CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Partition of India - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5a7b0f4-f7ab-42e8-8140-e86356fa58cf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Partition_of_India","wgTitle":"Partition of India","wgCurRevisionId":1259237851,"wgRevisionId":1259237851,"wgArticleId":265059,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Indian English from July 2015","All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English","Use dmy dates from March 2024", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018","Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Pages with missing ISBNs","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Articles containing video clips","Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations","India and the Commonwealth of Nations","Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations","Partition of India","Dissolutions of countries", "Commonwealth of Nations","Ethnic cleansing in Asia","Forced migration","History of the British Empire","History of the Commonwealth of Nations","History of the Republic of India","Partition (politics)","Pakistan Movement","August 1947 events in Asia","Politically motivated migrations","1947 in British India","1940s in Islam","Genocides in Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Partition_of_India","wgRelevantArticleId":265059,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q129053","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/1200px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="971"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/800px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="647"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/640px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Partition of India - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Partition_of_India rootpage-Partition_of_India skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Partition+of+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Partition+of+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Partition+of+India" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Partition+of+India" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-World_War_II_(1905–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-World_War_II_(1905–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Pre-World War II (1905–1938) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-World_War_II_(1905–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal:_1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_Bengal:_1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Partition of Bengal: 1905 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal:_1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I,_Lucknow_Pact:_1914–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I,_Lucknow_Pact:_1914–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 World War I, Lucknow Pact: 1914–1918 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I,_Lucknow_Pact:_1914–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montagu–Chelmsford_Reforms:_1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montagu–Chelmsford_Reforms:_1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms: 1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montagu–Chelmsford_Reforms:_1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction_of_the_two-nation_theory:_1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_of_the_two-nation_theory:_1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Introduction of the two-nation theory: 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_of_the_two-nation_theory:_1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_homeland,_provincial_elections:_1930–1938" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_homeland,_provincial_elections:_1930–1938"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Muslim homeland, provincial elections: 1930–1938 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_homeland,_provincial_elections:_1930–1938-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_and_post-World_War_II_(1939–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_and_post-World_War_II_(1939–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 During and post-World War II (1939–1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_and_post-World_War_II_(1939–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-August_Offer,_Cripps_Mission:_1940–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_Offer,_Cripps_Mission:_1940–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 August Offer, Cripps Mission: 1940–1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_Offer,_Cripps_Mission:_1940–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quit_India_Resolution:_August_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quit_India_Resolution:_August_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Quit India Resolution: August 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quit_India_Resolution:_August_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_victory_in_the_UK_election,_decision_to_decolonize:_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_victory_in_the_UK_election,_decision_to_decolonize:_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Labour victory in the UK election, decision to decolonize: 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_victory_in_the_UK_election,_decision_to_decolonize:_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_provincial_elections:_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_provincial_elections:_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Indian provincial elections: 1946 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_provincial_elections:_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_Mission:_July_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_Mission:_July_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Cabinet Mission: July 1946 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_Mission:_July_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_Action_Day:_August_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_Action_Day:_August_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Direct Action Day: August 1946 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_Action_Day:_August_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_for_partition:_1946–1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_for_partition:_1946–1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.7 Plan for partition: 1946–1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_for_partition:_1946–1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposal_of_the_Indian_Independence_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_of_the_Indian_Independence_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.8 Proposal of the Indian Independence Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_of_the_Indian_Independence_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radcliffe_Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radcliffe_Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.9 Radcliffe Line </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radcliffe_Line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence:_August_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence:_August_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.10 Independence: August 1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence:_August_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_partition,_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_partition,_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geographic partition, 1947 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_partition,_1947-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic partition, 1947 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_partition,_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mountbatten_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountbatten_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Mountbatten Plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountbatten_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjab_Boundary_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab_Boundary_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Punjab Boundary Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab_Boundary_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence,_migration,_and_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence,_migration,_and_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Independence, migration, and displacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence,_migration,_and_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regions_affected_by_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_affected_by_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Regions affected by partition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regions_affected_by_partition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regions affected by partition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regions_affected_by_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Punjab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bengal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chittagong_Hill_Tracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Chittagong Hill Tracts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chittagong_Hill_Tracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sindh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gujarat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gujarat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Gujarat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gujarat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Delhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Princely states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alwar_and_Bharatpur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alwar_and_Bharatpur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Alwar and Bharatpur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alwar_and_Bharatpur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Jammu and Kashmir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_of_refugees:_1947–1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_of_refugees:_1947–1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Resettlement_of_refugees:_1947–1951-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_of_refugees:_1947–1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resettlement_in_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_in_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Resettlement in India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_in_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Refugee_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refugee_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Refugee camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refugee_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resettlement_in_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resettlement_in_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Resettlement in Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resettlement_in_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missing_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Missing people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehabilitation_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehabilitation_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Rehabilitation of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehabilitation_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Post-partition migration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-partition_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-partition migration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-partition_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-partition_migration_to_India_from_East_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_migration_to_India_from_East_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Post-partition migration to India from East Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-partition_migration_to_India_from_East_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation_efforts,_oral_history_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation_efforts,_oral_history_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Documentation efforts, oral history and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Documentation_efforts,_oral_history_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Documentation efforts, oral history and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Documentation_efforts,_oral_history_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_the_partition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_depictions_of_the_partition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Artistic depictions of the partition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_depictions_of_the_partition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Partition of India</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" > 66 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdeling_van_Indi%C3%AB" title="Verdeling van Indië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verdeling van Indië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilung_Indiens" title="Teilung Indiens – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Teilung Indiens" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تقسيم الهند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقسيم الهند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partici%C3%B3n_de_la_India" title="Partición de la India – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partición de la India" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%C4%B1n_par%C3%A7alanmas%C4%B1" title="Hindistanın parçalanması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistanın parçalanması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8" title="ভারত বিভাজন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারত বিভাজন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Разделяне на Британска Индия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разделяне на Британска Индия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partici%C3%B3_de_l%27%C3%8Dndia" title="Partició de l'Índia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partició de l'Índia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozd%C4%9Blen%C3%AD_Indie" title="Rozdělení Indie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozdělení Indie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_deling" title="Indiens deling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indiens deling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilung_Indiens" title="Teilung Indiens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teilung Indiens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διαχωρισμός της Ινδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαχωρισμός της Ινδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partici%C3%B3n_de_la_India" title="Partición de la India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partición de la India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispartigo_de_Hindio" title="Dispartigo de Hindio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dispartigo de Hindio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiaren_partizioa" title="Indiaren partizioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indiaren partizioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تقسیم هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقسیم هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_des_Indes" title="Partition des Indes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Partition des Indes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ADochdheighilt_na_hIndia" title="Críochdheighilt na hIndia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Críochdheighilt na hIndia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE" title="ભારતના ભાગલા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભારતના ભાગલા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%84%ED%95%A0" title="인도의 분할 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도의 분할" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Բրիտանական Հնդկաստանի բաժանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական Հնդկաստանի բաժանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भारत का विभाजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत का विभाजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podjela_Indije" title="Podjela Indije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podjela Indije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemisahan_India" title="Pemisahan India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemisahan India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipting_Indlands" title="Skipting Indlands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skipting Indlands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="חלוקת הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלוקת הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾರತದ ವಿಭಜನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತದ ವಿಭಜನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90" title="ბრიტანეთის ინდოეთის გაყოფა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრიტანეთის ინდოეთის გაყოფა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_Indijas_sadal%C4%AB%C5%A1ana" title="Britu Indijas sadalīšana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu Indijas sadalīšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ വിഭജനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യയുടെ വിഭജനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="भारताची फाळणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारताची फाळणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembahagian_India" title="Pembahagian India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembahagian India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Энэтхэгийн хуваагдал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Энэтхэгийн хуваагдал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deling_van_Brits-Indi%C3%AB" title="Deling van Brits-Indië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deling van Brits-Indië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतको विभाजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतको विभाजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B" title="インド・パキスタン分離独立 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド・パキスタン分離独立" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delingen_av_Britisk_India" title="Delingen av Britisk India – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Delingen av Britisk India" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delinga_av_Britisk_India" title="Delinga av Britisk India – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Delinga av Britisk India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਵੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਵੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88" title="ہندستان دی ونڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندستان دی ونڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4" title="د هند وېش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هند وېش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_%C3%8Dndia" title="Partição da Índia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partição da Índia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C8%9Birea_Indiei" title="Împărțirea Indiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Împărțirea Indiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Раздел Британской Индии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Раздел Британской Индии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतस्य विभजनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतस्य विभजनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تقسیم ہند – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تقسیم ہند" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="ඉන්දියාව බෙදා වෙන් කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියාව බෙදා වෙන් කිරීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Partition of India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%B1%D9%88" title="ھندستان جو ورھاڱو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھندستان جو ورھاڱو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دابەشکردنی ھیندستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دابەشکردنی ھیندستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Подела Индије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Подела Индије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podela_Indije" title="Podela Indije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Podela Indije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamisahan_India" title="Pamisahan India – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamisahan India" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intian_jako" title="Intian jako – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intian jako" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_delning" title="Indiens delning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Indiens delning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="இந்தியப் பிரிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தியப் பிரிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8" title="భారత విభజన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భారత విభజన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การแบ่งอินเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแบ่งอินเดีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan%27%C4%B1n_b%C3%B6l%C3%BCnmesi" title="Hindistan'ın bölünmesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindistan'ın bölünmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Розділ Британської Індії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розділ Британської Індії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تقسیم ہند – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تقسیم ہند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chia_c%E1%BA%AFt_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Chia cắt Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chia cắt Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_jagamin%C3%B5" title="India jagaminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="India jagaminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="印巴分治 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印巴分治" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="印巴分治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印巴分治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%86%E6%B2%BB" title="印巴分治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印巴分治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Partition_of_India" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Partition_of_India" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Partition_of_India" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&oldid=1259237851" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Partition_of_India&id=1259237851&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPartition_of_India">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPartition_of_India">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Partition_of_India&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q129053" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1947 division of British India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Partition of India</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">decolonisation of Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistani independence movements</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/300px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/450px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg/600px-Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1241" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Prevailing religions of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian Empire</a> (1901), the basis for the partition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">14–15 August 1947 (77 years ago) (1947-08-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a>: <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim league</a>'s demand for separate Islamic nation, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> into two independent Dominions, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Religious_cleansing" title="Religious persecution">religious cleansing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Refugee_crisis" title="Refugee crisis">refugee crises</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">1 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Displaced</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">10–20 million</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/262px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/393px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg/524px-British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>British Indian Empire in <a href="/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India" title="The Imperial Gazetteer of India">The Imperial Gazetteer of India</a>, 1909. <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> is shaded pink, the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> yellow.</figcaption></figure> The Partition of India in 1947 was the <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">change of political borders</a> and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and the creation of two independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fisher-partition-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-khan-great-partition-2">[2]</a> The Dominion of India is today the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, and the Dominion of Pakistan—which at the time comprised two regions lying on either side of India—is now the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Islamic Republic of Pakistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">People's Republic of Bangladesh</a>. The partition was outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a>. The change of political borders notably included the division of two provinces of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-4">[3]</a> The majority <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> districts in these provinces were awarded to Pakistan and the majority non-Muslim to India. The other assets that were divided included the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy" title="Royal Indian Navy">Royal Indian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force" title="Royal Indian Air Force">Royal Indian Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India#History" title="Rail transport in India">railways</a>, and the central treasury. Self-governing independent Pakistan and India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively. The partition caused large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration between the two dominions.<a href="#cite_note-chaterjee-washbrook-5">[4]</a> Among refugees that survived, it solidified the belief that safety lay among co-religionists. In the instance of Pakistan, it made palpable a hitherto only imagined refuge for the Muslims of British India.<a href="#cite_note-metcalf&metcalt-partition-6">[5]</a> A poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Pakistan" title="Gallup Pakistan">Gallup Pakistan</a> in 2011 shows that an overwhelming majority(92%) of Pakistanis held the view that separation from India was justified in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The migrations took place hastily and with little warning. It is thought that between 14 million and 18 million people moved, and perhaps more. <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a> during the period of the partition is usually estimated to be around one million.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-partition-demographics-8">[7]</a> The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that affects <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani relations">their relationship</a> to this day. The term partition of India does not cover the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan</a> in 1971, nor the separation of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> (Myanmar) from the British Raj in 1937 or the much earlier separation of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) from the rule of the EIC in 1796. Other political entities or transformations in the region that were not a part of the partition were: the <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">political integration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> into the two new dominions; the annexation of the princely states of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a> by India; the dispute and division of the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> between India, Pakistan, and later China; the incorporation of the enclaves of <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a> into India during the period 1947–1954; and the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">annexation of Goa</a> and other districts of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> by India in 1961. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, having signed treaties with the British designating them as independent states, were not a part of British-ruled India.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> The Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> was established as a <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861, but its sovereignty had been left undefined.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> In 1947, Sikkim became an independent kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of India. The <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British crown">British crown</a> in 1887 and gained its independence in 1965. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam in South Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-World_War_II_(1905–1938)">Pre-World War II (1905–1938)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_of_Bengal:_1905">Partition of Bengal: 1905</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_percent_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 percentage of Hindus."><img alt="1909 percentage of Hindus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/216px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/323px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hindu_percent_1909.jpg/431px-Hindu_percent_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 percentage of Hindus.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_percent_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 percentage of Muslims."><img alt="1909 percentage of Muslims." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/216px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/323px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Muslim_percent_1909.jpg/431px-Muslim_percent_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1970" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 percentage of Muslims.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1909 percentage of Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains."><img alt="1909 percentage of Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/216px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/323px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg/431px-Sikhs_buddhists_jains_percent1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1909 percentage of Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains.</div> </li> </ul> In 1905, during his second term as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a> divided the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>—the largest <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative subdivision</a> in British India—into the Muslim-majority province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> and the Hindu-majority province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (present-day Indian states of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-spear176-11">[10]</a> Curzon's act, the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal</a>—which had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a>, though never acted upon—was to transform <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> politics as nothing else before it.<a href="#cite_note-spear176-11">[10]</a> The Hindu elite of Bengal, many of whom owned land that was leased out to Muslim <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> in East Bengal, protested strongly. The large <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali-Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian middle class">middle-class</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a>), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by <a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Biharis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriyas">Oriyas</a>, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political <a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">assertiveness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spear176-11">[10]</a> The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision predominantly took the form of the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a> ('buy Indian') campaign, involving a boycott of British goods. Sporadically, but flagrantly, the protesters also took to <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, which involved attacks on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> The violence was ineffective, as most planned attacks were either prevented by the British or failed.<a href="#cite_note-bandyo260-13">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">rallying cry</a> for both types of protest was the slogan <a href="/wiki/Bande_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Bande Mataram">Bande Mataram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, lit: 'Hail to the Mother'), the title of a song by <a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>, which invoked a <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ludden193-14">[13]</a> The unrest spread from <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> to the surrounding regions of Bengal when Calcutta's English-educated students returned home to their villages and towns.<a href="#cite_note-ludden199-15">[14]</a> The religious stirrings of the slogan and the political outrage over the partition were combined as young men, in such groups as <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a>, took to <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombing</a> public buildings, staging armed robberies,<a href="#cite_note-bandyo260-13">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinating</a> British officials.<a href="#cite_note-ludden193-14">[13]</a> Since Calcutta was the imperial capital, both the outrage and the slogan soon became known nationally.<a href="#cite_note-ludden193-14">[13]</a> The overwhelming, predominantly-Hindu protest against the partition of Bengal, along with the fear of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite of India in 1906 to the new viceroy <a href="/wiki/Lord_Minto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Minto">Lord Minto</a>, asking for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded representation in proportion to their share of the total population, reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This would result[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dacca</a> in December 1906. Although Curzon by now had returned to England following his resignation over a dispute with his military chief, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a>, the League was in favor of his partition plan.<a href="#cite_note-ludden199-15">[14]</a> The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1871_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1871 Census of India">1871 Census of British India</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which had first estimated the populations in regions of Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-ludden200-16">[15]</a> For his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census, and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 Rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the three decades since the 1871 census, Muslim leaders across <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups.<a href="#cite_note-ludden200-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a>, for example, had not only supported the <a href="/wiki/Cow_protection_movement" title="Cow protection movement">cow protection movement</a> in their agitation,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> but also—distraught at the census' Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold.<a href="#cite_note-ludden200-16">[15]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, Muslims became anxious in the late-19th century as Hindu political representation increased, and Hindus were politically mobilized in the <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a> and the anti-cow-killing riots of 1893.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200920-18">[17]</a> In 1905, Muslim fears grew when <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Tilak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lajpat Rai</a> attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali.<a href="#cite_note-ludden201-19">[18]</a> It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the bande mataram rallying cry had first appeared in the novel <a href="/wiki/Anandmath" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandmath">Anandmath</a> in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors.<a href="#cite_note-ludden201-19">[18]</a> Lastly, the Muslim elite, including <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Nawab Family">Nawab of Dacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a>, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in <a href="/wiki/Shahbag" title="Shahbag">Shahbag</a>, were aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power.<a href="#cite_note-ludden201-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I,_Lucknow_Pact:_1914–1918">World War I, Lucknow Pact: 1914–1918</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg/220px-Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg/330px-Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Indiantroops_medical_ww1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>Indian medical orderlies attending to wounded soldiers with the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif/220px-Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif/330px-Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif/440px-Gandhi_back_in_india1915.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a> (seated in the carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receives a big welcome in Karachi in 1916 after his return to India from South Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_lucknow_pact1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Jinnah_lucknow_pact1916.jpg/220px-Jinnah_lucknow_pact1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3a/Jinnah_lucknow_pact1916.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, seated, third from the left, was a supporter of the Lucknow Pact, which, in 1916, ended the three-way rift between the Extremists, the Moderates and the League</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. 1.4 million Indian and British soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> would take part in the war, and their participation would have a wider cultural fallout: news of Indian soldiers fighting and dying with British soldiers, as well as soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> like Canada and Australia, would travel to distant corners of the world both in newsprint and by the new medium of the radio.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p197-198-20">[19]</a> India's international profile would thereby rise and would continue to rise during the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p197-198-20">[19]</a> It was to lead, among other things, to India, under its name, becoming a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_members#1920:_founder_members" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations members">founding member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in 1920 and participating, under the name, "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the <a href="/wiki/1920_Summer_Olympics" title="1920 Summer Olympics">1920 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Back in India, especially among the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, it would lead to calls for greater self-government for Indians.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p197-198-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">1916 Lucknow Session</a> of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the Ottoman Sultan, also held guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, and, since the British and their allies were now in conflict with the Ottoman Empire, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)#Reunited_Bengal_(1911)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">reunification of Bengal</a> in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p200-201-22">[21]</a> In the Lucknow Pact, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 members and did not yet have its wider following among Indian Muslims of later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> (UP), most prominently, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Shaukat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Shaukat Ali">Shaukat Ali</a>, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p200-201-22">[21]</a> It gained the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, who later rose to leadership roles in the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority elites of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal. At the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen so by the British.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p200-201-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montagu–Chelmsford_Reforms:_1919">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms: 1919</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Samuel Montagu">Montagu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_John_Napier_Thesiger,_3rd_Baron_Chelmsford" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a> presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee to identify who among the Indian population could vote in future elections, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of India Act of 1919">Government of India Act of 1919</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a>) was passed in December 1919.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> The new Act enlarged both the provincial and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial</a> legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">viceroy</a> and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new <a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">dyarchical</a> system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained within the purview of the British governor and his executive council.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil service and the army officer corps. A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> Seats were also reserved for non-<a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principle of "communal representation," an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Minto-Morley_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Minto-Morley Reforms">Minto-Morley Reforms</a>, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">Indian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indians">Anglo-Indians</a>, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and imperial legislative councils.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> The Montagu-Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level, though restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control.<a href="#cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Introduction_of_the_two-nation_theory:_1920s">Introduction of the two-nation theory: 1920s</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></div> The two-nation theory is the assertion, based on the former Indian Muslim ruling class' sense of being culturally and historically distinct, that Indian <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and Muslims are two distinct <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-winks2001-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-khan1940-26">[25]</a> It argued that religion resulted in cultural and social differences between Muslims and Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> While some professional Muslim Indian politicians used it to secure or safeguard a large share of political spoils for the Indian Muslims with the withdrawal of British rule, others believed the main political objective was the preservation of the cultural entity of Muslim India.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a> (i.e., the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as a Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> in South Asia), and the partition of India in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Two-Nation_Theory_Exists-29">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beck" title="Theodore Beck">Theodore Beck</a>, who played a major role in founding of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> in 1906, was supportive of two-nation theory. Another British official supportive of the theory includes <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Morison" title="Theodore Morison">Theodore Morison</a>. Both Beck and Morison believed that parliamentary system of majority rule would be disadvantageous for the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2020-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> laid out his own version of two-nation theory in 1924 to form "a clear partition of India into a Muslim India and a non-Muslim India". Lala believed in partition in response to the riots against Hindus in Kohat, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> which diminished his faith in Hindu-Muslim unity.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2020-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoodbhoy-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonney_2004-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> ideology had embryonic form of a two-nation theory since 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Bapu-33">[32]</a> Savarkar in 1937 during the 19th session of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> in Ahmedabad supported two-nation theory where he said "there are two nations in the main: the Hindus and the Muslims, in India".<a href="#cite_note-counterview-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> undertook the ideology that religion is the determining factor in defining the nationality of Indian Muslims in 1940. He termed it as the awakening of Muslims for the creation of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> However, Jinnah opposed Partition of Punjab and Bengal, and advocated for the integration of all Punjab and Bengal into Pakistan without the displacement of any of its inhabitants, whether they were Sikhs or Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The theory is also a source of inspiration to several <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist</a> organizations, with causes as varied as the redefinition of Indian Muslims as non-Indian foreigners and second-class citizens in India, the expulsion of all Muslims from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the establishment of a legally Hindu state in India, prohibition of conversions to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">conversions or reconversions</a> of Indian Muslims to Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-epw1979r-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-sankhdher1991-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-savarkar1989-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-chakravarty1990-40">[39]</a> There are varying interpretations of the two-nation theory, based on whether the two postulated nationalities can coexist in one territory or not, with radically different implications. One interpretation argued for sovereign autonomy, including the right to secede, for Muslim-majority areas of the Indian subcontinent, but without any transfer of populations (i.e., Hindus and Muslims would continue to live together). A different interpretation contends that Hindus and Muslims constitute "two distinct and frequently antagonistic ways of life and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation."<a href="#cite_note-caldarola1982-41">[40]</a> In this version, a transfer of populations (i.e., the total removal of Hindus from Muslim-majority areas and the total removal of Muslims from Hindu-majority areas) was a desirable step towards a complete separation of two incompatible nations that "cannot coexist in a harmonious relationship."