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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mac OS X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>OS X</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>macOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Timeline of releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Software compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware_compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware_compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hardware compatibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware_compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerPC–Intel_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerPC–Intel_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>PowerPC–Intel transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerPC–Intel_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intel–Apple_silicon_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intel–Apple_silicon_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intel–Apple silicon transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intel–Apple_silicon_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aqua_user_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aqua_user_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aqua user interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aqua_user_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Built-in_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Built-in_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Built-in components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Built-in_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilingual_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilingual_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Multilingual support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilingual_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Updating_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Updating_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Updating methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Updating_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Release history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Release history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mac OS X Public Beta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.0</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.2_Jaguar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.2_Jaguar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.2_Jaguar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.3_Panther" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.3_Panther"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.3 Panther</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.3_Panther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.5_Leopard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.5_Leopard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.5_Leopard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.6_Snow_Leopard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mac_OS_X_10.6_Snow_Leopard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mac_OS_X_10.6_Snow_Leopard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X_10.7_Lion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X_10.7_Lion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>OS X 10.7 Lion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X_10.7_Lion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X_10.8_Mountain_Lion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X_10.8_Mountain_Lion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X_10.8_Mountain_Lion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X_10.9_Mavericks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X_10.9_Mavericks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>OS X 10.9 Mavericks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X_10.9_Mavericks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X_10.10_Yosemite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X_10.10_Yosemite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>OS X 10.10 Yosemite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X_10.10_Yosemite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS_X_10.11_El_Capitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_X_10.11_El_Capitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>OS X 10.11 El Capitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_X_10.11_El_Capitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_10.12_Sierra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_10.12_Sierra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>macOS 10.12 Sierra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_10.12_Sierra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_10.13_High_Sierra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_10.13_High_Sierra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>macOS 10.13 High Sierra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_10.13_High_Sierra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_10.14_Mojave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_10.14_Mojave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>macOS 10.14 Mojave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_10.14_Mojave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_10.15_Catalina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_10.15_Catalina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>macOS 10.15 Catalina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_10.15_Catalina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_11_Big_Sur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_11_Big_Sur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>macOS 11 Big Sur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_11_Big_Sur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_12_Monterey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_12_Monterey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>macOS 12 Monterey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_12_Monterey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_13_Ventura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_13_Ventura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>macOS 13 Ventura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_13_Ventura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_14_Sonoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_14_Sonoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>macOS 14 Sonoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_14_Sonoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS_15_Sequoia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS_15_Sequoia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>macOS 15 Sequoia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS_15_Sequoia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malware_and_spyware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malware_and_spyware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Malware and spyware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malware_and_spyware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Usage share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Promotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">macOS</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3" title="ماك أو إس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماك أو إس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8" title="ম্যাকওএস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাকওএস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X" title="OS X – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="OS X" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X" title="OS X – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="OS X" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X" title="OS X – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OS X" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_X" title="MacOS X – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MacOS X" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="مک‌اواس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مک‌اواس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%95%D4%B7%D5%BD" title="Մաք ՕԷս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաք ՕԷս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="मैक ओएस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक ओएस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mac OS X" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_X" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ ಓಎಸ್ X – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ ಓಎಸ್ X" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mac OS X" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മാക് ഒഎസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാക് ഒഎസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8" title="मॅकओएस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅकओएस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ماك او اس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماك او اس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mac OS X" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮੈਕਓਐਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਓਐਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mac OS X" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="මැක් ඕඑස් එක්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැක් ඕඑස් එක්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="مەک ئۆئێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەک ئۆئێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mac OS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="மேக் ஓஎஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேக் ஓஎஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మ్యాక్ ఓయస్ టెన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మ్యాక్ ఓయస్ టెన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="แมคโอเอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมคโอเอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="میک او ایس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میک او ایس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Mac OS X" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MacOS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system for Apple computers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"OSX" and "OS X" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/OSX_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="OSX (disambiguation)">OSX (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about macOS version 10.0 and later. For Mac OS 9 and earlier, see <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>. For the family of Mac operating systems, see <a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac operating systems</a>. For the Ugandan school nicknamed "Macos", see <a href="/wiki/Makerere_College_School" title="Makerere College School">Makerere College School</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">macOS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOS_wordmark_(2017).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/120px-MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/180px-MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg/240px-MacOS_wordmark_%282017%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screenshot_of_macOS_Sequoia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/Screenshot_of_macOS_Sequoia.png/300px-Screenshot_of_macOS_Sequoia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7b/Screenshot_of_macOS_Sequoia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a>, the latest release of macOS</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">OS family</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Current</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source</a> components)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">March 24, 2001<span class="noprint">; 23 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001-03-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.1.1<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (November 19, 2024<span class="noprint">; 4 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-19</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/macOS_Sequoia&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest preview</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.2 beta 4<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (November 20, 2024<span class="noprint">; 3 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-11-20</span>)</span>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_preview_software_release/macOS_Sequoia&action=edit">[±]</a></span> ,</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47 languages<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color: transparent;">List of languages</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bahasa Melayu <span style="font-size:85%;">- Malay</span></li> <li>Català <span style="font-size:85%;">- Catalan</span></li> <li>Čeština <span style="font-size:85%;">- Czech</span></li> <li>Dansk <span style="font-size:85%;">- Danish</span></li> <li>Deutsch <span style="font-size:85%;">- German</span></li> <li>English (Australia) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (Australia)</span></li> <li>English (Canada) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (Canada)</span></li> <li>English (India) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (India)</span></li> <li>English (Ireland) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (Ireland)</span></li> <li>English (New Zealand) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (New Zealand)</span></li> <li>English (Singapore) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (Singapore)</span></li> <li>English (South Africa) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (South Africa)</span></li> <li>English (United Kingdom) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (United Kingdom)</span></li> <li>English (United States) <span style="font-size:85%;">- English (United States)</span></li> <li>Español (España) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Spanish (Spain)</span></li> <li>Español (Estados Unidos) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Spanish (United States)</span></li> <li>Español (Latinoamérica) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Spanish (Latin America)</span></li> <li>Español (México) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Spanish (Mexico)</span></li> <li>Français (Canada) <span style="font-size:85%;">- French (Canada)</span></li> <li>Français (France) <span style="font-size:85%;">- French (France)</span></li> <li>Hrvatski <span style="font-size:85%;">- Croatian</span></li> <li>Indonesia <span style="font-size:85%;">- Indonesian</span></li> <li>Italiano <span style="font-size:85%;">- Italian</span></li> <li>Magyar <span style="font-size:85%;">- Hungarian</span></li> <li>Nederlands <span style="font-size:85%;">- Dutch</span></li> <li>Norsk bokmål <span style="font-size:85%;">- Norwegian Bokmål</span></li> <li>Polski <span style="font-size:85%;">- Polish</span></li> <li>Português (Brasil) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Portuguese (Brazil)</span></li> <li>Português (Portugal) <span style="font-size:85%;">- Portuguese (Portugal)</span></li> <li>Română <span style="font-size:85%;">- Romanian</span></li> <li>Slovenčina <span style="font-size:85%;">- Slovak</span></li> <li>Suomi <span style="font-size:85%;">- Finnish</span></li> <li>Svenska <span style="font-size:85%;">- Swedish</span></li> <li>Tiếng Việt <span style="font-size:85%;">- Vietnamese</span></li> <li>Türkçe <span style="font-size:85%;">- Turkish</span></li> <li>Ελληνικά <span style="font-size:85%;">- Greek</span></li> <li>Русский <span style="font-size:85%;">- Russian</span></li> <li>Українська <span style="font-size:85%;">- Ukrainian</span></li> <li>עברית <span style="font-size:85%;">- Hebrew</span></li> <li>العربية <span style="font-size:85%;">- Arabic</span></li> <li>हिन्दी <span style="font-size:85%;">- Hindi</span></li> <li>ไทย <span style="font-size:85%;">- Thai</span></li> <li>한국어 <span style="font-size:85%;">- Korean</span></li> <li>日本語 <span style="font-size:85%;">- Japanese</span></li> <li>简体中文 <span style="font-size:85%;">- Simplified Chinese</span></li> <li>繁體中文（台灣） <span style="font-size:85%;">- Traditional Chinese (Taiwan)</span></li> <li>繁體中文（香港） <span style="font-size:85%;">- Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong)</span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><small>Apple silicon (<a href="/wiki/ARM64" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM64">ARM64</a>):</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARMv9-A" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMv9-A">ARMv9-A</a> (<a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">15.0</a>–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARMv8-A" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMv8-A">ARMv8-A</a> (<a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11.0</a>–)</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><small>Intel (<a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>):</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4.7</a>–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4.4</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6.8</a>)</li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><small><a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>:</small> <ul><li>64-bit (<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4">10.4</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5.8</a>)</li> <li>32-bit (<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5.8</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Graphical_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical User Interface">graphical</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apple.com/macos">apple<wbr />.com<wbr />/macos</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14116#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Supported</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Features</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Transition to Intel processors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Transition to Apple silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_games" title="List of Mac games">List of games</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Versions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody (Developer Release)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Hera (Server 1.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Kodiak (Public Beta)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Cheetah (10.0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Puma (10.1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Jaguar (10.2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther (10.3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger (10.4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Leopard (10.5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard (10.6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Lion (10.7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion (10.8)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">Mavericks (10.9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">Yosemite (10.10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">El Capitan (10.11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">Sierra (10.12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">High Sierra (10.13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">Mojave (10.14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">Catalina (10.15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">Big Sur (11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">Monterey (12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">Ventura (13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">Sonoma (14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">Sequoia (15)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Automator" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Utilities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Console_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Console (macOS)">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_Reporter_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash Reporter (macOS)">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigitalColor_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="DigitalColor Meter">DigitalColor Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Keychain Access">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Preferences" class="mw-redirect" title="System Preferences">System Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac OS)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e4e4f0; padding: 0 3px; margin-top: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_sidebar" title="Template talk:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>macOS</b>, originally <b>Mac OS X</b>, previously shortened as <b>OS X</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> developed and marketed by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac computers</a>. Within the market of <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> computers, it is the <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems#Desktop_and_laptop_computers" title="Usage share of operating systems">second most widely used desktop OS</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and ahead of all <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions, including <a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/SteamOS" title="SteamOS">SteamOS</a>. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacOS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the most recent release of macOS is <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS 15 Sequoia</a>, the 21st major version of macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mac OS X succeeded <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, the primary <a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Macintosh operating system</a> from 1984 to 2001. Its underlying architecture came from <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a>, as a result of <a href="/wiki/NeXT#1997–2006:_Acquisition_by_Apple" title="NeXT">Apple's acquisition of NeXT</a>, which also brought <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> back to Apple. The first desktop version, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a>, was released on March 24, 2001. All macOS releases are <a href="/wiki/UNIX_03" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX 03">UNIX 03</a> certified.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derivatives of macOS are Apple's other operating systems: <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a>. macOS has supported three major processor architectures: originally <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>-based Macs in 1999; <a href="/wiki/Apple%E2%80%93Intel_architecture" title="Apple–Intel architecture">Intel Core-based Macs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Apple_transition_to_Intel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple transition to Intel">2006</a>; and self-designed <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">64-bit Arm</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_M_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple M series">Apple M series</a> Macs since <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">2020</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A prominent part of macOS's original <a href="/wiki/Brand_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand identity">brand identity</a> was the use of <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a> X, pronounced "ten", as well as <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code naming</a> each release after species of <a href="/wiki/Big_cat" title="Big cat">big cats</a>, and later, places within <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-techMavericks_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techMavericks-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple shortened the name to "OS X" in 2011 and then changed it to "macOS" in 2016 to align with the branding of Apple's other operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sixteen distinct <a href="/wiki/Software_versioning" title="Software versioning">versions</a> of macOS 10, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a> was presented as version 11 in 2020, and every subsequent version has also incremented the major version number, similarly to classic Mac OS and iOS, but is still named after places within California. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></div> <p>The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>, a company founded by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> operating system was developed, before being launched in 1989. The <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> of NeXTSTEP is based upon the <a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach kernel</a>, which was originally developed at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, with additional kernel layers and low-level <a href="/wiki/User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">user space</a> code derived from parts of <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> was built on top of an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/GUI_toolkit" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI toolkit">GUI toolkit</a> using the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></span> programming language. </p><p>Throughout the 1990s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gershwin_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershwin operating system">Gershwin</a> projects, but all were eventually abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led Apple to acquire <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> in 1997, allowing NeXTSTEP, later called <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP</a>, to serve as the basis for Apple's next generation operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This purchase also led to Steve Jobs returning to Apple as an interim, and then the permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system that would be adopted by Apple's primary market of home users and creative professionals. The project was first codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a>" before officially being named Mac OS X.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X">Mac OS X</h3></div> <p>The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numeral</a>, and Apple has stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this context. However, it is also commonly pronounced like the letter "X".<sup id="cite_ref-ArsTec_2006.03_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTec_2006.03-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_OSX_name_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_OSX_name-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/IPhone_X" title="IPhone X">iPhone X</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_XR" title="IPhone XR">iPhone XR</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone_XS" title="IPhone XS">iPhone XS</a> all later followed this convention. </p><p>Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>) were named using <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, as with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ten_not_x_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ten_not_x-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArsTec_2006.03_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArsTec_2006.03-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</a>, all versions of the operating system were given version numbers of the form 10.