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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Components_of_the_Lexile_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_the_Lexile_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Components of the Lexile framework</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_of_the_Lexile_framework-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components of the Lexile framework subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_of_the_Lexile_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexile_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexile_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Lexile scale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexile_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexile_measure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexile_measure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lexile measure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexile_measure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexile_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexile_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lexile codes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexile_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_evaluations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_evaluations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independent evaluations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_evaluations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_core_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_core_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Common core standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_core_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_books_with_Lexile_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_books_with_Lexile_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples of books with Lexile measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_books_with_Lexile_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_assessments_that_report_Lexile_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_assessments_that_report_Lexile_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reading assessments that report Lexile measures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_assessments_that_report_Lexile_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Educational tool for measuring readability level</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Lexile</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexilelogo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 1px solid #9999CC"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" title="Category:Reading (process)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Book.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/125px-Big_Book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/188px-Big_Book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Big_Book.svg/250px-Big_Book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning to read">Learning to read</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_readiness" title="Reading readiness">Reading readiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_development" title="Vocabulary development">Vocabulary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_learning" title="Vocabulary learning">Vocabulary learning</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientific theories and models</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-route_hypothesis_to_reading_aloud" title="Dual-route hypothesis to reading aloud">Dual route theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_view_of_reading" title="Simple view of reading">Simple view of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_reading" title="Science of reading">Science of reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough%27s_Reading_Rope" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough's Reading Rope">Scarborough's Reading Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading#The_active_view_of_reading_model" title="Reading">The active view of reading model</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Cognitive processes</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reading_comprehension" title="Reading comprehension">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonemic_awareness" title="Phonemic awareness">Phonemic awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_awareness" title="Phonological awareness">Phonological awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subvocalization" title="Subvocalization">Subvocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_recognition" title="Word recognition">Word recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Reading#Teaching_reading" title="Reading">Reading instruction</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_phonics" title="Analytic phonics">Analytic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_reader" title="Basal reader">Basal reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept-Oriented_Reading_Instruction" title="Concept-Oriented Reading Instruction">Concept-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_listening_and_thinking_activity" title="Directed listening and thinking activity">Directed listening and thinking activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_reading" title="Guided reading">Guided reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_reading" title="Independent reading">Independent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_circle" title="Literature circle">Literature circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonics" title="Phonics">Phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_teaching" title="Reciprocal teaching">Reciprocal teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Word_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Word Inquiry">Structured word inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_silent_reading" title="Sustained silent reading">Sustained silent reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_phonics" title="Synthetic phonics">Synthetic phonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_language" title="Whole language">Whole language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading rate</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluency" title="Fluency">Fluency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_reading" title="Slow reading">Slow reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_reading" title="Speed reading">Speed reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_per_minute#Reading_and_comprehension" title="Words per minute">Words per minute</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Readability" title="Readability">Readability</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_readability_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic readability assessment">Automatic assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">Legibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Readability test">Readability test</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Reading differences and disabilities</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlexia" title="Hyperlexia">Hyperlexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_disability" title="Reading disability">Reading disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_for_special_needs" title="Reading for special needs">Reading for special needs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" title="Alphabetic principle">Alphabetic principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolch_word_list" title="Dolch word list">Dolch word list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">Morpheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_word" title="Sight word">Sight word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">Written language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">Literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_reading" title="Critical reading">Critical reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_reading" title="Close reading">Close reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_literacy" title="Family literacy">Family literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_illiteracy" title="Functional illiteracy">Functional illiteracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great books">Great books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reading" title="Template:Reading"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reading" title="Template talk:Reading"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reading" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reading"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lexile Framework for Reading</b> is an educational tool in the United States that uses a measure called a Lexile to match readers with reading resources such as books and articles. Readers and texts are assigned a Lexile score, where lower scores reflect easier readability for texts and lower reading ability for readers. Lexile scores are assigned based on individual words and sentence length, rather than qualitative analysis of the content. Thus, Lexile scores do not reflect multiple levels of textual meaning or the maturity of the content.<sup id="cite_ref-core_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-core-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_Core_State_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Core State Standards">Common Core State Standards</a> recommend the use of alternative, qualitative methods to select books for grade 6 and above.<sup id="cite_ref-core_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-core-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., Lexile measures are reported annually from reading programs and assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to LightSail Education, about half of U.S. students in grades 3-12 receive a Lexile measure each year.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Georgia Department of Education provides resources for using Lexile measures.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_of_the_Lexile_framework">Components of the Lexile framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components of the Lexile framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lexile Framework is made up of Lexile reader measures and Lexile text measures, both of which are put on the Lexile scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexile_scale">Lexile scale</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lexile scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lexile scale runs from BR300 (Lexile) to above 2000L, though there is not an explicit bottom or top to the scale.<sup id="cite_ref-NCES_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCES-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scores 0L and below are reported as BR (Beginning Reader). These books or students may be coded as Lexile: BR. In some cases, a student will receive a BR code followed by a number (e.g. Lexile: BR150L). A measure of BR150L indicates that the Lexile measure is 150 units below 0L.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexile_Codes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexile_Codes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexile_measure">Lexile measure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lexile measure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lexile#section" title="Talk:Lexile">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A Lexile measure is defined as "the numeric representation of an individual's reading ability or a text's readability (or difficulty), followed by an 'L' (Lexile)".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two types of Lexile measures: Lexile reader measures and Lexile text measures. Reader measures are assigned to individuals based on their reading comprehension for a piece of text. Text measures are assigned to a piece of text based on the text's vocabulary and syntax. According to MetaMetrics, text measures are evaluated through the "Lexile Analyzer", a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that assigns a score based on vocabulary and syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MetaMetrics states that over 150 publishers, including <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Publishers" title="Capstone Publishers">Capstone Publishers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery Education">Discovery Ed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Riverside Publishing">Riverside Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Workman_Publishing_Company" title="Workman Publishing Company">Workman Publishing Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer certified Lexile text measures for their materials.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to MetaMetrics, Lexile text measures can assist in selecting appropriately challenging materials for readers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexile_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexile-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexile_codes">Lexile codes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lexile codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some books receive Lexile codes—two-letter designations that appear before the Lexile measure—to provide additional context about developmental appropriateness, reading difficulty, and intended use. BR is the only code that applies to both readers and text.