<a href="#cite_note-harman1977-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-sankhdher1992-43">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg/220px-Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg/330px-Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg/440px-Gandhi_at_Peshawar_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> at a pro-independence rally in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> Opposition to the theory has come from two sources. The first is the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">single Indian nation</a>, of which Hindus and Muslims are two intertwined communities.<a href="#cite_note-zakaria2004-44">[43]</a> This is a founding principle of the modern, officially-<a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. Even after the formation of Pakistan, debates on whether Muslims and Hindus are distinct nationalities or not continued in that country as well.<a href="#cite_note-gop1953-45">[44]</a> The second source of opposition is the concept that while Indians are not one nation, neither are the Muslims or Hindus of the subcontinent, and it is instead the relatively <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">homogeneous</a> provincial units of the subcontinent which are true nations and deserving of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> have presented this view,<a href="#cite_note-janmahmad1989-46">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a><a href="#cite_note-salim1991-48">[47]</a> sub-nationalities of Pakistan and the <a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a><a href="#cite_note-SinghSingh20082-49">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-50">[49]</a> sub-nationalities of India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslim_homeland,_provincial_elections:_1930–1938">Muslim homeland, provincial elections: 1930–1938</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/220px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/330px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg/440px-Nehru_bajaj_sarojini_khan_azad1940a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a> at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Congress in which Azad was elected president for the second time</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman.jpg/220px-Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaudhari_Khaliquzzaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman</a> (left) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> (right) presiding, and <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> centre</figcaption></figure> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Choudhry_Rahmat_Ali" title="Choudhry Rahmat Ali">Choudhry Rahmat Ali</a> had produced a pamphlet, entitled <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never</a>, in which the term <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, 'land of the pure,' comprising the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West Frontier Province (Afghania)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind Province (1936–55)">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Balochistan</a>, was coined for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931-51">[50]</a> It did not attract political attention and,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931-51">[50]</a> a little later, a Muslim delegation to the Parliamentary Committee on Indian Constitutional Reforms gave short shrift to the idea of Pakistan, calling it "chimerical and impracticable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931-51">[50]</a> In 1932, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a>'s demand for the "<a href="/wiki/Scheduled_castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled castes">Depressed Classes</a>" to have separate representation in the central and provincial legislatures. The Muslim League favoured this "communal award" as it had the potential to weaken the Hindu caste leadership. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, who was seen as a leading advocate for <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> rights, went on a fast to persuade the British to repeal these separate electorates. Ambedkar had to back down when it seemed Gandhi's life was threatened.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Two years later, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> introduced provincial autonomy, increasing the number of voters in India to 35 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> More significantly, law and order issues were for the first time devolved from British authority to provincial governments headed by Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> This increased Muslim anxieties about eventual Hindu domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937 Indian provincial elections</a>, the Muslim League turned out its best performance in Muslim-minority provinces such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a>, where it won 29 of the 64 reserved Muslim seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In the Muslim-majority regions of the Punjab and Bengal regional parties outperformed the League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In Punjab, the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Punjab)" title="Unionist Party (Punjab)">Unionist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan_(Punjabi_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan (Punjabi politician)">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a>, won the elections and formed a government, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a>, which lasted five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In Bengal, the League had to share power in a coalition headed by <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Krishak Praja Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> The Congress, on the other hand, with 716 wins in the total of 1585 provincial assemblies seats, was able to form governments in 7 out of the 11 provinces of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In its manifesto, Congress maintained that religious issues were of lesser importance to the masses than economic and social issues. The election revealed that it had contested just 58 out of the total 482 Muslim seats, and of these, it won in only 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> In UP, where the Congress won, it offered to share power with the League on condition that the League stops functioning as a representative only of Muslims, which the League refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> This proved to be a mistake as it alienated Congress further from the Muslim masses. Besides, the new UP provincial administration promulgated cow protection and the use of Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">[52]</a> The Muslim elite in UP was further alienated, when they saw chaotic scenes of the new Congress Raj, in which rural people who sometimes turned up in large numbers in government buildings, were indistinguishable from the administrators and the law enforcement personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932–33-54">[53]</a> The Muslim League conducted its investigation into the conditions of Muslims under Congress-governed provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> The findings of such investigations increased fear among the Muslim masses of future Hindu domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> The view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress was now a part of the public discourse of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_and_post-World_War_II_(1939–1947)">During and post-World War II (1939–1947)</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Empire_(1947).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png/300px-Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png/450px-Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png/600px-Indian_Empire_%281947%29.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a> in 1947, before the partition, covering the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> By contrast the Muslim League, which functioned under state patronage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934-56">[55]</a> organized "Deliverance Day" celebrations (from Congress dominance) and supported Britain in the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> When Linlithgow met with nationalist leaders, he gave the same status to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Jinnah</a> as he did to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, and, a month later, described the Congress as a "Hindu organization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934-56">[55]</a> In March 1940, in the League's annual three-day session in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Jinnah gave a two-hour speech in English, in which were laid out the arguments of the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a>, stating, in the words of historians Talbot and Singh, that "Muslims and Hindus...were irreconcilably opposed monolithic religious communities and as such, no settlement could be imposed that did not satisfy the aspirations of the former."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> On the last day of its session, the League passed what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>, sometimes also "Pakistan Resolution," <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">[54]</a> demanding that "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in the majority as in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_India_(pre-1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest India (pre-1947)">north-western</a> and eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Though it had been founded more than three decades earlier, the League would gather support among South Asian Muslims only during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="August_Offer,_Cripps_Mission:_1940–1942">August Offer, Cripps Mission: 1940–1942</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/August_Offer" title="August Offer">August Offer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></div> In August 1940, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a> proposed that India be granted <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion status</a> after the war. Having not taken the Pakistan idea seriously, Linlithgow supposed that what Jinnah wanted was a non-federal arrangement without Hindu domination. To allay Muslim fears of Hindu domination, the "August Offer" was accompanied by the promise that a future constitution would consider the views of minorities.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Neither the Congress nor the Muslim League were satisfied with the offer, and both rejected it in September. The Congress once again started a program of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In March 1942, with the Japanese fast moving up the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Peninsula">Malayan Peninsula</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934-56">[55]</a> and with the Americans supporting independence for India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934–35-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, then Britain's prime minister, sent Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, with an offer of dominion status to India at the end of the war in return for the Congress's support for the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935-61">[60]</a> Not wishing to lose the support of the allies they had already secured—the Muslim League, Unionists of Punjab, and the princes—Cripps's offer included a clause stating that no part of the British Indian Empire would be forced to join the post-war dominion. The League rejected the offer, seeing this clause as insufficient in meeting the principle of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> As a result of that proviso, the proposals were also rejected by the Congress, which, since its founding as a polite group of lawyers in 1885,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200718-63">[62]</a> saw itself as the representative of all Indians of all faiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935-61">[60]</a> After the arrival in 1920 of Gandhi, the pre-eminent strategist of Indian nationalism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010289-64">[63]</a> the Congress had been transformed into a mass nationalist movement of millions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200718-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quit_India_Resolution:_August_1942">Quit India Resolution: August 1942</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></div> In August 1942, Congress launched the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India Resolution">Quit India Resolution</a>, asking for drastic constitutional changes which the British saw as the most serious threat to their rule since the <a href="/wiki/Indian_rebellion_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian rebellion of 1857">Indian rebellion of 1857</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935-61">[60]</a> With their resources and attention already spread thin by a global war, the nervous British immediately jailed the Congress leaders and kept them in jail until August 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006209-65">[64]</a> whereas the Muslim League was now free for the next three years to spread its message.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934-56">[55]</a> Consequently, the Muslim League's ranks surged during the war, with Jinnah himself admitting, "The war which nobody welcomed proved to be a blessing in disguise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200743-66">[65]</a> Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as <a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a> of the leftist <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Krishak Praja Party</a> in Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Sikander_Hyat_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikander Hyat Khan">Sikander Hyat Khan</a> of the landlord-dominated <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Punjab Unionist Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abd al-Ghaffar Khan</a> of the pro-Congress <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a> (popularly, "red shirts") in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North West Frontier Province</a>, the British were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The Muslim League's demand for Pakistan pitted it against the British and Congress.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf20092-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labour_victory_in_the_UK_election,_decision_to_decolonize:_1945">Labour victory in the UK election, decision to decolonize: 1945</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 United Kingdom general election</a> was won by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. A government headed by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Lord Pethick-Lawrence</a> in the Cabinet, was sworn in. Many in the new government, including Attlee, had a long history of supporting the decolonization of India. The government's <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">exchequer</a> had been exhausted by the Second World War and the British public did not appear to be enthusiastic about costly distant involvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994330-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006212-70">[69]</a> Late in 1945, the British government decided to end British Raj in India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-British_Raj_Independence_movement-71">[70]</a> Attlee wrote later in a memoir that he moved quickly to restart the self-rule process because he expected colonial rule in Asia to meet renewed opposition after the war from both nationalist movements and the United States,<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> while his exchequer feared that post-war Britain could no longer afford to garrison an expansive empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994330-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006212-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_provincial_elections:_1946">Indian provincial elections: 1946</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">1945 Indian general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946 Indian provincial elections</a></div> Labour Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> had been deeply interested in Indian independence since the 1920s, being surrounded by Labour statesmen who were affiliated with <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">Krishna Menon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a>, and for years had supported it. He now took charge of the government position and gave the issue the highest priority.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Mission">Cabinet Mission</a> was sent to India led by the Secretary of State for India, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Lord Pethick Lawrence</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a>, who had visited India four years before. The objective of the mission was to arrange for an orderly transfer to independence.<a href="#cite_note-judd-mutiny-73">[72]</a> In February 1946, <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutinies</a> broke out in the armed services, starting with RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-judd-mutiny-73">[72]</a> These mutinies failed to turn into revolutions as the mutineers surrendered after the Congress and the Muslim League convinced the mutineers that they won't get victimised.<a href="#cite_note-Karsten_1998_p._324-74">[73]</a> In early 1946, new elections were held in India.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf2012-75">[74]</a> This coincided with the infamous <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_trials#The_first_trial" title="Indian National Army trials">trial of three senior officers</a> − <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prem_Sahgal" title="Prem Sahgal">Prem Sahgal</a>, and Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon − of <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>'s defeated <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (INA) who stood accused of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although having never supported the INA, chose to defend the accused officers and successfully rescued the INA members.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebra_2003_p._217-77">[76]</a> British rule had lost its legitimacy for most Hindus, and conclusive proof of this came in the form of the 1946 elections with the Congress winning 91 percent of the vote among non-Muslim constituencies, thereby gaining a majority in the Central Legislature and forming governments in eight provinces, and becoming the legitimate successor to the British government for most Hindus. If the British intended to stay in India the acquiescence of politically active Indians to British rule would have been in doubt after these election results, although many rural Indians may still have acquiesced to British rule at this time.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The Muslim League won the majority of the Muslim vote as well as most reserved Muslim seats in the provincial assemblies, and it also secured all the Muslim seats in the Central Assembly. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India meeting Muhammad Ali Jinnah. On the extreme left is Lord Pethick Lawrence; on the extreme right, Sir Stafford Cripps."><img alt="Members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India meeting Muhammad Ali Jinnah. On the extreme left is Lord Pethick Lawrence; on the extreme right, Sir Stafford Cripps." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg/180px-Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg/270px-Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg/360px-Cabinet_mission_to_india1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Members of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">1946 Cabinet Mission to India</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. On the extreme left is <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Lord Pethick Lawrence</a>; on the extreme right, <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grandchildren are sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey. "The old man is dying of exhaustion. The caravan has gone on," wrote Bourke-White."><img alt="An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grandchildren are sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey. "The old man is dying of exhaustion. The caravan has gone on," wrote Bourke-White." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg/180px-Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg/270px-Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg/360px-Old-muslim-couple1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grandchildren are sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey. "The old man is dying of exhaustion. The caravan has gone on," wrote Bourke-White.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An old Sikh man is carrying his wife. Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and traveled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new home."><img alt="An old Sikh man is carrying his wife. Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and traveled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new home." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg/180px-Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg/270px-Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg/360px-Old-sikh-man-carrying-wife1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An old Sikh man is carrying his wife. Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and traveled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new home.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhi in Bela, Bihar, after attacks on Muslims, 28 March 1947."><img alt="Gandhi in Bela, Bihar, after attacks on Muslims, 28 March 1947." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg/180px-Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg/270px-Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Gandhi_Badshah_Khan_in_Bela_Bihar_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="287" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandhi in Bela, Bihar, after attacks on Muslims, 28 March 1947.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cabinet_Mission:_July_1946">Cabinet Mission: July 1946</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">1946 Cabinet Mission to India</a></div> Recovering from its performance in the 1937 elections, the Muslim League was finally able to make good on the claim that it and Jinnah alone represented India's Muslims<a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-79">[78]</a> and Jinnah quickly interpreted this vote as a popular demand for a separate homeland.<a href="#cite_note-Stein2010-80">[79]</a> Tensions heightened while the Muslim League was unable to form ministries outside the two provinces of Sind and Bengal, with the Congress forming a ministry in the NWFP and the key Punjab province coming under a coalition ministry of the Congress, Sikhs and Unionists.<a href="#cite_note-BoseJalal2004-81">[80]</a> The British, while not approving of a separate Muslim homeland, appreciated the simplicity of a single voice to speak on behalf of India's Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Britain had wanted India and its army to remain united to keep India in its system of 'imperial defense'.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts2003-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> With India's two political parties unable to agree, Britain devised the Cabinet Mission Plan. Through this mission, Britain hoped to preserve the united India which they and the Congress desired, while concurrently securing the essence of Jinnah's demand for a Pakistan through 'groupings.'<a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2002-85">[84]</a> The Cabinet mission scheme encapsulated a federal arrangement consisting of three groups of provinces. Two of these groupings would consist of predominantly Muslim provinces, while the third grouping would be made up of the predominantly Hindu regions. The provinces would be autonomous, but the centre would retain control over the defence, foreign affairs, and communications. Though the proposals did not offer independent Pakistan, the Muslim League accepted the proposals. Even though the unity of India would have been preserved, the Congress leaders, especially Nehru, believed it would leave the Center weak. On 10 July 1946, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a> gave a "provocative speech," rejected the idea of grouping the provinces and "effectively torpedoed" both the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_mission_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet mission plan">Cabinet mission plan</a> and the prospect of a United India.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_Action_Day:_August_1946">Direct Action Day: August 1946</h4></div> After the Cabinet Mission broke down, in July 1946, Jinnah held a press conference at his home in Bombay. He proclaimed that the Muslim League was "preparing to launch a struggle" and that they "have chalked out a plan". He said that if the Muslims were not granted a separate Pakistan then they would launch "direct action". When asked to be specific, Jinnah retorted: "Go to the Congress and ask them their plans. When they take you into their confidence I will take you into mine. Why do you expect me alone to sit with folded hands? I also am going to make trouble."<a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White,_Margaret_1949_p._15-87">[86]</a> The next day, Jinnah announced 16 August 1946 would be "<a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>" and warned Congress, "We do not want war. If you want war we accept your offer unhesitatingly. We will either have a divided India or a destroyed India."<a href="#cite_note-Bourke-White,_Margaret_1949_p._15-87">[86]</a> On that morning, armed Muslim gangs gathered at the <a href="/wiki/Ochterlony_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochterlony Monument">Ochterlony Monument</a> in Calcutta to hear <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, the League's Chief Minister of Bengal, who, in the words of historian Yasmin Khan, "if he did not explicitly incite violence certainly gave the crowd the impression that they could act with impunity, that neither the police nor the military would be called out and that the ministry would turn a blind eye to any action they unleashed in the city."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200764–65-88">[87]</a> That very evening, in Calcutta, Hindus were attacked by returning Muslim celebrants, who carried pamphlets distributed earlier which showed a clear connection between violence and the demand for Pakistan, and directly implicated the celebration of Direct Action Day with the outbreak of the cycle of violence that would later be called the "Great Calcutta Killing of August 1946".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200969-89">[88]</a> The next day, Hindus struck back, and the violence continued for three days in which approximately 4,000 people died (according to official accounts), both Hindus and Muslims. Although India had outbreaks of religious violence between Hindus and Muslims before, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> killings were the first to display elements of "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Violence was not confined to the public sphere, but homes were entered and destroyed, and women and children were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200968-91">[90]</a> Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> as united India's prime minister. The communal violence spread <a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">to Bihar</a> (where Hindus attacked Muslims), to <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali in Bengal</a> (where Muslims targeted Hindus), to <a href="/wiki/Garhmukteshwar" title="Garhmukteshwar">Garhmukteshwar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> (where Hindus attacked Muslims), and on to <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> in March 1947 in which Hindus and Sikhs were <a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">attacked or driven out</a> by Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plan_for_partition:_1946–1947">Plan for partition: 1946–1947</h4></div> In London, the president of the <a href="/wiki/India_League" title="India League">India League</a>, <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a>, nominated <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a> as the only suitable viceregal candidate in clandestine meetings with Sir Stafford Cripps and Clement Attlee.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Prime Minister Attlee subsequently appointed <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">India's last viceroy</a>, giving him the task to oversee British India's independence by 30 June 1948, with the instruction to avoid partition and preserve a united India, but with adaptable authority to ensure a British withdrawal with minimal setbacks. Mountbatten hoped to revive the Cabinet Mission scheme for a federal arrangement for India. But despite his initial keenness for preserving the centre, the tense communal situation caused him to conclude that partition had become necessary for a quicker transfer of power.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposal_of_the_Indian_Independence_Act">Proposal of the Indian Independence Act</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a></div> When Lord Mountbatten formally proposed the plan on 3 June 1947, Patel gave his approval and lobbied Nehru and other Congress leaders to accept the proposal. Knowing Gandhi's deep anguish regarding proposals of partition, Patel engaged him in private meetings discussions over the perceived practical unworkability of any Congress-League <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a>, the rising violence, and the threat of civil war. At the All India Congress Committee meeting called to vote on the proposal, Patel said:<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><blockquote>I fully appreciate the fears of our brothers from [the Muslim-majority areas]. Nobody likes the division of India, and my heart is heavy. But the choice is between one division and many divisions. We must face facts. We cannot give way to emotionalism and sentimentality. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Working Committee</a> has not acted out of fear. But I am afraid of one thing, that all our toil and hard work of these many years might go waste or prove unfruitful. My nine months in office have completely disillusioned me regarding the supposed merits of the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a> Plan. Except for a few honourable exceptions, Muslim officials from the top down to the chaprasis (<a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peons</a> or servants) are working for the League. The communal veto given to the League in the Mission Plan would have blocked India's progress at every stage. Whether we like it or not, <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> Pakistan already exists in the Punjab and Bengal. Under the circumstances, I would prefer a de jure Pakistan, which may make the League more responsible. Freedom is coming. We have 75 to 80 percent of India, which we can make strong with our genius. The League can develop the rest of the country.</blockquote>Following Gandhi's denial<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> and Congress' approval of the plan, Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalachari represented Congress on the Partition Council, with Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan and Abdur Rab Nishtar representing the Muslim League. Late in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Labour government in Britain</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">exchequer</a> exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, decided to end British rule of India, with power being transferred no later than June 1948. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>, advanced the date, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radcliffe_Line">Radcliffe Line</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_India_be_split_up_(1947).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg/220px-How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg/330px-How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg/440px-How_India_be_split_up_%281947%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Map speculating on a possible division of India from The Daily Herald newspaper, 4 June 1947.</figcaption></figure> In June 1947, the nationalist leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a>, Valllabh Bhai Patel and J B Kripalini on behalf of the Congress, Jinnah, Liaqat Ali Khan, and Abdul Rab Nishtar representing the Muslim League, and <a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, agreed to a partition of the country in stark opposition to Gandhi's opposition to partition. The predominantly Hindu and Sikh areas were assigned to the new India and predominantly Muslim areas to the new nation of Pakistan; the plan included a partition of the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab and Bengal. The communal violence that accompanied the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>, the line of partition, was even more horrific. Describing the violence that accompanied the partition of India, historians Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh wrote:<blockquote>There are numerous eyewitness accounts of the maiming and mutilation of victims. The catalogue of horrors includes the disemboweling of pregnant women, the slamming of babies' heads against brick walls, the cutting off of the victim's limbs and genitalia, and the displaying of heads and corpses. While previous communal riots had been deadly, the scale and level of brutality during the Partition massacres were unprecedented. Although some scholars question the use of the term '<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>' concerning the partition massacres, much of the violence was manifested with genocidal tendencies. It was designed to cleanse an existing generation and prevent its future reproduction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200967–68-100">[99]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence:_August_1947">Independence: August 1947</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/200px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/300px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg/400px-Partition_of_India_1947_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>The partition of India: green regions were all part of Pakistan by 1948, and orange ones part of India. The darker-shaded regions represent the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> provinces partitioned by the Radcliffe Line. The grey areas represent some of the key <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> that were eventually integrated into India or Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> Mountbatten administered the independence oath to Jinnah on the 14th, before leaving for India where the oath was scheduled on the midnight of the 15th.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> On 14 August 1947, the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> came into being, with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> sworn in as its first Governor-General in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. The following day, 15 August 1947, India, now <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, became an independent country, with official ceremonies taking place in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, Jawaharlal Nehru assuming the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a>. Mountbatten remained in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> for 10 months, serving as the first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">governor-general</a> of an independent India until June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote2002189-102">[101]</a> Gandhi remained in Bengal to work with the new refugees from the partitioned subcontinent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_partition,_1947">Geographic partition, 1947</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountbatten_Plan">Mountbatten Plan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg/170px-Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg/255px-Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/95/Mountbatten_4_august_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Mountbatten with a countdown calendar for the transfer of power in the background</figcaption></figure> At a press conference on 3 June 1947, Lord Mountbatten announced the date of independence – 14 August 1947 – and also outlined the actual division of British India between the two new dominions in what became known as the "Mountbatten Plan" or the "3 June Plan". The plan's main points were: <ul><li>Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislatures_of_British_India" title="Legislatures of British India">legislative assemblies</a> would meet and vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group wanted partition, then these provinces would be divided.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Baluchistan</a> were to make their own decision.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li>The fate of <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> was to be decided by a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>.</li> <li>The separate independence of Bengal was ruled out.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">boundary commission</a> to be set up in case of partition.</li></ul> The Indian political leaders had accepted the Plan on 2 June. It could not deal with the question of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, which were not British possessions, but on 3 June Mountbatten advised them against remaining independent and urged them to join one of the two new Dominions.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>'s demands for a separate country were thus conceded. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a>'s position on unity was also taken into account while making Pakistan as small as possible. Mountbatten's formula was to divide India and, at the same time, retain maximum possible unity. Abul Kalam Azad expressed concern over the likelihood of violent riots, to which Mountbatten replied:<blockquote>At least on this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud.<a href="#cite_note-Jagmohan2005-105">[104]</a> </blockquote><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a> has stated that this and what followed showed a "glaring failure of the government machinery."<a href="#cite_note-Jagmohan2005-105">[104]</a> On 3 June 1947, the partition plan was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Boloji[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] states that in Punjab, there were no riots, but there was communal tension, while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed maun vrat (day of silence). Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition, to which Gandhi wrote the reply: "Have I ever opposed you?"<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru,_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/220px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/330px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/440px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Mountbatten meeting with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (right) in discussing the partition of British India, 1947.</figcaption></figure> Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Radcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Radcliffe">Sir Cyril Radcliffe</a>. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous areas, <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> (today Bangladesh) and <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>, separated geographically by India. India was formed out of the majority Hindu regions of British India, and Pakistan from the majority Muslim areas. On 18 July 1947, the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a> that finalized the arrangements for partition and abandoned British <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>, of which there were several hundred, leaving them free to choose whether to <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">accede</a> to one of the new dominions or to remain independent outside both.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> was adapted to provide a legal framework for the new dominions. Following its creation as a new country in August 1947, Pakistan applied for membership of the United Nations and was accepted by the General Assembly on 30 September 1947. The <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> continued to have the existing seat as India had been a founding member of the United Nations since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjab_Boundary_Commission">Punjab Boundary Commission</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabdoabs1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/350px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/525px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Punjabdoabs1.jpg/700px-Punjabdoabs1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Punjab region <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947.</figcaption></figure> The Punjab—the region of the five rivers east of <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_River" title="Jhelum River">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a>—consists of <a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">inter-fluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doabs</a> ('two rivers'), or tracts of land lying between two <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluent rivers</a> (see map on the right): <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Sagar_Doab" title="Sindh Sagar Doab">Sindh-Sagar doab</a> (between Indus and Jhelum);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Jech_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jech Doab">Jech doab</a> (Jhelum/Chenab);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Rechna_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Rechna Doab">Rechna doab</a> (Chenab/Ravi);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bari_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari Doab">Bari doab</a> (Ravi/Beas); and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Bist_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bist Doab">Bist doab</a> (Beas/Sutlej).</li></ul> In early 1947, in the months leading up to the deliberations of the Punjab Boundary Commission, the main disputed areas appeared to be in the Bari and Bist doabs. Some areas in the Rechna doab were claimed by the Congress and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>. In the Bari doab, the districts of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a> were all disputed.<a href="#cite_note-spate-110">[109]</a> All districts (other than Amritsar, which was 46.5% Muslim) had Muslim majorities; albeit, in Gurdaspur, the Muslim majority, at 51.1%, was slender. At a smaller area-scale, only three <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsils</a> (sub-units of a district) in the Bari doab had non-Muslim majorities: <a href="/wiki/Pathankot_district" title="Pathankot district">Pathankot</a>, in the extreme north of Gurdaspur, which was not in dispute; and <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran</a> in Amritsar district. Nonetheless, there were four Muslim-majority tehsils east of Beas-Sutlej, in two of which Muslims outnumbered Hindus and Sikhs together.<a href="#cite_note-spate-110">[109]</a> Before the Boundary Commission began formal hearings, governments were set up for the East and the West Punjab regions. Their territories were provisionally divided by "notional division" based on simple district majorities. In both the Punjab and Bengal, the Boundary Commission consisted of two Muslim and two non-Muslim judges with Sir <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Radcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Radcliffe">Cyril Radcliffe</a> as a common chairman.<a href="#cite_note-spate-110">[109]</a> The mission of the Punjab commission was worded generally as: "To <a href="/wiki/Demarcation_line" title="Demarcation line">demarcate</a> the boundaries of the two parts of Punjab, based on ascertaining the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous distribution">contiguous</a> majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims. In doing so, it will take into account other factors." Each side (the Muslims and the Congress/Sikhs) presented its claim through counsel with no liberty to bargain. The judges, too, had no mandate to compromise, and on all major issues they "divided two and two, leaving Sir Cyril Radcliffe the invidious task of making the actual decisions."<a href="#cite_note-spate-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence,_migration,_and_displacement">Independence, migration, and displacement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Send-off-delhi1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Train to Pakistan being given an honor-guard send-off. New Delhi railway station, 1947"><img alt="Train to Pakistan being given an honor-guard send-off. New Delhi railway station, 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Send-off-delhi1947.jpg/180px-Send-off-delhi1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Send-off-delhi1947.jpg/270px-Send-off-delhi1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a6/Send-off-delhi1947.jpg/360px-Send-off-delhi1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Train to Pakistan being given an honor-guard send-off. New Delhi railway station, 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxcart-train1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rural Sikhs in a long oxcart train headed towards India. 1947."><img alt="Rural Sikhs in a long oxcart train headed towards India. 1947." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Oxcart-train1947.jpg/180px-Oxcart-train1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Oxcart-train1947.jpg/270px-Oxcart-train1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Oxcart-train1947.jpg/360px-Oxcart-train1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="257" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rural Sikhs in a long oxcart train headed towards India. 1947.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two Muslim men (in a rural refugee train headed towards Pakistan) carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin of 1947."><img alt="Two Muslim men (in a rural refugee train headed towards Pakistan) carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin of 1947." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg/180px-Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg/270px-Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg/360px-Two-men-carrying-woman1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="258" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two Muslim men (in a rural refugee train headed towards Pakistan) carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin of 1947.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_refugee_train,_Punjab,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A refugee train on its way to Punjab, Pakistan"><img alt="A refugee train on its way to Punjab, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg/180px-A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg/270px-A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg/360px-A_refugee_train%2C_Punjab%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A refugee train on its way to Punjab, Pakistan</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> Mass migration occurred between the two newly formed states in the months immediately following the partition. There was no conception that population transfers would be necessary because of the partitioning. Religious minorities were expected to stay put in the states they found themselves residing. An exception was made for Punjab, where the transfer of populations was organized because of the communal violence affecting the province; this did not apply to other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The population of undivided India in 1947 was about 390 million. Following the partition, there were perhaps 330 million people in India, 30 million in West Pakistan, and 30 million people in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2017_p._241-113">[112]</a> Once the boundaries were established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority. The 1951 Census of Pakistan identified the number of displaced persons in Pakistan at 7,226,600, presumably all Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India; the 1951 Census of India counted 7,295,870 displaced persons, apparently all Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> who had moved to India from Pakistan immediately after the partition.