<i>x</i>, with this going from 10.0 up until 10.15; starting with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</a>, Apple switched to numbering major releases with numbers that increase by 1 with every major release. </p><p>The first version of Mac OS X, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a>, was a transitional product, featuring an interface resembling the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, though it was not compatible with software designed for the older system. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon API</a>; many could also be run directly through the <a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Classic Environment</a> with a reduction in performance. </p><p>The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a>. Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua interface</a>, but criticizing it for sluggish performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Apple's popularity at a low, the maker of <a href="/wiki/FrameMaker" class="mw-redirect" title="FrameMaker">FrameMaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a>, declined to develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.<sup id="cite_ref-Adobe_discontinues_FrameMaker_for_Macintosh_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adobe_discontinues_FrameMaker_for_Macintosh-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i> columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed every major OS X release up to 10.10, described the early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a huge resource hog".<sup id="cite_ref-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lion_review_Siracusa_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_review_Siracusa-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jon_Rubinstein_sends_message_to_HP_staff;_Addresses_TouchPad_reviews_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jon_Rubinstein_sends_message_to_HP_staff;_Addresses_TouchPad_reviews-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siracusa's review of version 10.3, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Panther</a>, noted "It's strange to have gone from years of uncertainty and <a href="/wiki/Vaporware" title="Vaporware">vaporware</a> to a steady annual supply of major new operating system releases."<sup id="cite_ref-OS_X_Panther_review_Siracusa_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS_X_Panther_review_Siracusa-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 10.4, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Tiger</a>, reportedly shocked executives at <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Windows_Vista" title="Development of Windows Vista">several years struggling</a> to add to <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> with acceptable performance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, with applications being added and removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski_Jaguar_review_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski_Jaguar_review-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering music to be a key market, Apple developed the <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a> music player and music software for the Mac, including <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_and_the_Oak_Tree_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_and_the_Oak_Tree-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the <a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a> suite, integrated home entertainment through the <a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a> media center and the <a href="/wiki/Safari_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari (browser)">Safari</a> web browser. With the increasing popularity of the internet, Apple offered additional online services, including the .Mac, <a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a> and most recently <a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> products. It later began selling third-party applications through the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>. </p><p>Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a <a href="/wiki/Brushed_Metal_(interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed Metal (interface)">brushed metal</a> appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leopard, Apple announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OS_X_Leopard_review_Siracusa_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS_X_Leopard_review_Siracusa-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the first <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> Macs were released with a specialized version of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> from 2007 onwards. While Apple's previous <a href="/wiki/IPod_classic" class="mw-redirect" title="IPod classic">iPod</a> media players used a <a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">minimal</a> operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "<a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">iPhone OS</a>" and then <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>. The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_announces_Leopard_delays_due_to_the_iPhone_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_announces_Leopard_delays_due_to_the_iPhone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.<sup id="cite_ref-WWDC_2009_Wrap-Up_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWDC_2009_Wrap-Up-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard</a> was the sole release with <a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">universal binary</a> components, allowing installation on both Intel Macs and select <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> Macs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the final release with PowerPC Mac support. <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard</a> was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was intended to signal its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features' release.<sup id="cite_ref-Snow_Leopard—an_OS_without_new_features_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snow_Leopard—an_OS_without_new_features-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS Monterey</a>) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its predecessor, similar to the '<a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">tick–tock model</a>' used by Intel. </p><p>In two succeeding versions, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Lion</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">Mountain Lion</a>, Apple moved some applications to a highly <a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#Use_in_Apple_products" title="Skeuomorph">skeuomorphic</a> style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Lion_review_Siracusa_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lion_review_Siracusa-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This direction was, like brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the <a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Machine (OS X)">Time Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Backup_software" title="Backup software">backup</a> utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent <a href="/wiki/Dock_(OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (OS X)">dock</a> of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X Leopard">Leopard</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Snow_Leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X Snow Leopard">Snow Leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple's_History_of_Skeuomorphism_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple's_History_of_Skeuomorphism-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">Mac OS X 10.7 Lion</a>, Apple ceased to release separate <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X Server">server</a> versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."<sup id="cite_ref-Guide_to_OS_X_Server_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guide_to_OS_X_Server-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X">OS X</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_OS_X_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_OS_X_Logo.svg/200px-The_OS_X_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_OS_X_Logo.svg/300px-The_OS_X_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/The_OS_X_Logo.svg/400px-The_OS_X_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="79" /></a><figcaption>OS X logo used until 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, with the release of <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a>, the name of the system was officially shortened from Mac OS X to OS X, after the <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">previous version</a> shortened the system name in a similar fashion a year prior. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a>, and design was changed towards a more minimal direction.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's new user interface design, using deep color saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with <a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a> in 2013. With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X 10.9 Mavericks</a>, was something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-Siracusa_OS_X_Mavericks_review_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siracusa_OS_X_Mavericks_review-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next version, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X 10.10 Yosemite</a>, adopted a design similar to <a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a> but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with a mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-OS_X_Yosemite_review_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS_X_Yosemite_review-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and Mac OS X releases prior to <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether in <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mountain_Lion_Gruber_Schiller-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists and third-party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for users requiring stability and performance above new features.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_has_lost_the_functional_high_ground_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_has_lost_the_functional_high_ground-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's 2015 update, <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X 10.11 El Capitan</a>, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS">macOS</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOS_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MacOS_logo.svg/200px-MacOS_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MacOS_logo.svg/300px-MacOS_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MacOS_logo.svg/400px-MacOS_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="34" /></a><figcaption>Current logo</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, with the release of <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a>, the name was changed from OS X to macOS with the purpose of aligning it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS Sierra added <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICloud_Drive" class="mw-redirect" title="ICloud Drive">iCloud Drive</a>, picture-in-picture support, a Night Shift mode that switches the display to warmer colors at night, and two Continuity features: Universal Clipboard, which syncs a user's clipboard across their Apple devices, and Auto Unlock, which can unlock a user's Mac with their Apple Watch. macOS Sierra also adds support for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a> (APFS), Apple's successor to the dated <a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a> file system.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS 10.13 High Sierra</a>, released in 2017, included performance improvements, <a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a> support, and made APFS the default file system for <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> boot drives.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its successor, <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS 10.14 Mojave</a>, was released in 2018, adding a dark mode option and a <a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)#macOS" title="Wallpaper (computing)">dynamic wallpaper setting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macrumors-mojave_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macrumors-mojave-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS 10.15 Catalina</a> in 2019, which replaces <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> with separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS apps.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Apple announced <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</a> at that year's WWDC. This was the first increment in the primary version number of macOS since the release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> in 2000; updates to macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the user interface and was the first version to run on <a href="/wiki/Apple_Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Silicon">Apple Silicon</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbering system started with Big Sur continued in 2021 with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS 12 Monterey</a>, 2022 with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS 13 Ventura</a>, 2023 with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS 14 Sonoma</a>, and 2024 with <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS 15 Sequoia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_releases">Timeline of releases</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;margin-left:10px"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_versions" title="Template:MacOS versions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_versions" title="Template talk:MacOS versions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_versions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS versions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Mac OS X, OS X, and macOS version information </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>Release Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a><br />version </th> <th>Processor<br />support </th> <th>Application<br />support </th> <th>Kernel </th> <th>Date<br />announced </th> <th>Release<br />date </th> <th>Most recent<br />version </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody Developer Release</a> </td> <td>Grail1Z4/Titan1U<br /><small>(internal codename)</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>32-bit <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> </td> <td>32-bit PowerPC <br />and Intel </td> <td rowspan="10">32-bit </td> <td>January 7, 1997<sup id="cite_ref-MacExpo97_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacExpo97-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 31, 1997 </td> <td>DR2<br />(May 14, 1998) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> </td> <td>Hera<br /><small>(internal codename)</small> </td> <td rowspan="5">32-bit PowerPC </td> <td rowspan="7">32-bit PowerPC </td> <td>January 5th, 1999<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>March 16, 1999 </td> <td>1.2v3<br />(October 27, 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="Mac OS X Developer Preview"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> Mac OS X Developer Preview </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>May 11, 1998<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>March 16, 1999 </td> <td>DP4<br />(April 5, 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodiak_bear" title="Kodiak bear">Kodiak</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(internal codename)</small> </td> <td>May 15, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 13, 2000 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah</a><br /><small>(internal codename)</small> </td> <td>1.3.1 </td> <td>January 9, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>March 24, 2001 </td> <td>10.0.4 (4Q12)<br />(June 22, 2001) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Mac OS X 10.1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Puma</a><br /><small>(internal codename)</small> </td> <td>1.4.1/5 </td> <td>July 18, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 25, 2001 </td> <td>10.1.5 (5S60)<br />(June 6, 2002) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Mac OS X 10.2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td rowspan="2">32/64-bit PowerPC<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_g5jaguar↑"><a href="#endnote_g5jaguar↑">[Note 1]</a></sup> </td> <td>May 6, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 24, 2002 </td> <td>10.2.8<br />(October 3, 2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X 10.3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_panther" title="Black panther">Panther</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>June 23, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October 24, 2003 </td> <td>10.3.9 (7W98)<br />(April 15, 2005) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td rowspan="2">32/64-bit PowerPC<br />and Intel </td> <td rowspan="2">32/64-bit PowerPC<br />and Intel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_tiger64bitcli↑"><a href="#endnote_tiger64bitcli↑">[Note 2]</a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_rosetta1"><a href="#endnote_rosetta1">[Note 3]</a></sup> </td> <td>May 4, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>April 29, 2005 </td> <td>10.4.11<br />(November 14, 2007) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X 10.5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>June 26, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October 26, 2007 </td> <td>10.5.8 (9L31a)<br />(August 13, 2009) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X 10.6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow Leopard</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>32/64-bit Intel </td> <td>32/64-bit Intel<br />32-bit PowerPC<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_rosetta2"><a href="#endnote_rosetta2">[Note 3]</a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">32/64-bit<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>June 9, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 28, 2009 </td> <td>10.6.8 (10K549)<br />(July 25, 2011) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">Mac OS X 10.7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td rowspan="9">64-bit Intel </td> <td rowspan="8">32/64-bit Intel </td> <td>October 20, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 20, 2011 </td> <td>10.7.5 (11G63)<br />(October 4, 2012) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Mountain Lion</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td rowspan="13">64-bit<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>February 16, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-PR-16-02_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-16-02-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 25, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-PR-25-07_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-25-07-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>10.8.5 (12F2560)<br />(August 13, 2015) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X 10.9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mavericks,_California" title="Mavericks, California">Mavericks</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>June 10, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October 22, 2013 </td> <td>10.9.5 (13F1911)<br />(July 18, 2016) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X 10.10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>June 2, 2014<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>October 16, 2014 </td> <td>10.10.5 (14F2511)<br />(July 19, 2017) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X 10.11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>June 8, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 30, 2015 </td> <td>10.11.6 (15G22010)<br />(July 9, 2018) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>June 13, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>September 20, 2016 </td> <td>10.12.6 (16G2136)<br />(September 26, 2019) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS 10.13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">High Sierra</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>June 5, 2017 </td> <td>September 25, 2017 </td> <td>10.13.6 (17G14042)<br />(November 12, 2020) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS 10.14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>June 4, 2018 </td> <td>September 24, 2018 </td> <td>10.14.6 (18G9323)<br />(July 21, 2021) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS 10.15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)" title="Santa Catalina Island (California)">Catalina</a> </td> <td>19 </td> <td>64-bit Intel </td> <td>June 3, 2019 </td> <td>October 7, 2019 </td> <td>10.15.7 (19H2026)<br />(July 20, 2022) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS 11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="5">64-bit Intel and <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_rosetta2↑"><a href="#endnote_rosetta2↑">[Note 4]</a></sup> </td> <td>June 22, 2020 </td> <td>November 12, 2020 </td> <td>11.7.10 (20G1427)<br />(September 11, 2023) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:black; background-color: #FDB3AB;" title="Old version, no longer maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, no longer maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS 12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey</a> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>June 7, 2021 </td> <td>October 25, 2021 </td> <td>12.7.6 (21H1320)<br />(July 29, 2024) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS 13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ventura,_California" title="Ventura, California">Ventura</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>June 6, 2022 </td> <td>October 24, 2022 </td> <td>13.7.1 (22H123)<br />(October 28, 2024) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion co" style="color:black; background-color: #FEF8C6;" title="Old version, yet still maintained" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Old version, yet still maintained:</span> <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS 14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>June 5, 2023 </td> <td>September 26, 2023 </td> <td>14.7.1 (23H124)<br />(October 28, 2024) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="templateVersion c" style="color:black; background-color: #D4F4B4;" title="Current stable version" data-sort-value="1"><span style="display: none;">Current stable version:</span> <b><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS 15</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Forest" title="Sequoia National Forest">Sequoia</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>June 10, 2024 </td> <td>September 16, 2024 </td> <td>15.1.1 (24B91)<br />(November 19, 2024) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10"><div class="templateVersion l" style="margin-left: -1em;"><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><b>Legend:</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FDB3AB; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, no longer maintained">Old version, not maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FEF8C6; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Old version, yet still maintained">Old version, still maintained</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #D4F4B4; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest stable version"><b>Latest version</b></span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #FED1A0; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="Latest preview of a future release">Latest preview version</span></div><div style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; display: none;"><span style="border-left: 1.2em solid #C1E6F5; padding-left: 0.3em; white-space: nowrap;" title="A future release">Future release</span></div><div style="clear: left;"></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_g5jaguar↑"><a href="#ref_g5jaguar↑"><b><sup>↑</sup></b></a></span> The <a href="/wiki/Power_Mac_G5" title="Power Mac G5">Power Mac G5</a> had special Jaguar builds.</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_tiger64bitcli↑"><a href="#ref_tiger64bitcli↑"><b><sup>↑</sup></b></a></span> Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>3.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_rosetta1"><a href="#ref_rosetta1"><b><sup>1</sup></b></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_rosetta2"><a href="#ref_rosetta2"><b><sup>2</sup></b></a></span> 32-bit (but not 64-bit) PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a>.</dd> <dd>4.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_rosetta2↑"><a href="#ref_rosetta2↑"><b><sup>↑</sup></b></a></span> 64-bit Intel applications are supported on <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Apple silicon</a> Macs with <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta 2</a>. However, Intel-based Macs are unable to run ARM-based applications, such as <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> apps.