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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_start_of_male_ballet_dancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_start_of_male_ballet_dancers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The start of male ballet dancers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_start_of_male_ballet_dancers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_of_male_dancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_negative_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reasons for negative response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_negative_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Effect on participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_the_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_the_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Changing the perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_the_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearances_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearances_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Appearances in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearances_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Homophobic prejudice and overlooking</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer" title="Talk:Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Nebyla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boris_Nebyla.jpg/220px-Boris_Nebyla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boris_Nebyla.jpg/330px-Boris_Nebyla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Boris_Nebyla.jpg/440px-Boris_Nebyla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2332" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Male ballet dancers are often expected to focus on power in their dancing technique</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> has adopted a view of male <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> <a href="/wiki/Dancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancers">dancers</a>, or <i>danseurs</i> as weak, <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a>. Through gender expectations and performance, male ballet dancers combat the stereotypes that surround them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through education and media exposure, the stereotypes about male ballet dancers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which stereotypes? what change? way too vague for a sentence in the article lead (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> lead to changes in perception.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_start_of_male_ballet_dancers">The start of male ballet dancers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The start of male ballet dancers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_grace,_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg/220px-Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg/330px-Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg/440px-Modern_grace%2C_-or-_the_operatical_finale_to_the_ballet_of_Alonzo_e_Caro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Charles Didelot (center) dances in <i>Alonzo e Caro</i> (1796)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ballet was started in Italian and French courts during the fifteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time graceful and delicate characteristics were a sign of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many noblemen started dancing ballet to demonstrate their position in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Danse" title="Académie Royale de Danse">Académie Royale de Danse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first ballet school. Men were considered the stars of ballet until the nineteenth century, when women were pushed into more of the spot light.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A couple of different factors influenced this shift. First, audience members changed when ballet moved from taking place in palaces to stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, there was a cultural shift that created more ethereal themes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_of_male_dancers">Response of male dancers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Response of male dancers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg/220px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg/330px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg/440px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>At the age of 22, bodybuilder <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> took ballet lessons to help his posing style in <a href="/wiki/Universe_Championships" title="Universe Championships">Mr. Universe</a> competitions</figcaption></figure> <p>William L. Earl's 1988 exploration of American stereotypes asked upper-middle class mall shoppers to describe male ballet dancers, as a whole, using up to 15 words or phrases. The most common responses were: "Pretty boys afraid to soil themselves with honest labor", "Snobs!", "secretive", "neurotic", "narcissistic", "soft", "vain", "frail", "homosexual", "Momma's Boy", “irresponsible", "probably hard workers", "creatures of the night", "flighty", "afraid of intimacy", "use people", "cold", and "fancy".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2003 <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> study, male ballet dancers reported several stereotypes they had been confronted with, including "feminine, homosexual, wimp, spoiled, gay, dainty, fragile, weak, fluffy, woosy, prissy, artsy and sissy".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation for their 2009 anthology on masculinity and dance, Jennifer Fisher and Anthony Shay interviewed several male dancers from different age groups, ethnic backgrounds, and sexualities. In the interviews, the men were asked questions pertaining to the biased picture of male dancers such as "Do you think you're now surrounded by any stereotypes about men and dancing?" and "Are there perceptions about men who dance that you think need changing?"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the dancers interviewed, Aaron Cota, came up against unfair prejudices but helped dispel them. He took some time off to enter the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a>. He tells of his fellow Marines' reaction: "When they found out that [I would be earning a] dance degree, they were like 'What? You're what?'