id="cite_ref-Seely2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seely2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the fog index is primarily applicable to English and may not accurately reflect readability in other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1980s, the fog index was calculated differently.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original formula counted each clause as a sentence. Because the index was meant to measure clarity of expression within sentences, it assumed people saw each clause as a complete thought. </p><p>In the 1980s, the calculation method changed. From this point onward, the clause counting step was left out in counting the fog index <i>for literature</i>. This might have been because it had to be done manually. Judith Bogert of Pennsylvania State University defended the original algorithm in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a review of subsequent literature generally recommends the newer method.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, some argue that a series of simple, short sentences does not mean that the reading is easier.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Gibbon's <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, the fog scores using the old and revised algorithms differ greatly. A sample test using an automated Gunning Fog calculator on a random footnote from the text (#51: Dion, vol. I. lxxix. p. 1363. Herodian, l. v. p. 189.)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave an index of 19.2 using only the sentence count, and an index of 12.5 when including independent clauses. This brought down the fog index from post-graduate to high school level.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunning_fog_index&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" title="Flesch–Kincaid readability tests">Flesch–Kincaid readability tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_language" title="Plain language">Plain language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunning_fog_index&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plwork8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plwork8_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuBay2004" class="citation journal cs1">DuBay, William H. (23 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224024255/http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/plwork08.htm">"Judges Scold Lawyers for Bad Writing"</a>. <i>Plain Language at Work Newsletter</i> (8). Impact Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/plwork08.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plain+Language+at+Work+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Judges+Scold+Lawyers+for+Bad+Writing&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft.aulast=DuBay&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.impact-information.com%2Fimpactinfo%2Fnewsletter%2Fplwork08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOG-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOG_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readabilityformulas.com/gunning-fog-readability-formula.php">"The Gunning's Fog Index (or FOG) Readability Formula"</a>. Readability Formulas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gunning%27s+Fog+Index+%28or+FOG%29+Readability+Formula&rft.pub=Readability+Formulas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.readabilityformulas.com%2Fgunning-fog-readability-formula.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seely2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seely2013_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeely2013" class="citation book cs1">Seely, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hVEGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">"Chapter 10: Audience"</a>. <i>Oxford Guide to Effective Writing and Speaking: How to Communicate Clearly</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965270-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+Audience&rft.btitle=Oxford+Guide+to+Effective+Writing+and+Speaking%3A+How+to+Communicate+Clearly&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965270-9&rft.aulast=Seely&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhVEGAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntunesTeixeira_Lopes2019" class="citation conference cs1">Antunes, Hélder; Teixeira Lopes, Carla (2019). <i>Analyzing the Adequacy of Readability Indicators to a Non-English Language</i>. Experimental IR Meets Multilinguality, Multimodality, and Interaction - 10th International Conference of the CLEF Association, CLEF 2019. Lugano, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10216%2F133321">10216/133321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Analyzing+the+Adequacy+of+Readability+Indicators+to+a+Non-English+Language&rft.place=Lugano%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10216%2F133321&rft.aulast=Antunes&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A9lder&rft.au=Teixeira+Lopes%2C+Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning1952" class="citation book cs1">Gunning, Robert (1952). <i>The Technique of Clear Writing</i>. McGraw-Hill. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Technique+of+Clear+Writing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogert1985" class="citation journal cs1">Bogert, Judith (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024205424/http://bcq.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/48/2/9">"In Defense of the Fog Index"</a>. <i>Business Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F108056998504800203">10.1177/108056998504800203</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcq.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/48/2/9">the original</a> on 2016-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+the+Fog+Index&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F108056998504800203&rft.aulast=Bogert&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcq.sagepub.com%2Fcgi%2Fpdf_extract%2F48%2F2%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Brucker, Carl, ed. (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atu.edu/worldlanguages/texts/ATW12th.pdf"><i>Arkansas Tech Writing, 12th ed. English 2053: Technical Writing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkansas+Tech+Writing%2C+12th+ed.+English+2053%3A+Technical+Writing&rft.pages=109&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atu.edu%2Fworldlanguages%2Ftexts%2FATW12th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Referenced in the 2 November 2006 entry <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notorc.blogspot.com/2006_11_01_archive.html">guide to readability</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gunning-fog-index.com/">Fog Index Calculator</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notorc.blogspot.com/2006/09/devils-in-details-measuring.html">"Clear Writing: How to Achieve and Measure Readability"</a>. <i>The Writing Clinic</i>. Poscripts. 2006-11-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Writing+Clinic&rft.atitle=Clear+Writing%3A+How+to+Achieve+and+Measure+Readability&rft.date=2006-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotorc.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F09%2Fdevils-in-details-measuring.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGunning+fog+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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