</dd></dl> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture of macOS</a></div> <p>At macOS's core is a <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>-compliant operating system built on top of the <a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-inside_mac_osx_kernel_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inside_mac_osx_kernel-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (which incorporated large parts of <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a><sup id="cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> userland<sup id="cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the standard Unix facilities available from the <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a>. Apple has released this family of software as a <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source</a> operating system named <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a> interface and the <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a>, to complete the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</a>-based operating system which is macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-aqua23_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aqua23-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_multitasking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive multitasking">pre-emptive multitasking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">memory protection</a> improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of macOS's architecture are derived from <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP</a>, which was designed to be portable, to ease the transition from one platform to another. For example, <a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a> was ported from the original <a href="/wiki/68k" class="mw-redirect" title="68k">68k</a>-based NeXT workstations to <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,<sup id="cite_ref-nextstep_history_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nextstep_history-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OPENSTEP was later ported to the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture as part of the <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody project</a>. </p><p>Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_drives" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state drives">solid state drives</a> (SSDs), the default <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> is <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a>, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> had criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting user data". He criticized the <a href="/wiki/Case_insensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Case insensitivity">case insensitivity</a> of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> subsystem in macOS manages the file system, which includes the Unix <a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">permissions</a> layer. In 2003 and 2005, two <a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a> editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to <a href="/wiki/Repair_permissions" title="Repair permissions">reset permissions</a> every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that macOS typically handles permissions properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design:<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the layered frameworks aid rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple provides its own <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> tools, most prominently an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> called <a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a>. Xcode provides interfaces to <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> that support several <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Mac transition to Intel processors</a>, it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a <a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">universal binary</a>, which provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First and third-party applications can be controlled programmatically using the <a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a> framework,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retained from the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or using the newer <a href="/wiki/Automator_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Automator (software)">Automator</a> application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require programming knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_compatibility">Software compatibility</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of Mac software</a></div> <p>Apple offered two main <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> to develop software natively for macOS: <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a>. Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OPENSTEP</a> with no ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>, while Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten to run natively on Mac OS X.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a> Computer and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous in the framework, standing variously for <b>N</b>eXT<b>S</b>TEP or <b>N</b>eXT/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems"><b>S</b>un</a>. The official OPENSTEP API, published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix.<sup id="cite_ref-nextstep_history_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nextstep_history-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java programming interface."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS also used to support the <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Platform">Java Platform</a> as a "preferred software package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> compatible, and that graphical user interfaces written in <a href="/wiki/Swing_(Java)" title="Swing (Java)">Swing</a> look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its new programming language <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a> as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms. </p><p>Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To permit a smooth transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">Application Programming Interface</a> (API) was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a>, which also did not include the Aqua interface.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple limited further development of Carbon from the release of Leopard onwards and announced that Carbon applications would not run at 64-bit.<sup id="cite_ref-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards, especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2016" title="Microsoft Office 2016">Office 2016</a>, and Photoshop up to CS5.<sup id="cite_ref-Office_2016_preview_9to5_Mac_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_2016_preview_9to5_Mac-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photoshop,_Lightroom,_and_Adobe's_64-bit_roadmap-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a> with performance limitations; this feature was removed from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors. </p><p>Because macOS is <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> compliant, many software packages written for the other <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> can be recompiled to run on it, including many scientific and technical programs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainzer_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainzer-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-party projects such as <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(package_management_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homebrew (package management software)">Homebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fink_(software)" title="Fink (software)">Fink</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacPorts" title="MacPorts">MacPorts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pkgsrc" title="Pkgsrc">pkgsrc</a> provide pre-compiled or pre-formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source <a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a> project; earlier versions could use the <a href="/wiki/X11.app" class="mw-redirect" title="X11.app">X11</a> application provided by Apple, or before that the <a href="/wiki/XDarwin" title="XDarwin">XDarwin</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading (with or without <a href="/wiki/Code_signing" title="Code signing">code signing</a>, available via an Apple developer account) or through the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandbox</a>, restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-Not_on_the_Mac_App_Store_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Not_on_the_Mac_App_Store-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Distributing_Apps_Outside_the_Mac_App_Store_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distributing_Apps_Outside_the_Mac_App_Store-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a computer's administrator account.<sup id="cite_ref-How_to_open_apps_from_an_unidentified_developer_in_OS_X_Mountain_Lion_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_to_open_apps_from_an_unidentified_developer_in_OS_X_Mountain_Lion-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-About_Gatekeeper_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Gatekeeper-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple produces macOS applications. Some are included with macOS and some sold separately. This includes <a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a>, and the database application <a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a>. Numerous other developers also offer <a href="/wiki/List_of_Macintosh_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Macintosh software">software for macOS</a>. </p><p>In 2018, Apple introduced an application layer, codenamed Marzipan, to <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">port</a> iOS apps to macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurman_Marzipan_rumor_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurman_Marzipan_rumor-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinberger_Marzipan_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberger_Marzipan-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS Mojave included ports of four first-party iOS apps including <a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a>, and it was announced that the API would be available for third-party developers to use from 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_future_of_the_Mac_comes_from_iOS_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_future_of_the_Mac_comes_from_iOS-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iMore_Marzipan_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iMore_Marzipan-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marzipan_Benjamin_Mayo_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marzipan_Benjamin_Mayo-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS Catalina</a> in 2019, the application layer was made available to third-party developers as <a href="/wiki/Mac_Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Catalyst">Mac Catalyst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware_compatibility">Hardware compatibility</h3></div> <p>List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Operating system </th> <th>Release year(s) </th> <th>Supported systems<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>RAM requirement </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2</a> </td> <td>2001 – 2002 </td> <td>G3, G4 and G5 <a href="/wiki/IBook" title="IBook">iBook</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerBook" title="PowerBook">PowerBook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Macintosh" title="Power Macintosh">Power Mac</a> and <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a><br /><small>(except <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_G3" title="PowerBook G3">PowerBook G3</a> "Kanga")</small> </td> <td data-sort-value="128" rowspan="2">128 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3</a> </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Macs with a <a href="/wiki/New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a><sup id="cite_ref-TigerRequirements_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerRequirements-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Macs with built-in <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> and either a <a href="/wiki/New_World_ROM" title="New World ROM">New World ROM</a> or Intel processor </td> <td data-sort-value="256">256 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5</a> </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>Select G4, G5, and Intel Macs <small>(32-bit or 64-bit)</small> at 867 MHz or faster<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Classic</a> support dropped from 10.5 and later. </td> <td data-sort-value="512">512 MB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td>Intel Macs <small>(32-bit or 64-bit)</small><sup id="cite_ref-LionReq_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LionReq-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td data-sort-value="1024">1 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>Intel Macs <small>(64-bit)</small><sup id="cite_ref-LionReq_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LionReq-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a> support dropped from 10.7 and later. </td> <td data-sort-value="2048" rowspan="4">2 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8</a> – <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11</a> </td> <td>2012 – 2015 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Aluminum, Late 2008 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Late 2008 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Mid 2007 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Early 2009 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Mid 2007 or later), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Early 2008 or later)</li> <li><i>Servers</i>: <a href="/wiki/Xserve" title="Xserve">Xserve</a> (Early 2009)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12</a> – <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13</a> </td> <td>2016 – 2017 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Late 2009 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Late 2010 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Mid 2010 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Mid 2010 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Late 2009 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017) (macOS 10.13), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Mid 2010 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14</a> </td> <td>2018 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Early 2015 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Mid 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Mid 2012 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Late 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Late 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Mid 2010 or later<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15</a> </td> <td>2019 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Early 2015 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Mid 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Mid 2012 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Late 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Late 2012 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Late 2013 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="4096">4 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11</a> </td> <td>2020 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Early 2015 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Mid 2013 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Late 2013 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Late 2014 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Mid 2014 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Late 2013 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12</a> </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (Early 2016 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (Early 2015 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (Early 2015 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (Late 2014 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (Late 2015 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Mac Studio</a> (2022), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (Late 2013 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (2018 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (2017 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (2018 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (2017 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Mac Studio</a> (2022 or later), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (2019 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="8192">8 GB </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14</a> </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (2018 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (2018 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (2018 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (2019 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Mac Studio</a> (2022 or later), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (2019 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15</a> </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Laptops</i>: <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (2020 or later), <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">MacBook Pro</a> (2018 or later)</li> <li><i>Desktops</i>: <a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mac Mini</a> (2018 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> (2019 or later), <a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">iMac Pro</a> (2017), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Mac Studio</a> (2022 or later), <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a> (2019 or later)</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tools such as <a href="/wiki/XPostFacto" title="XPostFacto">XPostFacto</a> and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a command in the Mac's <a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a> interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of 867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware. </p><p>As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as <a href="/wiki/OSx86" class="mw-redirect" title="OSx86">Hackintoshes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's <a href="/wiki/End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">EULA</a> (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These self-made computers allow more flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Psystar" class="mw-redirect" title="Psystar">Psystar</a>, a business that attempted to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerPC–Intel_transition"><span id="PowerPC.E2.80.93Intel_transition"></span>PowerPC–Intel transition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Intel_processors" title="Mac transition to Intel processors">Mac transition to Intel processors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_Presentation_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Steve_Jobs_Presentation_1.jpg/220px-Steve_Jobs_Presentation_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Steve_Jobs_Presentation_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Steve Jobs talks about the transition to Intel processors.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named <a href="/wiki/Starvin%27_Marvin_in_Space" title="Starvin' Marvin in Space">Marklar</a>, which ran on <a href="/wiki/Intel_x86" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel x86">Intel x86</a> processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> platform.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-I'll_See_You_Intel_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I'll_See_You_Intel-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Intel-Apple_Odds_and_Ends_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intel-Apple_Odds_and_Ends-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bombs_Away_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bombs_Away-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Binary_translation" title="Binary translation">binary translation</a> layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Siracusa_mourns_the_Power_PC_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Siracusa_mourns_the_Power_PC-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.<sup id="cite_ref-AppleInsider:_Mac_OS_X_Lion_drops_Front_Row,_Java_runtime,_Rosetta_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppleInsider:_Mac_OS_X_Lion_drops_Front_Row,_Java_runtime,_Rosetta-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple dropped support for Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as <a href="/wiki/Mini_vMac" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini vMac">Mini vMac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilisk_II" title="Basilisk II">Basilisk II</a> and <a href="/wiki/SheepShaver" title="SheepShaver">SheepShaver</a> provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying command-line compilers supported building <a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">universal binaries</a> that would run on either architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official <a href="/wiki/Binary_translation" title="Binary translation">binary translation</a> software, <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a>, though applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PowerPC binaries suffer a performance penalty when run on Intel Macs through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Intel Macs can run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries, PowerPC Macs support only universal and PowerPC builds. </p><p>Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at WWDC that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-only.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.<sup id="cite_ref-MacRumors:_Mac_OS_X_Lion:_Drops_PowerPC_Emulation,_Adds_QuickTime_Pro_Features,_Much_More_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacRumors:_Mac_OS_X_Lion:_Drops_PowerPC_Emulation,_Adds_QuickTime_Pro_Features,_Much_More-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new versions of Mac OS X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife, iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intel–Apple_silicon_transition"><span id="Intel.E2.80.93Apple_silicon_transition"></span>Intel–Apple silicon transition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_transition_to_Apple_silicon" title="Mac transition to Apple silicon">Mac transition to Apple silicon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_M1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apple_M1.jpg/220px-Apple_M1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apple_M1.jpg/330px-Apple_M1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Apple_M1.jpg/440px-Apple_M1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Apple's M1 processor</figcaption></figure> <p>Rumors of Apple shifting Macs from Intel to in-house ARM processors used by iOS devices began circulating as early as 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-SemiAccurate_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SemiAccurate-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ebbed and flowed throughout the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors intensified in 2020, when numerous reports announced that the company would announce its shift to its custom processors at WWDC.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple officially announced its shift to <a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">processors designed in-house</a> on June 22, 2020, at WWDC 2020, with the transition planned to last for approximately two years.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first release of macOS to support ARM was <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a>. Big Sur and later versions support <a href="/wiki/Universal_binary#Universal_2" title="Universal binary">Universal 2 binaries</a>, which are applications consisting of both Intel (<a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>) and Apple silicon (<a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">AArch64</a>) binaries; when launched, only the appropriate binary is run. Additionally, Intel binaries can be run on Apple silicon-based Macs using the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosetta 2">Rosetta 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Binary_translation" title="Binary translation">binary translation</a> software. The transition was completed at <a href="/wiki/WWDC_2023" class="mw-redirect" title="WWDC 2023">WWDC 2023</a> with the announce of the Apple silicon <a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Mac Pro</a>, ending the transition in 3 years, slightly behind schedule. </p><p>The change in processor architecture allows Macs with ARM processors to be able to run iOS and iPadOS apps natively.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aqua_user_interface">Aqua user interface</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua (user interface)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macosxpb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Macosxpb.png/250px-Macosxpb.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Macosxpb.png 1.5x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a> user interface as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> from 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major differences between the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a> and the current macOS was the addition of <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a>, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or <a href="/wiki/Widget_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Widget (computing)">widget</a> is drawn on-screen using <a href="/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing" title="Spatial anti-aliasing">spatial anti-aliasing</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a>, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing engine, to provide color matching for <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Drop_shadow" title="Drop shadow">drop shadows</a> were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface elements were integrated, including sheets (<a href="/wiki/Dialog_box" title="Dialog box">dialog boxes</a> attached to specific windows) and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. </p><p>The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMacs</a>, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Platinum_(theme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum (theme)">Platinum</a>" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Tognazzini" title="Bruce Tognazzini">Bruce Tognazzini</a> (who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-party developers started producing <a href="/wiki/Skin_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin (computing)">skins</a> for customizable applications and other operating systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening <a href="/wiki/Legal_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal action">legal action</a> against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold almost all of its Mac models with high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Retina_display" title="Retina display">Retina displays</a>, and macOS and its <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines" title="Human interface guidelines">human interface guidelines</a> published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, new services for applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette, color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application, adding consistency. The graphics system <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called <a href="/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor">Quartz Extreme</a>, a component of <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a>. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a side result, PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting its popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-name designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Making_the_ultimate_creative_content_OS_from_bits_of_Windows,_Mac,_and_Linux_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Making_the_ultimate_creative_content_OS_from_bits_of_Windows,_Mac,_and_Linux-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Built-in_components">Built-in components</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">List of built-in macOS apps</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a> has been part of the Finder since <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">version 10.5</a>. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotlight (software)">Spotlight</a>, a file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">version 10.4</a>, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) or content.