<a href="#cite_note-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media3-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regions_affected_by_partition">Regions affected by partition</h2></div> The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude. Massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India–Pakistan border.<a href="#cite_note-m395-115">[114]</a> On 13 January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi started his fast with the goal of stopping the violence. Over 100 religious leaders gathered at Birla House and accepted the conditions of Gandhi. Thousands of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs gathered outside <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Birla house</a> to uphold peace and unity. Representatives of organisations including <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamait-ul-Ulema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), visited Birla house to pledge communal harmony and the end of violence.<a href="#cite_note-k555-116">[115]</a> Maulana Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan's High Commissioner to India <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Husain_(banker)" title="Zahid Husain (banker)">Zahid Hussain</a> also made their visit.<a href="#cite_note-h442-117">[116]</a> By 18 January, Gandhi agreed to break his fast. This fast is credited for putting an end to communal violence.<a href="#cite_note-h942-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-r701-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-c674-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-j117-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-h008-122">[121]</a> While estimates of the number of deaths vary greatly, ranging from 200,000 to 2,000,000, most of the scholars accept approximately 1 million died in the partition violence.<a href="#cite_note-Roy_2018-123">[122]</a> The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Butalia_2000-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjab">Punjab</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/220px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/330px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg/440px-A_refugee_special_train_at_Ambala_Station_during_partition_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A refugee special train at Ambala Station during the Partition of India</figcaption></figure> The Partition of India split the former <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">British province of Punjab</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab province</a>; the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern part became India's <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> state (later divided into the new states of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the partition saw many people displaced and much inter-communal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide.<a href="#cite_note-washedu-127">[126]</a> Total migration across Punjab during the partition is estimated at 12 million people;<a href="#cite_note-129">[b]</a> around 6.5 million Muslims moved into West Punjab, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved into East Punjab. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/220px--Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Video of refugees on train roof during the Partition of India.</figcaption></figure> Virtually no Muslim survived in East Punjab (except in <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuh_district" title="Nuh district">Nuh</a>) and virtually no Hindu or Sikh survived in West Punjab (except in <a href="/wiki/Rahim_Yar_Khan_District" title="Rahim Yar Khan District">Rahim Yar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_District" title="Bahawalpur District">Bahawalpur</a>).<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Lawrence James observed that "Sir Francis Mudie, the governor of West Punjab, estimated that 500,000 Muslims died trying to enter his province, while the British High Commissioner in Karachi put the full total at 800,000. This makes nonsense of the claim by Mountbatten and his partisans that only 200,000 were killed": [James 1998: 636].<a href="#cite_note-EPW-131">[129]</a> During this period, many alleged that Sikh leader <a href="/wiki/Tara_Singh_(activist)" title="Tara Singh (activist)">Tara Singh</a> was endorsing the killing of Muslims. On 3 March 1947, at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Singh, along with about 500 Sikhs, declared from a <a href="/wiki/Dais" title="Dais">dais</a> "Death to Pakistan."<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Ahmed_(political_scientist)" title="Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)">Ishtiaq Ahmed</a>:<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-fairobserver.com-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-dawnshafiqbutt-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> <blockquote>On March 3, radical Sikh leader Master Tara Singh famously flashed his <a href="/wiki/Kirpan" title="Kirpan">kirpan</a> (sword) outside the Punjab Assembly, calling for the destruction of the Pakistan idea prompting violent response by the Muslims mainly against Sikhs but also Hindus, in the Muslim-majority districts of northern Punjab. Yet, at the end of that year, more Muslims had been killed in East Punjab than Hindus and Sikhs together in West Punjab.</blockquote> Nehru wrote to Gandhi on 22 August that, up to that point, twice as many Muslims had been killed in <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> than Hindus and Sikhs in <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a> (1921–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">[136]</a>: 29  </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">[137]</a>: 277  </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">[138]</a>: 42  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>12,813,383 </td> <td>51.05% </td> <td>14,929,896 </td> <td>52.4% </td> <td>18,259,744 </td> <td>53.22% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-141">[c]</a> </th> <td>8,799,651 </td> <td>35.06% </td> <td>9,018,509 </td> <td>31.65% </td> <td>10,336,549 </td> <td>30.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>3,107,296 </td> <td>12.38% </td> <td>4,071,624 </td> <td>14.29% </td> <td>5,116,185 </td> <td>14.91% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>332,939 </td> <td>1.33% </td> <td>419,353 </td> <td>1.47% </td> <td>512,466 </td> <td>1.49% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>41,321 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>43,140 </td> <td>0.15% </td> <td>45,475 </td> <td>0.13% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>5,912 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>7,753 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>854 </td> <td>0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>526 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>569 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>4,359 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td>19 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>13 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>39 </td> <td>0.0001% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>13 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>34,190 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>25,101,060 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>28,490,857 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>34,309,861 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in West Punjab (1921–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">[136]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1921-142">[d]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">[137]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1931-143">[e]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">[138]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-WestPunjab1941-144">[f]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>8,975,288 </td> <td>75.49% </td> <td>10,570,029 </td> <td>75.28% </td> <td>13,022,160 </td> <td>75.06% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-141">[c]</a> </th> <td>1,797,141 </td> <td>15.12% </td> <td>1,957,878 </td> <td>13.94% </td> <td>2,373,466 </td> <td>13.68% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>863,091 </td> <td>7.26% </td> <td>1,180,789 </td> <td>8.41% </td> <td>1,530,112 </td> <td>8.82% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>247,030 </td> <td>2.08% </td> <td>324,730 </td> <td>2.31% </td> <td>395,311 </td> <td>2.28% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>5,930 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>6,921 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>9,520 </td> <td>0.05% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>309 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>413 </td> <td>0.003% </td> <td>312 </td> <td>0.002% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>172 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.0002% </td> <td>87 </td> <td>0.001% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td>16 </td> <td>0.0001% </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>8 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>19,128 </td> <td>0.11% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>11,888,985 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,040,798 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>17,350,103 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8">Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in East Punjab (1921–1941) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1921<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">[136]</a>: 29 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1921-145">[g]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1931<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">[137]</a>: 277 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1931-146">[h]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">[138]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-EastPunjab1941-147">[i]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi-141">[c]</a> </th> <td>7,002,510 </td> <td>53% </td> <td>7,060,631 </td> <td>48.86% </td> <td>7,963,083 </td> <td>46.95% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </th> <td>3,838,095 </td> <td>29.05% </td> <td>4,359,867 </td> <td>30.17% </td> <td>5,237,584 </td> <td>30.88% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </th> <td>2,244,205 </td> <td>16.99% </td> <td>2,890,835 </td> <td>20.01% </td> <td>3,586,073 </td> <td>21.14% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </th> <td>85,909 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>94,623 </td> <td>0.65% </td> <td>117,155 </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </th> <td>35,391 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>36,219 </td> <td>0.25% </td> <td>35,955 </td> <td>0.21% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </th> <td>5,740 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>7,721 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>767 </td> <td>0.005% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </th> <td>217 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>156 </td> <td>0.001% </td> <td>4,047 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>32 </td> <td>0.0002% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Others </th> <td>5 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>15,062 </td> <td>0.09% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>13,212,075 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>14,450,059 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>16,959,758 </th> <th>100% </th></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8">Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal">Bengal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></div> The province of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> was divided into the two separate entities of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, awarded to the Dominion of India, and <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, awarded to the Dominion of Pakistan. East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan in 1955,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and later became the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> of 1971. The districts of <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Murshidabad District">Murshidabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a>, located on the right bank of the Ganges, were given to India despite having Muslim majorities. The Hindu-majority <a href="/wiki/Khulna_District" title="Khulna District">Khulna District</a>, located on the mouths of the Ganges and surrounded by Muslim-majority districts, were given to Pakistan, as were the eastern-most <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spoils-148">[139]</a> Thousands of Hindus, located in the districts of East Bengal, which were awarded to Pakistan, found themselves being attacked, and this religious persecution forced hundreds of thousands of Hindus from East Bengal to <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">seek refuge</a> in India. The massive influx of Hindu refugees into Calcutta affected the demographics of the city. Many Muslims left the city for East Pakistan, and the refugee families occupied some of their homes and properties. Total migration across Bengal during the partition is estimated at 3.3 million: 2.6 million Hindus moved from East Pakistan to India and 0.7 million Muslims moved from India to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chittagong_Hill_Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</h4></div> The sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a> were a special case. Located on the eastern limits of Bengal, it provided the Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a>. Despite the Tracts' 98.5% Buddhist majority in 1947<a href="#cite_note-Khisha-149">[140]</a> the territory was given to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Spoils-148">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindh">Sindh</h3></div> There was no mass violence in Sindh as there was in Punjab and Bengal. At the time of partition, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>'s prosperous upper and middle class was Hindu. The Hindus were mostly concentrated in cities and formed the majority of the population in cities including <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikarpur, Pakistan">Shikarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a>. During the initial months after partition, only some Hindus migrated. In late 1947, the situation began to change. Large numbers of Muslims refugees from India started arriving in Sindh and began to live in crowded refugee camps.<a href="#cite_note-Sindhi_Voices_from_the_Partition-150">[141]</a> On 6 December 1947, communal violence broke out in Ajmer in India, precipitated by an argument between some Sindhi Hindu refugees and local Muslims in the Dargah Bazaar. Violence in Ajmer again broke out in the middle of December with stabbings, looting and arson resulting in mostly Muslim casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Bhavnani-151">[142]</a> Many Muslims fled across the Thar Desert to Sindh in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Bhavnani-151">[142]</a> This sparked further anti-Hindu riots in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad, Sindh</a>. On 6 January anti-Hindu riots broke out in Karachi, leading to an estimate of 1100 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Bhavnani-151">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> The arrival of Sindhi Hindu refugees in North Gujarat's town of Godhra in March 1948 again sparked riots there which led to more emigration of Muslims from Godhra to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Bhavnani-151">[142]</a> These events triggered the large scale exodus of Hindus. An estimated 1.2 – 1.4 million Hindus migrated to India primarily by ship or train.<a href="#cite_note-Sindhi_Voices_from_the_Partition-150">[141]</a> Despite the migration, a significant Sindhi Hindu population still resides in Pakistan's Sindh province, where they number at around 2.3 million as per Pakistan's 1998 census. Some districts in Sindh had a Hindu majority like <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirpurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirpurkhas">Mirpurkhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanghar" title="Sanghar">Sanghar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badin" title="Badin">Badin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> Due to the religious persecution of Hindus in Pakistan, Hindus from Sindh are still migrating to India.<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in Sindh (1941 & 1951) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-155">[146]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-Sindh1941-156">[j]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">1951<a href="#cite_note-sindh1951-157">[147]</a>: 22–26 <a href="#cite_note-Sindh1951-158">[k]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td>3,462,015 </td> <td>71.52% </td> <td>5,535,645 </td> <td>91.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <td>1,279,530 </td> <td>26.43% </td> <td>482,560 </td> <td>7.98% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal</a> </td> <td>37,598 </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td>32,627 </td> <td>0.67% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td>20,304 </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>22,601 </td> <td>0.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td>3,841 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>5,046 </td> <td>0.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <td>3,687 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </td> <td>1,082 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <td>111 </td> <td>0.002% </td> <td>670 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0% </td> <td>1,226 </td> <td>0.02% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total Population </th> <th>4,840,795 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>6,047,748 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gujarat">Gujarat</h3></div> It experienced large refugee migrations. An estimated 642,000 Muslims migrated to Pakistan, of which 75% went to Karachi largely due to business interests. The <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a> registered a drop of the Muslim population in the state from 13% in 1941 to 7% in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-YājñikaSheth2005-159">[148]</a> The number of incoming refugees was also quite large, with over a million people migrating to Gujarat. These Hindu refugees were largely Sindhi and Gujarati.<a href="#cite_note-Balasubrahmanyan2011-160">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi">Delhi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png/220px-Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png/330px-Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png/440px-Muslim_refugees_in_the_Tomb_of_Humayun.png 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Muslim refugees in the Tomb of Humayun, 1947</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg/170px-Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg/255px-Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5a/Manchester_guardian_purana-qila1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>A crowd of Muslims at the Old Fort (Purana Qila) in Delhi, which had been converted into a vast camp for Muslim refugees waiting to be transported to Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a>, 27 September 1947.</figcaption></figure> For centuries Delhi had been the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> from Babur to the successors of Aurangzeb and previous Turkic Muslim rulers of North India. The series of Islamic rulers keeping Delhi as a stronghold of their empires left a vast array of Islamic architecture in Delhi, and a strong Islamic culture permeated the city.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1911, when the British Raj shifted their colonial capital from Calcutta to Delhi, the nature of the city began changing. The core of the city was called 'Lutyens' Delhi,' named after the British architect Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, and was designed to service the needs of the small but growing population of the British elite. Nevertheless, the 1941 census listed Delhi's population as being 33.2% Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-161">[150]</a>: 80  As refugees began pouring into Delhi in 1947, the city was ill-equipped to deal with the influx of refugees. Refugees "spread themselves out wherever they could. They thronged into camps ... colleges, temples, <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurudwaras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharamshala_(type_of_building)" title="Dharamshala (type of building)">dharmshalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">military barracks</a>, and gardens."<a href="#cite_note-162">[151]</a> By 1950, the government began allowing squatters to construct houses in certain portions of the city. As a result, neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Lajpat_Nagar" title="Lajpat Nagar">Lajpat Nagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patel_Nagar" title="Patel Nagar">Patel Nagar</a> sprang into existence, which carry a distinct Punjabi character to this day. As thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab and North-West Frontier Province fled to the city, upheavals ensued as communal <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> rocked the historical stronghold of Indo-Islamic culture and politics. A Pakistani diplomat in Delhi, Hussain, alleged that the Indian government was intent on eliminating Delhi's Muslim population or was indifferent to their fate. He reported that army troops openly gunned down innocent Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Hajari2015-163">[152]</a> Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru estimated 1,000 casualties in the city. Other sources put the casualty rate 20 times higher. <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_Pandey_(historian)" title="Gyanendra Pandey (historian)">Gyanendra Pandey</a>'s 2010 account of the violence in Delhi puts the figure of Muslim casualties in Delhi at between 20,000 and 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-164">[153]</a> Tens of thousands of Muslims were driven to refugee camps regardless of their political affiliations, and numerous historical sites in Delhi such as the <a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a>, Idgah, and Nizamuddin were transformed into <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camp" title="Refugee camp">refugee camps</a>. In fact, many Hindu and Sikh refugees eventually occupied the abandoned houses of Delhi's Muslim inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-165">[154]</a> At the culmination of the tensions, total migration in Delhi during the partition is estimated at 830,000 people; around 330,000 Muslims had migrated to Pakistan and around 500,000 Hindus and Sikhs migrated from Pakistan to Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a> registered a drop of the Muslim population in the city from 33.2% in 1941 to 5.7% in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-167">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Census1951-168">[157]</a>: 298  <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious groups in Delhi (1941 & 1951)<a href="#cite_note-169">[l]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religious</a> group </th> <th colspan="2">1941<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-161">[150]</a>: 80  </th> <th colspan="2">1951<a href="#cite_note-Census1951-168">[157]</a>: 298  </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ad-dharmi2-170">[m]</a> </td> <td>567,264 </td> <td>61.8% </td> <td>1,467,854 </td> <td>84.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> </td> <td>304,971 </td> <td>33.22% </td> <td>99,501 </td> <td>5.71% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> </td> <td>17,475 </td> <td>1.9% </td> <td>18,685 </td> <td>1.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a> </td> <td>16,157 </td> <td>1.76% </td> <td>137,096 </td> <td>7.86% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/15px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/23px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/30px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a> </td> <td>11,287 </td> <td>1.23% </td> <td>20,174 </td> <td>1.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/15px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/23px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/30px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td>284 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>164 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>503 </td> <td>0.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> </td> <td>55 </td> <td>0.01% </td> <td>90 </td> <td>0.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>296 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>917,939 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>1,744,072 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princely_states">Princely states</h3></div> In several cases, rulers of <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> were involved in communal violence or did not do enough to stop in time. Some rulers were away from their states for the summer, such as those of the Sikh states. Some believe that the rulers were whisked away by communal ministers in large part to avoid responsibility for the soon-to-come ethnic cleansing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bhawalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, upon the return of their ruler to the state, there was a marked decrease in violence, and the rulers consequently stood against the cleansing. The <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Bahawalpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Bahawalpur">Nawab of Bahawalpur</a> was away in Europe and returned on 1 October, shortening his trip. A bitter <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Suhrawardy" title="Hassan Suhrawardy">Hassan Suhrawardy</a> would write to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What is the use now, of the Maharaja of Patiala, when all the Muslims have been eliminated, standing up as the champion of peace and order?<a href="#cite_note-171">[158]</a></blockquote> With the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Jind" title="Jind">Jind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, the violence was well organised in the Sikh states, with logistics provided by local government.<a href="#cite_note-172">[159]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, the Maharajas responded to the call of <a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a> to cleanse India of Muslims. The Maharaja of Patiala was offered the headship of a future united Sikh state that would rise from the "ashes of a Punjab civil war."<a href="#cite_note-173">[160]</a> The Maharaja of Faridkot, Harinder Singh, is reported to have listened to stories of the massacres with great interest going so far as to ask for "juicy details" of the carnage.<a href="#cite_note-174">[161]</a> The Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur State</a> personally witnessed the cleansing of <a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Muslim Meos</a> at Khumbar and <a href="/wiki/Deeg" title="Deeg">Deeg</a>. When reproached by Muslims for his actions, <a href="/wiki/Brijendra_Singh" title="Brijendra Singh">Brijendra Singh</a> retorted by saying: "Why come to me? Go to Jinnah."<a href="#cite_note-175">[162]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Alwar_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwar State">Alwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a> communal sentiments extended to higher echelons of government, and the prime ministers of these States were said to have been involved in planning and directly overseeing the cleansing. In <a href="/wiki/Bikaner" title="Bikaner">Bikaner</a>, by contrast, the organisation occurred at much lower levels.<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alwar_and_Bharatpur">Alwar and Bharatpur</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Rajasthan" title="Bharatpur, Rajasthan">Bharatpur</a>, princely states of Rajputana (modern-day Rajasthan), there were bloody confrontations between the dominant, Hindu land-holding community and the Muslim cultivating community.<a href="#cite_note-Pandey2001-177">[164]</a> Well-organised bands of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Jats">Hindu Jats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahir" title="Ahir">Ahirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjars</a>, started attacking <a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Muslim Meos</a> in April 1947. By June, more than fifty Muslim villages had been destroyed. The Muslim League was outraged and demanded that the Viceroy provide Muslim troops. Accusations emerged in June of the involvement of Indian State Forces from Alwar and Bharatpur in the destruction of Muslim villages both inside their states and in British India.<a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a> In the wake of unprecedented violent attacks unleashed against them in 1947, 100,000 Muslim Meos from Alwar and Bharatpur were forced to flee their homes, and an estimated 30,000 are said to have been massacred.<a href="#cite_note-179">[166]</a> On 17 November, a column of 80,000 Meo refugees went to Pakistan. However, 10,000 stopped travelling due to the risks.<a href="#cite_note-Pandey2001-177">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jammu_and_Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1947_Jammu_massacres" title="1947 Jammu massacres">1947 Jammu massacres</a></div> In September–November 1947 in the <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">princely state of Jammu and Kashmir</a>, a large number of Muslims were killed, and others driven away to <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a>. The impetus for this violence was partly due to the "harrowing stories of Muslim atrocities", brought by Hindu and Sikh refugees arriving to Jammu from West Punjab since March 1947. The killings were carried out by extremist <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, aided and abetted by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Jammu and Kashmir</a> State, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir">Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>. Observers state that Hari Singh aimed to alter the demographics of the region by eliminating the Muslim population and ensure a Hindu majority.<a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a> This was followed by a massacre of Hindus and Sikhs starting in November 1947, in Rajouri and Mirpur by Pashtun tribal militias and Pakistani soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-182">[169]</a> Women were raped and sexually assaulted. Many of those killed, raped and injured had come to these areas to escape massacres in West Punjab, which had become part of Pakistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resettlement_of_refugees:_1947–1951">Resettlement of refugees: 1947–1951</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettlement_in_India">Resettlement in India</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census of India</a>, 2% of India's population were refugees (1.3% from <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and 0.7% from <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>). The majority of Hindu and Sikh Punjabi refugees from <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a> were settled in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> (including Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). Delhi received the largest number of refugees for a single city, with the population of Delhi showing an increase from under 1 million (917,939) in the Census of India, 1941, to a little less than 2 million (1,744,072) in the 1951 Census, despite a large number of Muslims leaving Delhi in 1947 to go to Pakistan whether voluntarily or by coercion.<a href="#cite_note-183">[170]</a> The incoming refugees were housed in various historical and military locations such as the <a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>, and military barracks in <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Camp" title="Kingsway Camp">Kingsway Camp</a> (around the present <a href="/wiki/University_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Delhi">Delhi University</a>). The latter became the site of one of the largest refugee camps in northern India, with more than 35,000 refugees at any given time besides <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a> camp near <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a>. The campsites were later converted into permanent housing through extensive building projects undertaken by the Government of India from 1948 onwards. Many housing colonies in Delhi came up around this period, like <a href="/wiki/Lajpat_Nagar" title="Lajpat Nagar">Lajpat Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajinder Nagar">Rajinder Nagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_East" title="Nizamuddin East">Nizamuddin East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Bagh" title="Punjabi Bagh">Punjabi Bagh</a>, Rehgar Pura, <a href="/wiki/Jangpura" title="Jangpura">Jangpura</a>, and Kingsway Camp. Several schemes such as the provision of education, employment opportunities, and easy loans to start businesses were provided for the refugees at the all-India level.<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> Many Punjabi Hindu refugees were also settled in Cities of Western and Central <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. A Colony consisting largely of Sikhs and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Hindus" title="Punjabi Hindus">Punjabi Hindus</a> was also founded in Central Mumbai's <a href="/wiki/Sion_Koliwada_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sion Koliwada (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Sion Koliwada</a> region, and named <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_Nagar" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar">Guru Tegh Bahadur Nagar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[172]</a> Hindus <a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">fleeing from East Pakistan</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>) were settled across <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeastern India</a>, many ending up in neighbouring Indian states such as <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>. Substantial number of refugees were also settled in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Andaman islands">Andaman islands</a> (where Bengalis today form the largest linguistic group)<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[174]</a> Sindhi Hindus settled predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. Substantial numbers, however, were also settled in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, A few also settled in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. A new township was established for Sindhi Hindu refugees in Maharashtra. The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, Sir Rajagopalachari, laid the foundation for this township and named it <a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a> ('city of joy'). Substantial communities of Hindu Gujarati and Marathi Refugees who had lived in the cities of Sindh and <a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Southern Punjab</a> were also resettled in the cities of modern-day Gujarat and Maharashtra.<a href="#cite_note-Balasubrahmanyan2011-160">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[175]</a> A small community of Pashtun Hindus from <a href="/wiki/Loralai" title="Loralai">Loralai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> was also settled in <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>. Today they number around 1,000.<a href="#cite_note-189">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Refugee_camps">Refugee camps</h4></div> The list below shows the number of relief camps in districts of Punjab and their population up to December 1948.<a href="#cite_note-190">[177]</a> <table class="Wikipedia sortable"> <caption>Number of relief camps in East Punjab </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District (up to December 1948) </th> <th>No. of camps </th> <th>No. of persons </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amritsar</td> <td>5</td> <td>129,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gurdaspur</td> <td>4</td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ferozpur</td> <td>5</td> <td>53,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ludhiana</td> <td>1</td> <td>25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jalandhar</td> <td>19</td> <td>60,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoshiarpur</td> <td>1</td> <td>11,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hissar</td> <td>3</td> <td>3,797 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rohtak</td> <td>2</td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ambala</td> <td>1</td> <td>50,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karnal (including Kurukshetra)</td> <td>4</td> <td>325,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gurugram (Gurgaon)</td> <td>40</td> <td>20,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>85</td> <td>721,396 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resettlement_in_Pakistan">Resettlement in Pakistan</h3></div> The 1951 Census of Pakistan recorded that the most significant number of Muslim refugees came from the <a href="/wiki/East_Punjab" title="East Punjab">East Punjab</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alwar" title="Alwar">Alwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Rajasthan" title="Bharatpur, Rajasthan">Bharatpur</a>). They numbered 5,783,100 and constituted 80.1% of Pakistan's total refugee population.<a href="#cite_note-Chitkara-191">[178]</a> This was the effect of the retributive ethnic cleansing on both sides of the Punjab where the Muslim population of East Punjab was forcibly expelled like the Hindu/Sikh population in <a href="/wiki/West_Punjab" title="West Punjab">West Punjab</a>. Migration from other regions of India were as follows: <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a>, 700,300 or 9.8%; UP and Delhi 464,200 or 6.4%; <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>, 160,400 or 2.2%; <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> 95,200 or 1.2%; and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> 18,000 or 0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-Chitkara-191">[178]</a> So far as their settlement in Pakistan is concerned, 97.4% of the refugees from East Punjab and its contiguous areas went to West Punjab; 95.9% from Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa to the erstwhile East Pakistan; 95.5% from UP and Delhi to West Pakistan, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Division" title="Karachi Division">Karachi Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>; 97.2% from Bhopal and Hyderabad to <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>; and 98.9% from Bombay and Gujarat to West Pakistan, largely to Karachi; and 98.9% from Madras and Mysore went to West Pakistan, mainly Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-Chitkara-191">[178]</a> West Punjab received the largest number of refugees (73.1%), mainly from East Punjab and its contiguous areas. Sindh received the second largest number of refugees, 16.1% of the total migrants, while the Karachi division of Sindh received 8.5% of the total migrant population. East Bengal received the third-largest number of refugees, 699,100, who constituted 9.7% of the total Muslim refugee population in Pakistan. 66.7% of the refugees in East Bengal originated from West Bengal, 14.5% from Bihar and 11.8% from Assam.<a href="#cite_note-192">[179]</a> NWFP and Baluchistan received the lowest number of migrants. NWFP received 51,100 migrants (0.7% of the migrant population) while Baluchistan received 28,000 (0.4% of the migrant population). The government undertook a census of refugees in West Punjab in 1948, which displayed their place of origin in India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data">Data</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Districts of East Punjab and Neighbouring Regions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattha2009111-193">[180]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Places </th> <th>Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>Amritsar (East Punjab) </td> <td>741,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jalandhar (East Punjab) </td> <td>520,189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gurdaspur (East Punjab) </td> <td>499,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hoshiarpur (East Punjab) </td> <td>384,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karnal (East Punjab) </td> <td>306,509 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hissar (East Punjab) </td> <td>287,479 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ludhiana (East Punjab) </td> <td>255,864 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ambala (East Punjab) </td> <td>222,939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gurgaon (East Punjab) </td> <td>80,537 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rohtak (East Punjab) </td> <td>172,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delhi </td> <td>91,185 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kangra (East Punjab) </td> <td>33,826 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Provinces </td> <td>28,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shimla (East Punjab) </td> <td>11,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>3,636,516 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Number of Muslim refugees in West Punjab from the Princely states in East Punjab and Rajputana<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattha2009111-193">[180]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>Patiala (East Punjab) </td> <td>308,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alwar (Rajputana) </td> <td>191,567 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kapurthala (East Punjab) </td> <td>172,079 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Faridkot (East Punjab) </td> <td>66,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bharatpur (Rajputana) </td> <td>43,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nabha (East Punjab) </td> <td>43,538 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jind (East Punjab) </td> <td>41,696 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Together other small states </td> <td>39,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>907,360 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33%;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missing_people">Missing people</h2></div> A study of the total population inflows and outflows in the districts of Punjab, using the data provided by the <a href="/wiki/1931_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1931 Census of India">1931</a> and <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a> has led to an estimate of 1.3 million missing Muslims who left western India but did not reach Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-EPW-131">[129]</a> The corresponding number of missing <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> along the western border is estimated to be approximately 0.8 million.<a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj,_Prasant_2008-194">[181]</a> This puts the total of missing people, due to partition-related migration along the Punjab border, to around 2.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj,_Prasant_2008-194">[181]</a> Another study of the demographic consequences of partition in the Punjab region using the 1931, 1941 and 1951 censuses concluded that between 2.3 and 3.2 million people went missing in the Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-195">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rehabilitation_of_women">Rehabilitation of women</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_during_the_Partition_of_India" title="Violence against women during the Partition of India">Violence against women during the Partition of India</a></div> Both sides promised each other that they would try to restore women abducted and raped during the riots. The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted, and the Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted during riots. By 1949, there were legal claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-196">[183]</a> By 1954, there were 20,728 Muslim women recovered from India, and 9,032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-197">[184]</a> Most of the Hindu and Sikh women refused to go back to India, fearing that their families would never accept them, a fear mirrored by Muslim women.<a href="#cite_note-198">[185]</a> Some scholars have noted some 'positive' effects of partition on women in both Bengal and Punjab. In Bengal, it had some emancipatory effects on refugee women from East Bengal, who took up jobs to help their families, entered the public space and participated in political movements. The disintegration of traditional family structures could have increased the space for the agency of women. Many women also actively participated in the communist movement that later took place in West Bengal of India. Regarding Indian Punjab, one scholar has noted, "Partition narrowed the physical spaces and enlarged the social spaces available to women, thereby affecting the practice of purda or seclusion, modified the impact of caste and regional culture on marriage arrangements and widened the channels of educational mobility and employment for girls and women."<a href="#cite_note-199">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-partition_migration">Post-partition migration</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> Due to <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">persecution of Muslims in India</a>, even after the <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a>, many Muslim families from India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout the 1950s and the early 1960s. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khalidi" title="Omar Khalidi">Omar Khalidi</a>, the Indian Muslim migration to <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> between December 1947 and December 1971 was from <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The next stage of migration was between 1973 and the 1990s, and the primary destination for these migrants was Karachi and other urban centres in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-200">[187]</a> In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) published a report stating that from 1951 to 1956, a total of 650,000 Muslims from India relocated to West Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-200">[187]</a> However, Visaria (1969) raised doubts about the authenticity of the claims about Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan, since the 1961 Census of Pakistan did not corroborate these figures. However, the <a href="/wiki/1961_Pakistan_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Pakistan Census">1961 Census of Pakistan</a> did incorporate a statement suggesting that there had been a migration of 800,000 people from India to Pakistan throughout the previous decade.<a href="#cite_note-lse.ac.uk-201">[188]</a> Of those who left for Pakistan, most never came back.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan declined drastically in the 1970s, a trend noticed by the Pakistani authorities. In June 1995, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Interior (Pakistan)">Pakistan's interior minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naseerullah_Babar" title="Naseerullah Babar">Naseerullah Babar</a>, informed the National Assembly that between the period of 1973–1994, as many as 800,000 visitors came from India on valid travel documents. Of these only 3,393 stayed.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-200">[187]</a> In a related trend, intermarriages between Indian and Pakistani Muslims have declined sharply. According to a November 1995 statement of Riaz Khokhar, the <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner of Pakistan">Pakistani High Commissioner</a> in New Delhi, the number of cross-border marriages has dropped from 40,000 a year in the 1950s and 1960s to barely 300 annually.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-200">[187]</a> In the aftermath of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, 3,500 Muslim families migrated from the Indian part of the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> to the Pakistani section of the Thar Desert.