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexile_Codes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexile_Codes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Book information</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Lexile measure </th></tr> <tr> <td>AD</td> <td>Adult-directed</td> <td>Picture books that are usually read to a child</td> <td>Maurice Sendak's <i><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Wild_Things_Are" title="Where the Wild Things Are">Where the Wild Things Are</a></i></td> <td>AD740L </td></tr> <tr> <td>NC</td> <td>Non-Conforming</td> <td>Books with a Lexile measure markedly higher than is typical for the publisher's intended audience</td> <td>Seymour Simon's <i>Amazing Aircraft</i></td> <td>NC710L </td></tr> <tr> <td>HL</td> <td>High-Low</td> <td>Books with a Lexile measure much lower than the average reading ability of the intended age range of its readers</td> <td>Beth Goobie's <i>Sticks and Stones</i></td> <td>HL430L </td></tr> <tr> <td>IG</td> <td>Illustrated guide</td> <td>Books that consist of independent pieces or sections of text that could be moved around without affecting the overall linear flow of the book</td> <td>Dr. Gerald Legg's <i>Birds of Prey</i></td> <td>IG320L </td></tr> <tr> <td>GN</td> <td>Graphic novel</td> <td>Graphic novel or comic book where the majority of the text appears as voice in thought bubbles</td> <td>Siena Cherson Siegel's <i>To Dance: A Ballerina's Graphic Novel</i></td> <td>GN610L </td></tr> <tr> <td>BR</td> <td>Beginning reader</td> <td>Books or readers with a Lexile measure below 0L</td> <td>Don Curry's <i>Fall Leaves</i></td> <td>BR20L </td></tr> <tr> <td>NP</td> <td>Non-prose</td> <td>Book comprising more than 50% non-standard or non-conforming prose, whose text cannot be assigned a Lexile measure</td> <td>Maurice Sendak's <i>Alligators All Around</i></td> <td>NP </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lexile framework was created in 1989 by MetaMetrics. From 1984 to 1996, MetaMetrics received funding through five grants from <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Innovation_Research" title="Small Business Innovation Research">Small Business Innovation Research</a>, obtained through the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>, to develop a measurement system for reading and writing.<sup id="cite_ref-webster2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The measurement ideas embedded in the Lexile framework can be found in two 1982–83 articles by Stenner and Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_evaluations">Independent evaluations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independent evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mesmer's <i>Tools for Matching Readers to Texts: Research Based Practices</i>, a 2006 study by Walpole et al. is described,<sup id="cite_ref-walpole_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walpole-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which 47 second-graders were assigned texts based on their Lexile scores. The study found that the students could read texts at their assigned Lexile scores (93%), but also noted that 43% of the sampled books were below a basic standard for 2nd grade. Mesmer concludes that "Lexile scores and book levels may not help teachers in finding books that can be read fluently" and lists the cost of using the Lexile inventory tools as a disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-Mesmer,_2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mesmer,_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Educational_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Educational Statistics">National Center for Educational Statistics</a> (NCES) published a review of Lexile measures, concluding that the framework is an improvement over traditional reading measures, while also noting the omission of factors such as reader motivation, interest, and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-NCES_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCES-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review affirmed the value of sentence length and word frequency as measures of complexity but also stated that these metrics are an estimated correlate of readability. The NCES concluded that while other work on text metrics may be more useful, Lexile scores are easier to analyze.<sup id="cite_ref-NCES_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCES-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krashen" title="Stephen Krashen">Stephen Krashen</a> published an article arguing that the Lexile Framework was potentially harmful in limiting students' reading choices and that the resources spent on it might be better spent on books.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a paper titled "Interpreting Lexiles in Online Contexts and with Informational Texts", Elfrieda H. Hiebert concluded that the variability of Lexile scores within the same text can be extensive and that slight changes in punctuation can result in "significant reclassification" on the Lexile scale.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexiles2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexiles2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_core_standards">Common core standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Common core standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts states that Lexile scores can be used to help determine text complexity levels for students. The standards also note that quantitative methods like Lexile may underestimate the challenges of complex narrative fiction and that qualitative measures should be prioritized for students in grade 6 and above.<sup id="cite_ref-core_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-core-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_books_with_Lexile_measures">Examples of books with Lexile measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Examples of books with Lexile measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Title </th> <th>Author </th> <th>Lexile </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Green_Eggs_and_Ham" title="Green Eggs and Ham">Green Eggs and Ham</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780394800165/">210L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog" title="Clifford the Big Red Dog">Clifford the Big Red Dog</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Bridwell" title="Norman Bridwell">Norman Bridwell</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780590442978/">370L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Very_Hungry_Caterpillar" title="The Very Hungry Caterpillar">The Very Hungry Caterpillar</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eric_Carle" title="Eric Carle">Eric Carle</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780590030298/">AD460L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Giving_Tree" title="The Giving Tree">The Giving Tree</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shel_Silverstein" title="Shel Silverstein">Shel Silverstein</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780060256654/">530L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Also_Rises" title="The Sun Also Rises">The Sun Also Rises</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780684800714/">610L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780590505840/">680L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_(Meyer_novel)" title="Twilight (Meyer novel)">Twilight</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephenie_Meyer" title="Stephenie Meyer">Stephenie Meyer</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780316160179/">720L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780684837888/">730L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Sorcerer%27s_Stone_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (novel)">Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780590353403/">880L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9781424005284/">990L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780345339683/">1000L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780192833556/">1190L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time" title="A Brief History of Time">A Brief History of Time</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780553380163/">1290L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780899664033/">1360</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)" title="Rob Roy (novel)">Rob Roy</a></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/book-details/9780192817631/">1560L</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>More examples are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.lexile.com/find-a-book/">here</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lexile measures are reported by various reading assessments and programs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_assessments_that_report_Lexile_measures">Reading assessments that report Lexile measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reading assessments that report Lexile measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Source:</b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>State assessments</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona%27s_Instrument_to_Measure_Standards" title="Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards">Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards</a> (AIMS)</li> <li>California English-Language Arts Standards Test</li> <li>Delaware Comprehensive Assessment System</li> <li>Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading (FAIR)</li> <li>Georgia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Milestones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Milestones (page does not exist)">Georgia Milestones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_High_School_Graduation_Test" title="Georgia High School Graduation Test">Georgia High School Graduation Test</a> (GM and GHSGT)</li> <li>Hawaii State Assessment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Standards_Achievement_Test" title="Illinois Standards Achievement Test">Illinois Standards Achievement Test</a> (ISAT)</li> <li>Kansas State Assessments of Reading</li> <li>Kentucky Core Curriculum Test (KCCT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Comprehensive_Assessments%E2%80%94Series_II" title="Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments—Series II">Minnesota Comprehensive Assessments (MCA)</a></li> <li>New Mexico Standards-Based Assessment (SBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_End_of_Grade_Tests" title="North Carolina End of Grade Tests">North Carolina End-of-Grade and English I End-of-Course (NCEOG and NCEOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Core_Curriculum_Tests" title="Oklahoma Core Curriculum Tests">Oklahoma Core Curriculum Test (OCCT)</a></li> <li>Oregon Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (OAKS)</li> <li>South Carolina <a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Assessment_of_State_Standards" title="Palmetto Assessment of State Standards">Palmetto Assessment of State Standards</a> (PASS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Test_of_Educational_Progress" title="South Dakota State Test of Educational Progress">South Dakota State Test of Educational Progress</a> (DSTEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Comprehensive_Assessment_Program" title="Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program">Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) Achievement Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Assessment_of_Knowledge_and_Skills" title="Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills">Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills</a> (TAKS)</li> <li>Virginia <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_Learning" title="Standards of Learning">Standards of Learning</a> Tests (SOL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanawha_County_Schools#WESTEST_2" title="Kanawha County Schools">West Virginia WESTEST 2</a></li> <li>Proficiency Assessments for Wyoming Students (PAWS)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-core-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-core_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-core_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-core_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em 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title="Readability">readability</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">text</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_readability_index" title="Automated readability index">Automated readability index</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Reader#ATOS" title="Accelerated Reader">ATOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman%E2%80%93Liau_index" title="Coleman–Liau index">Coleman–Liau index</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale%E2%80%93Chall_readability_formula" title="Dale–Chall readability formula">Dale–Chall readability formula</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests" title="Flesch–Kincaid readability tests">Flesch–Kincaid readability tests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests#Flesch_reading_ease" title="Flesch–Kincaid readability tests">Flesch reading ease</a> [1975]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesch%E2%80%93Kincaid_readability_tests#Flesch–Kincaid_grade_level" title="Flesch–Kincaid readability tests">Flesch–Kincaid grade level</a> [1975]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readability#The_FORCAST_formula" title="Readability">FORCAST</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fry_readability_formula" title="Fry readability formula">Fry readability formula</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_fog_index" title="Gunning fog index">Gunning fog index</a> (1952)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexile</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsear_Write" title="Linsear Write">Linsear Write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raygor_readability_estimate" title="Raygor readability estimate">Raygor readability estimate</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMOG" title="SMOG">SMOG</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spache_readability_formula" title="Spache readability formula">Spache readability formula</a> (1952)</li></ul> 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