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS makes use of a <a href="/wiki/Dock_(Mac_OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (Mac OS X)">Dock</a>, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows. </p><p>Apple added Exposé in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">version 10.3</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a> since <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">version 10.7</a>), a feature which includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to instantly reveal all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a> is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard" title="Advanced Encryption Standard">Advanced Encryption Standard</a> (AES-128).<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features introduced in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">version 10.4</a> include <a href="/wiki/Automator_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Automator (software)">Automator</a>, an application designed to create an automatic workflow for different tasks;<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (Mac OS)">Dashboard</a>, a full-screen group of small applications called <a href="/wiki/Desktop_widget" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop widget">desktop widgets</a> that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a>, a media viewer interface accessed by the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Remote" title="Apple Remote">Apple Remote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sync Services allows applications to access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">version 10.5</a> to accommodate various places where they appear in larger size, including for example the <a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a> view, a <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three-dimensional</a> graphical user interface included with <a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>, the Finder, and other Apple products for visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also introduced <a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_desktop" title="Virtual desktop">virtual desktop</a> implementation which enables the user to have more than one desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an automatic backup technology called <a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a>, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application data;<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a> characters by including the proprietary <a href="/wiki/Apple_Color_Emoji" title="Apple Color Emoji">Apple Color Emoji</a> font.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smile,_You're_Speaking_EMOJI:_the_rapid_evolution_of_a_wordless_tongue_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smile,_You're_Speaking_EMOJI:_the_rapid_evolution_of_a_wordless_tongue-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple has also connected macOS with social networks such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and text.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, its mobile operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_personal_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent personal assistant">intelligent personal assistant</a> <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, which was introduced in <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">version 10.12</a> of macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-siri1_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siri1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siri2_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siri2-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multilingual_support">Multilingual support</h3></div> <p>There are 47 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.<sup id="cite_ref-macoslanguages_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macoslanguages-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.<sup id="cite_ref-languages_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-languages-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent updates have added increased support for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> and interconnections with popular social networks in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple's_Tim_Cook_visits_China_to_talk_expansion,_expansion,_expansion_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple's_Tim_Cook_visits_China_to_talk_expansion,_expansion,_expansion-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Next_version_of_OS_X_to_be_more_iOS-like_than_ever_with_Mountain_Lion_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Next_version_of_OS_X_to_be_more_iOS-like_than_ever_with_Mountain_Lion-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_targets_China,_Japan_with_new_OS_X_El_Capitan_system_fonts_and_input_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_targets_China,_Japan_with_new_OS_X_El_Capitan_system_fonts_and_input-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chinamtnlion_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinamtnlion-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Updating_methods">Updating methods</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Functionality"></span><span class="anchor" id="Software_Update"></span> </p><p>macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in <a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a> or the <code>softwareupdate</code> <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> utility. Until <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a>, a separate <a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Software Update</a> application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a> application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. In <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS 10.14 Mojave</a>, the updating function was moved again to the Software Update settings pane. </p><p>Most Macs receive six or seven years of macOS updates. After a new major release of macOS, the previous two releases still receive occasional updates, but many security vulnerabilities are only patched in the latest macOS release.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history#Releases" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history § Releases</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 350px;"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_eiaveifbc56eapm12gj78t8tmpcc21v"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" coords="67,513,279,537" title="Rhapsody (operating system)" alt="Rhapsody (operating system)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" coords="67,480,232,504" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0" alt="Mac OS X Server 1.0" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" coords="67,461,239,485" title="Mac OS X Public Beta" alt="Mac OS X Public Beta" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" coords="67,449,192,473" title="Mac OS X 10.0" alt="Mac OS X 10.0" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" coords="67,436,192,460" title="Mac OS X 10.1" alt="Mac OS X 10.1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" coords="67,419,239,443" title="Mac OS X Jaguar" alt="Mac OS X Jaguar" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" coords="67,397,245,421" title="Mac OS X Panther" alt="Mac OS X Panther" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" coords="67,368,232,392" title="Mac OS X Tiger" alt="Mac OS X Tiger" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" coords="67,321,245,345" title="Mac OS X Leopard" alt="Mac OS X Leopard" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" coords="67,286,279,310" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard" alt="Mac OS X Snow Leopard" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" coords="67,250,225,274" title="Mac OS X Lion" alt="Mac OS X Lion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" coords="67,231,259,255" title="OS X Mountain Lion" alt="OS X Mountain Lion" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" coords="67,208,232,232" title="OS X Mavericks" alt="OS X Mavericks" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" coords="67,189,232,213" title="OS X Yosemite" alt="OS X Yosemite" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" coords="67,171,245,195" title="OS X El Capitan" alt="OS X El Capitan" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sierra" coords="67,153,225,177" title="macOS Sierra" alt="macOS Sierra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_High_Sierra" coords="67,133,259,157" title="macOS High Sierra" alt="macOS High Sierra" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Mojave" coords="67,115,225,139" title="macOS Mojave" alt="macOS Mojave" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Catalina" coords="67,95,239,119" title="macOS Catalina" alt="macOS Catalina" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Big_Sur" coords="67,74,212,98" title="macOS Big Sur" alt="macOS Big Sur" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Monterey" coords="67,56,219,80" title="macOS Monterey" alt="macOS Monterey" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Ventura" coords="67,37,212,61" title="macOS Ventura" alt="macOS Ventura" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sonoma" coords="67,20,205,44" title="macOS Sonoma" alt="macOS Sonoma" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/macOS_Sequoia" coords="67,1,212,25" title="macOS Sequoia" alt="macOS Sequoia" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_eiaveifbc56eapm12gj78t8tmpcc21v" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/eiaveifbc56eapm12gj78t8tmpcc21v.png" /></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a> of versions</div></div></div> <p>Mac OS X versions were named after <a href="/wiki/Big_cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Big cats">big cats</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a> and the original public beta, from <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a> until <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X 10.9 Mavericks</a>, when Apple switched to using <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> locations. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was <a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">code named</a> internally at Apple as "Cheetah", and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.1">Mac OS X 10.1</a> was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.2">Mac OS X 10.2</a>, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X 10.3</a> was marketed as "Panther", <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4</a> as "Tiger", <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X 10.5</a> as "Leopard", <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X 10.6</a> as "Snow Leopard", <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">Mac OS X 10.7</a> as "Lion", <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8</a> as "Mountain Lion", and <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X 10.9</a> as "Mavericks". </p><p>"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer retailer <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Direct">Tiger Direct</a> sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a></div> <p>On September 13, 2000, Apple released a US$29.95<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users. </p><p>The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">Mac OS X 10.0</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOSX10-0screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/MacOSX10-0screenshot.png/220px-MacOSX10-0screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/MacOSX10-0screenshot.png/330px-MacOSX10-0screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/MacOSX10-0screenshot.png/440px-MacOSX10-0screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of OS X 10.0</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial version was slow,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> incomplete,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from independent developers.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_187-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.1">Mac OS X 10.1</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">Mac OS X 10.1</a></div> <p>Later that year, on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the $129 boxed version for people running <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a>. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.<sup id="cite_ref-pumaupgrade_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumaupgrade-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.<sup id="cite_ref-default_os_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-default_os-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.2_Jaguar">Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">Mac OS X Jaguar</a></div> <p>On August 23, 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought significant performance improvements, and an updated version of Aqua's visual design. Jaguar also included over 150<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new user-facing features, including <a href="/wiki/Quartz_Compositor" title="Quartz Compositor">Quartz Extreme</a> for compositing graphics directly on an <a href="/wiki/ATI_Technologies" title="ATI Technologies">ATI</a> <a href="/wiki/Radeon" title="Radeon">Radeon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> <a href="/wiki/GeForce_2_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="GeForce 2 Series">GeForce2</a> MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new <a href="/wiki/Address_Book_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Address Book (application)">Address Book</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a> instant messaging client.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Happy_Mac" class="mw-redirect" title="Happy Mac">Happy Mac</a> icon — which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence since the <a href="/wiki/Original_Macintosh_128K" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Macintosh 128K">original Macintosh</a> — was replaced with a grey Apple logo.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.3_Panther">Mac OS X 10.3 Panther</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">Mac OS X Panther</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.3">Mac OS X v10.3</a> Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, <a href="/wiki/Fast_user_switching" title="Fast user switching">Fast user switching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expos%C3%A9_(Mac_OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposé (Mac OS X)">Exposé</a> (Window manager), <a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a>, iChat AV (which added <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">video conferencing</a> features to iChat), improved <a href="/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a> (PDF) rendering and much greater <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">Mac OS X Tiger</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TigerDesk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/TigerDesk.png/220px-TigerDesk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/TigerDesk.png/330px-TigerDesk.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/TigerDesk.png/440px-TigerDesk.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of Tiger</figcaption></figure> <p>Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> port.<sup id="cite_ref-TigerRequirements_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TigerRequirements-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the new features, Tiger introduced <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotlight (software)">Spotlight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(Mac_OS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (Mac OS)">Dashboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a>, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> 7, <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> 2, <a href="/wiki/Automator_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Automator (software)">Automator</a>, <a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a> and <a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a>. The initial release of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.5_Leopard">Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">Mac OS X Leopard</a></div> <p>Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopard supports both <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>- and <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">Intel x86</a>-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, <a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a> pre-installed,<sup id="cite_ref-bootcamp_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bootcamp-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> full support for <a href="/wiki/64-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> applications (including graphical applications), new features in <a href="/wiki/Mail_(OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (OS X)">Mail</a> and <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a>, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an <a href="/wiki/Single_UNIX_Specification" title="Single UNIX Specification">Open Brand UNIX 03</a> registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD-based</a> OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopard dropped support for the <a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a> and all Classic applications.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mac_OS_X_10.6_Snow_Leopard">Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">Mac OS X Snow Leopard</a></div> <p>Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of <span class="nowrap">Mac OS X</span>, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive <a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a> rewritten in <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a>, faster <a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a> backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> web browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, and dropped default support for applications built for the <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> architecture (<a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a> could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Snow Leopard also featured new <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> technology capable of supporting greater amounts of <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>, improved support for multi-core processors through <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a>, and advanced GPU performance with <a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">Mac App Store</a>, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg/250px-WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg/375px-WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg/500px-WWDC_2011_Moscone_West_Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>OS X Lion was announced at <a href="/wiki/WWDC" class="mw-redirect" title="WWDC">WWDC</a> 2011 at <a href="/wiki/Moscone_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscone West">Moscone West</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X_10.7_Lion">OS X 10.7 Lion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">OS X Lion</a></div> <p>OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called <a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(Mac_OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (Mac OS X)">Launchpad</a> and a greater use of <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> gestures, to the Mac. This release removed <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a>, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.<sup id="cite_ref-MacRumors:_Mac_OS_X_Lion:_Drops_PowerPC_Emulation,_Adds_QuickTime_Pro_Features,_Much_More_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacRumors:_Mac_OS_X_Lion:_Drops_PowerPC_Emulation,_Adds_QuickTime_Pro_Features,_Much_More-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and <a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a> which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X_10.8_Mountain_Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a></div> <p>OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-PR-25-07_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PR-25-07-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include <a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a>, support for <a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from <a href="/wiki/ICal" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal">iCal</a> (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing <a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> documents in <a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a>, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> as an option for <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> search engine, <a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/163.com" class="mw-redirect" title="163.com">163.com</a> and 126.com services for <a href="/wiki/Mail_(OS_X)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (OS X)">Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Address_Book_(application)" class="mw-redirect" title="Address Book (application)">Contacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/ICal" class="mw-redirect" title="ICal">Calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youku" title="Youku">Youku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudou" title="Tudou">Tudou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sina_Weibo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sina Weibo">Sina Weibo</a> are integrated into share sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-chinamtnlion_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinamtnlion-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the <a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X_10.9_Mavericks">OS X 10.9 Mavericks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">OS X Mavericks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png/220px-Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png/330px-Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4d/Macintosh_OS_X_Mavericks_representation.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of OS X Mavericks</figcaption></figure> <p>OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only <a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">iBooks</a> applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X_10.10_Yosemite">OS X 10.10 Yosemite</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">OS X Yosemite</a></div> <p>OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of <a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">iOS 7</a>, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturated colors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yosemite_review_Siracusa_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yosemite_review_Siracusa-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, <a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(software)" title="Aperture (software)">Aperture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_X_10.11_El_Capitan">OS X 10.11 El Capitan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_capitan_desktop_display.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/El_capitan_desktop_display.png/220px-El_capitan_desktop_display.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/El_capitan_desktop_display.png/330px-El_capitan_desktop_display.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/El_capitan_desktop_display.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of El Capitan</figcaption></figure> <p>OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance".<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Refinements include public transport built into the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> application, GUI improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a> application, adopting <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_(2014_typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco (2014 typeface)">San Francisco</a> as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal API</a>, first introduced in <a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">iOS 8</a>, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.<sup id="cite_ref-apple-PR-release_205-06-08_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apple-PR-release_205-06-08-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_10.12_Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS Sierra</a></div> <p>macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.<sup id="cite_ref-macossierraweb_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macossierraweb-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siri3_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siri3-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_10.13_High_Sierra">macOS 10.13 High Sierra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">macOS High Sierra</a></div> <p>macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">OS X El Capitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a>, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major change under the hood is the switch to the <a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a>, optimized for the solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_10.14_Mojave">macOS 10.14 Mojave</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">macOS Mojave</a></div> <p>macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-macrumors-mojave_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macrumors-mojave-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The update introduced a system-wide <a href="/wiki/Dark_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark mode">dark mode</a> and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">Apple News</a>. It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store (where it had been since <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X Mountain Lion</a>) to a new panel in System Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_10.15_Catalina">macOS 10.15 Catalina</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">macOS Catalina</a></div> <p>macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple_macOS_Catalina_intro_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_macOS_Catalina_intro-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Updates included enhanced voice control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for 32-bit applications.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_11_Big_Sur">macOS 11 Big Sur</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">macOS Big Sur</a> was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Mac OS X Public Beta</a> in 2000. It brings <a href="/wiki/AArch64" title="AArch64">Arm</a> support,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new icons, and aesthetic <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">user interface</a> changes to the system.