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan2009-202">[189]</a> 400 families were settled in Nagar after the 1965 war and an additional 3000 settled in the <a href="/wiki/Chachro_Taluka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chachro Taluka">Chachro taluka</a> in Sindh province of West Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan,_Arif_1987_p._25-203">[190]</a> The government of Pakistan provided each family with 12 acres of land. According to government records, this land totalled 42,000 acres.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan,_Arif_1987_p._25-203">[190]</a> The 1951 census in Pakistan recorded 671,000 refugees in East Pakistan, the majority of which came from West Bengal. The rest were from <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_et_al.,_page_13-204">[191]</a> According to the ILO in the period 1951–1956, half a million Indian Muslims migrated to East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Khalidi-200">[187]</a> By 1961 the numbers reached 850,000. In the aftermath of the riots in <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, Biharis continued to migrate to East Pakistan well into the late sixties and added up to around a million.<a href="#cite_note-205">[192]</a> Crude estimates suggest that about 1.5 million Muslims migrated from West Bengal and Bihar to East Bengal in the two decades after partition.<a href="#cite_note-206">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> Due to <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Pakistan" title="Persecution of Hindus">religious persecution in Pakistan</a>, Hindus continue to flee to India. Most of them tend to settle in the state of Rajasthan in India.<a href="#cite_note-dawn10Sep2015-207">[194]</a> According to data of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Human Rights Commission of Pakistan">Human Rights Commission of Pakistan</a>, just around 1,000 Hindu families fled to India in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-dawn10Sep2015-207">[194]</a> In May 2014, a member of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_Nawaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz">Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz</a> (PML-N), <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Kumar_Vankwani" title="Ramesh Kumar Vankwani">Ramesh Kumar Vankwani</a>, revealed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly of Pakistan</a> that around 5,000 Hindus are migrating from Pakistan to India every year.<a href="#cite_note-208">[195]</a> Since India is not a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">1951 United Nations Refugee Convention</a>, it refuses to recognise Pakistani Hindu migrants as refugees.<a href="#cite_note-dawn10Sep2015-207">[194]</a> The population in the <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar District">Tharparkar district</a> in the Sindh province of West Pakistan was 80% Hindu and 20% Muslim at the time of independence in 1947. During the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a>, an estimated 1,500 Hindu families fled to India, which led to a massive demographic shift in the district.<a href="#cite_note-Hasan2009-202">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[196]</a> During these same wars, 23,300 Hindu families also migrated to <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu Division</a> from <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">West Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[197]</a> The migration of Hindus from East Pakistan to India continued unabated after partition. The <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 census in India</a> recorded that 2.5 million refugees arrived from East Pakistan, of which 2.1 million migrated to West Bengal while the rest migrated to Assam, Tripura, and other states.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_et_al.,_page_13-204">[191]</a> These refugees arrived in waves and did not come solely at partition. By 1973, their number reached over 6 million. The following data displays the major waves of refugees from East Pakistan and the incidents which precipitated the migrations:<a href="#cite_note-211">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-partition_migration_to_India_from_East_Pakistan">Post-partition migration to India from East Pakistan</h4></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Reason </th> <th>Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>Partition </td> <td>344,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>Fear due to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">annexation of Hyderabad</a> </td> <td>786,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1950_Barisal_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 Barisal Riots">1950 Barisal Riots</a> </td> <td>1,575,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>Pakistan becomes <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a> </td> <td>320,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 East Pakistan genocide">Riots</a> over <a href="/wiki/Hazratbal_disappearance_episode" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazratbal disappearance episode">Hazratbal incident</a> </td> <td>693,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a> </td> <td>107,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_liberation_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh liberation war">Bangladesh liberation war</a> </td> <td>1,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1947–1973 </th> <th>Total </th> <th>6,000,000<a href="#cite_note-213">[200]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> In 1978, India gave citizenship to 55,000 Pakistani Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-dawn10Sep2015-207">[194]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1998_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Census of Pakistan">1998 Census of Pakistan</a>, Muslims made up 64.4% of the population and Hindus 35.6% of the population in Tharparkar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 70,000 Hindus migrated to India due to increased persecution in the aftermath of the riots and mob attacks in response to <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspectives">Perspectives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Partition_of_India" title="Opposition to the Partition of India">Opposition to the Partition of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/220px--Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Refugees_on_train_roof_during_Partition.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Refugees on train roof during partition</figcaption></figure> The partition was a highly controversial arrangement, and remains a cause of much tension on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> today. According to American scholar Allen McGrath,<a href="#cite_note-214">[201]</a> many British leaders including the British <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, Mountbatten, were unhappy over the partition of India.<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a> had not only been accused of rushing the process through but also is alleged to have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a> in India's favour.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2003-216">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a> The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself. Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them. The boundary line was revealed on 17 August, two days after the partition. This implied that the boundary location was delayed in order to complete the British withdrawal from India so that the British cannot be burdened by the partition.<a href="#cite_note-Ramone_2017_p.-219">[206]</a> Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the partition.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> Because independence was declared prior to the actual partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Symonds_(academic)" title="Richard Symonds (academic)">Richard Symonds</a>, at the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve million became homeless.<a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a> However, many argue that the British were forced to expedite the partition by events on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_p_72-222">[209]</a> Once in office, Mountbatten quickly became aware that if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war, which seemed increasingly likely, there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India.<a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_p_72-222">[209]</a> Law and order had broken down many times before partition, with much bloodshed on both sides. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. After the Second World War, Britain had limited resources,<a href="#cite_note-223">[210]</a> perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order. Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty, he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a> The historian Lawrence James concurs that in 1947 Mountbatten was left with no option but to cut and run. The alternative seemed to be involved in a potentially bloody civil war from which it would be difficult to get out.<a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partition_of_India.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/260px-Partition_of_India.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG/390px-Partition_of_India.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Partition_of_India.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Four nations (<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Burma">Union of Burma</a>) that gained independence in 1947 and 1948</figcaption></figure> When the 2017 film <a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_House_(film)" title="Viceroy's House (film)">Viceroy's House</a> was being made, pertaining to Partition, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">then-Prince Charles</a>, who is a great-nephew of Mountbatten, recommended the book The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition to the filmmaker. The book argues that Mountbatten had been used by the British establishment, which had long sought Partition to maintain a strategic base in northwestern South Asia that could guard British interests in the Middle East and check Soviet advances (see also <a href="/wiki/Great_Game#On_India" title="Great Game">Great Game#On India</a>).<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a> Venkat Dhulipala rejects the idea that the British <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> policy was responsible for partition and elaborates on the perspective that Pakistan was popularly imagined as a sovereign Islamic state or a 'New Medina', as a potential successor to the defunct Turkish caliphate<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-228">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll28Jun2016-229">[216]</a> and as a leader and protector of the entire Islamic world. Islamic scholars debated over creating Pakistan and its potential to become a true Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-228">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-scroll28Jun2016-229">[216]</a> The majority of Barelvis supported the creation of Pakistan<a href="#cite_note-230">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[218]</a> and believed that any co-operation with Hindus would be counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a> Most Deobandis, who were led by Maulana Husain Ahmad Madani, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">were opposed to the creation of Pakistan</a> and the two-nation theory. According to them Muslims and Hindus could be a part of a single nation.<a href="#cite_note-233">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[222]</a> In their authoritative study of the partition, Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh have said that the partition was not the inevitable end of the so-called British 'divide and rule policy' nor was it the inevitable end of Hindu-Muslim differences.<a href="#cite_note-236">[223]</a> A cross-border student initiative, The History Project, was launched in 2014 to explore the differences in perception of the events leading up to the partition. The project resulted in a book that explains both interpretations of the shared history in Pakistan and India.<a href="#cite_note-237">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation_efforts,_oral_history_and_legacy">Documentation efforts, oral history and legacy</h2></div> In 2010, a <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi, India">Delhi, India</a>-based non-profit organization, <a href="/wiki/The_1947_Partition_Archive" title="The 1947 Partition Archive">The 1947 Partition Archive</a>, began documenting <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral histories</a> from those who lived through the partition and consolidated the interviews into an archive.<a href="#cite_note-239">[226]</a> As of June 2021, nearly 9,700 interviews are preserved from 18 countries and are being released in collaboration with five university libraries in India and Pakistan, including <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_University" title="Ashoka University">Ashoka University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habib_University" title="Habib University">Habib University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahore_University_of_Management_Sciences" title="Lahore University of Management Sciences">Lahore University of Management Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Dev_University" title="Guru Nanak Dev University">Guru Nanak Dev University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a> in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Tata_Trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tata Trusts">Tata Trusts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[227]</a> In August 2017, The Arts and Cultural Heritage Trust (TAACHT) of United Kingdom set up what they describe as "the world's first <a href="/wiki/Partition_Museum" title="Partition Museum">Partition Museum</a>" at Town Hall in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, Punjab. The Museum, which is open from Tuesday to Sunday, offers <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> exhibits and documents that describe both the political process that led to partition and carried it forward, and video and written narratives offered by survivors of the events.<a href="#cite_note-241">[228]</a> A 2019 book by <a href="/wiki/Kavita_Puri" title="Kavita Puri">Kavita Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partition_Voices" title="Partition Voices">Partition Voices: Untold British Stories</a>, based on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> documentary series of the same name, includes interviews with about two dozen people who witnessed partition and subsequently migrated to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-242">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[230]</a> On 14 August 2021, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> announced Partition Horrors Remembrance Day to remind the nation of the sufferings of the Indians during the partition. This move was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a> saying that the day has been conceptualised with biased intent and its aim is to use traumatic events as "fodder" for Modi's current political fights.<a href="#cite_note-244">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_depictions_of_the_partition">Artistic depictions of the partition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artistic_depictions_of_the_Partition_of_India" title="Artistic depictions of the Partition of India">Artistic depictions of the Partition of India</a></div> The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many in India and Pakistan to create literary, cinematic, and artistic depictions of this event.<a href="#cite_note-Cleary2002-245">[232]</a> While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition and the difficulties faced by the refugees in both sides of the border. Works of fiction, films, and art that relate to the events of partition continue to be made to the present day. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition includes, among others:<a href="#cite_note-Natarajan1996-246">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-247">[234]</a> <ul><li>"Terhi Lakir" (The Crooked Line; 1943) by <a href="/wiki/Ismat_Chughtai" title="Ismat Chughtai">Ismat Chughtai</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Subh-e-Azadi" title="Subh-e-Azadi">Subh-e-Azadi</a>" ('Freedom's Dawn'; 1947), <a href="/wiki/Urdu_poetry" title="Urdu poetry">Urdu poem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz" title="Faiz Ahmad Faiz">Faiz Ahmad Faiz</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toba_Tek_Singh_(short_story)" title="Toba Tek Singh (short story)">Toba Tek Singh</a>" (1955), short story by <a href="/wiki/Saadat_Hassan_Manto" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadat Hassan Manto">Saadat Hassan Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_to_Pakistan" title="Train to Pakistan">Train to Pakistan</a> (1956) by <a href="/wiki/Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Bend_in_the_Ganges" title="A Bend in the Ganges">A Bend in the Ganges</a> (1965) by <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Malgonkar" title="Manohar Malgonkar">Manohar Malgonkar</a></li> <li>Tamas (1974) by <a href="/wiki/Bhisham_Sahni" title="Bhisham Sahni">Bhisham Sahni</a></li> <li>AZADI (1975) by <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Nahal" title="Chaman Nahal">Chaman Nahal</a>, originally written in English and winner of the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award" title="Sahitya Akademi Award">Sahitya Akedemi Award</a> in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracking_India" title="Cracking India">Ice-Candy Man</a> (1988) by <a href="/wiki/Bapsi_Sidhwa" title="Bapsi Sidhwa">Bapsi Sidhwa</a></li> <li>What the Body Remembers (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Shauna_Singh_Baldwin" title="Shauna Singh Baldwin">Shauna Singh Baldwin</a></li> <li>Forgotten Atrocities (2012), <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoir</a> by Bal K. Gupta</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Midnight%27s_Children" title="Midnight's Children">Midnight's Children</a> (1980), which won the <a href="/wiki/Booker_Prize" title="Booker Prize">Booker Prize</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Best_of_the_Booker" title="The Best of the Booker">The Best of the Booker</a>, wove its narrative based on the children born with magical abilities on midnight between 14 and 15 August 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2011-247">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_at_Midnight" title="Freedom at Midnight">Freedom at Midnight</a> (1975) is a non-fiction work by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Collins_(writer)" title="Larry Collins (writer)">Larry Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Lapierre" title="Dominique Lapierre">Dominique Lapierre</a> that chronicled the events surrounding the first <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a> celebrations in 1947. The novel Lost Generations (2013) by Manjit Sachdeva describes the March 1947 massacre in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Opposition)" title="Muslim League (Opposition)">Muslim League</a>, followed by massacres on both sides of the new border in August 1947 seen through the eyes of an escaping <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikh</a> family, their settlement and partial rehabilitation in Delhi, and ending in ruin (including death), for the second time in 1984, at the hands of mobs after a Sikh assassinated the prime minister. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4></div> The partition has been a frequent topic in film.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2008-248">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-hindi_guide-249">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2009-250">[237]</a> Early films relating to the circumstances of the independence, partition and the aftermath include: <ul><li>Lahore (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinnamul" title="Chinnamul">Chinnamul</a> (1950, directed by <a href="/wiki/Nemai_Ghosh_(director)" title="Nemai Ghosh (director)">Nemai Ghosh</a>; Bengali)<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2008-248">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastik_(1954_film)" title="Nastik (1954 film)">Nastik</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhalia" title="Chhalia">Chhalia</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhowani_Junction_(film)" title="Bhowani Junction (film)">Bhowani Junction</a> (1956, directed by <a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmputra" title="Dharmputra">Dharmputra</a> (1961)<a href="#cite_note-vishwanath_2009-251">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>'s Bengali trilogy: <a href="/wiki/Meghe_Dhaka_Tara_(1960_film)" title="Meghe Dhaka Tara (1960 film)">Meghe Dhaka Tara</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Komal_Gandhar" title="Komal Gandhar">Komal Gandhar</a> (1961), and <a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subarnarekha (1962 film)">Subarnarekha</a> (1962)<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia2008-248">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-ritwik_journal-252">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garm_Hava" title="Garm Hava">Garm Hava</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(film)" title="Tamas (film)">Tamas</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-vishwanath_2009-251">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(1987_film)" title="Partition (1987 film)">Partition</a> (1987)<a href="#cite_note-253">[240]</a></li></ul> From the late 1990s onwards, more films on the theme of partition were made, including several mainstream ones, such as: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_(1998_film)" title="Earth (1998 film)">Earth</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_to_Pakistan_(film)" title="Train to Pakistan (film)">Train to Pakistan</a> (1998; based on the aforementioned book)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadar:_Ek_Prem_Katha" title="Gadar: Ek Prem Katha">Gadar: Ek Prem Katha</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamosh_Pani" title="Khamosh Pani">Khamosh Pani</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjar_(film)" title="Pinjar (film)">Pinjar</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(2007_film)" title="Partition (2007 film)">Partition</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasapattinam" title="Madrasapattinam">Madrasapattinam</a> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-vishwanath_2009-251">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Jaan" title="Begum Jaan">Begum Jaan</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy%27s_House_(film)" title="Viceroy's House (film)">Viceroy's House</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarhad_(documentary)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarhad (documentary) (page does not exist)">Sarhad</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Godse_%E2%80%93_Ek_Yudh" title="Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh">Gandhi Godse – Ek Yudh</a> (2023)</li></ul> The biographical films <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_(film)" title="Jinnah (film)">Jinnah</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Sardar_(1993_film)" title="Sardar (1993 film)">Sardar</a> (1993), and <a href="/wiki/Bhaag_Milkha_Bhaag" title="Bhaag Milkha Bhaag">Bhaag Milkha Bhaag</a> (2013) also feature independence and partition as significant events in their screenplay. <ul><li>The Pakistani drama <a href="/wiki/Dastaan_(2010_TV_series)" title="Dastaan (2010 TV series)">Dastaan</a>, based on the novel <a href="/wiki/Bano_(novel)" title="Bano (novel)">Bano</a>, highlights the plight of Muslim girls who were abducted and raped during partition.</li> <li>The 2013 <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> India "<a href="/wiki/Reunion_(advertisement)" title="Reunion (advertisement)">Reunion</a>" advertisement, which is about the partition, has had a strong impact in India and Pakistan, leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-expresstrib-254">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-pti-255">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-tears-256">[243]</a> The advertisement went viral<a href="#cite_note-ibt-257">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-tia-258">[245]</a> and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-apjohnson-259">[246]</a></li> <li>The partition is also depicted in the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Sports_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports drama">sports drama</a> film <a href="/wiki/Gold_(2018_film)" title="Gold (2018 film)">Gold</a> (2018), based on events which impacted the <a href="/wiki/India_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="India men's national field hockey team">Indian national field hockey team</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-260">[247]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Demons_of_the_Punjab" title="Demons of the Punjab">Demons of the Punjab</a>", a 2018 episode of British sci-fi show <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, depicts the events of the partition from the perspective of a family torn apart by their religious differences.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> television series <a href="/wiki/Ms._Marvel_(miniseries)" title="Ms. Marvel (miniseries)">Ms. Marvel</a> (2022) depicts a fictional version of the partition, from the perspective of a Muslim family fleeing to Pakistan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art">Art</h4></div> The early members of the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Progressive_Artists%27_Group" title="Bombay Progressive Artists' Group">Bombay Progressive Artist's Group</a> cited the partition as a key reason for its founding in December 1947. Those members included <a href="/wiki/F._N._Souza" title="F. N. Souza">F. N. Souza</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a>, <a href="/wiki/S._H._Raza" title="S. H. Raza">S. H. Raza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadanand_Bakre" title="Sadanand Bakre">S. K. Bakre</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._A._Gade" title="H. A. Gade">H. A. Gade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/K._H._Ara" title="K. H. Ara">K. H. Ara</a>, who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-261">[248]</a> Contemporary Indian artists that have made significant artworks about the partition are <a href="/wiki/Nalini_Malani" title="Nalini Malani">Nalini Malani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anjolie_Ela_Menon" title="Anjolie Ela Menon">Anjolie Ela Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilima_Sheikh" title="Nilima Sheikh">Nilima Sheikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arpita_Singh" title="Arpita Singh">Arpita Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishen_Khanna" title="Krishen Khanna">Krishen Khanna</a>, Pran Nath Mago, S. L. Parasher, <a href="/wiki/Arpana_Caur" title="Arpana Caur">Arpana Caur</a>, Tayeba Begum Lipi, Mahbubur Rahman, Promotesh D Pulak, and <a href="/wiki/Pritika_Chowdhry" title="Pritika Chowdhry">Pritika Chowdhry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Dastaan" title="Project Dastaan">Project Dastaan</a> is a peace-building initiative that reconnects displaced refugees of the partition in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh with their childhood communities and villages through <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> digital experiences.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Artist Bindu Mehra has made digital films depicting lived memories of the partition, including The Inaccessible Narrative.<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_during_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against women during the partition of India">Violence against women during the partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of princely states of India">List of princely states of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_1947_Partition_Archive" title="The 1947 Partition Archive">The 1947 Partition Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_Horrors_Remembrance_Day" title="Partition Horrors Remembrance Day">Partition Horrors Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Religion in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> British India consisted of those regions of the British Raj, or the British Indian Empire, which were directly administered by Britain; other regions of nominal sovereignty that were indirectly ruled by Britain were called <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> "Some 12 million people were displaced in the divided province of Punjab alone, and up to 20 million in the subcontinent as a whole."<a href="#cite_note-Zamindar2013-128">[127]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-dharmi-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi_141-2">c</a> 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1921-142"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1921_142-0">^</a> 1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1921 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">[136]</a>: 29  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1931-143"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1931_143-0">^</a> 1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1931 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">[137]</a>: 277  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WestPunjab1941-144"><a href="#cite_ref-WestPunjab1941_144-0">^</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lahore_District" title="Lahore District">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot_District" title="Sialkot District">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala_District" title="Gujranwala District">Gujranwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikhupura_District" title="Sheikhupura District">Sheikhupura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_District" title="Gujrat District">Gujrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_District" title="Jhelum District">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhang_District" title="Jhang District">Jhang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan_District" title="Multan District">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffargarh_District" title="Muzaffargarh District">Muzaffargargh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan_District" title="Dera Ghazi Khan District">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh</a> – then part of <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur District</a>), one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">[138]</a>: 42  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1921-145"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1921_145-0">^</a> 1921 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Nahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1921 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">[136]</a>: 29  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1931-146"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1931_146-0">^</a> 1931 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1931 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">[137]</a>: 42  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EastPunjab1941-147"><a href="#cite_ref-EastPunjab1941_147-0">^</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hisar_district" title="Hisar district">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohtak_district" title="Rohtak district">Rohtak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurgaon_district" title="Gurgaon district">Gurgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnal_district" title="Karnal district">Karnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_district" title="Jalandhar district">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_district" title="Ludhiana district">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firozpur_district" title="Firozpur district">Firozpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla District">Simla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala_district" title="Ambala district">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_district" title="Hoshiarpur district">Hoshiarpur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_district" title="Gurdaspur district">Gurdaspur</a> (minus <a href="/wiki/Shakargarh_Tehsil" title="Shakargarh Tehsil">Shakargarh Tehsil</a>)), and <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loharu_State" title="Loharu State">Loharu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dujana" title="Dujana">Dujana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataudi_State" title="Pataudi State">Pataudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalsia_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalsia State">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_State" title="Malerkotla State">Malerkotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirmur_State" title="Sirmur State">Sirmoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simla_Hill_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Hill States">Simla Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(princely_state)" title="Bilaspur State (princely state)">Bilaspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_State" title="Mandi State">Mandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suket_State" title="Suket State">Suket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamba_State" title="Chamba State">Chamba</a>) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a>. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">[138]</a>: 42  Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh">Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_State_(1950%E2%80%931954)" title="Bilaspur State (1950–1954)">Bilaspur State</a>. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1941-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1941_156-0">^</a> 1941 figure taken from <a href="/wiki/Census_in_British_India" title="Census in British India">census data</a> by combining the total population of all <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dadu_District" title="Dadu District">Dadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_District,_Sindh" title="Hyderabad District, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larkana_District" title="Larkana District">Larkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawabshah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabshah District">Nawabshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur_District" title="Sukkur District">Sukkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharparkar district">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier</a>), and one <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here:<a href="#cite_note-sindh1941-155">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindh1951-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Sindh1951_158-0">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)">Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> 1941: Data for the entirety of Delhi Province, which included Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Municipality, New Delhi Cantonment, Delhi Civil Lines, Shahdara, Narela, Mehrauli, Najafgargh, Delhi Cantonment Fort, and rural outlying areas.<a href="#cite_note-Census1941-161">[150]</a>: 14  </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-dharmi2-170"><a href="#cite_ref-ad-dharmi2_170-0">^</a> 1941: Including <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dharmi" title="Ad-Dharmi">Ad-Dharmis</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 40em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fisher-partition-1"><a href="#cite_ref-fisher-partition_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Michael H. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ">An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</a>, Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316276044">10.1017/9781316276044</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2"><bdi>978-1-107-11162-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018021693">2018021693</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134229667">134229667</a>, <q>The partition of South Asia that produced India and West and East Pakistan resulted from years of bitter negotiations and recriminations ... The departing British also decreed that the hundreds of princes, who ruled one-third of the subcontinent and a quarter of its population, became legally independent, their status to be settled later. Geographical location, personal and popular sentiment, and substantial pressure and incentives from the new governments led almost all princes eventually to merge their domains into either Pakistan or India. ... Each new government asserted its exclusive sovereignty within its borders, realigning all territories, animals, plants, minerals, and all other natural and human-made resources as either Pakistani or Indian property, to be used for its national development... Simultaneously, the central civil and military services and judiciary split roughly along religious 'communal' lines, even as they divided movable government assets according to a negotiated formula: 22.7 percent for Pakistan and 77.3 percent for India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316276044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134229667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018021693&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11162-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZVuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-khan-great-partition-2"><a href="#cite_ref-khan-great-partition_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Khan, Yasmin</a> (2017) [2007], The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2 ed.), New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23032-1"><bdi>978-0-300-23032-1</bdi></a>, <q>South Asians learned that the British Indian empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority live in the countryside, ploughing the land as landless peasants or sharecroppers, it is hardly surprising that many thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not hear the new for many weeks afterwards. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may hve been the first that they knew about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23032-1&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]: "When the British divided and quit India in August 1947, they not only partitioned the subcontinent with the emergence of the two nations of India and Pakistan but also the provinces of Punjab and Bengal. ... Indeed for many the Indian subcontinent's division in August 1947 is seen as a unique event which defies comparative historical and conceptual analysis" </li> <li id="cite_note-chaterjee-washbrook-5"><a href="#cite_ref-chaterjee-washbrook_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjiWashbrook2013" class="citation cs2">Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2013), "Introduction: Concepts and Questions", in Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (eds.), Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora, London and New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48010-9"><bdi>978-0-415-48010-9</bdi></a>, <q><a href="/wiki/Joya_Chatterji" title="Joya Chatterji">Joya Chatterji</a> describes how the partition of the British Indian empire into the new nation states of India and Pakistan produced new diaspora on a vast, and hitherto unprecedented, scale, but hints that the sheer magnitude of refugee movements in South Asia after 1947 must be understood in the context of pre-existing migratory flows within the partitioned regions (see also Chatterji 2013). She also demonstrates that the new national states of India and Pakistan were quickly drawn into trying to stem this migration. As they put into place laws designed to restrict the return of partition emigrants, this produced new dilemmas for both new nations in their treatment of 'overseas Indians'; and many of them lost their right to return to their places of origin in the subcontinent, and also their claims to full citizenship in host countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Concepts+and+Questions&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+the+South+Asian+Diaspora&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48010-9&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rft.au=Washbrook%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metcalf&metcalt-partition-6"><a href="#cite_ref-metcalf&metcalt-partition_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012" class="citation cs2">Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC">A Concise History of Modern India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02649-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02649-0"><bdi>978-1-107-02649-0</bdi></a>, <q>The loss of life was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for those who survived, fear generated a widespread perception that one could be safe only among the members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state, whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. Within a period of some three or four months in late 1947 a number of Hindus and Sikhs estimated at some 5 million moved from West Punjab into India, while 5.5 million Muslims travelled in the opposite direction. The outcome, akin to what today is called 'ethnic cleansing', produced an Indian Punjab 60 per cent Hindu and 35 per cent Sikh, while the Pakistan Punjab became almost wholly Muslim. A similar, though less extensive, migration took place between east and west Bengal, though murderous attacks on fleeing refugees, with the attendant loss of life, were much less extensive in the eastern region. Even those who did not move, if of the wrong community, often found themselves treated as though they were the enemy. In Delhi itself, the city's Muslims, cowering in an old fort, were for several months after partition regarded with intense suspicion and hostility. Overall, partition uprooted some 12.5 million of undivided India's people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02649-0&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+D.&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjIfqyY7jlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/250684/majority-pakistanis-think-partition-of-india-was-justified-gallup-poll/">"Majority Pakistanis think separation from India was justified: Gallup poll"</a>. Express Tribune. 12 September 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Majority+Pakistanis+think+separation+from+India+was+justified%3A+Gallup+poll&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F250684%2Fmajority-pakistanis-think-partition-of-india-was-justified-gallup-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyson-partition-demographics-8"><a href="#cite_ref-dyson-partition-demographics_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ">A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 189, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>, <q>The sudden refugee flows related to Partition may at the time have been unsurpassed in modern world history. It is likely that at least 14–18 million people moved. Previous assessments of the mortality associated with Partition have varied between 200,000 and 1 million. The first figure, attributed to Mountbatten (the last Viceroy) smacks of a number that—conveniently from an official perspective—minimises the loss of life. However, the figure of 1 million may also be too low. The data, however, do not allow for a firmer judgement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23632">Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. "Nepal."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318100442/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-23632">Archived</a> 18 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-25008">Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. "Bhutan."</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46212">"Sikkim"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212232228/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46212">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikkim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-46212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spear176-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spear176_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spear176_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spear176_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpear1990">Spear 1990</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpear1990">Spear 1990</a>, p. 176, <a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, p. 291, <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 193, <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-bandyo260-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bandyo260_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandyo260_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004">Bandyopadhyay 2004</a>, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-ludden193-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludden193_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden193_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden193_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-ludden199-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludden199_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden199_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-ludden200-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludden200_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden200_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden200_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200920-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200920_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-ludden201-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludden201_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden201_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludden201_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-p197-198-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p197-198_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p197-198_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p197-198_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 197–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf">Olympic Games Antwerp 1920: Official Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505163318/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1920/1920.pdf">Archived</a> 5 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Nombre de bations representees, p. 168. Quote: "31 Nations avaient accepté l'invitation du Comité Olympique Belge: ... la Grèce – la Hollande Les Indes Anglaises – l'Italie – le Japon ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-p200-201-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p200-201_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p200-201_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p200-201_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 200–201 </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-p205-207-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown-p205-207_23-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 205–207 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephen P. Cohen (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&q=The+Idea+of+Pakistan">the Idea of Pakistan</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815797616" title="Special:BookSources/9780815797616"><bdi>9780815797616</bdi></a>. <q>Thus the idea of Pakistan rests on the elite Indian muslim sense of being culturally and historically distinct</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780815797616&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-78yjVybQfkC%26q%3DThe%2BIdea%2Bof%2BPakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-winks2001-25"><a href="#cite_ref-winks2001_25-0">^</a> Talbot, Ian. 1999. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEd7tQEACAAJ&pg=PA253">Pakistan's Emergence</a>." Pp. 253–63 in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_History_of_the_British_Empire" title="The Oxford History of the British Empire">The Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Winks" title="Robin Winks">R. W. Winks</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820566-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820566-1">978-0-19-820566-1</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1036799442">1036799442</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-khan1940-26"><a href="#cite_ref-khan1940_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiaquat_Ali_Khan1940" class="citation cs2">Liaquat Ali Khan (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=swIYjzJOx5wC">Pakistan: The Heart of Asia</a>, Thacker & Co. Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443726672" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443726672"><bdi>978-1443726672</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>... There is much in the Musalmans which, if they wish, can roll them into a nation. But isn't there enough that is common to both Hindus and Muslims, which if developed, is capable of molding them into one people? Nobody can deny that there are many modes, manners, rites, and customs that are common to both. Nobody can deny that there are rites, customs, and usages based on religion that do divide Hindus and Muslims. The question is, which of these should be emphasized ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Heart+of+Asia&rft.pub=Thacker+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-1443726672&rft.au=Liaquat+Ali+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswIYjzJOx5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenap_Çakmak2017" class="citation book cs1">Cenap Çakmak (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JSHFDgAAQBAJ">Islam: A Worldwide Encyclopedia [4 Volumes]</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 866. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610692175" title="Special:BookSources/9781610692175"><bdi>9781610692175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Worldwide+Encyclopedia+%5B4+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=866&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781610692175&rft.au=Cenap+%C3%87akmak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJSHFDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnil_Chandra_Banerjee1981" class="citation book cs1">Anil Chandra Banerjee (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APLmIxRyEjEC&dq=barani+two+nation+theory&pg=PA16">Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism</a>. Concept.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Nations%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Muslim+Nationalism&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Anil+Chandra+Banerjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPLmIxRyEjEC%26dq%3Dbarani%2Btwo%2Bnation%2Btheory%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Two-Nation_Theory_Exists-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Two-Nation_Theory_Exists_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111023629/http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/04/03/oped2.htm">"Two-Nation Theory Exists"</a>. Pakistan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistantimes.net/2007/04/03/oped2.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Times&rft.atitle=Two-Nation+Theory+Exists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantimes.net%2F2007%2F04%2F03%2Foped2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_2020-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, I. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hP9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118">Jinnah: His Successes, Failures and Role in History</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-664-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-664-3"><bdi>978-93-5305-664-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%3A+His+Successes%2C+Failures+and+Role+in+History&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-664-3&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1hP9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoodbhoy-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoodbhoy_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoodbhoy2023" class="citation book cs1">Hoodbhoy, P. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgSqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT231">Pakistan: Origins, Identity and Future</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-85667-5"><bdi>978-1-000-85667-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+Origins%2C+Identity+and+Future&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-85667-5&rft.aulast=Hoodbhoy&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgSqEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonney_2004-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_2004_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonney2004" class="citation book cs1">Bonney, R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SpmpK8hgbkkC&pg=PA7">Three Giants of South Asia: Gandhi, Ambedkar, and Jinnah on Self-determination</a>. South Asian history academic papers. Media House. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7495-174-8"><bdi>978-81-7495-174-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Giants+of+South+Asia%3A+Gandhi%2C+Ambedkar%2C+and+Jinnah+on+Self-determination&rft.series=South+Asian+history+academic+papers&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Media+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7495-174-8&rft.aulast=Bonney&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSpmpK8hgbkkC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bapu-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Bapu_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBapu2013" class="citation book cs1">Bapu, Prabhu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUFalxUFFWkC">Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History</a>. Online access with subscription: Proquest Ebook Central. Routledge. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67165-1"><bdi>978-0-415-67165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Mahasabha+in+Colonial+North+India%2C+1915-1930%3A+Constructing+Nation+and+History&rft.series=Online+access+with+subscription%3A+Proquest+Ebook+Central&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67165-1&rft.aulast=Bapu&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUFalxUFFWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterview-34"><a href="#cite_ref-counterview_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counterview.net/2016/01/savarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html">"Savarkar in Ahmedabad 'declared' two-nation theory in 1937, Jinnah followed 3 years later"</a>. 24 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Savarkar+in+Ahmedabad+%27declared%27+two-nation+theory+in+1937%2C+Jinnah+followed+3+years+later&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterview.net%2F2016%2F01%2Fsavarkar-in-ahmedabad-declared-support.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Conor_Cruise_O%27Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Cruise O'Brien, Conor</a>. August 1988. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm">Holy War Against India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128075043/https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/88aug/obrien.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a> 262(2):54–64. Retrieved 8 June 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaved_Jabbar2021" class="citation news cs1">Javed Jabbar (21 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1614173">"The Two-Nation Reality versus Theory: Opposition to Partition"</a>. Dawn. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=The+Two-Nation+Reality+versus+Theory%3A+Opposition+to+Partition&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft.au=Javed+Jabbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1614173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epw1979r-37"><a href="#cite_ref-epw1979r_37-0">^</a> Shakir, Moin. 1979. "Review: Always in the Mainstream." <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a> 14(33):1424. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4367847">4367847</a> "[T]he Muslims are not Indians but foreigners or temporary guests—without any loyalty to the country or its cultural heritage—and should be driven out of the country ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-sankhdher1991-38"><a href="#cite_ref-sankhdher1991_38-0">^</a> Sankhdher, M. M., and K. K. Wadhwa. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwGKAAAAMAAJ">National unity and religious minorities</a>. Gitanjali Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85060-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85060-36-1">978-81-85060-36-1</a>. "... In their heart of hearts, the Indian Muslims are not Indian citizens, are not Indians: they are citizens of the universal Islamic ummah, of Islamdom ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-savarkar1989-39"><a href="#cite_ref-savarkar1989_39-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar</a>, and Sudhakar Raje. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByFuAAAAMAAJ">Savarkar: commemoration volume</a>. Savarkar Darshan Pratishthan. "His historic warning against conversion and call for Shuddhi was condensed in the dictum 'Dharmantar is Rashtrantar' (to change one's religion is to change one's nationality) ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-chakravarty1990-40"><a href="#cite_ref-chakravarty1990_40-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikhil_Chakravarty" title="Nikhil Chakravarty">Chakravarty, Nikhil</a>, ed. 1990. Mainstream, 28:32–52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0542-1462">0542-1462</a>. "'Dharmantar is Rashtrantar' is one of the old slogans of the VHP..." </li> <li id="cite_note-caldarola1982-41"><a href="#cite_ref-caldarola1982_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlo_Caldarola1982" class="citation cs2">Carlo Caldarola (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C">Religions and societies, Asia and the Middle East</a>, Walter de Gruyter, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-3259-4"><bdi>978-90-279-3259-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>... Hindu and Muslim cultures constitute two distinct and frequently antagonistic ways of life, and that therefore they cannot coexist in one nation ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+and+societies%2C+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-90-279-3259-4&rft.au=Carlo+Caldarola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1ME01zxL98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harman1977-42"><a href="#cite_ref-harman1977_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Harman1977" class="citation cs2">S. Harman (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0x1uAAAAMAAJ">Plight of Muslims in India</a>, DL Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9502818-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9502818-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9502818-2-7</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>... strongly and repeatedly pressed for the transfer of the population between India and Pakistan. At the time of partition, some of the two-nation theory protagonists proposed that the entire Hindu population should migrate to India, and all Muslims should move over to Pakistan, leaving no Hindus in Pakistan and no Muslims in India ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plight+of+Muslims+in+India&rft.pub=DL+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-9502818-2-7&rft.au=S.+Harman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0x1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sankhdher1992-43"><a href="#cite_ref-sankhdher1992_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._M._Sankhdher1992" class="citation cs2">M. M. Sankhdher (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h8wfAAAAIAAJ">Secularism in India, dilemmas and challenges</a>, Deep & Deep Publication, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171004096" title="Special:BookSources/9788171004096"><bdi>9788171004096</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>... The partition of the country did not take the two-nation theory to its logical conclusion, i.e., complete transfer of populations ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism+in+India%2C+dilemmas+and+challenges&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publication&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788171004096&rft.au=M.+M.+Sankhdher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh8wfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zakaria2004-44"><a href="#cite_ref-zakaria2004_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafiq_Zakaria2004" class="citation cs2">Rafiq Zakaria (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aMlKSmWRQ8cC">Indian Muslims: where have they gone wrong?</a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-201-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-201-0"><bdi>978-81-7991-201-0</bdi></a>, <q>... As a Muslim, Hindus, and Muslims are one nation and not two ... two nations have no basis in history... they shall continue to live together for another thousand years in united India ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims%3A+where+have+they+gone+wrong%3F&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-201-0&rft.au=Rafiq+Zakaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aMlKSmWRQ8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gop1953-45"><a href="#cite_ref-gop1953_45-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Constituent Assembly">Pakistan Constituent Assembly</a>. 1953. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AmIKAAAAIAAJ">Debates: Official report, Volume 1; Volume 16</a>." <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan Press</a>."[S]ay that Hindus and Muslims are one, single nation. It is a very peculiar attitude on the part of the leader of the opposition. If his point of view were accepted, then the very justification for the existence of Pakistan would disappear ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-janmahmad1989-46"><a href="#cite_ref-janmahmad1989_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanmahmad1989" class="citation cs2">Janmahmad (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRErAAAAMAAJ">Essays on Baloch national struggle in Pakistan: emergence, dimensions, repercussions</a>, Gosha-e-Adab, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>... would be completely extinct as a people without any identity. This proposition is the crux of the matter, shaping the Baloch attitude towards Pakistani politics. For Baloch to accept the British-conceived two-nation theory for the Indian Muslims would mean losing their Baloch identity in the process ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Baloch+national+struggle+in+Pakistan%3A+emergence%2C+dimensions%2C+repercussions&rft.pub=Gosha-e-Adab&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Janmahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRErAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC">The idea of Pakistan</a>, Brookings Institution Press, p. 212, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1502-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1502-3"><bdi>978-0-8157-1502-3</bdi></a>, retrieved 6 April 2016, <q>[In the view of G. M. Sayed,] the two-nation theory became a trap for Sindhis—instead of liberating Sindh, it fell under Punjabi-Mohajir domination, and until his death in 1995 he called for a separate Sindhi 'nation', implying a separate Sindhi country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-1502-3&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-78yjVybQfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-salim1991-48"><a href="#cite_ref-salim1991_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Salim1991" class="citation cs2">Ahmad Salim (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yvxtAAAAMAAJ">Pashtun and Baloch history: Punjabi view</a>, Fiction House, <q>... Attacking the 'two-nation theory' in Lower House on December 14, 1947, Ghaus Bux Bizenjo said: "We have a distinct culture like Afghanistan and Iran, and if the mere fact that we are Muslim requires us to amalgamate with Pakistan, then Afghanistan and Iran should also be amalgamated with Pakistan ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pashtun+and+Baloch+history%3A+Punjabi+view&rft.pub=Fiction+House&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Ahmad+Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yvxtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SinghSingh20082-49"><a href="#cite_ref-SinghSingh20082_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrincipal_Lecturer_in_Economics_Pritam_SinghPritam_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Principal Lecturer in Economics Pritam Singh; Pritam Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQpswqcdDLIC&pg=PA137">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Routledge. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04946-2"><bdi>978-1-134-04946-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04946-2&rft.au=Principal+Lecturer+in+Economics+Pritam+Singh&rft.au=Pritam+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQpswqcdDLIC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh2008-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2008_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritam_Singh2008" class="citation book cs1">Pritam Singh (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzZ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT173">Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</a>. Routledge. pp. 173–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-04945-5"><bdi>978-1-134-04945-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=173-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-04945-5&rft.au=Pritam+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzZ8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200931_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoob2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ayoob" title="Mohammed Ayoob">Ayoob, Mohammed</a> (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-turning-point-in-1932/article23752117.ece">"The turning point in 1932: on Dalit representation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109111508/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-turning-point-in-1932/article23752117.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+turning+point+in+1932%3A+on+Dalit+representation&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.aulast=Ayoob&rft.aufirst=Mohammed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fthe-turning-point-in-1932%2Farticle23752117.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932_53-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932–33-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200932–33_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200933_55-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934_56-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasmin_Khan2017" class="citation book cs1">Yasmin Khan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, New Edition</a>. Yale University Press. pp. 18–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23364-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-23364-3"><bdi>978-0-300-23364-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of the numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan%2C+New+Edition&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-300-23364-3&rft.au=Yasmin+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PEpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Roger_LouisWm._Roger_Louis2006" class="citation book cs1">William Roger Louis; Wm. Roger Louis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA397">Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 397–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>He made a serious misjudgment in underestimating Muslim sentiment before the outbreak of the war. He did not take the idea of 'Pakistan' seriously. After the adoption of the March 1940 Lahore resolution, calling for the creation of a separate state or states of Pakistan, he wrote: 'My first reaction is, I confess, that silly as the Muslim scheme for partition is, it would be a pity to throw too much cold water on it at the moment.' Linlithgow surmised that what Jinnah feared was a federal India dominated by Hindus. Part of the purpose of the famous British 'August offer' of 1940 was to assure the Muslims that they would be protected against a 'Hindu Raj' as well as to hold over the discussion of the 1935 Act and a 'new constitution' until after the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ends+of+British+Imperialism%3A+The+Scramble+for+Empire%2C+Suez%2C+and+Decolonization&rft.pages=397-&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-347-6&rft.au=William+Roger+Louis&rft.au=Wm.+Roger+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQnpQNKeKKAC%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._J._Butler2002" class="citation book cs1">L. J. Butler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FciqvzTfAuEC&pg=PA41">Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 41–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-448-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-448-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-448-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Viceroy Linlithgow's 'August Offer,' made in 1940, proposed Dominion status for India after the war, and the inclusion of Indians in a larger Executive Council and a new War Advisory Council, and promised that minority views would be taken into account in future constitutional revision. This was not enough to satisfy either the Congress or the Muslim League, who both rejected the offer in September, and shortly afterward Congress launched a fresh campaign of civil disobedience.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Empire%3A+Adjusting+to+a+Post-Imperial+World&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-448-1&rft.au=L.+J.+Butler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFciqvzTfAuEC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934–35-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200934–35_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200935_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal1994" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_0LBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT81">The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-93570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-93570-8"><bdi>978-1-139-93570-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018. <q>Provincial option, he argued, was insufficient security. Explicit acceptance of the principle of Pakistan offered the only safeguard for Muslim interests throughout India and had to be the precondition for any advance at the center. So he exhorted all Indian Muslims to unite under his leadership to force the British and the Congress to concede 'Pakistan.' If the real reasons for Jinnah's rejection of the offer were rather different, it was not Jinnah but his rivals who had failed to make the point publicly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-139-93570-8&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_0LBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200718-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200718_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200718_63-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2007">Khan 2007</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010289-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010289_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, p. 289: Quote: "Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006209-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006209_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200743-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200743_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2007">Khan 2007</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobb2002">Robb 2002</a>, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf20092-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf20092_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartin2009" class="citation book cs1">Gilmartin, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA410">"Muslim League Appeals to the Voters of Punjab for Support of Pakistan"</a>. In D. Metcalf, Barbara (ed.). Islam in South Asia in Practice. Princeton University Press. pp. 410–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3138-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-3138-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 September 2017. <q>At the all-India level, the demand for Pakistan pitted the League against the Congress and the British.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+League+Appeals+to+the+Voters+of+Punjab+for+Support+of+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia+in+Practice&rft.pages=410-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpR0LzVCpfw8C%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1994330-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1994330_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1994330_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, p. 330India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion nor their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the raj, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006212-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006212_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfMetcalf2006212_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006">Metcalf & Metcalf 2006</a>, p. 212More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India. </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Raj_Independence_movement-71"><a href="#cite_ref-British_Raj_Independence_movement_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandrika_Kaul2011" class="citation web cs1">Chandrika Kaul (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml">"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947"</a>. History. BBC. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=From+Empire+to+Independence%3A+The+British+Raj+in+India+1858%E2%80%931947&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.au=Chandrika+Kaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Findependence1947_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttlee,_Clement1954" class="citation book cs1">Attlee, Clement (1954). As It Happened. Viking Press. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+It+Happened&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Attlee%2C+Clement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-judd-mutiny-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-judd-mutiny_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-judd-mutiny_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudd2004">Judd 2004</a>, pp. 172–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsten_1998_p._324-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Karsten_1998_p._324_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten1998" class="citation book cs1">Karsten, P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGCI_QNHh20C&pg=PA324">Motivating Soldiers: Morale Or Mutiny</a>. Military and society : a collection of essays / ser. ed. Peter Karsten. Garland Pub. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-2977-0"><bdi>978-0-8153-2977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivating+Soldiers%3A+Morale+Or+Mutiny&rft.series=Military+and+society+%3A+a+collection+of+essays+%2F+ser.+ed.+Peter+Karsten&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-2977-0&rft.aulast=Karsten&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGCI_QNHh20C%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Metcalf2012-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Metcalf2012_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Metcalf2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Metcalf (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQjrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT107">Husain Ahmad Madani: The Jihad for Islam and India's Freedom</a>. Oneworld Publications. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-210-6"><bdi>978-1-78074-210-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Husain+Ahmad+Madani%3A+The+Jihad+for+Islam+and+India%27s+Freedom&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-210-6&rft.au=Barbara+Metcalf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQjrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudd2004">Judd 2004</a>, pp. 170–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebra_2003_p._217-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Lebra_2003_p._217_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebra2003" class="citation book cs1">Lebra, J.C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lB9qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT217">Indian National Army and Japan</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4515-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4515-41-2"><bdi>978-981-4515-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+National+Army+and+Japan&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-4515-41-2&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlB9qDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1994">Brown 1994</a>, pp. 328–329: "Yet these final years of the raj showed conclusively that British rule had lost legitimacy and that among the vast majority of Hindus Congress had become the raj's legitimate successor. Tangible proof came in the 1945–6 elections to the central and provincial legislatures. In the former, Congress won 91 percent of the votes cast in non-Muslim constituencies, and in the latter, gained an absolute majority and became the provincial raj in eight provinces. The acquiescence of the politically aware (though possibly not of many villagers even at this point) would have been seriously in doubt if the British had displayed any intention of staying in India." </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2012-79"><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2012_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_D._MetcalfThomas_R._Metcalf2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212">A Concise History of Modern India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-53705-6"><bdi>978-1-139-53705-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-53705-6&rft.au=Barbara+D.+Metcalf&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Metcalf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7UgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein2010-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Stein2010_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA347">A History of India</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 347–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=347-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoseJalal2004-81"><a href="#cite_ref-BoseJalal2004_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal2004">Bose & Jalal 2004</a>, pp. 148–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA347">A History of India</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2017. <q>His standing with the British remained high, however, for even though they no more agreed with the idea of a separate Muslim state than the Congress did, government officials appreciated the simplicity of a single negotiating voice for all of India's Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts2003-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts2003_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_J._Roberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery J. Roberts (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA85">The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5"><bdi>978-0-275-97878-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 September 2017. <q>Virtually every Briton wanted to keep India united. Many expressed moral or sentimental obligations to leave India intact, either for the inhabitants' sake or simply as a lasting testament to the Empire. The Cabinet Defense Committee and Chiefs of Staff stressed the maintenance of a united India as vital to the defense (and economy) of the region. A unified India, an orderly transfer of power, and a bilateral alliance would, they argued, leave Britain's strategic position undamaged. India's military assets, including its seemingly limitless manpower, naval and air bases, and expanding production capabilities, would remain accessible to London. India would thus remain of crucial importance as a base, training ground, and staging area for operations from Egypt to the Far East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Afghanistan&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97878-5&rft.au=Jeffery+J.+Roberts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj8DIT_bva0C%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2011" class="citation news cs1">Darwin, John (3 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_01.shtml">"Britain, the Commonwealth and the End of Empire"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030518/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/endofempire_overview_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2017. <q>But the British still hoped that a self-governing India would remain part of their system of 'imperial defense'. For this reason, Britain was desperate to keep India (and its army) united.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Britain%2C+the+Commonwealth+and+the+End+of+Empire&rft.date=2011-03-03&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fmodern%2Fendofempire_overview_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2002-85"><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2002_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_D._MetcalfThomas_R._Metcalf2002" class="citation book cs1">Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA212">A Concise History of India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3"><bdi>978-0-521-63974-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2017. <q>By this scheme, the British hoped they could at once preserve united India desired by the Congress, and by themselves, and at the same time, through the groups, secure the essence of Jinnah's demand for a 'Pakistan'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+India&rft.pages=212-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63974-3&rft.au=Barbara+D.+Metcalf&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Metcalf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGCBNTDv7acC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_D._MetcalfThomas_R._Metcalf2002" class="citation book cs1">Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA213">A Concise History of India</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 211–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3"><bdi>978-0-521-63974-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2020. <q>Its proposal for an independent India involved a complex, three-tiered federation, whose central feature was the creation of groups of provinces. Two of these groups would comprise the Muslim majority provinces of east and west; a third would include the Hindu majority regions of the center and south. These groups, given responsibility for most of the functions of government, would be subordinated to a Union government, would be subordinated to a Union government controlling defense, foreign affairs, and communications. Nevertheless, the Muslim League accepted the Cabinet mission's proposals. The ball was now in Congress's court. Although the grouping scheme preserved a united India, the Congress leadership, above all Jawaharlal Nehru, now slated to be Gandhi's successor, increasingly concluded that under the Cabinet mission proposals the Center would be too weak to achieve the goals of the Congress, which envisioned itself as the successor to the Raj. Looking ahead to the future, the Congress, especially its socialist wing headed by Nehru, wanted a central government that could direct and plan for an India, free of colonialism, that might eradicate its people's poverty and grow into an industrial power. India's business community also supported the idea of a strong central government In a provocative speech on 10 July 1946, Nehru repudiated the notion of compulsory grouping or provinces, the key to Jinnah's Pakistan. Provinces, he said, must be free to join any group. With this speech, Nehru effectively torpedoed the Cabinet mission scheme, and with it, any hope for a united India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+India&rft.pages=211-213&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63974-3&rft.au=Barbara+D.+Metcalf&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Metcalf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGCBNTDv7acC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourke-White,_Margaret_1949_p._15-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White,_Margaret_1949_p._15_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourke-White,_Margaret_1949_p._15_87-1">b</a> Bourke-White, Margaret (1949). Halfway to Freedom: A Report on the New India in the Words and Photographs of Margaret Bourke-White. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan200764–65-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan200764–65_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2007">Khan 2007</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200969-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200969_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 69: Quote: "Despite the Muslim League's denials, the outbreak was linked with the celebration of Direction Action Day. Muslim procession that had gone to the staging ground of the 150-foot <a href="/wiki/Ochterlony_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochterlony Monument">Ochterlony Monument</a> on the maidan to hear the Muslim League Prime Minister Suhrawardy attacked Hindus on their way back. They were heard shouting slogans as 'Larke Lenge Pakistan' (We shall win Pakistan by force). Violence spread to North Calcutta when Muslim crowds tried to force Hindu shopkeepers to observe the day's strike (hartal) call. The circulation of pamphlets in advance of Direct Action Day demonstrated a clear connection between the use of violence and the demand for Pakistan." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 67 Quote: "The signs of 'ethnic cleansing' are first evident in the Great Calcutta Killing of 16–19 August 1946." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200968-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200968_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, p. 67 Quote: "(Signs of 'ethnic cleansing') were also present in the wave of violence that rippled out from Calcutta to Bihar, where there were high Muslim casualty figures, and to Noakhali deep in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta of Bengal. Concerning the Noakhali riots, one British officer spoke of a 'determined and organized' Muslim effort to drive out all the Hindus, who accounted for around a fifth of the total population. Similarly, the Punjab counterparts to this transition of violence were the Rawalpindi massacres of March 1947. The level of death and destruction in such West Punjab villages as Thoa Khalsa was such that communities couldn't live together in its wake." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh2019" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh, Jairam (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hzlizQEACAAJ">Chequered Brilliance</a>. Penguin Books India PVT, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09232-1"><bdi>978-0-670-09232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chequered+Brilliance&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India+PVT%2C+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-670-09232-1&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=Jairam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhzlizQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1985" class="citation book cs1">Ziegler, Philip (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil/page/359">Mountbatten: The Official Biography</a>. London: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mountbattenoffic00phil/page/359">359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002165433" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002165433"><bdi>978-0002165433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountbatten%3A+The+Official+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0002165433&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmountbattenoffic00phil%2Fpage%2F359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal1994" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA251">The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45850-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 April 2018. <q>These instructions were to avoid partition and obtain a unitary government for British India and the Indian States and at the same time observe the pledges to the princes and the Muslims; to secure agreement to the Cabinet Mission plan without coercing any of the parties; somehow to keep the Indian army undivided, and to retain India within the Commonwealth. (Attlee to Mountbatten, 18 March 1947, ibid, 972–974)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45850-4&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD63KMRN1SJ8C%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyesha_Jalal1994" class="citation book cs1">Ayesha Jalal (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&pg=PA251">The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45850-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 25 April 2018. <q>When Mountbatten arrived, it was not wholly inconceivable that a settlement on the Cabinet Mission's terms might still be secured limited bloodshed called for a united Indian army under effective control. But keeping the army intact was now inextricably linked with keeping India united, this is why Mountbatten started by being vehemently opposed to 'abolishing the center'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45850-4&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD63KMRN1SJ8C%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>Mountbatten had intended to resurrect the Cabinet Mission proposals for a federal India. British officials were unanimously pessimistic about a Pakistan state's future economic prospects. The agreement to an Indian Union contained in the Cabinet Mission proposals had been initially accepted by the Muslim League as the grouping proposals gave considerable autonomy in the Muslim majority areas. Moreover, there was the possibility of withdrawal and thus acquiring Pakistan by the backdoor after a ten year interval. The worsening communal situation and extensive soundings with Indian political figures convinced Mountbatten within a month of his arrival that partition was the only way to quickly and smoothly transfer power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon" class="citation book cs1">Menon, V. P. Transfer of Power in India. p. 385.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.pages=385&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1987" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Jagdish Chandra (1 January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA38">Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma</a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170990376" title="Special:BookSources/9788170990376"><bdi>9788170990376</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+the+Forgotten+Mahatma&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=9788170990376&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNurqxSttqjoC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200967–68-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbotSingh200967–68_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbotSingh2009">Talbot & Singh 2009</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooquiSheikh2016" class="citation news cs1">Farooqui, Tashkeel Ahmed; Sheikh, Ismail (15 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/1160291/pakistan-created-august-14-15/">"Was Pakistan created on August 14 or 15?"</a>. The Express Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816113500/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1160291/pakistan-created-august-14-15/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Was+Pakistan+created+on+August+14+or+15%3F&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.aulast=Farooqui&rft.aufirst=Tashkeel+Ahmed&rft.au=Sheikh%2C+Ismail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1160291%2Fpakistan-created-august-14-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeathcote2002189-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeathcote2002189_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeathcote2002">Heathcote 2002</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon1957" class="citation book cs1">Menon, V.P (1957). Transfer of Power in India. Orient Blackswan. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125008842" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125008842"><bdi>978-8125008842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-8125008842&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Sankar Ghose, Jawaharlal Nehru, a biography (1993), p. 181 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagmohan2005-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jagmohan2005_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jagmohan2005_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagmohan2005" class="citation book cs1">Jagmohan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC">Soul and Structure of Governance in India</a>. Allied Publishers. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8177648317" title="Special:BookSources/978-8177648317"><bdi>978-8177648317</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soul+and+Structure+of+Governance+in+India&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-8177648317&rft.au=Jagmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsDSGn8jLPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1991" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Ram (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA341">Hindu Culture During and After Muslim Rule: Survival and Subsequent Challenges</a>. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170232056" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170232056"><bdi>978-8170232056</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Culture+During+and+After+Muslim+Rule%3A+Survival+and+Subsequent+Challenges&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=M.D.+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8170232056&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l0BPnxN1h8C%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2013" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-NnfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">India's Foreign Relations, 1947–2007</a>. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136197154" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136197154"><bdi>978-1136197154</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Foreign+Relations%2C+1947%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1136197154&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Jayanta+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-NnfCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Ahmed_(political_scientist)" title="Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)">Ishtiaq Ahmed</a>, State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia (London & New York, 1998), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1994" class="citation journal cs1">Raju, Thomas G. C. (Fall 1994). "Nations, States, and Secession: Lessons from the Former Yugoslavia". Mediterranean Quarterly. 