. They were kind of confused. You just have to explain it to them. When the guys in my unit would see some of the things I've done, or they see videos of other people dance, and they're like, 'Holy crap, how can they do that?' ... and they're like 'Wow, that's amazing,' and 'That's kind of opened my eyes ...'".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another dancer, David Allan, experienced very negative effects of the stereotype growing up. He tells of the time he performed in his school's talent show at age eleven, "I was so excited about doing <i>A Dance from David</i>, my first choreography. So, when I came out in my pretty white tights, there was a big roar of laughter.... Later I met some guys in the hallway of my school who were making rude comments ... 'You're that dancer guy' would turn into being thrown down the stairs."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of notable actors, sportsmen and other celebrities have studied ballet, including <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules footballers</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Hird" title="James Hird">James Hird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Dunkley" title="Josh Dunkley">Josh Dunkley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">footballer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rio_Ferdinand" title="Rio Ferdinand">Rio Ferdinand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rap_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap music">rap</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Tupac_Shakur" title="Tupac Shakur">Tupac Shakur</a>, and actors <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bale" title="Christian Bale">Christian Bale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Bell" title="Jamie Bell">Jamie Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme" title="Jean-Claude Van Damme">Jean-Claude Van Damme</a>, noted for their <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts</a> acting roles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_expectations_and_performance">Gender expectations and performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gender expectations and performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel,_Shrewsbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg/220px-%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg/330px-%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg/440px-%22Ballet_Dancers%22_from_Sentinel%2C_Shrewsbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>A group of men dressed as <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a> ballerinas for a comedy act (1953)</figcaption></figure> <p>Male ballet dancers are often disdained because of the belief that ballet is a feminine activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a couple of ways that male ballet dancers combat this idea. Male ballet dancers take on different movement characteristics and different technique compared to their female counter parts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men are expected to have movement that is strong and powerful. They are also expected to be good solid bases that can lift a person.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the dance world words like strong, proud, and in control were used to describe a good male ballet dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good female dancer was described as timid, modest, and light.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male ballet dancers perform more athletic technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men focus more on leaps and jumps and are expected to get more height and power in their technique.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the dance world there is a strong push for male ballet dancers to have masculine characteristics. They are often told to dance like a man from a young age. Male dancers that have feminine movement qualities are usually looked down on.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often described as weak, fragile, and out of place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasons_for_negative_response">Reasons for negative response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reasons for negative response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These negative responses to men in the dance world come from the lack of association of male <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a> to the stereotypes of dance. Men are often perceived as and are expected to display qualities such as dominance, independence, authority, strength, and a lack of emotions. Female stereotypes, on the other hand, include submissiveness, dependence, compliance, vulnerability, and emotion. Stereotypes of dance are linked closer to female stereotypes as dance is an expression of emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a>, one must be vulnerable to the people around them, whether it's to trust others to lift, catch, or move in a synchronized manner. </p><p>Men and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> correlate and are oftentimes indistinguishable from one another. Masculinity in itself is a social standing that associates with certain roles and practices. Masculinity creates a symbolic meaning of what it means to be a man, which involve many stereotypical male qualities. As a social standing, masculinity is pressured on men by society, and if unfulfilled, society freely ridicules and ostracizes men for their failure to effectuate its symbolic meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since dance is an expression of emotion that is based on vulnerability, men thus open themselves to mockery by displaying different characteristics than the expected male attributes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_participation">Effect on participation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effect on participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a study done on peer attitudes of participants in "gender specific" sports (e.g. ballet and <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>), teens ages 14–18 were found to have strong <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypical</a> views. Males who frequently participated in a "sex-inappropriate" athletic activity were perceived as more feminine than those who did not. The study also suggested, "This stereotyping of athletes may have an important impact on the willingness of athletes to participate in certain sports. Likewise, these stereotypes may tend to filter out certain types of potential participants — e.g., macho males ... in athletic activities which are 'inappropriate' for one's gender."