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_12_Monterey">macOS 12 Monterey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS Monterey</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">macOS Monterey</a> was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7, 2021, and released on October 25, 2021, introducing Universal Control (which allows input devices to be used with multiple devices simultaneously), Focus modes (which allows selectively limiting notifications and alerts depending on user-defined user/work modes), Shortcuts (a task automation framework previously only available on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> expected to replace <a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_components#Automator" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS components">Automator</a>), a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari Web browser</a>, and updates and improvements to <a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwdc21_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwdc21-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_13_Ventura">macOS 13 Ventura</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS Ventura</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS Ventura</a> was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and released on October 24, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came with the redesigned System Preferences (named System Settings) to a more <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>-like design, and the new <a href="/wiki/Freeform_(Apple)" title="Freeform (Apple)">Freeform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weather_(Apple)" title="Weather (Apple)">Weather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clock_(Apple)" title="Clock (Apple)">Clock</a> apps that run natively on Mac. Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing with Continuity Camera. Siri's appearance was changed to look more like the versions on <a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">iOS 14</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">iPadOS 14</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a> introduced schedule send and undo send for emails, and <a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">Message</a> also got the ability to undo send and edit messages. Stage Manager was introduced as a new way to organize all open windows in a desktop. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> gained the feature for multiple-stop routes, <a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal 3</a> was added with support for spatial and temporal image upscaling, Lockdown mode was added to reduce the risk of a cyberattack, and the ability to play ambient background sounds was added as an accessibility feature in System Settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_14_Sonoma">macOS 14 Sonoma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS Sonoma</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MacOS_Sonoma_screenshot_with_windows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/MacOS_Sonoma_screenshot_with_windows.png/303px-MacOS_Sonoma_screenshot_with_windows.png" decoding="async" width="303" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/MacOS_Sonoma_screenshot_with_windows.png 1.5x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of Sonoma</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">macOS Sonoma</a> was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 5, 2023, and released on September 26, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS Sonoma revamped widgets—they can now be placed anywhere on the desktop. Game mode optimizes game performance by prioritizing gaming tasks and allocating more GPU and CPU capacity to the game, and by doing so is able to provide smoother frame rates for gameplay. The <a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight Search</a> bar and all app icons were made even more rounded, smoother animations were implemented for notifications and the lock screen, and new slow-motion screensavers of different locations worldwide were added. When logged in, they gradually slow down and become the desktop wallpaper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS_15_Sequoia">macOS 15 Sequoia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a> was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 10, 2024. It adds support for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a> features (for example a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a>, writing tools, Image Playground, Genmoji, and system-wide integration with <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>), as well as adding iPhone Mirroring, a new dedicated Passwords app for faster autofilling and more organised passwords, and window tiling - a similar feature to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>' <a href="/wiki/Aero_Snap" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero Snap">Aero Snap</a> window snapping feature.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2></div> <p>Apple publishes Apple Platform Security documents to lay out the security protections built into macOS and Mac hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>macOS supports additional hardware-based security features on Apple silicon Macs:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%5EX" title="W^X">Write xor execute</a> prevents some security vulnerabilities by making <a href="/wiki/Page_(computer_memory)" title="Page (computer memory)">memory pages</a> either writable or executable, but not both.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_238-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> devices are prevented by <a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_memory_management_unit" title="Input–output memory management unit">IOMMUs</a> from reading system memory that is not explicitly mapped to them, unlike Intel-based Macs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_238-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>macOS's optional Lockdown Mode enables additional protections, such as disabling <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compilation</a> for Safari's <a href="/wiki/JavaScript_engine" title="JavaScript engine">JavaScript engine</a>, blocks FaceTime calls unless you have previously called that person or contact, location information is excluded when photos are being shared, Game Center is disabled, and accessories have to be approved and your Mac has to be unlocked. These prevent some vulnerabilities within macOS.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only the latest major release of macOS (currently <a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">macOS Sequoia</a>) receives patches for all known security vulnerabilities. The previous two releases receive some security updates, but not for all vulnerabilities known to Apple. In 2021, Apple fixed a critical <a href="/wiki/Privilege_escalation" title="Privilege escalation">privilege escalation</a> vulnerability in macOS Big Sur, but a fix remained unavailable for the previous release, macOS Catalina, for 234 days, until Apple was informed that the vulnerability was being used to infect the computers of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> citizens and other people who visited <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-democracy camp (Hong Kong)">pro-democracy</a> websites that may have been <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Hong_Kong" title="Internet censorship in Hong Kong">blocked in Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">macOS Ventura</a> added support for Rapid Security Response (RSR) updates and Lockdown Mode. Rapid Security Response updates may require a reboot, but take less than a minute to install.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an analysis, <a href="/wiki/Hackintosh" title="Hackintosh">Hackintosh</a> developer Mykola Grymalyuk noted that RSR updates can only fix userland vulunerability, and cannot patch the macOS kernel.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lockdown Mode is an optional security feature designed to provide extreme protection for users who may be at risk of targeted cyberattacks, such as journalists, activists, and public figures. This mode significantly alters the functionality of the device to enhance security against sophisticated threats, particularly from spyware and state-sponsored attacks. Apple says most people are never impacted by these attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malware_and_spyware">Malware and spyware</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MacOS_malware" title="MacOS malware">macOS malware</a></div> <p>In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> that have affected <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> users.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_worm" title="Computer worm">Worms</a>, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and malware such as <a href="/wiki/Mac_Defender" title="Mac Defender">Mac Defender</a>, MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions installed without user input.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as signature files containing <a href="/wiki/Signature-based_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Signature-based detection">malware signatures</a> for <a href="/wiki/Xprotect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xprotect">Xprotect</a>, an anti-malware feature part of <a href="/wiki/File_Quarantine" class="mw-redirect" title="File Quarantine">File Quarantine</a> present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_share">Usage share</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share of operating systems</a></div> <p>As of January 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MacOS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, macOS is the second-most widely used general-purpose desktop operating system used on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> following <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, with a 15.33% usage share according to statistics compiled by <a href="/w/index.php?title=StatCounter_GlobalStats&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="StatCounter GlobalStats (page does not exist)">StatCounter GlobalStats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion">Promotion</h3></div> <p>As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users, promotion at <a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Apple Store</a> and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and <a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac#North_American_campaign" title="Get a Mac">comparing</a> Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> received for the long-awaited <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple's_Get_a_Mac_campaign_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple's_Get_a_Mac_campaign-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple_tweaks_Microsoft_over_Vista_ad_spending_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple_tweaks_Microsoft_over_Vista_ad_spending-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock (macOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> (1984–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems" title="Comparison of BSD operating systems">Comparison of BSD operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of Mac software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac operating systems</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeviceDrivers/Conceptual/IOKitFundamentals/Features/Features.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP0000012-TPXREF101">"What Is the I/O Kit?"</a>. <i>IOKit Fundamentals</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122035953/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeviceDrivers/Conceptual/IOKitFundamentals/Features/Features.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP0000012-TPXREF101">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Apple considered several programming languages for the I/O Kit and chose a restricted subset of C++.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IOKit+Fundamentals&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+I%2FO+Kit%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Farchive%2Fdocumentation%2FDeviceDrivers%2FConceptual%2FIOKitFundamentals%2FFeatures%2FFeatures.html%23%2F%2Fapple_ref%2Fdoc%2Fuid%2FTP0000012-TPXREF101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2016/402">"What's New in Swift"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Apple Developer</a></i> (Video). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Developer&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+Swift&rft.pages=At+2%3A40&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fvideos%2Fplay%2Fwwdc2016%2F402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover2024" class="citation news cs1">Clover, Juli (November 19, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2024/11/19/apple-releases-macos-sequoia-15-1-1/">"Apple Releases macOS Sequoia 15.1.1 With Security Fixes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MacRumors" title="MacRumors">MacRumors</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MacRumors&rft.atitle=Apple+Releases+macOS+Sequoia+15.1.1+With+Security+Fixes&rft.date=2024-11-19&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Juli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrumors.com%2F2024%2F11%2F19%2Fapple-releases-macos-sequoia-15-1-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover2024" class="citation news cs1">Clover, Juli (November 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2024/11/20/apple-ios-18-2-fourth-beta/">"Apple Releases Fourth Betas of iOS 18.2 and More With Genmoji, Image Playground and ChatGPT Integration [Update: Public Betas Available]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MacRumors" title="MacRumors">MacRumors</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MacRumors&rft.atitle=Apple+Releases+Fourth+Betas+of+iOS+18.2+and+More+With+Genmoji%2C+Image+Playground+and+ChatGPT+Integration+%5BUpdate%3A+Public+Betas+Available%5D&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Juli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrumors.com%2F2024%2F11%2F20%2Fapple-ios-18-2-fourth-beta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeviceDrivers/Conceptual/IOKitFundamentals/Features/Features.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP0000012-TPXREF101">"macOS Feature Availability"</a>. <i>System Language</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122035953/https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/DeviceDrivers/Conceptual/IOKitFundamentals/Features/Features.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP0000012-TPXREF101">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=System+Language&rft.atitle=macOS+Feature+Availability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Flibrary%2Farchive%2Fdocumentation%2FDeviceDrivers%2FConceptual%2FIOKitFundamentals%2FFeatures%2FFeatures.html%23%2F%2Fapple_ref%2Fdoc%2Fuid%2FTP0000012-TPXREF101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2024/09/16/apple-releases-macos-sequoia/">"Apple Launches macOS Sequoia With iPhone Mirroring, Passwords App, Window Tiling Updates and More"</a>. <i>MacRumors</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+Version+10.6+on+Intel-based+Macintosh+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3581.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/docs//OSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf">"Apple technology brief on UNIX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710081938/https://movies.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/docs/OSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+technology+brief+on+UNIX&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.apple.com%2Fmedia%2Fus%2Fosx%2F2012%2Fdocs%2F%2FOSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3591.htm">"Mac OS X Version 10.8 on Intel-based Macintosh computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141116121907/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3591.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS+X+Version+10.9+on+Intel-based+Macintosh+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3602.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3607.htm">"OS X version 10.10 Yosemite on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110131010/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3607.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS+X+version+10.10+Yosemite+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3607.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3612.htm">"OS X version 10.11 El Capitan on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015001306/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3612.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS+X+version+10.11+El+Capitan+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">"macOS version 10.12 Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002105135/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3627.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.12+Sierra+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3627.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3632.htm">"macOS version 10.13 High Sierra on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150433/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3632.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.13+High+Sierra+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3632.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3648.htm">"macOS version 10.14 Mojave on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507074445/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3648.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.14+Mojave+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3648.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3653.htm">"macOS version 10.15 Catalina on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410234632/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3653.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+10.15+Catalina+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3653.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3663.htm">"macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020025114/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3663.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+11.0+Big+Sur+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3663.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3668.htm">"macOS version 11.0 Big Sur on Apple silicon-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121624/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3668.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+11.0+Big+Sur+on+Apple+silicon-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3668.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3673.htm">"macOS version 12.0 Monterey on Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105143717/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3673.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+12.0+Monterey+on+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3673.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3678.htm">"macOS version 12.0 Monterey on Apple silicon-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108024814/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3678.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+12.0+Monterey+on+Apple+silicon-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3678.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3688.htm">"macOS version 13.0 Ventura on Apple Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231222726/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3688.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+13.0+Ventura+on+Apple+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3688.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3683.htm">"macOS version 13.0 Ventura on Apple silicon-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231222655/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3683.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+13.0+Ventura+on+Apple+silicon-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3683.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3705.htm">"macOS version 14.0 Sonoma on Apple Intel-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015042122/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3705.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+14.0+Sonoma+on+Apple+Intel-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3705.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3700.htm">"macOS version 14.0 Sonoma on Apple silicon-based Mac computers"</a>. The Open Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015042121/https://www.opengroup.org/openbrand/register/brand3700.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+version+14.0+Sonoma+on+Apple+silicon-based+Mac+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3700.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mail-archive.com/austin-group-l@opengroup.org/msg02006.html">"Re: was OS X version 10.7 Lion UNIX 03 certified?"</a>. <i>austin-group-l</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200429213555/https://www.mail-archive.com/austin-group-l@opengroup.org/msg02006.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+was+OS+X+version+10.7+Lion+UNIX+03+certified%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Faustin-group-l%40opengroup.org%2Fmsg02006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2020" class="citation web cs1">Evans, Jonny (June 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3563894/wwdc-2020-yes-apple-is-dumping-intel-gently.html">"WWDC 2020: Yes, Apple is dumping Intel, gently"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925222253/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3563894/wwdc-2020-yes-apple-is-dumping-intel-gently.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=WWDC+2020%3A+Yes%2C+Apple+is+dumping+Intel%2C+gently&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3563894%2Fwwdc-2020-yes-apple-is-dumping-intel-gently.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techMavericks-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techMavericks_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHa2013" class="citation news cs1">Ha, Anthony (June 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/os-x-mavericks">"Apple Has A New, California-Based Naming Scheme For OS X, Starting With OS X Mavericks"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709214256/https://techcrunch.com/2013/06/10/os-x-mavericks">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Perhaps one of the announcements that stood out the most was a slight name change. The desktop operating system Mac OS X will now be called macOS to better match with the way the company's other operating systems are named.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Apple+unveils+iOS+10%2C+macOS%2C+and+more+at+WWDC+2016&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Mastroianni&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fapple-wwdc-2016-ios-10-mac-os-and-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apple_bsd_overview-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apple_bsd_overview_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/KernelProgramming/BSD/BSD.html">"Apple BSD Overview"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2008</span>. <q>a joint venture with IBM, called Taligent, but was discontinued soon thereafter</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Facts&rft.pub=The+Apple+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theapplemuseum.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1996" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (December 23, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E1D71331F930A15751C1A960958260">"Why Apple Sees Next as a Match Made in Heaven"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. D1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080531063010/https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E1D71331F930A15751C1A960958260">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Apple+Sees+Next+as+a+Match+Made+in+Heaven&rft.pages=D1&rft.date=1996-12-23&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F06E1D71331F930A15751C1A960958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawcett1998" class="citation web cs1">Fawcett, Neil (February 12, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502033350/https://business.highbeam.com/411267/article-1G1-20334085/rhapsody-suffers-identity-crisis">"Rhapsody suffers an identity crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Reed_Business_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Business Information">Reed Business Information</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.highbeam.com/411267/article-1G1-20334085/rhapsody-suffers-identity-crisis">the original</a> on May 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Weekly&rft.atitle=Rhapsody+suffers+an+identity+crisis&rft.date=1998-02-12&rft.aulast=Fawcett&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.highbeam.com%2F411267%2Farticle-1G1-20334085%2Frhapsody-suffers-identity-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhapsody_and_Blues-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rhapsody_and_Blues_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2008" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (April 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/staff/2008/04/rhapsody-and-blues">"Rhapsody and Blues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104224017/https://arstechnica.com/staff/2008/04/rhapsody-and-blues">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Rhapsody+and+Blues&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fstaff%2F2008%2F04%2Frhapsody-and-blues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArsTec_2006.03-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArsTec_2006.03_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArsTec_2006.03_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2006" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (March 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars">"Five years of Mac OS X"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Publishing">Condé Nast Digital</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625184020/https://arstechnica.com/apple/reviews/2006/03/osx-fiveyears.ars">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Five+years+of+Mac+OS+X&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2Freviews%2F2006%2F03%2Fosx-fiveyears.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_OSX_name-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_OSX_name_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2011" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Kelly, Spencer (February 26, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011"><i>Click – BBC TV programme</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318005840/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00z8dnj/Click_26_02_2011">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Of course X ("ex") does mean 10, but anyone who used to poke around on Unix systems will know that in those days anything Unix had an X ("ex") in it, and OS Ten is written OS X ("ex") in honour of the fact that it is based on UNIX, unlike its predecessors. So, hey, you can say it any way you want; me, I'm showing my age and sticking with X (<i>ex</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Click+%E2%80%93+BBC+TV+programme&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb00z8dnj%2FClick_26_02_2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten_not_x-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ten_not_x_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541">"What is an operating system (OS)?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. July 15, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226055954/https://support.apple.com/kb/TA22541">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2006</span>. <q>The current version of Mac OS is Mac OS X (pronounced "Mac O-S ten").