5 (4): 40–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Nations%2C+States%2C+and+Secession%3A+Lessons+from+the+Former+Yugoslavia&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40-65&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spate-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spate_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spate_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spate_110-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spate_110-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpate1947">Spate 1947</a>, pp. 126–137 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazira_Fazila-Yacoobali_Zamindar2010" class="citation book cs1">Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5c9ta97GeoC&pg=PA40">The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13847-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2018. <q>Second, it was feared that if an exchange of populations was agreed to in principle in Punjab, ' there was likelihood of trouble breaking out in other parts of the subcontinent to force Muslims in the Indian Dominion to move to Pakistan. If that happened, we would find ourselves with inadequate land and other resources to support the influx.' Punjab could set a very dangerous precedent for the rest of the subcontinent. Given that Muslims in the rest of India, some 42 million, formed a population larger than the entire population of West Pakistan at the time, economic rationality eschewed such a forced migration. In divided Punjab, millions of people were already on the move, and the two governments had to respond to this mass movement. Thus, despite these important reservations, the establishment of the MEO led to an acceptance of a 'transfer of populations' in divided Punjab, too, 'to give a sense of security' to ravaged communities on both sides. A statement of the Indian government's position of such a transfer across divided Punjab was made in the legislature by Neogy on November 18, 1947. He stated that although the Indian government's policy was 'to discourage mass migration from one province to another.' Punjab was to be an exception. In the rest of the subcontinent migrations were not to be on a planned basis, but a matter of individual choice. This exceptional character of movements across divided Punjab needs to be emphasized, for the agreed and 'planned evacuations' by the two governments formed the context of those displacements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13847-5&rft.au=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali+Zamindar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5c9ta97GeoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Gatrell2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter Gatrell (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UAkarK3gLDgC&pg=PA149">The Making of the Modern Refugee</a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 149–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967416-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967416-9"><bdi>978-0-19-967416-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 April 2018. <q>Notwithstanding the accumulated evidence of inter-communal tension, the signatories to the agreement that divided the Raj did not expect the transfer of power and the partition of India to be accompanied by a mass movement of population. Partition was conceived as a means of preventing migration on a large scale because the borders would be adjusted instead. Minorities need not be troubled by the new configuration. As Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, affirmed, 'the division of India into Pakistan and India Dominions was based on the principle that minorities will stay where they were and that the two states will afford all protection to them as citizens of the respective states'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Refugee&rft.pages=149-&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967416-9&rft.au=Peter+Gatrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAkarK3gLDgC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_2017_p._241-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_2017_p._241_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2017" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, S.C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QPHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT241">Modern Conflict in the Greater Middle East: A Country-by-Country Guide</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-216-11844-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-216-11844-2"><bdi>979-8-216-11844-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Conflict+in+the+Greater+Middle+East%3A+A+Country-by-Country+Guide&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=979-8-216-11844-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QPHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media3-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Springer_Science_&_Business_Media3_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGiSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Population Redistribution and Development in South Asia</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9400953093" title="Special:BookSources/978-9400953093"><bdi>978-9400953093</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Redistribution+and+Development+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9400953093&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGiSBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-m395-115"><a href="#cite_ref-m395_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2019" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Shazia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4CaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Place and Postcolonial Ecofeminism: Pakistani Women's Literary and Cinematic Fictions</a>. Expanding Frontiers: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Studies of Women, Gender, and Sexuality. Nebraska. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-1341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4962-1341-9"><bdi>978-1-4962-1341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+and+Postcolonial+Ecofeminism%3A+Pakistani+Women%27s+Literary+and+Cinematic+Fictions&rft.series=Expanding+Frontiers%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Studies+of+Women%2C+Gender%2C+and+Sexuality&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Nebraska&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4962-1341-9&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4CaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k555-116"><a href="#cite_ref-k555_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParanjape2018" class="citation book cs1">Paranjape, M.R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3FyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">The Death & afterlife of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-335-2"><bdi>978-93-5305-335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+%26+afterlife+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-5305-335-2&rft.aulast=Paranjape&rft.aufirst=M.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3FyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h442-117"><a href="#cite_ref-h442_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack1994" class="citation book cs1">Jack, H.A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjN3jZQ74AoC&pg=PA458">The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings</a>. Grove Press Eastern philosophy and literature series. Grove Press. p. 458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-3161-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gandhi+Reader%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+His+Life+and+Writings&rft.series=Grove+Press+Eastern+philosophy+and+literature+series&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=H.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjN3jZQ74AoC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h942-118"><a href="#cite_ref-h942_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, J.M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boDAE8MLAJMC">Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope</a>. Yale University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05125-4"><bdi>978-0-300-05125-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+Prisoner+of+Hope&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05125-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DboDAE8MLAJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-r701-119"><a href="#cite_ref-r701_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibriya1999" class="citation book cs1">Kibriya, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReuoHDkgSG4C&pg=PA344">Gandhi and Indian Freedom Struggle</a>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-058-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-058-1"><bdi>978-81-7648-058-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+Indian+Freedom+Struggle&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-058-1&rft.aulast=Kibriya&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReuoHDkgSG4C%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c674-120"><a href="#cite_ref-c674_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollason2019" class="citation book cs1">Rollason, J. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BegsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Gandhi</a>. Penguin readers. Pearson Education. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-292-29334-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-292-29334-9"><bdi>978-1-292-29334-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi&rft.series=Penguin+readers&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-292-29334-9&rft.aulast=Rollason&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBegsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-j117-121"><a href="#cite_ref-j117_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C&pg=PA254">Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Oxford paperbacks. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515634-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.series=Oxford+paperbacks&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515634-8&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpBy6BCupe4C%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-h008-122"><a href="#cite_ref-h008_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatt2002" class="citation book cs1">Hatt, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC&pg=PA41">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Judge for yourself. Evans. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4"><bdi>978-0-237-52308-4</bdi></a>. <q>Revived by the success of his fast, which also helped bring calm to the rest of India, Gandhi resumed his routine of ending the day with a prayer meeting outside Birla House.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.series=Judge+for+yourself&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Evans&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-237-52308-4&rft.aulast=Hatt&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6vvy-J7vhcC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy_2018-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_2018_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2018" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Haimanti (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVZxDwAAQBAJ">The Partition of India</a>. Oxford India Short Introductions. OUP India. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909382-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909382-3"><bdi>978-0-19-909382-3</bdi></a>. <q>Most scholars now accept that approximately 1 million people died from Partition-related violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.series=Oxford+India+Short+Introductions&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=OUP+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909382-3&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Haimanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVZxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2009" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F147800409X466254">10.2752/147800409X466254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147110854">147110854</a>. <q>The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=Partition+of+India%3A+The+Human+Dimension&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=403-410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F147800409X466254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147110854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butalia_2000-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Butalia_2000_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButalia2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Urvashi_Butalia" title="Urvashi Butalia">Butalia, Urvashi</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India</a>. Duke University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2494-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2494-6"><bdi>0-8223-2494-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325043612/https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016. <q>Never before or since have so many people exchanged their homes and countries so quickly ... people moved between the new, truncated India and the two wings, East and West, of the newly created Pakistan ... Slaughter sometimes accompanied and sometimes prompted their movement; many others died from malnutrition and contagious diseases. Estimates of the dead vary from 200,000 (the contemporary British figure) to two million (a later Indian estimate) ... despite many warnings, the new governments of India and Pakistan were unprepared for the convulsion: they had not anticipated ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side+of+Silence%3A+Voices+From+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8223-2494-6&rft.aulast=Butalia&rft.aufirst=Urvashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fb%2Fbutalia-silence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikand2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yoginder_Sikand" title="Yoginder Sikand">Sikand, Yoginder</a> (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-37825-8"><bdi>978-1-134-37825-8</bdi></a>. <q>Partition wrought in its wake the greatest forced migration in the history of humankind ... between 1 and 2 million people, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Dalits, were killed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+in+India+Since+1947%3A+Islamic+Perspectives+on+Inter-Faith+Relations&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-134-37825-8&rft.aulast=Sikand&rft.aufirst=Yoginder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washedu-127"><a href="#cite_ref-washedu_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111514/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+partition+of+India+and+retributive+genocide+in+the+Punjab%2C+1946%E2%80%9347%3A+means%2C+methods%2C+and+purposes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fbrass%2FPartition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamindar2013-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Zamindar2013_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazira_Fazila-Yacoobali_Zamindar2013" class="citation book cs1">Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali Zamindar (4 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285">"India–Pakistan Partition 1947 and forced migration"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm285">10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444334890" title="Special:BookSources/9781444334890"><bdi>9781444334890</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014723/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm285">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%E2%80%93Pakistan+Partition+1947+and+forced+migration&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Human+Migration&rft.date=2013-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm285&rft.isbn=9781444334890&rft.au=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali+Zamindar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781444351071.wbeghm285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/a-heritage-all-but-erased/">"A heritage all but erased"</a>. The Friday Times. 25 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215718/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2015/12/25/a-heritage-all-but-erased/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=A+heritage+all+but+erased&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2Ftft%2Fa-heritage-all-but-erased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPW-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPW_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPW_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharadwajKhwajaMian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bharadwaj, Prasant; Khwaja, Asim; Mian, Atif (30 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203132100/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf">"The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India"</a> (PDF). Economic & Political Weekly: 43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/akhwaja/papers/Big%20March%20EPW%20Publish08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+%26+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Big+March%3A+Migratory+Flows+after+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2008-08-30&rft.aulast=Bharadwaj&rft.aufirst=Prasant&rft.au=Khwaja%2C+Asim&rft.au=Mian%2C+Atif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fakhwaja%2Fpapers%2FBig%2520March%2520EPW%2520Publish08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723065112/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/tarasingh.html">"Sikh Social Warriors"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/sewadars/tarasingh.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Social+Warriors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikh-history.com%2Fsikhhist%2Fpersonalities%2Fsewadars%2Ftarasingh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacw.net/article2843.html">"The 'bloody' Punjab partition – VIII"</a>. 27 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180725214556/http://www.sacw.net/article2843.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27bloody%27+Punjab+partition+%E2%80%93+VIII&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacw.net%2Farticle2843.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairobserver.com-134"><a href="#cite_ref-fairobserver.com_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2013" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Ishtiaq (31 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed/">"The Punjab Bloodied, Partitioned and Cleansed"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809173128/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/punjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Punjab+Bloodied%2C+Partitioned+and+Cleansed&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ishtiaq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fcentral_south_asia%2Fpunjab-bloodied-partitioned-and-cleansed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawnshafiqbutt-135"><a href="#cite_ref-dawnshafiqbutt_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt2016" class="citation news cs1">Butt, Shafiq (24 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1254069">"A page from history: Dr Ishtiaq underscores need to build bridges"</a>. Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810040954/https://www.dawn.com/news/1254069">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=A+page+from+history%3A+Dr+Ishtiaq+underscores+need+to+build+bridges&rft.date=2016-04-24&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Shafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1254069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1993" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (1993). "The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 21 (2): 307–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086539308582893">10.1080/03086539308582893</a>. <q>Four thousand Muslim shops and homes were destroyed in the walled area of Amritsar during a single week in March 1947. were these exceptions which prove the rule? It appears that casualty figures were frequently higher when Hindus rather than Muslims were the aggressors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+crowd+in+the+Muslim+League+struggled+for+Pakistan&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=307-333&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086539308582893&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisid_Hajari2015" class="citation book cs1">Nisid Hajari (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139">Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 139–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66921-2"><bdi>978-0-547-66921-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight%27s+Furies%3A+The+Deadly+Legacy+of+India%27s+Partition&rft.pages=139-&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-547-66921-2&rft.au=Nisid+Hajari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO5zCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PunjabCensus1921-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1921_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1921_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1921_138-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1921_138-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1921_138-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165">"Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1921. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25430165">saoa.crl.25430165</a>. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1921.+Vol.+15%2C+Punjab+and+Delhi.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25430165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PunjabCensus1931-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1931_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1931_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1931_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1931_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1931_139-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242">"Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables"</a>. 1931. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25793242">saoa.crl.25793242</a>. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+1931.+Vol.+17%2C+Punjab.+Pt.+2%2C+Tables.&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25793242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PunjabCensus1941-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1941_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1941_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1941_140-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1941_140-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PunjabCensus1941_140-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541">"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215541">saoa.crl.28215541</a>. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941.+Vol.+6%2C+Punjab&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215541%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spoils-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spoils_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spoils_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joya_Chatterji" title="Joya Chatterji">Chatterji, Joya</a> (2007). The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947–1967. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31, 58–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87536-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87536-3"><bdi>978-0-521-87536-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spoils+of+Partition%3A+Bengal+and+India%2C+1947%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=31%2C+58-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87536-3&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khisha-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Khisha_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhisha1998" class="citation book cs1">Khisha, Mukur K. (1998). All That Glisters. Minerva Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861060525" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861060525"><bdi>978-1861060525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+That+Glisters&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Minerva+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1861060525&rft.aulast=Khisha&rft.aufirst=Mukur+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sindhi_Voices_from_the_Partition-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sindhi_Voices_from_the_Partition_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sindhi_Voices_from_the_Partition_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theheritagelab.in/sindhi-voices-partition/">"Sindhi Voices from the Partition"</a>. The HeritageLab.in. 16 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608110538/https://www.theheritagelab.in/sindhi-voices-partition/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Voices+from+the+Partition&rft.pub=The+HeritageLab.in&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theheritagelab.in%2Fsindhi-voices-partition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhavnani-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavnani_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavnani_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavnani_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhavnani_151-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavnani2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India. Westland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9"><bdi>978-93-84030-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Exile%3A+Sindhi+Hindus+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84030-33-9&rft.aulast=Bhavnani&rft.aufirst=Nandita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2000" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude (2000). The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62285-1"><bdi>978-0-521-62285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+World+of+Indian+Merchants%2C+1750%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62285-1&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518031747/http://www.pakistanhinducouncil.org/hindupopulation.asp">"Population of Hindus in the World"</a>. Pakistan Hindu Council. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Hindu+Council&rft.atitle=Population+of+Hindus+in+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpakistanhinducouncil.org%2Fhindupopulation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbi-Habib2019" class="citation news cs1">Abi-Habib, Maria (5 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-hindu-india-modi.html">"Hard Times Have Pakistani Hindus Looking to India, Where Some Find Only Disappointment"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102204537/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/05/world/asia/pakistan-hindu-india-modi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hard+Times+Have+Pakistani+Hindus+Looking+to+India%2C+Where+Some+Find+Only+Disappointment&rft.date=2019-10-05&rft.aulast=Abi-Habib&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fpakistan-hindu-india-modi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1941-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sindh1941_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941" class="citation web cs1">India Census Commissioner (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">"Census of India, 1941. Vol. 12, Sind"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">saoa.crl.28215545</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230129064845/https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215545">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941.+Vol.+12%2C+Sind&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=India+Census+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.28215545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh1951-157"><a href="#cite_ref-sindh1951_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31311">"CPopulation According to Religion, Tables-6, Pakistan - Census 1951"</a>. Retrieved 28 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPopulation+According+to+Religion%2C+Tables-6%2C+Pakistan+-+Census+1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F31311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YājñikaSheth2005-159"><a href="#cite_ref-YājñikaSheth2005_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcyuta_YājñikaSuchitra_Sheth2005" class="citation book cs1">Acyuta Yājñika; Suchitra Sheth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmKIiAPgnF0C&pg=PA225">The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond</a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 225–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400038-8"><bdi>978-0-14-400038-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Modern+Gujarat%3A+Plurality%2C+Hindutva%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pages=225-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400038-8&rft.au=Acyuta+Y%C4%81j%C3%B1ika&rft.au=Suchitra+Sheth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmKIiAPgnF0C%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balasubrahmanyan2011-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubrahmanyan2011_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balasubrahmanyan2011_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubrahmanyan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Balasubrahmanyan, Suchitra (2011). "Partition and Gujarat: The Tangled Web of Religious, Caste, Community and Gender Identities". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 34 (3). tandfonline: 460–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2011.620556">10.1080/00856401.2011.620556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145404336">145404336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Partition+and+Gujarat%3A+The+Tangled+Web+of+Religious%2C+Caste%2C+Community+and+Gender+Identities&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=460-484&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856401.2011.620556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145404336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Balasubrahmanyan&rft.aufirst=Suchitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1941-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1941_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1941_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1941_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/">"Census of India, 1941 Volume XVI Delhi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011130147/https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1941+Volume+XVI+Delhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fsite%2Fsouth-asia-open-archives%2Fsaoa%2Fcensusofindia1941-28216851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2015" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (3 February 2015). Gandhi before India. National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47478-0"><bdi>978-0-307-47478-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903907799">903907799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+before+India&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2015-02-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903907799&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47478-0&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hajari2015-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Hajari2015_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisid_Hajari2015" class="citation book cs1">Nisid Hajari (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160">Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 160–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-66921-2"><bdi>978-0-547-66921-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight%27s+Furies%3A+The+Deadly+Legacy+of+India%27s+Partition&rft.pages=160-&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-547-66921-2&rft.au=Nisid+Hajari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO5zCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamindar2010" class="citation book cs1">Zamindar, Vazira Fazila-Yacoobali (2010). The Long Partition and the Making of Modern South Asia: Refugees, Boundaries, Histories. Columbia University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13847-5"><bdi>978-0-231-13847-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Partition+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Refugees%2C+Boundaries%2C+Histories&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13847-5&rft.aulast=Zamindar&rft.aufirst=Vazira+Fazila-Yacoobali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumari2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kumari, Amita (2013). "Delhi as Refuge: Resettlement and Assimilation of Partition Refugees". Economic and Political Weekly: 60–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Delhi+as+Refuge%3A+Resettlement+and+Assimilation+of+Partition+Refugees&rft.pages=60-67&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kumari&rft.aufirst=Amita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/capital-gains-how-1947-gave-birth-to-a-new-identity-a-new-ambition-a-new-delhi/story-e0GfoFrhwStTU2910v5DrJ_amp.html">"Capital gains: How 1947 gave birth to a new identity, a new ambition, a new Delhi"</a>. Hindustan Times. 24 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513122824/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/capital-gains-how-1947-gave-birth-to-a-new-identity-a-new-ambition-a-new-delhi/story-e0GfoFrhwStTU2910v5DrJ_amp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Capital+gains%3A+How+1947+gave+birth+to+a+new+identity%2C+a+new+ambition%2C+a+new+Delhi&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fdelhi-news%2Fcapital-gains-how-1947-gave-birth-to-a-new-identity-a-new-ambition-a-new-delhi%2Fstory-e0GfoFrhwStTU2910v5DrJ_amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2013" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Bulbul (2013). Muslims In Indian Cities. HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-555-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-555-7"><bdi>978-93-5029-555-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+In+Indian+Cities&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5029-555-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Bulbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census1951-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census1951_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census1951_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashishtaIndia._Superintendent_Of_Census_Operations1951" class="citation web cs1">Vashishta, Lakshmi Chandra; India. Superintendent Of Census Operations, Punjab (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729">"Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25803729">saoa.crl.25803729</a>. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1951%3A+Punjab%2C+Pepsu%2C+Himachal+Pradesh%2C+Bilaspur+%26+Delhi&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25803729%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vashishta&rft.aufirst=Lakshmi+Chandra&rft.au=India.+Superintendent+Of+Census+Operations%2C+Punjab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fsaoa.crl.25803729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2005" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2005). State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Community+and+Neighbourhood+in+Princely+North+India%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2005" class="citation book cs1">Copland, I (2005). State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Community+and+Neighbourhood+in+Princely+North+India%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=158&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2005" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2005). State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Community+and+Neighbourhood+in+Princely+North+India%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Copland, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876650">"The Master and the Maharajas: The Sikh Princes and the East Punjab Massacres of 1947"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 36 (3): 657–704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X02003050">10.1017/S0026749X02003050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876650">3876650</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146123606">146123606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120220504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876650">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Master+and+the+Maharajas%3A+The+Sikh+Princes+and+the+East+Punjab+Massacres+of+1947&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=657-704&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146123606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X02003050&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3876650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2005" class="citation book cs1">Copland, I. (26 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=squHDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Why+come+to+me%3F+Go+to+Jinnah.%22&pg=PA157">State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230005983" title="Special:BookSources/9780230005983"><bdi>9780230005983</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Community+and+Neighbourhood+in+Princely+North+India%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005-04-26&rft.isbn=9780230005983&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsquHDAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Why%2Bcome%2Bto%2Bme%253F%2BGo%2Bto%2BJinnah.%2522%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2005" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2005). State, Community and Neighbourhood in Princely North India, c. 1900–1950. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State%2C+Community+and+Neighbourhood+in+Princely+North+India%2C+c.+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=157&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandey2001-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pandey2001_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pandey2001_177-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2001" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Gyanendra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdLhnFet4w4C&pg=PA39">Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00250-9"><bdi>978-0-521-00250-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Partition%3A+Violence%2C+Nationalism+and+History+in+India&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00250-9&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Gyanendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZdLhnFet4w4C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarston2014" class="citation book cs1">Marston, Daniel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EwJeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA306">The Indian Army and the End of the Raj</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139915762" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139915762"><bdi>978-1139915762</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+and+the+End+of+the+Raj&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1139915762&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEwJeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2007">Khan 2007</a>, p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Chattha, Ilyas Ahmad (September 2009), Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947–1961. University of Southampton, retrieved 16 February 2016. pp. 179, 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chattha%2C+Ilyas+Ahmad+%28September+2009%29%2C+Partition+and+Its+Aftermath%3A+Violence%2C+Migration+and+the+Role+of+Refugees+in+the+Socio-Economic+Development+of+Gujranwala+and+Sialkot+Cities%2C+1947%E2%80%931961&rft.pages=179%2C+183&rft.pub=University+of+Southampton%2C+retrieved+16+February+2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.G._Noorani2012" class="citation magazine cs1">A.G. Noorani (25 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm">"Horrors of Partition"</a>. Frontline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225142101/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2904/stories/20120309290407300.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Horrors+of+Partition&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft.au=A.G.+Noorani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2904%2Fstories%2F20120309290407300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnedden2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Snedden" title="Christopher Snedden">Snedden, Christopher</a> (2013) [First published 2012 as The Untold Story of the People of Azad Kashmir]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0cPjAAAAQBAJ">Kashmir: The Unwritten History</a>. HarperCollins India. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-898-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5029-898-5"><bdi>978-93-5029-898-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+The+Unwritten+History&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=HarperCollins+India&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5029-898-5&rft.aulast=Snedden&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0cPjAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas_Gupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012) [First published 1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. Springer. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-011-9231-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-011-9231-6"><bdi>978-94-011-9231-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jammu+and+Kashmir&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-011-9231-6&rft.aulast=Das+Gupta&rft.aufirst=Jyoti+Bhusan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdpTpCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Census of India, 1941 and 1951 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaur, Ravinder (2007). Since 1947: Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568377-6"><bdi>978-0-19-568377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Since+1947%3A+Partition+Narratives+among+Punjabi+Migrants+of+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-568377-6&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Ravinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohari" class="citation news cs1">Johari, Aarefa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/887276/facing-eviction-residents-of-mumbais-partition-era-colony-fear-they-will-become-refugees-again">"Facing eviction, residents of a Mumbai Partition-era colony fear they will become homeless again"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802154416/https://scroll.in/article/887276/facing-eviction-residents-of-mumbais-partition-era-colony-fear-they-will-become-refugees-again">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Facing+eviction%2C+residents+of+a+Mumbai+Partition-era+colony+fear+they+will+become+homeless+again&rft.aulast=Johari&rft.aufirst=Aarefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F887276%2Ffacing-eviction-residents-of-mumbais-partition-era-colony-fear-they-will-become-refugees-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-the-bengali-refugees-who-now-dominate-businesses-farms-in-chhattisgarhs-tribal-belt/articleshow/73362371.cms">"Meet the Bengali refugees who now dominate businesses, farms in Chhattisgarh's tribal belt"</a>. Economic Times. 19 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Bengali+refugees+who+now+dominate+businesses%2C+farms+in+Chhattisgarh%27s+tribal+belt&rft.date=2020-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fmeet-the-bengali-refugees-who-now-dominate-businesses-farms-in-chhattisgarhs-tribal-belt%2Farticleshow%2F73362371.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/over-1cr-bengali-refugees-living-outside-bengal/articleshow/67348291.cms">"Over 1 crore Bengali refugees living outside Benga"</a>. The Times of India. 2 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605133643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/over-1cr-bengali-refugees-living-outside-bengal/articleshow/67348291.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Over+1+crore+Bengali+refugees+living+outside+Benga&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata%2Fover-1cr-bengali-refugees-living-outside-bengal%2Farticleshow%2F67348291.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-create-problems-when-we-live-in-peace-marathi-speaking-community-from-karachi-to-shiv-sena-2137208">"Why create problems when we live in peace: Marathi-speaking community from Karachi to Shiv Sena"</a>. DNA. 22 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726223609/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-create-problems-when-we-live-in-peace-marathi-speaking-community-from-karachi-to-shiv-sena-2137208">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DNA&rft.atitle=Why+create+problems+when+we+live+in+peace%3A+Marathi-speaking+community+from+Karachi+to+Shiv+Sena&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-why-create-problems-when-we-live-in-peace-marathi-speaking-community-from-karachi-to-shiv-sena-2137208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1697086/pakistan">"70 years on, one Pashtun town still safeguards its old Hindu-Muslim brotherhood"</a>. Arab News. 30 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801203052/https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1697086/pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=70+years+on%2C+one+Pashtun+town+still+safeguards+its+old+Hindu-Muslim+brotherhood&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.pk%2Fnode%2F1697086%2Fpakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPushpa2017" class="citation conference cs1">Pushpa (26 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.conferenceworld.in/IETES/20.pdf">Statistics of Refugee Camps and Their Administration in Combined Punjab</a> (PDF). 4the International Conference on 'Recent Research Development in Environment, Social Sciences and Humanities'. Chandigarh, India: A.R. Research Publication. pp. 129–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86171-82-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86171-82-5"><bdi>978-93-86171-82-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Refugee+Camps+and+Their+Administration+in+Combined+Punjab&rft.place=Chandigarh%2C+India&rft.pages=129-130&rft.pub=A.R.+Research+Publication&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.isbn=978-93-86171-82-5&rft.au=Pushpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.conferenceworld.in%2FIETES%2F20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitkara-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chitkara_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chitkara_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chitkara_191-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitkara1998" class="citation book cs1">Chitkara, G.M. (1998). Converts Do Not Make A Nation. APH Publishing. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7024-982-5"><bdi>978-81-7024-982-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Converts+Do+Not+Make+A+Nation&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7024-982-5&rft.aulast=Chitkara&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, Papiya (2001). "The Changing Discourse Of The Muhajirs". India International Centre Quarterly. 28 (3): 58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005560">23005560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+International+Centre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Changing+Discourse+Of+The+Muhajirs&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=58&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23005560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Papiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattha2009111-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattha2009111_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattha2009111_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChattha2009">Chattha 2009</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bharadwaj,_Prasant_2008-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj,_Prasant_2008_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj,_Prasant_2008_194-1">b</a> Bharadwaj, Prasant; Khwaja, Asim; Mian, Atif (30 August 2008). "The Big March: Migratory Flows after the Partition of India" (PDF). Economic & Political Weekly: 43. Retrieved 16 January 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Hill, K., Selzer, W., Leaning, J., Malik, S., & Russell, S. (2008). The Demographic Impact of Partition in Punjab in 1947. Population Studies, 62(2), 155–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC&q=12000&pg=PA125">Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and ... – Kamala Visweswara</a> (16 May 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNN4SE7cL60C&dq=muslim+hindu+women+recovered+1947+riots&pg=PA99">Borders & boundaries: women in India's partition – Ritu Menon, Kamla Bhasi</a> (24 April 1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayawardenade_Alwi1996" class="citation book cs1">Jayawardena, Kumari; de Alwi, Malathi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856494489">Embodied violence: Communalising women's sexuality in South Asia</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-448-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-448-9"><bdi>978-1-85649-448-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embodied+violence%3A+Communalising+women%27s+sexuality+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-448-9&rft.aulast=Jayawardena&rft.aufirst=Kumari&rft.au=de+Alwi%2C+Malathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781856494489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenGupta2012" class="citation journal cs1">SenGupta, Anwesha (Summer 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiscomp.org/peaceprints/4-1/4.1.9.pdf">"Looking Back at Partition and Women: A Factsheet"</a> (PDF). Peace Prints: South Asian Journal of Peacebuilding. 4 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Prints%3A+South+Asian+Journal+of+Peacebuilding&rft.atitle=Looking+Back+at+Partition+and+Women%3A+A+Factsheet&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=SenGupta&rft.aufirst=Anwesha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiscomp.org%2Fpeaceprints%2F4-1%2F4.1.9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khalidi-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_200-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khalidi_200-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1998" class="citation journal cs1">Khalidi, Omar (Autumn 1998). "From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002">20837002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Torrent+to+Trickle%3A+Indian+Muslim+Migration+to+Pakistan%2C+1947%E2%80%9397&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-352&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20837002%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lse.ac.uk-201"><a href="#cite_ref-lse.ac.uk_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127011533/http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/ARCWP04-Karim.pdf">"Effects of Migration, Socioeconomic Status and Population Policy on Reproductive Behaviour"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/asiaResearchCentre/_files/ARCWP04-Karim.