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria Morgan, a former principal ballerina with the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Ballet" title="San Francisco Ballet">San Francisco Ballet</a> now an Artistic Director and C.E.O. of the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Ballet" title="Cincinnati Ballet">Cincinnati Ballet</a>, relates "... I feel there is a stigma attached to ballet in America that doesn't reflect the reality.... This makes it difficult to attract some audience members and boys for ballet companies".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_the_perspective">Changing the perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changing the perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One strategy used to combat the stereotypical attitudes is to discuss the social constructs of gender within dance education. There have also been programs like “Boys Dancing” that oppose the idea that boys should not dance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media can also help change the perspective on male ballet dancers. After the movie Billy Elliot released in 2000, in dance classes there was a dramatic increase in male enrollment. For example, more boys than girls were admitted in the Royal Ballet School which had never been done before.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reality shows like <i>Dancing with the Stars</i> and <i>So You Think You Can Dance</i> have also impacted enrollment rates in a positive way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many students credit these shows as the spark to start dancing and study ballet.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>     </p><p>Ballet has been increasingly utilised by <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> players to help rehabilitate from injuries, particularly leg and foot injuries, with examples of players to do so including <a href="/wiki/Harley_Bennell" title="Harley Bennell">Harley Bennell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Reid" title="Ben Reid">Ben Reid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Wright_(Australian_footballer)" title="Sam Wright (Australian footballer)">Sam Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jacobs_(Australian_rules_footballer)" title="Ben Jacobs (Australian rules footballer)">Ben Jacobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brett_Deledio" title="Brett Deledio">Brett Deledio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearances_in_media">Appearances in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appearances in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg/220px-Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg/330px-Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg/440px-Liam_Mower_Billy_Elliot_5th_Birthday_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The film and musical stage play <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_the_Musical" title="Billy Elliot the Musical">Billy Elliot</a></i> addresses issues of male ballet dancer stereotyping</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Turning_Point_(1977_film)" title="The Turning Point (1977 film)">The Turning Point</a></i>, it is said that Wayne Rodgers was considered homosexual because he was a ballet dancer and he made love to Deedee to prove he was straight (as she wanted to do the same). Their youngest child, their only son, also takes ballet and is planning on dancing professionally.</li></ul> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> season 6 episode, <a href="/wiki/Homer_vs._Patty_and_Selma" title="Homer vs. Patty and Selma">Homer vs. Patty and Selma</a>, which aired in 1995, a subplot involves <a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart</a> being unable to make it on time to choose a physical education class that he wants, so instead he is forced to take ballet. He and his teacher soon realize he has an aptitude for it, which leads to him becoming confident enough to perform on stage (albeit with a mask on), earning the crowd's unanimous admiration. However, once he takes his mask off, he is chased by the school bullies.</li></ul> <ul><li>The 2000 British film <i><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot" title="Billy Elliot">Billy Elliot</a></i> tells the story of an 11-year-old aspiring dancer from a <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> origin, dealing with the stereotype and negative reactions from his community.</li></ul> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Company_(film)" title="The Company (film)">The Company</a></i>, the Artistic Director of the Joffrey, Alberto Antonelli remarks when he wins an award from the Italian community that when he was taking up ballet, he especially had to keep his ballet secret and asks the Italian community to encourage any of their sons who dream of a life of dance.</li></ul> <ul><li>In the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/Shall_We_Dance%3F_(2004_film)" title="Shall We Dance? (2004 film)">Shall We Dance</a></i>, the main character, played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gere" title="Richard Gere">Richard Gere</a>, asks his friend why he hides that he is a dancer. The man tells Richard Gere's character that he was teased, called gay, and beat up as a kid because he danced.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dance and Gender : an evidence-based approach</i>. Oliver, Wendy,, Risner, Douglas S. Gainesville, FL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813052632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813052632"><bdi>978-0813052632</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967262761">967262761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+and+Gender+%3A+an+evidence-based+approach&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+FL&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967262761&rft.isbn=978-0813052632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+stereotype+of+the+male+ballet+dancer" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthenHaltom2014" class="citation journal cs1">Worthen, Meredith G. F.; Haltom, Trenton M. (2014-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/581">"Male Ballet Dancers and Their Performances of Heteromasculinity"</a>. <i>Journal of College Student Development</i>. <b>55</b> (8): 757–778. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcsd.2014.0084">10.1353/csd.2014.0084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-3382">1543-3382</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67825321">67825321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+College+Student+Development&rft.atitle=Male+Ballet+Dancers+and+Their+Performances+of+Heteromasculinity&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=757-778&rft.date=2014-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67825321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1543-3382&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcsd.2014.0084&rft.aulast=Worthen&rft.aufirst=Meredith+G.+F.&rft.au=Haltom%2C+Trenton+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fsociologyfacpub%2F581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+stereotype+of+the+male+ballet+dancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlapper2017" class="citation journal cs1">Klapper, Melissa R. (2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"You Shouldn't Tell Boys They Can't Dance": Boys and Ballet in America". <i>The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 248–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhcy.2017.0027">10.1353/hcy.2017.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-3599">1941-3599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148983758">148983758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+History+of+Childhood+and+Youth&rft.atitle=%22You+Shouldn%27t+Tell+Boys+They+Can%27t+Dance%22%3A+Boys+and+Ballet+in+America&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=248-267&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148983758%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1941-3599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhcy.2017.0027&rft.aulast=Klapper&rft.aufirst=Melissa+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+stereotype+of+the+male+ballet+dancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeds.2014" class="citation book cs1">Leeds., Craig, Maxine (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sorryidontdancew0000crai"><i>Sorry I don't dance : why men refuse to move</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cennarium&rft.atitle=6+Male+Celebrities+Who+Dance+Ballet&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cennarium.com%2Fblog%2F6-male-ballet-celebrities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+stereotype+of+the+male+ballet+dancer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanna, Judith Lynne. Dance, Sex and Gender: Signs of Identity, Dominance, Defiance, and Desire. Chicago: U of Chicago, 1988. 11. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4501776?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Schippers, Mimi. “Recovering the Feminine Other: Masculinity, Femininity, and Gender Hegemony.” Theory and Society, vol. 36, no. 1, 2007, pp. 85–102.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-idAlley,_and_Hicks2005">Alley and Hicks. "Peer Attitudes towards Adolescent Participants in Male- and Female-Oriented Sports."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Reference-idValin,Kathy2005">Valin, Kathy. “Fear of Men in Tights.”</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Clint (7 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-08/afl-players-using-ballet-for-rehabilitation/9840736">"AFL player Harley Bennell the latest to turn to ballet for rehabilitation from injury"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Shall We Dance."</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_stereotype_of_the_male_ballet_dancer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idFisher,Jennifer,and_Shay,_Anthony2009">Fisher, Jennifer and Shay, Anthony. "When Men Dance: Choreographing Masculinities Across Borders." New York: Oxford, 2009.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idFisher,Jennifer,2007">Fisher, Jennifer and Shay, Anthony. "Make It Maverick: Rethinking the "Make It Macho" Strategy for Men in Ballet." Dance Chronicle - Studies in Dance and the Related Arts 30.1 (2007): p. 45-66.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idRamsey,Burt1995">"The Male Dancer." London: Routledge, 1995.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idAlley,Thomas_R._and_Hicks,Catherine_M.2005">"Peer Attitudes towards Adolescent Participants in Male- and Female-Oriented Sports." Adolescence 40.158 (2005): p. 273-280</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idValin,Kathy2005">"Fear of Men in Tights." Dance Magazine 79.11 (2005): p. 56-59</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idBailey,J.,and_Oberschneider,M.">"Sexual Orientation and Professional Dance." Archives of Sexual Behavior 26.4 (1997): p. 433-444</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idLee,Carol2002">"Ballet In Western Culture: A History of its Origins and Evolution" New York: Routledge, 2002.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-idChapman,JohnV.1997">"Jules Janin: Romantic Critic" Rethinking the Sylph:New Perspectives on the Romantic Ballet. Garafola, Lynn. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1997, p. 197-244.</cite></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_company" title="Ballet company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ballet" title="Glossary of ballet">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ballet" title="History of ballet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_(music)" title="Ballet (music)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ballet" title="Timeline of ballet">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aplomb" title="Aplomb">Aplomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(ballet_position)" title="Arabesque (ballet position)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballon_(ballet)" title="Ballon (ballet)">Ballon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barre_(ballet)" title="Barre (ballet)">Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battement" title="Battement">Battement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divertissement" title="Divertissement">Divertissement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_de_ballet" title="Entrée de ballet">Entrée de ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_pas" title="Grand pas">Grand pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_de_deux" title="Pas de deux">Pas de deux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_de_quatre_(ballet)" title="Pas de quatre (ballet)">Pas de quatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pas_de_trois" title="Pas de trois">Pas de trois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%A8ce_d%27occasion" title="Pièce d'occasion">Pièce d'occasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variation_(ballet)" title="Variation (ballet)">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_d%27action" title="Ballet d'action">Ballet d'action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_blanc" title="Ballet blanc">Ballet blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_de_cour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballets de cour">Ballets de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_ballet" title="Chamber ballet">Chamber ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_ballet" title="Contemporary ballet">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_ballet" title="Comic ballet">Comic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_dance" title="Grotesque dance">Grotesque dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_ballet" title="Narrative ballet">Narrative ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_ballet" title="Neoclassical ballet">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-ballet" title="Opéra-ballet">Opéra-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_ballet" title="Azerbaijani ballet">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_ballet" title="British ballet">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_ballet" title="Italian ballet">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanchine_technique" title="Balanchine technique">Balanchine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournonville_method" title="Bournonville method">Bournonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecchetti_method" title="Cecchetti method">Cecchetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positions_of_the_arms_in_ballet" title="Positions of the arms in ballet">Positions</a> (arms)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positions_of_the_feet_in_ballet" title="Positions of the feet in ballet">Positions</a> (feet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaganova_method" title="Vaganova method">Vaganova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations and ranks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_dancer" title="Ballet dancer">Ballet dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_dance" title="Character dance">Character dancers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_de_ballet" title="Corps de ballet">Corps de ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demi-soloist" title="Demi-soloist">Demi-soloist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soloist_(ballet)" title="Soloist (ballet)">Soloist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_dancer" title="Principal dancer">Principal dancer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danseur_%C3%89toile" class="mw-redirect" title="Danseur Étoile">Danseur Étoile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danseur_noble" title="Danseur noble">Danseur noble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_ballerina_assoluta" title="Prima ballerina assoluta">Prima ballerina assoluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_master" title="Ballet master">Ballet master</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9p%C3%A9titeur" title="Répétiteur">Répétiteur</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ballet apparel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_shoe" title="Ballet shoe">Ballet shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_belt" title="Dance belt">Dance belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leg_warmer" title="Leg warmer">Leg warmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leotard" title="Leotard">Leotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_shoe" title="Pointe shoe">Pointe shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)" title="Tutu (clothing)">Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitard" title="Unitard">Unitard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Benois_de_la_Danse" title="Prix Benois de la Danse">Prix Benois de la Danse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_de_Lausanne" title="Prix de Lausanne">Prix de Lausanne‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstra_Ballet_Dancer_Awards" title="Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards">Telstra Ballet Dancer Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Society" title="Ballet Society">Ballet Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Review" title="Ballet Review">Ballet Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_Dancers" title="Dance and Dancers">Dance and Dancers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dance_International" title="Dance International">Dance International</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pointe_(magazine)" title="Pointe (magazine)">Pointe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_(film)" title="Ballet (film)"><i>Ballet</i> (documentary film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion" title="Ballet and fashion">Ballet and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography" title="Choreography">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Dance" title="Royal Academy of Dance">Royal Academy of Dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western stereotype of the male ballet dancer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Lists</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_ballets_by_title" title="List of ballets by title">Ballets</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_ballet_characters" title="List of historical ballet characters">Characters</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_companies" title="List of dance companies">Companies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">Dancers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Ballet_schools" title="Template:Ballet schools">Schools</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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