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+an+operating+system+%28OS%29%3F&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2004-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.apple.com%2Fkb%2FTA22541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siracusa_decade_of_Mac_OS_X_reviews_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2011" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (May 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2">"Here's to the crazy ones: a decade of Mac OS X reviews"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074957/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/05/mac-os-x-revisited/2">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Here%27s+to+the+crazy+ones%3A+a+decade+of+Mac+OS+X+reviews&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2F2011%2F05%2Fmac-os-x-revisited%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adobe_discontinues_FrameMaker_for_Macintosh-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adobe_discontinues_FrameMaker_for_Macintosh_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2004" class="citation web cs1">Dalrymple, Jim (March 23, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html">"Adobe discontinues FrameMaker for Macintosh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208120913/https://www.macworld.com/article/1030037/framemaker.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Adobe+discontinues+FrameMaker+for+Macintosh&rft.date=2004-03-23&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macworld.com%2Farticle%2F1030037%2Fframemaker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lion_review_Siracusa-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_review_Siracusa_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lion_review_Siracusa_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2011" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (July 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7">"Lion review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214144440/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2011/07/mac-os-x-10-7">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Lion+review&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2F2011%2F07%2Fmac-os-x-10-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jon_Rubinstein_sends_message_to_HP_staff;_Addresses_TouchPad_reviews-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jon_Rubinstein_sends_message_to_HP_staff;_Addresses_TouchPad_reviews_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation web cs1">Rubenstein, John (July 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews">"Jon Rubinstein sends message to HP staff; Addresses TouchPad reviews"</a>. <i>WebOS Nation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208123726/https://www.webosnation.com/jon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WebOS+Nation&rft.atitle=Jon+Rubinstein+sends+message+to+HP+staff%3B+Addresses+TouchPad+reviews&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webosnation.com%2Fjon-rubenstein-sends-message-hp-staff-addresses-touchpad-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2004" class="citation web cs1">Spolsky, Joel (June 13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html">"How Microsoft Lost the API War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426050037/https://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/APIWar.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>The developers of the Macintosh OS at Apple have always been in this camp [i.e. not trying to be backwards compatible no matter what]. It's why so few applications from the early days of the Macintosh still work...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Microsoft+Lost+the+API+War&rft.date=2004-06-13&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joelonsoftware.com%2Farticles%2FAPIWar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OS_X_Panther_review_Siracusa-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OS_X_Panther_review_Siracusa_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiracusa2003" class="citation web cs1">Siracusa, John (November 9, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3">"OS X Panther review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126155239/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2003/11/macosx-10-3">Archived</a> from the original on November 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=OS+X+Panther+review&rft.date=2003-11-09&rft.aulast=Siracusa&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2F2003%2F11%2Fmacosx-10-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Keizer2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Gregg Keizer (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287">"Microsoft's Vista Had Major Mac Envy, Company E-Mails Reveal"</a>. <i>Information Week</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711175300/https://www.informationweek.com/microsofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal/d/d-id/1051287">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Week&rft.atitle=Microsoft%27s+Vista+Had+Major+Mac+Envy%2C+Company+E-Mails+Reveal&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.au=Gregg+Keizer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informationweek.com%2Fmicrosofts-vista-had-major-mac-envy-company-e-mails-reveal%2Fd%2Fd-id%2F1051287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlowski_Jaguar_review-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski_Jaguar_review_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowski" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review">"The Jagwyre Review"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045015/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/08/27/the_jagwyre_review">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Using Mac OS X is like touring a land of fabulous ancient treasures – with a tourist authority that's still busy renovating them, and that hasn't quite completed the infrastructure. The sights can be breathtaking, but the roads are potholed and incomplete, and sometimes you have to get out and push. There are a few magnificent modern additions – Rendezvous, AppleScript Studio, for example – but in places the modern Apple archaeologists seem to have forgotten their ancestors techniques, and have resorted to inferior contemporary methods such as the Windows bodge of using three letter extensions for identifying the file type.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=The+Jagwyre+Review&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2002%2F08%2F27%2Fthe_jagwyre_review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple_and_the_Oak_Tree-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_and_the_Oak_Tree_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2017" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Ben (August 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree">"Apple and the Oak Tree"</a>. <i>Stratechery</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920045301/https://stratechery.com/2017/apple-and-the-oak-tree">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratechery&rft.atitle=Apple+and+the+Oak+Tree&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstratechery.com%2F2017%2Fapple-and-the-oak-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizzo2003" class="citation web cs1">Rizzo, John (November 12, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm">"Mac OS X 10.3 Panther"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208235440/https://www.builderau.com.au/news/soa/Mac-OS-X-10-3-Panther/0,339028227,320280883,00.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2009</span>. <q>Once you reboot, you'll notice that Apple has abandoned the light and airy Aqua interface for the darker, heavier brushed-metal look of iTunes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+10.3+Panther&rft.date=2003-11-12&rft.aulast=Rizzo&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.builderau.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsoa%2FMac-OS-X-10-3-Panther%2F0%2C339028227%2C320280883%2C00.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW.2008" class="citation web cs1">W., Jeff (May 27, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609">"Mac OS X (10.5) – User Interface Changes"</a>. University of Wisconsin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720114352/https://helpdesk.wisc.edu/page.php?id=6609">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daring+Fireball&rft.atitle=WWDC+2009+Wrap-Up&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaringfireball.net%2F2009%2F06%2Fwwdc09_wrapup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26/">"Apple to Ship Mac OS X Leopard on October 26"</a>. <i>apple.com</i> (Press release). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128030037/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2007/10/16Apple-to-Ship-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-on-October-26/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Store+%28U.S.%29&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+10.6+Snow+Leopard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.apple.com%2Fus%2Fproduct%2FMC573Z%2FA%2Fmac-os-x-106-snow-leopard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snow_Leopard—an_OS_without_new_features-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snow_Leopard—an_OS_without_new_features_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html">"Apple's Snow Leopard—an OS without new features"</a>. <i>Macworld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063859/https://www.macworld.com/article/1133949/snowleopard.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 18, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072912/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/07/18Apple-Previews-Next-Version-of-Mac-OS-X">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Previews+Next+Version+of+Mac+OS+X&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2001-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2001%2F07%2F18Apple-Previews-Next-Version-of-Mac-OS-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X">"Apple Previews "Jaguar", the Next Major Release of Mac OS X"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. May 6, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133442/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Previews+%22Jaguar%22%2C+the+Next+Major+Release+of+Mac+OS+X&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2002-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2002%2F05%2F06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/06/23Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Panther">"Apple Previews Mac OS X "Panther"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. June 23, 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072818/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2003/06/23Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Panther">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Previews+Mac+OS+X+%22Panther%22&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2003-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2003%2F06%2F23Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Panther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2004/05/04Steve-Jobs-to-Kick-Off-Apples-Worldwide-Developers-Conference-2004-with-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Tiger">"Steve Jobs to Kick Off Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference 2004 with Preview of Mac OS X "Tiger"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133653/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2004/05/04Steve-Jobs-to-Kick-Off-Apples-Worldwide-Developers-Conference-2004-with-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Tiger">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steve+Jobs+to+Kick+Off+Apple%27s+Worldwide+Developers+Conference+2004+with+Preview+of+Mac+OS+X+%22Tiger%22&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2004%2F05%2F04Steve-Jobs-to-Kick-Off-Apples-Worldwide-Developers-Conference-2004-with-Preview-of-Mac-OS-X-Tiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2006/06/26Apple-Executives-to-Preview-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-at-WWDC-2006-Keynote">"Apple Executives to Preview Mac OS X "Leopard" at WWDC 2006 Keynote"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133415/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2006/06/26Apple-Executives-to-Preview-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-at-WWDC-2006-Keynote">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Executives+to+Preview+Mac+OS+X+%22Leopard%22+at+WWDC+2006+Keynote&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2006%2F06%2F26Apple-Executives-to-Preview-Mac-OS-X-Leopard-at-WWDC-2006-Keynote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/28/road_to_mac_os_x_snow_leopard_64_bit_to_the_kernel">"Road to Mac OS X Snow Leopard: 64-bit to the Kernel"</a>. AppleInsider. October 28, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928225357/http://appleinsider.com/articles/08/10/28/road_to_mac_os_x_snow_leopard_64_bit_to_the_kernel">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+to+Mac+OS+X+Snow+Leopard%3A+64-bit+to+the+Kernel&rft.pub=AppleInsider&rft.date=2008-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappleinsider.com%2Farticles%2F08%2F10%2F28%2Froad_to_mac_os_x_snow_leopard_64_bit_to_the_kernel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2008/06/09Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Snow-Leopard-to-Developers">"Apple Previews Mac OS X Snow Leopard to Developers"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. 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October 20, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133326/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2010/10/20Apple-Gives-Sneak-Peek-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Gives+Sneak+Peek+of+Mac+OS+X+Lion&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2010%2F10%2F20Apple-Gives-Sneak-Peek-of-Mac-OS-X-Lion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/older-64-bit-macs-out-of-the-picture-for-mountain-lion/">"Older 64-bit Macs out of the picture for Mountain Lion"</a>. <i>CNET</i>. July 11, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001022055/http://www.cnet.com/news/older-64-bit-macs-out-of-the-picture-for-mountain-lion/">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Older+64-bit+Macs+out+of+the+picture+for+Mountain+Lion&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Folder-64-bit-macs-out-of-the-picture-for-mountain-lion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR-16-02-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PR-16-02_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/02/16Apple-Releases-OS-X-Mountain-Lion-Developer-Preview-with-Over-100-New-Features">"Apple Releases OS X Mountain Lion Developer Preview with Over 100 New Features"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Releases+OS+X+Mountain+Lion+Developer+Preview+with+Over+100+New+Features&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2012%2F02%2F16Apple-Releases-OS-X-Mountain-Lion-Developer-Preview-with-Over-100-New-Features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PR-25-07-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PR-25-07_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PR-25-07_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/07/25Mountain-Lion-Available-Today-From-the-Mac-App-Store">"Mountain Lion Available Today From the Mac App Store"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. July 25, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010183344/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2012/07/25Mountain-Lion-Available-Today-From-the-Mac-App-Store">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mountain+Lion+Available+Today+From+the+Mac+App+Store&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2012-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2012%2F07%2F25Mountain-Lion-Available-Today-From-the-Mac-App-Store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2013/06/10Apple-Releases-Developer-Preview-of-OS-X-Mavericks-With-More-Than-200-New-Features/">"Apple Releases Developer Preview of OS X Mavericks With More Than 200 New Features"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+courts+China+with+Sina+Weibo%2C+Baidu%2C+Youku+and+more+integrated+in+Mountain+Lion&rft.pub=The+Next+Web&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.aulast=Panzarino&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fapple%2F2012%2F02%2F16%2Fapple-is-serious-about-china-sina-weibo-baidu-youku-and-more-integrated-into-mountain-lion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2022" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Andrew (October 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/10/apple-clarifies-security-update-policy-only-the-latest-oses-are-fully-patched/">"Apple clarifies security update policy: Only the latest OSes are fully patched"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230212160619/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/10/apple-clarifies-security-update-policy-only-the-latest-oses-are-fully-patched/">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Apple+clarifies+security+update+policy%3A+Only+the+latest+OSes+are+fully+patched&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2022%2F10%2Fapple-clarifies-security-update-policy-only-the-latest-oses-are-fully-patched%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78257226">U.S. Trademark 78,257,226</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78269988">U.S. Trademark 78,269,988</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78270003">U.S. Trademark 78,270,003</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78271630">U.S. Trademark 78,271,630</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78271639">U.S. Trademark 78,271,639</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasper2005" class="citation web cs1">Kasper, Jade (May 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/05/13/court_sides_with_apple_over_tiger_trademark_dispute.html">"Court sides with Apple over "Tiger" trademark dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AppleInsider" class="mw-redirect" title="AppleInsider">AppleInsider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000250/https://www.appleinsider.com/articles/05/05/13/court_sides_with_apple_over_tiger_trademark_dispute.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+sides+with+Apple+over+%22Tiger%22+trademark+dispute&rft.pub=AppleInsider&rft.date=2005-05-13&rft.aulast=Kasper&rft.aufirst=Jade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.appleinsider.com%2Farticles%2F05%2F05%2F13%2Fcourt_sides_with_apple_over_tiger_trademark_dispute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Siracusa" class="citation web cs1">John Siracusa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/reviews/4q00/macosx-pb1/macos-x-beta-1.html">"Mac OS X Beta – Page 1 – (10/2000)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Publishing">Condé Nast Digital</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030014232/https://arstechnica.com/reviews/4q00/macosx-pb1/macos-x-beta-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+Beta+%E2%80%93+Page+1+%E2%80%93+%2810%2F2000%29&rft.au=John+Siracusa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Freviews%2F4q00%2Fmacosx-pb1%2Fmacos-x-beta-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta_Expires_Today">"Mac OS X Public Beta Expires Today | News"</a>. The Mac Observer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608083239/https://www.macobserver.com/tmo/article/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta_Expires_Today">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+Public+Beta+Expires+Today+%26%23124%3B+News&rft.pub=The+Mac+Observer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macobserver.com%2Ftmo%2Farticle%2FMac_OS_X_Public_Beta_Expires_Today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the version is now called Cheetah by users, rare evidences can be found to prove that it was called so internally. For instance, a Q&A was created in 2005 which mentions it.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2004/qa1378.html">"Technical Q&A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. October 4, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518083217/https://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2004/qa1378.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+Q%26A&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2005-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.apple.com%2Fqa%2Fqa2004%2Fqa1378.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/apple/2001/04/macos-x/5">"Mac OS X 10.0"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417235838/https://arstechnica.com/apple/2001/04/macos-x/5">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+10.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fapple%2F2001%2F04%2Fmacos-x%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_187-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.arstechnica.com/reviews/01q2/macos-x-final/macos-x-17.html">"Mac OS X 10.0 – Page 17 – (03/2001)"</a>. <i>archive.arstechnica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817083727/https://archive.arstechnica.com/reviews/01q2/macos-x-final/macos-x-17.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.arstechnica.com&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+10.0+%E2%80%93+Page+17+%E2%80%93+%2803%2F2001%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.arstechnica.com%2Freviews%2F01q2%2Fmacos-x-final%2Fmacos-x-17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Justin (March 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0AnCgAAQBAJ&q=Mac+OS+X+had+few+applications+available+at+launch%2C+from+independent+developers&pg=PA280"><i>Getting StartED with Mac OS X Leopard</i></a>. Apress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-0519-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4302-0519-7"><bdi>978-1-4302-0519-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042259/https://books.google.com/books?id=S0AnCgAAQBAJ&q=Mac+OS+X+had+few+applications+available+at+launch%2C+from+independent+developers&pg=PA280">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+StartED+with+Mac+OS+X+Leopard&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4302-0519-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0AnCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DMac%2BOS%2BX%2Bhad%2Bfew%2Bapplications%2Bavailable%2Bat%2Blaunch%252C%2Bfrom%2Bindependent%2Bdevelopers%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pumaupgrade-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pumaupgrade_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apple.slashdot.org/story/01/11/29/1522209/apple-cease-and-desists-stupidity-leak">"Apple Cease-And-Desists Stupidity Leak"</a>. Slashdot. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210325032007/https://apple.slashdot.org/story/01/11/29/1522209/apple-cease-and-desists-stupidity-leak">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Cease-And-Desists+Stupidity+Leak&rft.pub=Slashdot&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapple.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F01%2F11%2F29%2F1522209%2Fapple-cease-and-desists-stupidity-leak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-default_os-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-default_os_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/01/07Apple-Makes-Mac-OS-X-the-Default-Operating-System-on-All-Macs">"Apple Makes Mac OS X the Default Operating System on All Macs"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. January 7, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010053540/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/01/07Apple-Makes-Mac-OS-X-the-Default-Operating-System-on-All-Macs">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+Makes+Mac+OS+X+the+Default+Operating+System+on+All+Macs&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2002-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2002%2F01%2F07Apple-Makes-Mac-OS-X-the-Default-Operating-System-on-All-Macs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/08/23Jaguar-Unleashed-at-10-20-p-m-Tonight">"Jaguar "Unleashed" at 10:20 pm Tonight"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. August 23, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133602/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/08/23Jaguar-Unleashed-at-10-20-p-m-Tonight">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jaguar+%22Unleashed%22+at+10%3A20+pm+Tonight&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2002-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2002%2F08%2F23Jaguar-Unleashed-at-10-20-p-m-Tonight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The headline of the press release mention "Jaguar", while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X/">Apple's "Jaguar" press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133442/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X">Archived</a> January 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, compared to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apples-Mac-OS-X-to-Ship-on-March-24/">their Mac OS X v10.0 press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072845/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/01/09Apples-Mac-OS-X-to-Ship-on-March-24">Archived</a> January 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25First-Major-Upgrade-to-Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend/">their Mac OS X v10.1 press release</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133324/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2001/09/25First-Major-Upgrade-to-Mac-OS-X-Hits-Stores-This-Weekend">Archived</a> January 3, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020829042532/https://www.apple.com/macosx">"Mac OS X 10.2 Product Information Page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. August 29, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macosx">the original</a> on August 29, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+10.2+Product+Information+Page&rft.pub=Apple&rft.date=2002-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fmacosx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X">"Apple Previews "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac OS X"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. May 6, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103133442/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2002/05/06Apple-Previews-Jaguar-the-Next-Major-Release-of-Mac-OS-X">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+Version+10.5+on+Intel-based+Macintosh+computers&rft.pub=The+Open+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opengroup.org%2Fopenbrand%2Fregister%2Fbrand3555.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html">"Mac OS X Leopard – Technology – UNIX"</a>. <i>Leopard Technology Overview</i>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609032125/https://www.apple.com/server/macosx/technology/unix.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, conforming to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leopard+Technology+Overview&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+Leopard+%E2%80%93+Technology+%E2%80%93+UNIX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fserver%2Fmacosx%2Ftechnology%2Funix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025084826/https://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=303137">"Do Classic applications work with Mac OS X 10.5 or Intel-based Macs?"