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effects+of+Migration%2C+Socioeconomic+Status+and+Population+Policy+on+Reproductive+Behaviour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FasiaResearchCentre%2F_files%2FARCWP04-Karim.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan2009-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan2009_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan2009_202-1">b</a> Hasan, Arif; Mansoor, Raza (2009). Migration and Small Towns in Pakistan; Volume 15 of Rural-urban interactions and livelihood strategies are working paper. IIED. p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84369-734-3">978-1-84369-734-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan,_Arif_1987_p._25-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan,_Arif_1987_p._25_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hasan,_Arif_1987_p._25_203-1">b</a> Hasan, Arif (30 December 1987). "Comprehensive assessment of drought and famine in Sind arid ones leading to a realistic short and long-term emergency intervention plan" (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved 12 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_et_al.,_page_13-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_et_al.,_page_13_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_et_al.,_page_13_204-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillSeltzerLeaningMalik2006" class="citation web cs1">Hill, K.; Seltzer, W; Leaning, J.; Malik, S. J.; Russell, S. S. (1 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901210605/http://iussp2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=52236">"The Demographic Impact of Partition: Bengal in 1947"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iussp2005.princeton.edu/papers/52236">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Demographic+Impact+of+Partition%3A+Bengal+in+1947&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Seltzer%2C+W&rft.au=Leaning%2C+J.&rft.au=Malik%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Russell%2C+S.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiussp2005.princeton.edu%2Fpapers%2F52236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Ben Whitaker, The Biharis in Bangladesh, Minority Rights Group, London, 1971, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Chatterji – Spoils of partition. p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-dawn10Sep2015-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dawn10Sep2015_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn10Sep2015_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn10Sep2015_207-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dawn10Sep2015_207-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2015" class="citation news cs1">Rizvi, Uzair Hasan (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1206092">"Hindu refugees from Pakistan encounter suspicion and indifference in India"</a>. Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214025324/http://www.dawn.com/news/1206092">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Hindu+refugees+from+Pakistan+encounter+suspicion+and+indifference+in+India&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Uzair+Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1206092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaider2014" class="citation news cs1">Haider, Irfan (13 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1105830">"5,000 Hindus migrating to India every year, NA told"</a>. Dawn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229174650/http://www.dawn.com/news/1105830">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=5%2C000+Hindus+migrating+to+India+every+year%2C+NA+told&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft.aulast=Haider&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1105830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYagnikChauhan2019" class="citation news cs1">Yagnik, Bharat; Chauhan, Ashish (3 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/shivnagar-states-biggest-ghetto-of-71-war-refugees/articleshow/68237599.cms">"Shivnagar: State's biggest 'ghetto' of '71 war refugees | Ahmedabad News"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801005739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/shivnagar-states-biggest-ghetto-of-71-war-refugees/articleshow/68237599.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shivnagar%3A+State%27s+biggest+%27ghetto%27+of+%2771+war+refugees+%7C+Ahmedabad+News&rft.date=2019-03-03&rft.aulast=Yagnik&rft.aufirst=Bharat&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2Fshivnagar-states-biggest-ghetto-of-71-war-refugees%2Farticleshow%2F68237599.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/over-54000-families-of-pok-west-pakistan-residing-in-various-parts-of-jammu-province/articleshow/46839265.cms?from=mdr">"Over 54,000 families of PoK, Punjab residing in various parts of Jammu Province"</a>. Economic Times. 7 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801005004/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/over-54000-families-of-pok-west-pakistan-residing-in-various-parts-of-jammu-province/articleshow/46839265.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Over+54%2C000+families+of+PoK%2C+Punjab+residing+in+various+parts+of+Jammu+Province&rft.date=2015-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fover-54000-families-of-pok-west-pakistan-residing-in-various-parts-of-jammu-province%2Farticleshow%2F46839265.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> P. N. Luthra – Rehabilitation, pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> Aditi Kapoor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305174949/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/07/30/stories/13300611.htm">A home ... far from home?</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, The Hindu, 30 July 2000. During the Bangladesh liberation war, 11 million people from both communities took shelter in India. After the war, 1.5 million decided to stay. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterji2007" class="citation cs2">Chatterji, Joya (September 2007), "'Dispersal' and the Failure of Rehabilitation: Refugee Camp-dwellers and Squatters in WestBengal", Modern Asian Studies, 41 (5): 998, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X07002831">10.1017/S0026749X07002831</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4499809">4499809</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145529015">145529015</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Dispersal%27+and+the+Failure+of+Rehabilitation%3A+Refugee+Camp-dwellers+and+Squatters+in+WestBengal&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=998&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145529015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4499809%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X07002831&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Joya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe">The Idea of Pakistan</a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-9761-6"><bdi>978-0-8157-9761-6</bdi></a>. <q>American scholar Allen Mcgrath</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6&rft.au=Stephen+P.+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofpakistan00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_McGrath1996" class="citation book cs1">Allen McGrath (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0FuAAAAMAAJ">The Destruction of Pakistan's Democracy</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577583-9"><bdi>978-0-19-577583-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2017. <q>Undivided India, their magnificent imperial trophy, was besmirched by the creation of Pakistan, and the division of India was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, Mountbatten among them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Pakistan%27s+Democracy&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-577583-9&rft.au=Allen+McGrath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0FuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson2003-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2003_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiall_Ferguson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhEiAQAAIAAJ">Empire: how Britain made the modern world</a>. Allen Lane. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713996159" title="Special:BookSources/9780713996159"><bdi>9780713996159</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2018. <q>In particular, Mountbatten put pressure on the supposedly neutral Boundary Commissioner, Sir Cyril Radcliffe—cruelly mocked at the time by W.H.Auden—to make critical adjustments in India's favor when drawing the frontier through the Punjab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%3A+how+Britain+made+the+modern+world&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780713996159&rft.au=Niall+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhEiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117062957/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/150202/inret.html">"K. Z. Islam, 2002, The Punjab Boundary Award, In retrospect"</a>. Holiday. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklyholiday.net/150202/inret.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holiday&rft.atitle=K.+Z.+Islam%2C+2002%2C+The+Punjab+Boundary+Award%2C+In+retrospect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklyholiday.net%2F150202%2Finret.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6926464.stm">Partitioning India over lunch, Memoirs of a British civil servant Christopher Beaumont</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629113420/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6926464.stm">Archived</a> 29 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News (10 August 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramone_2017_p.-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramone_2017_p._219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamone2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramone, Jenni (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpNKEAAAQBAJ">Postcolonial Theories</a>. Transitions. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34407-5"><bdi>978-0-230-34407-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Theories&rft.series=Transitions&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34407-5&rft.aulast=Ramone&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpNKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Stanley Wolpert, 2006, Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515198-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515198-4">0-19-515198-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Symonds_(academic)" title="Richard Symonds (academic)">Symonds, Richard</a> (1950). The Making of Pakistan. London: Faber and Faber. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1462689">1462689</a>. <q>At the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve millions became homeless.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Pakistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1462689&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_p_72-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_p_72_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_p_72_222-1">b</a> Lawrence J. Butler, 2002, Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Lawrence J. Butler, 2002, Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World, p 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Ronald Hyam, Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968, p. 113; Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86649-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86649-9">0-521-86649-9</a>, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Lawrence James, Rise and Fall of the British Empire </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2017" class="citation news cs1">Thorpe, Vanessa (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/jan/16/viceroys-house-tells-bloody-truth-of-partition">"A British film with a Punjabi heart: director's personal take on partition"</a>. The Observer. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a>. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=A+British+film+with+a+Punjabi+heart%3A+director%27s+personal+take+on+partition&rft.date=2017-01-16&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2017%2Fjan%2F16%2Fviceroys-house-tells-bloody-truth-of-partition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-prince-charles-influenced-gurinder-chadha-s-new-film-partition-n798216">"How Prince Charles influenced Gurinder Chadha's film on the Partition of India and Pakistan"</a>. NBC News. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Prince+Charles+influenced+Gurinder+Chadha%27s+film+on+the+Partition+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fhow-prince-charles-influenced-gurinder-chadha-s-new-film-partition-n798216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Express_Tribune_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/943379/was-pakistan-sufficiently-imagined-before-independence/">"Was Pakistan sufficiently imagined before independence?"</a>. The Express Tribune. 23 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308145112/https://tribune.com.pk/story/943379/was-pakistan-sufficiently-imagined-before-independence/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Was+Pakistan+sufficiently+imagined+before+independence%3F&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F943379%2Fwas-pakistan-sufficiently-imagined-before-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll28Jun2016-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scroll28Jun2016_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scroll28Jun2016_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf" class="citation news cs1">Ashraf, Ajaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page">"The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page'"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205112539/http://scroll.in/article/810132/the-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=The+Venkat+Dhulipala+interview%3A+%27On+the+Partition+issue%2C+Jinnah+and+Ambedkar+were+on+the+same+page%27&rft.aulast=Ashraf&rft.aufirst=Ajaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F810132%2Fthe-venkat-dhulipala-interview-on-the-partition-issue-jinnah-and-ambedkar-were-on-the-same-page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongSinghSamadTalbot2015" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&q=barelvi+ulema+pakistan+movement&pg=PA167">State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</a>. Routledge. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317448204" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317448204"><bdi>978-1317448204</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2020. <q>In the 1940s a solid majority of the Barelvis were supporters of the Pakistan Movement and played a supporting role in its final phase (1940–7), mostly under the banner of the All-India Sunni Conference which had been founded in 1925.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation-Building+in+Pakistan%3A+Beyond+Islam+and+Security&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317448204&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft.au=Samad%2C+Yunas&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzivCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbarelvi%2Bulema%2Bpakistan%2Bmovement%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2009" class="citation book cs1">John, Wilson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&q=Barelvi+ulama+1946+elections&pg=PA87">Pakistan: The Struggle Within</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8131725047" title="Special:BookSources/978-8131725047"><bdi>978-8131725047</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215714/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfI-hEI8a9wC&q=Barelvi+ulama+1946+elections&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2020. <q>During the 1946 election, Barelvi Ulama issued fatwas in favour of the Muslim League.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Struggle+Within&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8131725047&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfI-hEI8a9wC%26q%3DBarelvi%2Bulama%2B1946%2Belections%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesari2014" class="citation book cs1">Cesari, Jocelyne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgFeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">The Awakening of Muslim Democracy: Religion, Modernity, and the State</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107513297" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107513297"><bdi>978-1107513297</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>For example, the Barelvi ulama supported the formation of the state of Pakistan and thought that any alliance with Hindus (such as that between the Indian National Congress and the Jamiat ulama-I-Hind [JUH]) was counterproductive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Awakening+of+Muslim+Democracy%3A+Religion%2C+Modernity%2C+and+the+State&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107513297&rft.aulast=Cesari&rft.aufirst=Jocelyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgFeAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2004" class="citation book cs1">Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&pg=PA224">A History of Pakistan and Its Origins</a>. Anthem Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843311492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843311492"><bdi>978-1843311492</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>Believing that Islam was a universal religion, the Deobandi advocated a notion of a composite nationalism according to which Hindus and Muslims constituted one nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pakistan+and+Its+Origins&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1843311492&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ9sI_Y2CKAcC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelhalim2015" class="citation book cs1">Abdelhalim, Julten (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPKoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">Indian Muslims and Citizenship: Spaces for Jihād in Everyday Life</a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317508755" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317508755"><bdi>978-1317508755</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>Madani...stressed the difference between qaum, meaning a nation, hence a territorial concept, and millat, meaning an Ummah and thus a religious concept.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims+and+Citizenship%3A+Spaces+for+Jih%C4%81d+in+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317508755&rft.aulast=Abdelhalim&rft.aufirst=Julten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPKoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikka2015" class="citation book cs1">Sikka, Sonia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-tWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52">Living with Religious Diversity</a>. Routledge. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317370994" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317370994"><bdi>978-1317370994</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 September 2017. <q>Madani makes a crucial distinction between qaum and millat. According to him, qaum connotes a territorial multi-religious entity, while millat refers to the cultural, social and religious unity of Muslims exclusively.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+with+Religious+Diversity&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317370994&rft.aulast=Sikka&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-tWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Jayeeta Sharma (2010) A Review of "The Partition of India," History: Reviews of New Books, 39:1, 26–27, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03612759.2011.520189">10.1080/03612759.2011.520189</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/">"The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News"</a>. The News International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202012815/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/marshall-plan-pakistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=The+News+International%3A+Latest+News+Breaking%2C+Pakistan+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehistory-project.org/">"The History Project"</a>. The History Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301055805/http://www.thehistory-project.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Project&rft.pub=The+History+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehistory-project.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2013" class="citation news cs1">Sengupta, Somini (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/arts/potent-memories-from-a-divided-india.html">"Potent Memories From a Divided India"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213173415/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/14/arts/potent-memories-from-a-divided-india.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Potent+Memories+From+a+Divided+India&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Somini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F14%2Farts%2Fpotent-memories-from-a-divided-india.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamal2021" class="citation news cs1">Kamal, Neel (11 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/1947-partition-archive-releases-university-access-points-in-india-and-pakistan-universities-for-researchers/articleshow/83422027.cms">"1947 Partition Archive releases University Access Points in India and Pakistan Universities for Researchers"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709091632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/1947-partition-archive-releases-university-access-points-in-india-and-pakistan-universities-for-researchers/articleshow/83422027.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=1947+Partition+Archive+releases+University+Access+Points+in+India+and+Pakistan+Universities+for+Researchers&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Kamal&rft.aufirst=Neel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Feducation%2Fnews%2F1947-partition-archive-releases-university-access-points-in-india-and-pakistan-universities-for-researchers%2Farticleshow%2F83422027.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/partition-museum-1029593-2017-08-15">"Worlds first Partition Museum to be inaugurated in Amritsar, Gulzar's book to be launched"</a>. 15 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185858/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/partition-museum-1029593-2017-08-15">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worlds+first+Partition+Museum+to+be+inaugurated+in+Amritsar%2C+Gulzar%27s+book+to+be+launched&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fpartition-museum-1029593-2017-08-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2019" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Bishwanath (24 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/partition-voices-untold-british-stories-review-the-long-shadow-of-partition/article29232929.ece">"'Partition Voices – Untold British Stories' review: The long shadow of Partition"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222040957/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/partition-voices-untold-british-stories-review-the-long-shadow-of-partition/article29232929.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27Partition+Voices+%E2%80%93+Untold+British+Stories%27+review%3A+The+long+shadow+of+Partition&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Bishwanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooks-reviews%2Fpartition-voices-untold-british-stories-review-the-long-shadow-of-partition%2Farticle29232929.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2019" class="citation news cs1">Mishra, Anodya (15 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/937336/this-collection-of-partition-interviews-gives-us-new-ways-to-look-at-migration-and-refugees">"This collection of Partition interviews gives us new ways to look at migration and refugees"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126030410/https://scroll.in/article/937336/this-collection-of-partition-interviews-gives-us-new-ways-to-look-at-migration-and-refugees">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=This+collection+of+Partition+interviews+gives+us+new+ways+to+look+at+migration+and+refugees&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Anodya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F937336%2Fthis-collection-of-partition-interviews-gives-us-new-ways-to-look-at-migration-and-refugees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bjp-congress-cross-swords-on-horrors-of-partition-genesis-of-1947-tragedy/articleshow/93562916.cms">"BJP & Congress cross swords on horrors of Partition, genesis of 1947 tragedy"</a>. The Times of India. 15 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=BJP+%26+Congress+cross+swords+on+horrors+of+Partition%2C+genesis+of+1947+tragedy&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fbjp-congress-cross-swords-on-horrors-of-partition-genesis-of-1947-tragedy%2Farticleshow%2F93562916.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleary2002-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Cleary2002_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2002" class="citation book cs1">Cleary, Joseph N. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=omFqtDGADfYC">Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Conflict in Ireland, Israel, and Palestine</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65732-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65732-7"><bdi>978-0-521-65732-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 July 2012. <q>The partition of India figures in a good deal of imaginative writing...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literature%2C+Partition+and+the+Nation-State%3A+Culture+and+Conflict+in+Ireland%2C+Israel%2C+and+Palestine&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65732-7&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DomFqtDGADfYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natarajan1996-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Natarajan1996_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Nandi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC">"Twentieth Century Hindi Literature"</a>. In Natarajan, Nalini (ed.). Handbook of Twentieth-Century Literatures of India. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 146–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7"><bdi>978-0-313-28778-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twentieth+Century+Hindi+Literature&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Twentieth-Century+Literatures+of+India&rft.pages=146-147&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28778-7&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Nandi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lTnv6o-d_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2011-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2011_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2011" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Rituparna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCQfRFr6iMgC">South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. pp. 24–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-245-5"><bdi>978-90-8964-245-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Partition+Fiction+in+English%3A+From+Khushwant+Singh+to+Amitav+Ghosh&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-8964-245-5&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Rituparna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCQfRFr6iMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhatia2008-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia2008_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia2008_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhatia2008_248-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2008" class="citation book cs1">Mandal, Somdatta (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YWB0GmmoOSMC">"Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films"</a>. In Bhatia, Nandi; Roy, Anjali Gera (eds.). Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement. Pearson Education India. pp. 66–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1416-4"><bdi>978-81-317-1416-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+Post-partition+Bengali+Cultural+Identity+through+Films&rft.btitle=Partitioned+Lives%3A+Narratives+of+Home%2C+Displacement%2C+and+Resettlement&rft.pages=66-69&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1416-4&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Somdatta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYWB0GmmoOSMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hindi_guide-249"><a href="#cite_ref-hindi_guide_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer, R. (2010). "Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India". Asian Affairs. 41 (3): 381–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2010.508231">10.1080/03068374.2010.508231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:70892666">70892666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bollywood%27s+India%3A+Hindi+Cinema+as+a+Guide+to+Modern+India&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381-398&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068374.2010.508231&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A70892666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2009-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2009_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2009" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Bhaskar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC">Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4411-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-4411-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourning+the+Nation%3A+Indian+Cinema+in+the+Wake+of+Partition&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-4411-7&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Bhaskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwghFNlpM3PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vishwanath_2009-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vishwanath_2009_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vishwanath_2009_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vishwanath_2009_251-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishwanathMalik2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vishwanath, Gita; Malik, Salma (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053940/http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf">"Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a>. XLIV (36): 61–69. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.careerlauncher.com/lstcontent/plansuppliments/attachments/40/62/REVISITING%201947%20THROUGH%20popular%20cinema.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Revisiting+1947+through+Popular+Cinema%3A+a+Comparative+Study+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.volume=XLIV&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=61-69&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Vishwanath&rft.aufirst=Gita&rft.au=Malik%2C+Salma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.careerlauncher.com%2Flstcontent%2Fplansuppliments%2Fattachments%2F40%2F62%2FREVISITING%25201947%2520THROUGH%2520popular%2520cinema.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritwik_journal-252"><a href="#cite_ref-ritwik_journal_252-0">^</a> Raychaudhuri, Anindya. 2009. "Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak." Social Semiotics 19(4):469–481. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10350330903361158">10.1080/10350330903361158</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen1997" class="citation cs2">McMullen, Ken (5 March 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093704/">Partition</a> (Drama), Bandung Productions, Channel Four, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029052817/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0093704/">archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021, retrieved 29 October 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition&rft.pub=Bandung+Productions%2C+Channel+Four&rft.date=1997-03-05&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0093704%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-expresstrib-254"><a href="#cite_ref-expresstrib_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaqvi2013" class="citation news cs1">Naqvi, Sibtain (19 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122010954/http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19647/google-can-envision-pakistan-india-harmony-in-less-than-4-minutes-can-we">"Google can envision Pakistan-India harmony in less than 4 minutes…can we?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/19647/google-can-envision-pakistan-india-harmony-in-less-than-4-minutes-can-we/">the original</a> on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Google+can+envision+Pakistan-India+harmony+in+less+than+4+minutes%E2%80%A6can+we%3F&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.aulast=Naqvi&rft.aufirst=Sibtain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.tribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F19647%2Fgoogle-can-envision-pakistan-india-harmony-in-less-than-4-minutes-can-we%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pti-255"><a href="#cite_ref-pti_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/news-current-affairs/article/google-ad-reignites-hope-easier-indo-pak-visas">"Google reunion ad reignites hope for easier Indo-Pak visas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Chronicle" title="Deccan Chronicle">Deccan Chronicle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">PTI</a>. 15 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118085407/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131115/news-current-affairs/article/google-ad-reignites-hope-easier-indo-pak-visas">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Google+reunion+ad+reignites+hope+for+easier+Indo-Pak+visas&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2F131115%2Fnews-current-affairs%2Farticle%2Fgoogle-ad-reignites-hope-easier-indo-pak-visas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tears-256"><a href="#cite_ref-tears_256-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2013" class="citation news cs1">Chatterjee, Rhitu (20 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-11-20/ad-google-india-may-bring-you-tears">"This ad from Google India brought me to tears"</a>. The World. <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124204857/http://www.pri.org/stories/2013-11-20/ad-google-india-may-bring-you-tears">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World&rft.atitle=This+ad+from+Google+India+brought+me+to+tears&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Rhitu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2013-11-20%2Fad-google-india-may-bring-you-tears&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibt-257"><a href="#cite_ref-ibt_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2013" class="citation news cs1">Peter, Sunny (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/522379/20131115/google-india-reunion-pakistan-partition-1947-suman.htm#.UoZy-WR4ZAt">"Google Search: Reunion Video Touches Emotions in India, Pakistan; Goes Viral [Video]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131121105651/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/522379/20131115/google-india-reunion-pakistan-partition-1947-suman.htm#.UoZy-WR4ZAt">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Google+Search%3A+Reunion+Video+Touches+Emotions+in+India%2C+Pakistan%3B+Goes+Viral+%5BVideo%5D&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Sunny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.ibtimes.com%2Farticles%2F522379%2F20131115%2Fgoogle-india-reunion-pakistan-partition-1947-suman.htm%23.UoZy-WR4ZAt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tia-258"><a href="#cite_ref-tia_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/googles-india-pak-reunion-ad-strikes-emotional-chord/articleshow/25753015.cms">"Google's India-Pak reunion ad strikes emotional chord"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 14 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131117102808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-14/internet/44072930_1_yusuf-sweet-shop-ad">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Google%27s+India-Pak+reunion+ad+strikes+emotional+chord&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftech-news%2Fgoogles-india-pak-reunion-ad-strikes-emotional-chord%2Farticleshow%2F25753015.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-apjohnson-259"><a href="#cite_ref-apjohnson_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Kay (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/india-pakistan-agree-emotional-google-ad-hit-20898645">"Google ad an unlikely hit in both India, Pakistan by referring to traumatic 1947 partition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122200122/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/india-pakistan-agree-emotional-google-ad-hit-20898645">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Google+ad+an+unlikely+hit+in+both+India%2C+Pakistan+by+referring+to+traumatic+1947+partition&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FTechnology%2FwireStory%2Findia-pakistan-agree-emotional-google-ad-hit-20898645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2018" class="citation web cs1">Bhattacharya, Ananya (23 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gold-fact-check-truth-vs-fiction-akshay-kumar-film-1321509-2018-08-23">"Gold fact check: Truth vs fiction in Akshay Kumar film"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806073756/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/gold-fact-check-truth-vs-fiction-akshay-kumar-film-1321509-2018-08-23">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2021. <q>In 1947, when Kishan Lal walked next to Dhyan Chand in East Africa in the Indian colours, the legendary field hockey team from 1936 had all but emptied. With 1947 came the Partition and most of the talented players were partitioned too with many moving to Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Gold+fact+check%3A+Truth+vs+fiction+in+Akshay+Kumar+film&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Ananya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmovies%2Fbollywood%2Fstory%2Fgold-fact-check-truth-vs-fiction-akshay-kumar-film-1321509-2018-08-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214145023/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=progressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview&iid=29&articleid=800">"Progressive Artists Group of Bombay: An Overview"</a>. Artnewsnviews.com. 12 May 2012. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Progressive+Artists+Group+of+Bombay%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=Artnewsnviews.com&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnewsnviews.com%2Fview-article.php%3Farticle%3Dprogressive-artists-group-of-bombay-an-overview%26iid%3D29%26articleid%3D800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2013" class="citation web cs1">Storey, Thomas (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/traversing-boundaries-five-bangladeshi-artists-question-the-legacy-of-partition/">"Traversing Boundaries: Five Bangladeshi Artists Question the Legacy of Partition"</a>. Culture Trip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042614/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/bangladesh/articles/traversing-boundaries-five-bangladeshi-artists-question-the-legacy-of-partition/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=Traversing+Boundaries%3A+Five+Bangladeshi+Artists+Question+the+Legacy+of+Partition&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fasia%2Fbangladesh%2Farticles%2Ftraversing-boundaries-five-bangladeshi-artists-question-the-legacy-of-partition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicieli-Voutsinas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque (2013). ""Subaltern" Remembrances: Mapping Affective Approaches to Partition Memory". Social Transformations: Journal of the Global South. 1 (1): 27–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13185%2FST2013.01103">10.13185/ST2013.01103</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Transformations%3A+Journal+of+the+Global+South&rft.atitle=%22Subaltern%22+Remembrances%3A+Mapping+Affective+Approaches+to+Partition+Memory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-58&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13185%2FST2013.01103&rft.aulast=Micieli-Voutsinas&rft.aufirst=Jacque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicieli-Voutsinas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196">"What the Nation Re-members: Resisting Victim Nationalism in Partition Memorial Project"</a>. GeoHumanities. 1 (2): 398–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2373566X.2015.1103196">10.1080/2373566X.2015.1103196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2373-566X">2373-566X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147050563">147050563</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoHumanities&rft.atitle=What+the+Nation+Re-members%3A+Resisting+Victim+Nationalism+in+Partition+Memorial+Project&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=398-413&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147050563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2373-566X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2373566X.2015.1103196&rft.aulast=Micieli-Voutsinas&rft.aufirst=Jacque&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F2373566X.2015.1103196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/partition-art">"Partition Art - Pritika Chowdhry's art installations about Partition"</a>. Pritika Chowdhry Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108042618/https://www.pritikachowdhry.com/partition-art">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pritika+Chowdhry+Art&rft.atitle=Partition+Art+-+Pritika+Chowdhry%27s+art+installations+about+Partition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pritikachowdhry.com%2Fpartition-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theheritagelab.in/india-partition-art/">"A Visual History of the Partition of India : A Story in Art • The Heritage Lab"</a>. The Heritage Lab. 14 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029052819/https://www.theheritagelab.in/india-partition-art/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Lab&rft.atitle=A+Visual+History+of+the+Partition+of+India+%3A+A+Story+in+Art+%E2%80%A2+The+Heritage+Lab&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theheritagelab.in%2Findia-partition-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2019" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Ekatmata (17 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artculturefestival.in/revisiting-partition-through-art/">"Revisiting Partition through art"</a>. Art Culture Festival. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029052819/https://www.artculturefestival.in/revisiting-partition-through-art/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Culture+Festival&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Partition+through+art&rft.date=2019-08-17&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ekatmata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artculturefestival.in%2Frevisiting-partition-through-art%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/artist-bindu-mehra-on-retelling-stories-in-different-voices-534590">"Artist Bindu Mehra on retelling stories in different voices"</a>. The Tribune.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Artist+Bindu+Mehra+on+retelling+stories+in+different+voices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fartist-bindu-mehra-on-retelling-stories-in-different-voices-534590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/70-years-of-the-radcliffe-line-understanding-the-story-of-indian-partition/">70 Years of the Radcliffe Line: Understanding the Story of Indian Partition</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <dl><dt>Textbook histories</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sekhar_Bandyopadhyay" title="Sekhar Bandyopadhyay">Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC">From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India</a>, Delhi: Orient Blackswan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2"><bdi>978-81-250-2596-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617154329/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC">archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+partition%3A+a+history+of+modern+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2596-2&rft.aulast=Bandyopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oVra0ulQ3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (2004) [First published 1997], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernsouthasiah00bose">Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political economy</a> (2nd ed.), Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30786-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30786-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+economy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30786-4&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernsouthasiah00bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation cs2">Brown, Judith Margaret (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2"><bdi>978-0-19-873112-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815113830/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+the+origins+of+an+Asian+democracy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873112-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEq7tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation cs2">Dyson, Tim (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ">A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018184311/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2019, retrieved 24 April 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote2002" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Havertown: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-835-0"><bdi>978-0-85052-835-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Admirals+of+the+Fleet+1734%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Havertown&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-835-0&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2002" class="citation cs2">Ludden, David (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJuAAAAMAAJ">India and South Asia: a short history</a>, Oneworld, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-237-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213003743/https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJuAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+South+Asia%3A+a+short+history&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-237-9&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwQJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">A history of modern India, 1480–1950</a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914214458/https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2015, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara Daly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">A concise history of modern India</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225220847/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeers2006" class="citation cs2">Peers, Douglas M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ">India under colonial rule: 1700–1885</a>, Pearson Education, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31738-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31738-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815000750/https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+colonial+rule%3A+1700%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31738-3&rft.aulast=Peers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb2002" class="citation cs2">Robb, Peter (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC">A History of India</a>, Palgrave Macmillan (published 2011), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34549-2"><bdi>978-0-230-34549-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522095558/https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34549-2&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQ-2VH1LO_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (1990) [First published 1965], A History of India, vol. 2, Penguin Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013836-8"><bdi>978-0-14-013836-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013836-8&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinArnold2010" class="citation cs2">Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0K3GZfqCabsC">A History of India</a>, John Wiley and Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9509-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521102914/https://books.google.com/books?id=0K3GZfqCabsC">archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.au=Arnold%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0K3GZfqCabsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2016" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ">A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</a>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8"><bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411230326/https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021, retrieved 24 April 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19694-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNg_CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2015" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLf2ngEACAAJ">Pakistan: A New History</a>, Hurst, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-370-0"><bdi>978-1-84904-370-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212194517/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLf2ngEACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020, retrieved 24 April 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-370-0&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLf2ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partitionofindia0000talb">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartitionofindia0000talb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2008" class="citation cs2">Wolpert, Stanley (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ">A new history of India</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533756-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533756-3"><bdi>978-0-19-533756-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083356/https://books.google.com/books?id=JT0wAQAAIAAJ">archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+history+of+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533756-3&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJT0wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Monographs</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Ansari, Sarah. 