</a>. <i>Knowledge Base</i>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knowledge+Base&rft.atitle=Do+Classic+applications+work+with+Mac+OS+X+10.5+or+Intel-based+Macs%3F&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.info.apple.com%2Farticle.html%3Fartnum%3D303137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheeseman2010" class="citation book cs1">Cheeseman, Bill (April 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2iloXnZZNAC&q=mac+os+x+leopard+10.5+last+version+to+support+power+pc&pg=PT34"><i>Cocoa Recipes for Mac OS X</i></a>. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-70288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-70288-3"><bdi>978-0-321-70288-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111042259/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2iloXnZZNAC&q=mac+os+x+leopard+10.5+last+version+to+support+power+pc&pg=PT34">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cocoa+Recipes+for+Mac+OS+X&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.isbn=978-0-321-70288-3&rft.aulast=Cheeseman&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2iloXnZZNAC%26q%3Dmac%2Bos%2Bx%2Bleopard%2B10.5%2Blast%2Bversion%2Bto%2Bsupport%2Bpower%2Bpc%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2008" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Steven (June 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hardocp.com/news/2008/06/11/snow_leopard_will_support_powerpcs">"Mac OS X Snow Leopard Drops PowerPC Support"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Apple+is+releasing+macOS+High+Sierra+on+September+25&rft.aulast=Dillet&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2017%2F09%2F12%2Fmacos-high-sierra-release-date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osxdaily.com/2017/06/05/macos-10-13-high-sierra-release-fall">"macOS 10.13 High Sierra Release Date Set for Fall"</a>. <i>OS X Daily</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OS+X+Daily&rft.atitle=macOS+10.13+High+Sierra+Release+Date+Set+for+Fall&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosxdaily.com%2F2017%2F06%2F05%2Fmacos-10-13-high-sierra-release-fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15886832/apple-macos-high-sierra-preview-features">"Apple macOS High Sierra preview: the biggest Mac update you'll never see"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013172547/https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/29/15886832/apple-macos-high-sierra-preview-features">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Apple+macOS+High+Sierra+preview%3A+the+biggest+Mac+update+you%27ll+never+see&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F6%2F29%2F15886832%2Fapple-macos-high-sierra-preview-features&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple_macOS_Catalina_intro-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple_macOS_Catalina_intro_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macos/catalina">"macOS Catalina"</a>. Apple Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110141732/https://www.apple.com/macos/catalina/">Archived</a> from the original on November 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=macOS+Catalina&rft.pub=Apple+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fmacos%2Fcatalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNield2019" class="citation web cs1">Nield, David (October 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/12-things-you-can-do-in-macos-catalina-that-you-couldnt-1838822074">"12 Things You Can Do in macOS Catalina That You Couldn't Before"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=12+Things+You+Can+Do+in+macOS+Catalina+That+You+Couldn%27t+Before&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft.aulast=Nield&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2F12-things-you-can-do-in-macos-catalina-that-you-couldnt-1838822074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/06/apple-introduces-macos-big-sur-with-a-beautiful-new-design">"Apple introduces macOS Big Sur with a beautiful new design"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> June 22, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925030529/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/06/apple-introduces-macos-big-sur-with-a-beautiful-new-design/">Archived</a> from the original on September 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apple+introduces+macOS+Big+Sur+with+a+beautiful+new+design&rft.pub=Apple+Inc.&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2020%2F06%2Fapple-introduces-macos-big-sur-with-a-beautiful-new-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/22/apple-debuts-macos-10-16-big-sur-with-all-new-design">"Apple debuts macOS Big Sur with all-new design, Arm support"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Apple+debuts+macOS+Big+Sur+with+all-new+design%2C+Arm+support&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2F2020%2F06%2F22%2Fapple-debuts-macos-10-16-big-sur-with-all-new-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeater2020" class="citation web cs1">Heater, Brian (June 22, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/">"Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur, featuring a new aesthetic and redesigned apps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141740/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Apple+unveils+macOS+11.0+Big+Sur%2C+featuring+a+new+aesthetic+and+redesigned+apps&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft.aulast=Heater&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2020%2F06%2F22%2Fapple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwdc21-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwdc21_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApple_Inc.2021" class="citation web cs1">Apple Inc. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apple.com&rft.atitle=Apple+WWDC+2021+Keynote&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft.au=Apple+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fapple-events%2Fjune-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2022/06/macos-ventura-brings-powerful-productivity-tools-new-continuity-features-to-mac/">"macOS Ventura adds powerful productivity tools and new Continuity features that make the Mac experience better than ever"</a>. <i>Apple Inc</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apple+Inc.&rft.atitle=macOS+Ventura+is+now+available&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fnewsroom%2F2022%2F10%2Fmacos-ventura-is-now-available%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/12/23860441/macos-sonoma-release-date-apple">"macOS Sonoma comes out on September 26th"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=macOS+Sonoma+comes+out+on+September+26th&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F9%2F12%2F23860441%2Fmacos-sonoma-release-date-apple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacOS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macos/macos-sequoia-preview/">"macOS Sequoia Preview"</a>. <i>Apple</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="external text" href="https://apple.com/macos">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14116#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.apple.com/macos">macOS Support</a> – official support page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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talk:MacOS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_macOS" title="Architecture of macOS">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Built-in apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Control_(macOS)" title="Mission Control (macOS)">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_Shift_(software)" title="Night Shift (software)">Night Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCL" title="OpenCL">OpenCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_key" title="Option key">Option key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_Pane" class="mw-redirect" title="Preference Pane">Preference Pane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_list" title="Property list">Property list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Look" title="Quick Look">Quick Look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(software)" title="Rosetta (software)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_folder#macOS" title="Virtual folder">Smart Folders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speakable_items" title="Speakable items">Speakable items</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(Apple)" title="Spotlight (Apple)">Spotlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacks_(Mac_OS)" title="Stacks (Mac OS)">Stacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Integrity_Protection" title="System Integrity Protection">System Integrity Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_binary" title="Universal binary">Universal binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebKit" title="WebKit">WebKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuartz" title="XQuartz">XQuartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HFS%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HFS+">HFS+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging">ATSUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushed_metal_(interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushed metal (interface)">Brushed metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(API)" title="Carbon (API)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Environment">Classic Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkwell_(Macintosh)" title="Inkwell (Macintosh)">Inkwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(software)" title="Spaces (software)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:MacOS" title="Category:MacOS">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="macOS_developer_tools" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MacOS_developer_tools" title="Template:MacOS developer tools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MacOS_developer_tools" title="Template talk:MacOS developer tools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS_developer_tools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MacOS developer tools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="macOS_developer_tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">developer tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xcode" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darwin-derived_operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darwin_derivations" title="Template talk:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin_derivations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darwin derivations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darwin-derived_operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)#Derived_projects" title="Darwin (operating system)">derived</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_(kernel)" title="Mach (kernel)">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">macOS 10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X<br />Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">1.0 (Hera)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.2">10.2 (Jaguar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.3">10.3 (Panther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.4">10.4 (Tiger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.5">10.5 Leopard Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_10.6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server 10.6">10.6 Snow Leopard Server</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software">TV Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 3">3</a></li> <li>Forks from iOS with 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TV Software <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_Software_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple TV Software 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li>tvOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_14" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_15" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_16" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_17" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_18" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="audioOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 14 (page does not exist)">14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 15 (page does not exist)">15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 16 (page does not exist)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 17 (page does not exist)">17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AudioOS_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AudioOS 18 (page does not exist)">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_3" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_4" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_5" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_6" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_7" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_8" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_9" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_10" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="bridgeOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="BridgeOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_11" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_12" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_13" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS 13">13</a></li> <li>Forks from tvOS with 13.4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="visionOS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_1" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS_2" class="mw-redirect" title="VisionOS 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Apple<br />distributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenDarwin">OpenDarwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureDarwin" class="mw-redirect" title="PureDarwin">PureDarwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">macOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Server version history">Mac OS X Server version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="TvOS version history">tvOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="WatchOS version history">watchOS version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS version history">audioOS version history</a><br /><i>Italics</i> denote upcoming products</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Apple" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Apple" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_III" title="Apple III">Apple III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">SOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_operating_systems" title="Mac operating systems">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_1" title="System 1">System 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_1,_2,_3,_and_4" title="Classic Mac OS">Systems 2, 3, and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS#System_Software_5" title="Classic Mac OS">System 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_6" title="System 6">System 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_7" title="System 7">System 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_8" title="Mac OS 8">Mac OS 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_9" title="Mac OS 9">Mac OS 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(operating_system)" title="Rhapsody (operating system)">Rhapsody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li></ul></li> <li>Core <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XNU" title="XNU">XNU</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Desktop <ul><li>Mac OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 (Cheetah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 (Puma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li></ul></li> <li>OS X <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul></li> <li>macOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Mac OS X Server 1.0</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shipped <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/ROSE" title="A/ROSE">A/ROSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIX_for_Apple_Network_Servers" class="mw-redirect" title="AIX for Apple Network Servers">AIX for Apple Network Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Application_Environment" title="Macintosh Application Environment">MAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerOpen_Environment" title="PowerOpen Environment">PowerOpen Environment</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancelled <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_project" title="Star Trek project">Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nukernel" title="Nukernel">Nukernel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(microkernel)" title="Vanguard (microkernel)">Vanguard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>iPhone OS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_1" title="IPhone OS 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_2" title="IPhone OS 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_OS_3" title="IPhone OS 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li>iOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_4" title="IOS 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_5" title="IOS 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_6" title="IOS 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_7" title="IOS 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_8" title="IOS 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_9" title="IOS 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_10" title="IOS 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_11" title="IOS 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_12" title="IOS 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_13" title="IOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_14" title="IOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_15" title="IOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_16" title="IOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_17" title="IOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_18" title="IOS 18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_13" title="IPadOS 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_14" title="IPadOS 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_15" title="IPadOS 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_16" title="IPadOS 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_17" title="IPadOS 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_18" title="IPadOS 18">18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV#Software" title="Apple TV">Apple TV Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes#Devices" title="History of iTunes">iPod software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">List</a> • <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._operating_systems" title="Category:Apple Inc. operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_by_Apple" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_software" title="Template:Apple software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_software" title="Template talk:Apple software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_by_Apple" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Software by <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_operating_systems" title="Template:Apple operating systems">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_DOS" title="Apple DOS">Apple DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SOS" title="Apple SOS">Apple III (SOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_GS/OS" title="Apple GS/OS">GS/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa#Software" title="Apple Lisa">Lisa OS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS (OS X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWorks_XL" title="MacWorks XL">MacWorks XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProDOS" title="Apple ProDOS">ProDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro#Software" title="Apple Vision Pro">visionOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bento_(database)" title="Bento (database)">Bento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clips_(software)" title="Clips (software)">Clips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Express" title="Final Cut Express">Final Cut Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDVD" title="IDVD">iDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Logic Express">Logic Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperture_(software)" title="Aperture (software)">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Media_Tool" title="Apple Media Tool">Apple Media Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Qmaster" title="Apple Qmaster">Apple Qmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_(software)" title="Color (software)">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Studio_Pro" title="DVD Studio Pro">DVD Studio Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Studio" title="Final Cut Studio">Final Cut Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Tools" title="Cinema Tools">Cinema Tools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Studio" title="Logic Studio">Logic Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacProject" title="MacProject">MacProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacTerminal" title="MacTerminal">MacTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(software)" title="Shake (software)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundtrack_Pro" title="Soundtrack Pro">Soundtrack Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bundled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleWorks" title="AppleWorks">AppleWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDraw" title="MacDraw">MacDraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPaint" title="MacPaint">MacPaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacWrite" title="MacWrite">MacWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passwords_(Apple)" title="Passwords (Apple)">Passwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Remote_Desktop" title="Apple Remote Desktop">Apple Remote Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FoundationDB" title="FoundationDB">FoundationDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">macOS Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebObjects" title="WebObjects">WebObjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xgrid" title="Xgrid">Xgrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HyperCard" title="HyperCard">HyperCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResEdit" title="ResEdit">ResEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe#.Mac" title="MobileMe">.Mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAd_Producer" title="IAd Producer">iAd Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWeb" title="IWeb">iWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_built-in_apps#AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS built-in apps">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleWorks" title="AppleWorks">AppleWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_macOS_built-in_apps#Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="List of macOS built-in apps">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_II_application_software" title="List of Apple II application software">List of Apple II application software</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mac_software" title="List of Mac software">List of Mac software</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_old_Macintosh_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of old Macintosh software">List of old Macintosh software</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apple_Inc." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apple_Inc." title="Template talk:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apple_Inc." title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apple Inc."><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apple_Inc." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Apple_Inc." title="Outline of Apple Inc.">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Apple_Inc._products" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Apple Inc. products">Timeline of products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_practices_of_Apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental practices of Apple">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_of_Apple_Inc." title="Marketing of Apple Inc.">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_supply_chain" title="Apple supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._products" title="Category:Apple Inc. products">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._hardware" title="Category:Apple Inc. hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IMac_Pro" title="IMac Pro">Pro</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacBook_Pro" title="MacBook Pro">Pro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Mini" title="Mac Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Studio" title="Mac Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Pro" title="Mac Pro">Pro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Classic" title="IPod Classic">Classic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Mini" title="IPod Mini">Mini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Nano" title="IPod Nano">Nano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Shuffle" title="IPod Shuffle">Shuffle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPod_Touch" title="IPod Touch">Touch</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_hardware" title="IPhone hardware">Hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_iPhone" title="History of the iPhone">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhone models</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="IPad Air">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_accessories" title="List of iPad accessories">Accessories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/AirPods" title="AirPods">AirPods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Pro" title="AirPods Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPods_Max" title="AirPods Max">Max</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_SIM" title="Apple SIM">Apple SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTag" title="AirTag">AirTag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Pill" title="Beats Pill">Pill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePod" title="HomePod">HomePod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HomePod_Mini" title="HomePod Mini">Mini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_silicon" title="Apple silicon">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Vision_Pro" title="Apple Vision Pro">Vision Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._software" title="Category:Apple Inc. software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operatingsystems" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_operating_systems" title="List of Apple operating systems">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> / <a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPhone_models" title="List of iPhone models">iPhones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_iPad_models" title="List of iPad models">iPads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_version_history" title="IOS version history">iOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS_version_history" title="IPadOS version history">iPadOS history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-installed_iOS_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-installed iOS apps">Apps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_version_history" title="MacOS version history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS Server">Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisionOS" title="VisionOS">visionOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarPlay" title="CarPlay">CarPlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classroom_(Apple)" title="Classroom (Apple)">Classroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">HomeKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileMaker" title="FileMaker">FileMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro" title="Final Cut Pro">Final Cut Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Cut_Pro_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Cut Pro X">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_(software)" title="Compressor (software)">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(software)" title="Motion (software)">Motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_Pro" title="Logic Pro">Logic Pro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MainStage_(software)" title="MainStage (software)">MainStage</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ILife" title="ILife">iLife</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMovie" title="IMovie">iMovie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWork" title="IWork">iWork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keynote_(presentation_software)" title="Keynote (presentation software)">Keynote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_(spreadsheet)" title="Numbers (spreadsheet)">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SceneKit" title="SceneKit">SceneKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._services" title="Category:Apple Inc. services">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Card" title="Apple Card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Wallet" title="Apple Wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Arcade" title="Apple Arcade">Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_1" title="Apple Music 1">1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beats_Music" title="Beats Music">Beats Music</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Up_Next" title="Apple Music Up Next">Up Next</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Music_Festival" title="Apple Music Festival">Festival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Radio" title="ITunes Radio">iTunes Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(app)" title="Music (app)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newsstand_(software)" title="Newsstand (software)">Newsstand</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV_app" title="Apple TV app">TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_TV%2B" title="Apple TV+">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_TV%2B_original_programming" title="List of Apple TV+ original programming">originals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLS_Season_Pass" title="MLS Season Pass">MLS Season Pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkie-Talkie_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkie-Talkie (Apple)">Walkie-Talkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">App</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retail and<br />digital sales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">macOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Connect" title="ITunes Connect">Connect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Store</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Fifth_Avenue" title="Apple Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleCare%2B" title="AppleCare+">AppleCare+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Authorized_Service_Provider" title="Apple Authorized Service Provider">AASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_certification_programs" title="Apple certification programs">Certifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_Bar" title="Genius Bar">Genius Bar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ProCare" title="ProCare">ProCare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_to_One_(Apple)" title="One to One (Apple)">One to One</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Account" title="Apple Account">Apple Account</a> (formerly <i>Apple ID</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_in_with_Apple" title="Sign in with Apple">Sign in with Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_One" title="Apple One">One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer" title="Apple Developer">Developer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IAd" title="IAd">iAd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TestFlight" title="TestFlight">TestFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Developers_Conference" title="Worldwide Developers Conference">WWDC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MobileMe" title="MobileMe">MobileMe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My" title="Find My">Find My</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(Apple)" title="Fitness (Apple)">Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Maps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flyover_(Apple_Maps)" title="Flyover (Apple Maps)">Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_Around_(Apple)" title="Look Around (Apple)">Look Around</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._subsidiaries" title="Category:Apple Inc. subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_IMC" title="Apple IMC">Apple IMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Studios" title="Apple Studios">Apple Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braeburn_Capital" title="Braeburn Capital">Braeburn Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claris" title="Claris">Claris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._acquisitions" title="Category:Apple Inc. acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Apple" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Apple">Completed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anobit" title="Anobit">Anobit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AuthenTec" title="AuthenTec">AuthenTec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beats_Electronics" title="Beats Electronics">Beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beddit" title="Beddit">Beddit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIS_Records" title="BIS Records">BIS Records</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cue_(search_engine)" title="Cue (search engine)">Cue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EditGrid" title="EditGrid">EditGrid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emagic" title="Emagic">Emagic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FingerWorks" title="FingerWorks">FingerWorks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intrinsity" title="Intrinsity">Intrinsity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InVisage_Technologies" title="InVisage Technologies">InVisage Technologies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keyboard_Company" title="The Keyboard Company">The Keyboard Company</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lala_(website)" title="Lala (website)">Lala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaio" title="Metaio">Metaio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_Real" title="Nothing Real">Nothing Real</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.A._Semi" title="P.A. Semi">P.A. Semi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_Computing_Corporation" title="Power Computing Corporation">Power Computing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PrimeSense" title="PrimeSense">PrimeSense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shazam_(music_app)" title="Shazam (music app)">Shazam Entertainment Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texture_(app)" title="Texture (app)">Texture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Topsy_Labs" title="Topsy Labs">Topsy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Potential <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_acquisition_of_Disney_by_Apple" title="Potential acquisition of Disney by Apple">Disney</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._partnerships" title="Category:Apple Inc. partnerships">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AIM_alliance" title="AIM alliance">AIM alliance</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaleida_Labs" title="Kaleida Labs">Kaleida Labs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Technologies" title="Akamai Technologies">Akamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_Holdings" title="Arm Holdings">Arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiDi" title="DiDi">DiDi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Ocean" title="Digital Ocean">Digital Ocean</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFund" title="IFund">iFund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Technologies" title="Imagination Technologies">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockstar_Consortium" title="Rockstar Consortium">Rockstar Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._advertising" title="Apple Inc. advertising">Advertising</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/1984_(advertisement)" title="1984 (advertisement)">1984</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_different" title="Think different">Think different</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Get_a_Mac" title="Get a Mac">Get a Mac</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPod_advertising" title="IPod advertising">iPod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ecosystem" title="Apple ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_Inc._media_events" title="List of Apple Inc. media events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Apple_Inc." title="Criticism of Apple Inc.">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple%27s_EU_tax_dispute" title="Apple's EU tax dispute">Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Campus">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_University" title="Apple University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._design_motifs" title="Apple Inc. design motifs">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group" title="Apple Industrial Design Group">IDg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography_of_Apple_Inc." title="Typography of Apple Inc.">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designed_by_Apple_in_California" title="Designed by Apple in California">Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Apple_Inc." title="History of Apple Inc.">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apple_codenames" title="List of Apple codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_FileWare" title="Apple FileWare">Apple FileWare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_community" title="Apple community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleMasters" title="AppleMasters">AppleMasters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litigation_involving_Apple_Inc." title="Litigation involving Apple Inc.">Litigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2024)" title="United States v. Apple (2024)">Antitrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">Non-recruiting agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Apple_(2012)" title="United States v. Apple (2012)">Price-fixing ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI%E2%80%93Apple_encryption_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI–Apple encryption dispute">FBI encryption dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Apple" title="Epic Games v. Apple">Epic Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_app_approvals" title="IOS app approvals">iOS app approvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_and_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple and unions">Unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppleToo" title="AppleToo">#AppleToo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_depictions_of_Steve_Jobs" title="List of depictions of Steve Jobs">Depictions of Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_Apple_devices" title="Linux on Apple devices">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Linux" title="Asahi Linux">Asahi Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPodLinux" title="IPodLinux">iPodLinux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_car_project" title="Apple car project">Car project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc._executives" title="Category:Apple Inc. executives">Executives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Williams_(Apple)" title="Jeff Williams (Apple)">Jeff Williams</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Maestri" title="Luca Maestri">Luca Maestri</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_L._Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine L. Adams">Katherine Adams</a> (General Counsel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_Cue" title="Eddy Cue">Eddy Cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Federighi" title="Craig Federighi">Craig Federighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Ge_Mahe" title="Isabel Ge Mahe">Isabel Ge Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Giannandrea" title="John Giannandrea">John Giannandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Joswiak" title="Greg Joswiak">Greg Joswiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabih_Khan" title="Sabih Khan">Sabih Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_O%27Brien" title="Deirdre O'Brien">Deirdre O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Riccio" title="Dan Riccio">Dan Riccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Schiller" title="Phil Schiller">Phil Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johny_Srouji" title="Johny Srouji">Johny Srouji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ternus" title="John Ternus">John Ternus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> (CDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ahrendts" title="Angela Ahrendts">Angela Ahrendts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browett" title="John Browett">John Browett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrino_De_Luca" title="Guerrino De Luca">Guerrino De Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deneve" title="Paul Deneve">Paul Deneve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Fadell" title="Tony Fadell">Tony Fadell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Forstall" title="Scott Forstall">Scott Forstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hancock" title="Ellen Hancock">Ellen Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_R._Heinen" title="Nancy R. Heinen">Nancy R. Heinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson_(businessman)" title="Ron Johnson (businessman)">Ron Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nagel" title="David Nagel">David Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oppenheimer" title="Peter Oppenheimer">Peter Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Papermaster" title="Mark Papermaster">Mark Papermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Rubinstein" title="Jon Rubinstein">Jon Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Serlet" title="Bertrand Serlet">Bertrand Serlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sewell" title="Bruce Sewell">Bruce Sewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sina_Tamaddon" title="Sina Tamaddon">Sina Tamaddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avie_Tevanian" title="Avie Tevanian">Avie Tevanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Directors_of_Apple_Inc." title="Category:Directors of Apple Inc.">Board of<br />directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_D._Levinson" title="Arthur D. Levinson">Arthur D. Levinson</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook" title="Tim Cook">Tim Cook</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bell" title="James A. Bell">James A. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Gorsky" title="Alex Gorsky">Alex Gorsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jung" title="Andrea Jung">Andrea Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sugar" title="Ronald Sugar">Ronald D. Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wagner" title="Susan Wagner">Susan L. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Markkula" title="Mike Markkula">Mike Markkula</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sculley" title="John Sculley">John Sculley</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Amelio" title="Gil Amelio">Gil Amelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_D._Anderson" title="Fred D. Anderson">Fred D. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Campbell_(business_executive)" title="Bill Campbell (business executive)">Bill Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Drexler" title="Mickey Drexler">Mickey Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Eisenstat" title="Al Eisenstat">Al Eisenstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Ellison" title="Larry Ellison">Larry Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Robert A. Iger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_Lewis" title="Delano Lewis">Delano Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rock" title="Arthur Rock">Arthur Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(Apple)" title="Michael Scott (Apple)">Michael Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Spindler" title="Michael Spindler">Michael Spindler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_S._Woolard_Jr." title="Edgar S. Woolard Jr.">Edgar S. Woolard Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_York_(businessman)" title="Jerry York (businessman)">Jerry York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Wayne" title="Ronald Wayne">Ronald Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apple_Inc." title="Category:Apple Inc.">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unix" title="Template:Unix"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unix" title="Template talk:Unix"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unix" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unix"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unix_and_Unix-like_operating_systems_and_compatibility_layers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">compatibility layers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unix_architecture" title="Unix architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Filesystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unix" title="History of Unix">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_security" title="Unix security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/386BSD" title="386BSD">386BSD</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AudioOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AudioOS">audioOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TvOS" title="TvOS">tvOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WatchOS" title="WatchOS">watchOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BridgeOS" title="BridgeOS">bridgeOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DYNIX" title="DYNIX">DYNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NeXTSTEP" title="NeXTSTEP">NeXTSTEP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultrix" title="Ultrix">Ultrix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Other distributions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><b><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">System V</a></b></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A/UX" title="A/UX">A/UX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenServer" title="OpenServer">OpenServer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UnixWare" title="UnixWare">UnixWare</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coherent_(operating_system)" title="Coherent (operating system)">Coherent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain/OS" title="Domain/OS">Domain/OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LynxOS" title="LynxOS">LynxOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minix" title="Minix">Minix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MOS_(operating_system)" title="MOS (operating system)">MOS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OSF/1" title="OSF/1">OSF/1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Research_Unix" title="Research Unix">Research Unix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SerenityOS" title="SerenityOS">SerenityOS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_systems" title="List of Unix systems">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility<br />layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygwin" title="Cygwin">Cygwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darling_(software)" title="Darling (software)">Darling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(software)" title="Eunice (software)">Eunice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS#Cross_platform_compatibility" title="OpenVMS">GNV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MachTen" title="MachTen">MachTen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">Microsoft POSIX subsystem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MKS_Toolkit" title="MKS Toolkit">MKS Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM_i#PASE" title="IBM i">PASE</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P.I.P.S." title="P.I.P.S.">P.I.P.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PWS/VSE-AF" class="mw-redirect" title="PWS/VSE-AF">PWS/VSE-AF</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_Services" title="UNIX System Services">UNIX System Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UserLAnd_Technologies" title="UserLAnd Technologies">UserLAnd Technologies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate discontinued systems. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unix" title="Category:Unix">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Unix" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Unix">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Operating_systems" title="Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Operating_systems" title="Template talk:Operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of operating systems">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_software_engineering" title="Forensic software engineering">Forensic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems" title="Usage share of operating systems">Usage share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_operating_systems" title="Comparison of user features of operating systems">User features comparison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_operating_system" title="Disk operating system">Disk operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_operating_system" title="Distributed operating system">Distributed operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbyist_operating_system" title="Hobbyist operating system">Hobbyist operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_enough_operating_system" title="Just enough operating system">Just enough operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Mobile operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_operating_system" title="Network operating system">Network operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_operating_system" title="Object-oriented operating system">Object-oriented operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer_operating_system" title="Supercomputer operating system">Supercomputer operating system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">Microkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">Monolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multikernel" title="Multikernel">Multikernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vkernel" title="Vkernel">vkernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rump_kernel" title="Rump kernel">Rump kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unikernel" title="Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Loadable kernel module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">User space and kernel space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preemption_(computing)" title="Preemption (computing)">Preemptive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">Context switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control_block" title="Process control block">Process control block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">Real-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">Time-sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Scheduling_(computing)" title="Scheduling (computing)">Scheduling<br />algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-priority_pre-emptive_scheduling" title="Fixed-priority pre-emptive scheduling">Fixed-priority preemptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilevel_feedback_queue" title="Multilevel feedback queue">Multilevel feedback queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">Round-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortest_job_next" title="Shortest job next">Shortest job next</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory_management_(operating_systems)" title="Memory management (operating systems)">Memory management</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resource</a> protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_error" title="Bus error">Bus error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_protection_fault" title="General protection fault">General protection fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_paging" title="Memory paging">Memory paging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_protection" title="Memory protection">Memory protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">Protection ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_fault" title="Segmentation fault">Segmentation fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">Virtual memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">Storage</a> access,<br /><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting#BOOT-LOADER" title="Booting">Boot loader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">Device file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">Inode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning" title="Disk partitioning">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_tape_library" title="Virtual tape library">Virtual tape library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supporting concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_abstraction" title="Hardware abstraction">HAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_CD" title="Live CD">Live CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_USB" title="Live USB">Live USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">PXE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007588651905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05040637X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mac OS"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmcip.net/node/10654">ELMCIP</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mac OS X"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elmcip.net/node/10260">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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