2005. Life after Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh: 1947–1962. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 256 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-597834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-597834-X">0-19-597834-X</a></li> <li>Ayub, Muhammad (2005). An army, Its Role and Rule: A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil, 1947–1999. RoseDog Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8059-9594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8059-9594-7">978-0-8059-9594-7</a>..</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urvashi_Butalia" title="Urvashi Butalia">Butalia, Urvashi</a>. 1998. The Other Side of Silence: Voices from the Partition of India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 308 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-2494-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-2494-6">0-8223-2494-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavnani2014" class="citation cs2">Bhavnani, Nandita (2014), The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India, Westland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9"><bdi>978-93-84030-33-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Exile%3A+Sindhi+Hindus+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84030-33-9&rft.aulast=Bhavnani&rft.aufirst=Nandita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Butler, Lawrence J. 2002. Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World. London: I.B. Tauris. 256 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-449-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-449-X">1-86064-449-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bidyut_Chakrabarty" title="Bidyut Chakrabarty">Chakrabarty, Bidyut</a> (2004). The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932-1947: Contour of Freedom. RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32889-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32889-6"><bdi>0-415-32889-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+Bengal+and+Assam%2C+1932-1947%3A+Contour+of+Freedom&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-32889-6&rft.aulast=Chakrabarty&rft.aufirst=Bidyut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattha2009" class="citation cs2">Chattha, Ilyas Ahmad (2009), Partition and Its Aftermath: Violence, Migration and the Role of Refugees in the Socio-Economic Development of Gujranwala and Sialkot Cities, 1947–1961, University of Southampton, School of Humanities, Centre for Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+and+Its+Aftermath%3A+Violence%2C+Migration+and+the+Role+of+Refugees+in+the+Socio-Economic+Development+of+Gujranwala+and+Sialkot+Cities%2C+1947%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=University+of+Southampton%2C+School+of+Humanities%2C+Centre+for+Imperial+and+Post-Colonial+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Chattha&rft.aufirst=Ilyas+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chatterji, Joya. 2002. Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 323 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52328-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52328-1">0-521-52328-1</a>.</li> <li>Chester, Lucy P. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728100016/http://www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/catalogue/book.asp?id=1204410">Borders and Conflict in South Asia: The Radcliffe Boundary Commission and the Partition of Punjab.</a> Manchester University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7899-6">978-0-7190-7899-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland,_The_Abdullah_Factor" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">"The Abdullah Factor: Kashmiri Muslims and the Crisis of 1947"</a>. In D. A. Low (ed.). Political Inheritance of Pakistan. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349115563" title="Special:BookSources/9781349115563"><bdi>9781349115563</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330114134/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaeuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Abdullah+Factor%3A+Kashmiri+Muslims+and+the+Crisis+of+1947&rft.btitle=Political+Inheritance+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9781349115563&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVaeuCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Daiya, Kavita. 2008. Violent Belongings: Partition, Gender, and National Culture in Postcolonial India. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 274 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-744-2">978-1-59213-744-2</a>.</li> <li>Dhulipala, Venkat. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z6TBQAAQBAJ&pg=PR2">Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India</a>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-10-705212-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-10-705212-2">1-10-705212-2</a></li> <li>Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. Berkeley: University of California Press. 258 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-06249-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-06249-3">0-520-06249-3</a>.</li> <li>Gossman, Partricia. 1999. Riots and Victims: Violence and the Construction of Communal Identity Among Bengali Muslims, 1905–1947. Westview Press. 224 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3625-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3625-2">0-8133-3625-2</a></li> <li>Hansen, Anders Bjørn. 2004. "Partition and Genocide: Manifestation of Violence in Punjab 1937–1947", India Research Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87943-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87943-25-9">978-81-87943-25-9</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Kenneth. Attlee (1982) pp 355–87 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2001" class="citation cs2">Hasan, Mushirul (2001), India's Partition: Process, Strategy and Mobilization, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563504-1"><bdi>978-0-19-563504-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Partition%3A+Process%2C+Strategy+and+Mobilization&rft.pub=New+Delhi%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563504-1&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mushirul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Herman, Arthur. Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Ikram" title="S. M. Ikram">Ikram</a>, S. M. 1995. Indian Muslims and Partition of India. Delhi: Atlantic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-374-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-374-0">81-7156-374-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2007" class="citation cs2">Jain, Jasbir (2007), Reading Partition, Living Partition, Rawat, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-316-0045-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-316-0045-0"><bdi>978-81-316-0045-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Partition%2C+Living+Partition&rft.pub=Rawat&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-316-0045-0&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Jasbir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal1993" class="citation cs2">Jalal, Ayesha (1993), The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45850-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45850-4&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudd2004" class="citation cs2">Judd, Denis (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlf9u1asHTAC">The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280579-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280579-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427171159/https://books.google.com/books?id=hlf9u1asHTAC">archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lion+and+the+tiger%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+British+Raj%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280579-9&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhlf9u1asHTAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kaur, Ravinder. 2007. "Since 1947: Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi". Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568377-6">978-0-19-568377-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2007" class="citation cs2">Khan, Yasmin (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</a>, Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131324/https://books.google.com/books?id=i9WdQp2pwOYC">archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016, retrieved 15 November 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9WdQp2pwOYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Khosla, G. D. Stern reckoning : a survey of the events leading up to and following the partition of India New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 358 pages Published: February 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-562417-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-562417-3">0-19-562417-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1991" class="citation cs2">Lamb, Alastair (1991), Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990, Roxford Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907129-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907129-06-6"><bdi>978-0-907129-06-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+A+Disputed+Legacy%2C+1846%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Roxford+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-907129-06-6&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mookerjea-Leonard, Debali. 2017. Literature, Gender, and the Trauma of Partition: The Paradox of Independence. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138183100" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138183100">978-1138183100</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon,_Penderel" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon, Penderel">Moon, Penderel</a>. (1999). The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1256 pp)</li> <li>Moore, R.J. (1983). Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem, the standard history of the British position [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Nair, Neeti. (2010) Changing Homelands: Hindu Politics and the Partition of India</li> <li>Page, David, Anita Inder Singh, Penderel Moon, G. D. Khosla, and Mushirul Hasan. 2001. The Partition Omnibus: Prelude to Partition/the Origins of the Partition of India 1936–1947/Divide and Quit/Stern Reckoning. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-565850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-565850-7">0-19-565850-7</a></li> <li>Pal, Anadish Kumar. 2010. World Guide to the Partition of INDIA. Kindle Edition: Amazon Digital Services. 282 KB. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0036OSCAC">B0036OSCAC</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_Pandey_(historian)" title="Gyanendra Pandey (historian)">Pandey, Gyanendra</a> (2001). Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00250-9"><bdi>978-0-521-00250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Partition%3A+Violence%2C+Nationalism+and+History+in+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00250-9&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Gyanendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanigrahi2004" class="citation book cs1">Panigrahi, D. N. (2004). India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-714-65601-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-714-65601-1"><bdi>0-714-65601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Partition%3A+The+Story+of+Imperialism+in+Retreat&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-714-65601-1&rft.aulast=Panigrahi&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja" title="Masood Ashraf Raja">Raja, Masood Ashraf</a>. Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547811-2">978-0-19-547811-2</a></li> <li>Raza, Hashim S. 1989. Mountbatten and the partition of India. New Delhi: Atlantic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-059-8">81-7156-059-8</a></li> <li>Shaikh, Farzana. 1989. Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 272 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36328-4">0-521-36328-4</a>.</li> <li>Singh, Jaswant. (2011) Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Talib, Gurbachan Singh, & Shromaṇī Guraduārā Prabandhaka Kameṭī. (1950). Muslim League attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab, 1947. Amritsar: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbankhak Committee.</li> <li>Talbot, Ian. 1996. Freedom's Cry: The Popular Dimension in the Pakistan Movement and Partition Experience in North-West India. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577657-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-577657-7">978-0-19-577657-7</a>.</li> <li>Talbot, Ian and Gurharpal Singh (eds). 1999. Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 420 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579051-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579051-0">0-19-579051-0</a>.</li> <li>Talbot, Ian. 2002. Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 216 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579551-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579551-2">0-19-579551-2</a>.</li> <li>Talbot, Ian. 2006. Divided Cities: Partition and Its Aftermath in Lahore and Amritsar. Oxford and Karachi: Oxford University Press. 350 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-547226-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-547226-8">0-19-547226-8</a>.</li> <li>Wolpert, Stanley. 2006. Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 272 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515198-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515198-4">0-19-515198-4</a>.</li> <li>Wolpert, Stanley. 1984. Jinnah of Pakistan [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Brass, Paul. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414111514/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Journal of Genocide Research (2003), 5#1, 71–101</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartin1998" class="citation cs2">Gilmartin, David (1998), "Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative", The Journal of Asian Studies, 57 (4): 1068–1095, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2659304">10.2307/2659304</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659304">2659304</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153491691">153491691</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Partition%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+South+Asian+History%3A+In+Search+of+a+Narrative&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1068-1095&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153491691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2659304%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2659304&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmartin1998" class="citation cs2">Gilmartin, David (1998), "A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process in Colonial Punjab", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 40 (3): 415–436, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417598001352">10.1017/S0010417598001352</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179270">179270</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144603264">144603264</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=A+Magnificent+Gift%3A+Muslim+Nationalism+and+the+Election+Process+in+Colonial+Punjab&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=415-436&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144603264%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179270%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417598001352&rft.aulast=Gilmartin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gupta, Bal K. "Death of Mahatma Gandhi and Alibeg Prisoners" www.dailyexcelsior.com</li> <li>Gupta, Bal K. "Train from Pakistan" www.nripulse.com</li> <li>Gupta, Bal K. "November 25, 1947, Pakistani Invasion of Mirpur". www.dailyexcelsior.com</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey1974" class="citation cs2">Jeffrey, Robin (1974), "The Punjab Boundary Force and the Problem of Order, August 1947", Modern Asian Studies, 8 (4): 491–520, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x0000562x">10.1017/s0026749x0000562x</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311867">311867</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145786107">145786107</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Punjab+Boundary+Force+and+the+Problem+of+Order%2C+August+1947&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-520&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145786107%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x0000562x&rft.aulast=Jeffrey&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavinder_Kaur2014" class="citation cs2">Ravinder Kaur (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5044993">"Bodies of Partition: Of Widows, Residue and Other Historical Waste"</a>, Histories of Victimhood, Ed., Henrik Rønsbo and Steffen Jensen, Pennsylvania University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215716/https://www.academia.edu/5044993">archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022, retrieved 10 May 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histories+of+Victimhood%2C+Ed.%2C+Henrik+R%C3%B8nsbo+and+Steffen+Jensen%2C+Pennsylvania+University+Press&rft.atitle=Bodies+of+Partition%3A+Of+Widows%2C+Residue+and+Other+Historical+Waste&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Ravinder+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5044993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kaur, Ravinder. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3195375/Distinctive_Citizenship_Refugees_Subjects_and_Post-colonial_State_in_Indias_Partition">'Distinctive Citizenship: Refugees, Subjects and Postcolonial State in India's Partition'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023854/http://www.academia.edu/3195375/Distinctive_Citizenship_Refugees_Subjects_and_Post-colonial_State_in_Indias_Partition">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cultural and Social History.</li> <li>Kaur, Ravinder. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3195344/Narrative_absence_An_Untouchableaccount_of_Partition_migration">'Narrative Absence: An 'untouchable' account of India's Partition Migration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019233320/http://www.academia.edu/3195344/Narrative_absence_An_Untouchableaccount_of_Partition_migration">Archived</a> 19 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Contributions to Indian Sociology.</li> <li>Kaur Ravinder. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724043212/http://opendemocracy.net/article/conflicts/india_pakistan/partition">"India and Pakistan: Partition Lessons"</a>. Open Democracy.</li> <li>Kaur, Ravinder. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3195382/The_Last_Journey_Exploring_Social_Class_in_the_1947_Partition_Migration">"The Last Journey: Social Class in the Partition of India"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020003419/http://www.academia.edu/3195382/The_Last_Journey_Exploring_Social_Class_in_the_1947_Partition_Migration">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Economic and Political Weekly, June 2006. epw.org.in</li> <li>Khalidi, Omar (1998-01-01). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">From Torrent to Trickle: Indian Muslim Migration to Pakistan, 1947–97</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330184359/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20837002?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 30 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Islamic Studies. 37 (3): 339–352.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2003" class="citation cs2">Khan, Lal (2003), Partition – Can it be undone?, Wellred Publications, p. 228, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900007-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900007-15-3"><bdi>978-1-900007-15-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+%E2%80%93+Can+it+be+undone%3F&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Wellred+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-900007-15-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerjea-Leonard2005" class="citation cs2">Mookerjea-Leonard, Debali (2005), "Divided Homelands, Hostile Homes: Partition, Women and Homelessness", Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 40 (2): 141–154, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0021989405054314">10.1177/0021989405054314</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162056117">162056117</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Commonwealth+Literature&rft.atitle=Divided+Homelands%2C+Hostile+Homes%3A+Partition%2C+Women+and+Homelessness&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-154&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0021989405054314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162056117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mookerjea-Leonard&rft.aufirst=Debali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerjea-Leonard2004" class="citation cs2">Mookerjea-Leonard, Debali (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/181217">"Quarantined: Women and the Partition"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East" title="Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East">Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East</a>, 24 (1): 35–50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F1089201x-24-1-35">10.1215/1089201x-24-1-35</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145294986">145294986</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420180043/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/181217">archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021, retrieved 27 July 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+of+South+Asia%2C+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=Quarantined%3A+Women+and+the+Partition&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-50&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F1089201x-24-1-35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145294986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mookerjea-Leonard&rft.aufirst=Debali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F181217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris-Jones1983" class="citation cs2">Morris-Jones (1983), "Thirty-Six Years Later: The Mixed Legacies of Mountbatten's Transfer of Power", International Affairs, 59 (4): 621–628, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2619473">10.2307/2619473</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2619473">2619473</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Thirty-Six+Years+Later%3A+The+Mixed+Legacies+of+Mountbatten%27s+Transfer+of+Power&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-628&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2619473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2619473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Morris-Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2001" class="citation cs2">Noorani, A. G. (22 December 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402193634/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1826/18260810.htm">"The Partition of India"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>, 18 (26), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindu.com/fline/fl1826/18260810.htm">the original</a> on 2 April 2008, retrieved 12 October 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=26&rft.date=2001-12-22&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindu.com%2Ffline%2Ffl1826%2F18260810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpate1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Spate" title="Oskar Spate">Spate, O. H. K.</a> (1947), "The Partition of the Punjab and of Bengal", The Geographical Journal, 110 (4/6): 201–218, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947GeogJ.110..201S">1947GeogJ.110..201S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1789950">10.2307/1789950</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1789950">1789950</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+the+Punjab+and+of+Bengal&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4%2F6&rft.pages=201-218&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1789950%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1789950&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1947GeogJ.110..201S&rft.aulast=Spate&rft.aufirst=O.+H.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1958" class="citation cs2">Spear, Percival (1958), "Britain's Transfer of Power in India", Pacific Affairs, 31 (2): 173–180, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3035211">10.2307/3035211</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3035211">3035211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-180&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3035211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3035211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1994" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (1994), "Planning for Pakistan: The Planning Committee of the All-India Muslim League, 1943–46", Modern Asian Studies, 28 (4): 875–889, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00012567">10.1017/s0026749x00012567</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145250631">145250631</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Planning+for+Pakistan%3A+The+Planning+Committee+of+the+All-India+Muslim+League%2C+1943%E2%80%9346&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=875-889&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00012567&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145250631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisaria1969" class="citation cs2">Visaria, Pravin M (1969), "Migration Between India and Pakistan, 1951–61", Demography, 6 (3): 323–334, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2060400">10.2307/2060400</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2060400">2060400</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21331852">21331852</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23272586">23272586</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Demography&rft.atitle=Migration+Between+India+and+Pakistan%2C+1951%E2%80%9361&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-334&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21331852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23272586%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2060400%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2060400&rft.aulast=Visaria&rft.aufirst=Pravin+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li>Mansergh, Nicholas, and Penderel Moon, eds. The Transfer of Power 1942–47 (12 vol., London: HMSO . 1970–83) comprehensive collection of British official and private documents</li> <li>Moon, Penderel. (1998) Divide & Quit</li> <li>Narendra Singh Sarila, "The Shadow of the Great Game: The Untold Story of India's Partition," Publisher: Carroll & Graf [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dt>Popularizations</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Collins, Larry and Dominique Lapierre: Freedom at Midnight. London: Collins, 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-638851-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-638851-5">0-00-638851-5</a></li> <li>Seshadri, H. V. (2013). The tragic story of partition. Bangalore: Sahitya Sindhu Prakashana, 2013. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Zubrzycki, John. (2006) The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback. Pan Macmillan, Australia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42321-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42321-2">978-0-330-42321-2</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Memoirs and oral history</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzad2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam</a> (2003) [First published 1959], India Wins Freedom: An Autobiographical Narrative, New Delhi: Orient Longman, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0514-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-0514-8"><bdi>978-81-250-0514-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Wins+Freedom%3A+An+Autobiographical+Narrative&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0514-8&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Maulana+Abul+Kalam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APartition+of+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bonney, Richard; Hyde, Colin; Martin, John. "Legacy of Partition, 1947–2009: Creating New Archives from the Memories of Leicestershire People," Midland History, (Sept 2011), Vol. 36 Issue 2, pp 215–224</li> <li>Mountbatten, Pamela. (2009) India Remembered: A Personal Account of the Mountbattens During the Transfer of Power [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li></ul> <dl><dt>Historical-Fiction</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Mohammed, Javed: Walk to Freedom, Rumi Bookstore, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9701261-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9701261-2-2">978-0-9701261-2-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Partition of India at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Partition_of_India" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Partition of India">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" class="extiw" title="q:Partition of India">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129053" class="extiw" title="d:Q129053">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1947partitionarchive.org">1947 Partition Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Partition-of-Bengal">Partition of Bengal</a> – <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianmemoryproject.com/category/battle-and-conflict/1947-partition/">India Memory Project – 1947 India Pakistan Partition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/">The Road to Partition 1939–1947 – The National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1947/jul/16/indian-independence-bill">Indian Independence Bill, 1947</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515165404/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1947/jul/16/indian-independence-bill">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5ymvad">India's Partition: The Forgotten Story British film-maker Gurinder Chadha, directors of Bend It Like Beckham and Viceroy's House, travels from Southall to Delhi and Shimla to find out about the Partition of India – one of the most seismic events of the 20th century. Partition saw India divided into two new nations – Independent India and Pakistan. The split led to violence, disruption, and death.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.andrewwhitehead.net/partition-voices-sir-ian-scott.html">Sir Ian Scott, Mountbatten's deputy private secretary in 1947, talking about the run up to Partition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.soas.ac.uk/oa3">India: A People Partitioned oral history interviews by Andrew Whitehead, 1992–2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515165403/https://digital.soas.ac.uk/oa3">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bibliographies</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923121836/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/partition_bibliography.html">Select Research Bibliography on the Partition of India</a>, Compiled by Vinay Lal, Department of History, UCLA; <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Los Angeles">University of California at Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/india_colonial.html">South Asian History: Colonial India</a> – <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> Collection of documents on colonial India, Independence, and Partition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/indiasbook.html#Indian%20Nationalism">Indian Nationalism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a> archive of relevant public-domain documents</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily Jang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" title="Nawaiwaqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)">Contractor </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan">Idea of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence">Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan">Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History">Pakistan: A Personal History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">The Myth of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Pakistan: A Hard Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?">Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day">Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Constitution Day (Pakistan)">Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day">Youm-e-Difah (6 September)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day">Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day">Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara Din">Youm-e-Viladat (25 December)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High Commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indo-Pakistani Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration:_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">Category:India–Pakistan relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secessions_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secessions_by_country" title="Template:Secessions by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secessions_by_country" title="Template talk:Secessions by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secessions_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secessions by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secessions_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secessions</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Africa" title="List of active separatist movements in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_independence" title="Cape independence">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_China" title="Secession in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_India" title="Separatist movements of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum#Aftermath" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">Sikkim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Separatism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Pakistan" title="Separatist movements of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_the_Philippines" title="Separatism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Republic" title="Siberian Republic">Siberia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Turkey" title="Secession in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_and_regional_identity_in_Spain" title="National and regional identity in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Separatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_North_America" title="List of active separatist movements in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secessionist_movements_of_Canada" title="Secessionist movements of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Denmark (Greenland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Oceania" title="List of active separatist movements in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Tasmania" title="Secessionism in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_South_America" title="List of active separatist movements in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Brazil" title="Category:Separatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Prussia" title="Abolition of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Dissolution of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Active separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">Independence referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129053#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97003291">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn244fq852phr4r">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561246705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&oldid=1259237851">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&oldid=1259237851</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations">Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:India_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations">India and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations">Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Partition_of_India" title="Category:Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dissolutions_of_countries" title="Category:Dissolutions of countries">Dissolutions of countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing_in_Asia" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia">Ethnic cleansing in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forced_migration" title="Category:Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_British_Empire" title="Category:History of the British Empire">History of the British Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Category:History of the Commonwealth of Nations">History of the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Republic_of_India" title="Category:History of the Republic of India">History of the Republic of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Partition_(politics)" title="Category:Partition (politics)">Partition (politics)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:August_1947_events_in_Asia" title="Category:August 1947 events in Asia">August 1947 events in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politically_motivated_migrations" title="Category:Politically motivated migrations">Politically motivated migrations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1947_in_British_India" title="Category:1947 in British India">1947 in British India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Islam" title="Category:1940s in Islam">1940s in Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocides_in_Asia" title="Category:Genocides in Asia">Genocides in Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_July_2015" title="Category:Use Indian English from July 2015">Use Indian English from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2024">Use dmy dates from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 03:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partition_of_India&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-542sp","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.793","walltime":"4.214","ppvisitednodes":{"value":38415,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":700252,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37118,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":997896,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3501.572 1 -total"," 40.27% 1410.045 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.02% 561.114 94 Template:Cite_book"," 10.31% 361.089 52 Template:Citation"," 9.45% 330.918 48 Template:Sfn"," 4.87% 170.535 36 Template:Cite_news"," 4.63% 162.191 15 Template:Fix"," 4.37% 153.183 22 Template:Rp"," 4.20% 147.039 32 Template:ISBN"," 4.12% 144.119 22 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.173","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11255566,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.G._Noorani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdelhalim2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbi-Habib2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcyuta_YājñikaSuchitra_Sheth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_Salim1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen_McGrath1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnil_Chandra_Banerjee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshraf\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttlee,_Clement1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyesha_Jalal1994\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAyoob2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalasubrahmanyan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandyopadhyay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBapu2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_D._MetcalfThomas_R._Metcalf2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_D._MetcalfThomas_R._Metcalf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbara_Metcalf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBharadwajKhwajaMian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhatia1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhavnani2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBonney2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoseJalal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton_Stein2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButalia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlo_Caldarola1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenap_Çakmak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCesari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarty2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandrika_Kaul2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjiWashbrook2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChattha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChitkara1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleary2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland,_The_Abdullah_Factor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopland2005\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFDarwin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas_Gupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDwyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFarooquiSheikh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartin1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGilmartin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaider2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathcote2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillSeltzerLeaningMalik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoodbhoy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndia_Census_Commissioner1941\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJack1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagmohan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalal1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanmahmad1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaved_Jabbar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayawardenade_Alwi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery_J._Roberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsten1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhisha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKibriya1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._J._Butler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLebra2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiaquat_Ali_Khan1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongSinghSamadTalbot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._M._Sankhdher1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMullen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicieli-Voutsinas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicieli-Voutsinas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerjea-Leonard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMookerjea-Leonard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris-Jones1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaqvi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiall_Ferguson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNisid_Hajari2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNoorani2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPanigrahi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParanjape2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Gatrell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrincipal_Lecturer_in_Economics_Pritam_SinghPritam_Singh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritam_Singh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPushpa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafiq_Zakaria2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavinder_Kaur2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRizvi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobb2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollason2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Harman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenGupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnedden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpate1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinArnold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_P._Cohen2004\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFStorey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymonds1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVashishtaIndia._Superintendent_Of_Census_Operations1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVazira_Fazila-Yacoobali_Zamindar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVazira_Fazila-Yacoobali_Zamindar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVisaria1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishwanathMalik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Roger_LouisWm._Roger_Louis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYagnikChauhan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasmin_Khan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZamindar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ASIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 26,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 52,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 26,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 23,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 32,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 7,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian independence movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Pakistani relations\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox historical event\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"N/a\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 128,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 22,\n [\"Secession in Countries\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 48,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","14.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","13.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.5"],["init \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Date_validation\u003E","60","2.7"],["type","60","2.7"],["[others]","700","31.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h78vk","timestamp":"20241124053117","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Partition of India","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Partition_of_India","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129053","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q129053","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-11T06:23:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T03:15:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/47\/Brit_IndianEmpireReligions3.jpg","headline":"partition of British India into the independent states of India and Pakistan in 1947"}</script> </body> </html>