Swedish Involvement with ESO

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <base target="_top" /> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="author" content="information@eso.org" /> <meta name="description" content="ESO, European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere" /> <meta name="keywords" content="ESO, eso.org, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astronomie, Suedsternwarte, telescopes, detectors, comets, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, universe, NTT, VLT, VLTI, ALMA, ELT, La Silla, Paranal, Garching, Chile" /> <meta name="statvooVerification" content="f546f5bccd3fb7f8c5d8e97c6beab814" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="x-default" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/australia/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="en-au" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="en-gb" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/ireland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="en-ie" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/czechrepublic/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="cs" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/denmark/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="da" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/netherlands/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="nl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-nl/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="nl-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/finland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="fi" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/france/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="fr" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-fr/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="fr-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-fr/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="fr-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/germany/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="de" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/austria/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="de-at" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-de/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="de-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-de/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="de-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/italy/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="it" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-it/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="it-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/poland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="pl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/portugal/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="pt" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/spain/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="es" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="es-cl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/sweden/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" hreflang="sv" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.eso.org/public/archives/favicon.ico" /> <title>Swedish Involvement with ESO | ESO</title>  <style type="text/css"> @import url("https://fast.fonts.net/t/1.css?apiType=css&projectid=03892b9b-79f6-4f01-9746-af912ebf5e47"); </style> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/main.9116bda0b9f3.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/EsoTopNews" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESO Top News" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/EsoAnnouncements" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESO Announcements" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/ESOcast" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESOCast" /> <link href="https://recruitment.eso.org/jobs.rss" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Jobs@ESO" /> <link href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/feed/" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESOblog" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ESO" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ESO" />  <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="/mtmo/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  <meta property="og:title" content="Swedish Involvement with ESO" /> </head> <body> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='pbUhu0c4VDS83pRkJzlkiUsGwnI5iVARzgPkdRKijJXrcbCynXG0BCXcvkdfiCPe' /> <div id="privacy-notice" style="display: none"> <p> By continuing to use this website, you are giving consent to our use of cookies.<br> For more information on how ESO uses data and how you can disable cookies, please view <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/"> our privacy policy</a>. </p> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="accept_privacy_notice()"> Accept </button> <script> // Display the privacy cookie if the cookie is not set if (!has_privacy_cookie()) { document.getElementById('privacy-notice').style.display = 'block' } function has_privacy_cookie() { return document.cookie.split(';').filter(function(item) { return item.indexOf('privacy_notice_accepted=True') >= 0 }).length > 0 } function accept_privacy_notice() { let data = { LANGUAGE_CODE: 'en' } let csrftoken = getCookie('csrftoken'); let headers = new Headers(); headers.append('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=utf-8'); headers.append('X-CSRFToken', csrftoken); fetch('/public/accept-privacy-notice/', { method: 'post', headers: headers, credentials: 'include', body: JSON.stringify(data) }).then( document.getElementById('privacy-notice').style.display = 'none' ) } function getCookie(name) { var cookieValue = null; if (document.cookie && document.cookie !== '') { var cookies = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) { var cookie = jQuery.trim(cookies[i]); // Does this cookie string begin with the name we want? if (cookie.substring(0, name.length + 1) == (name + '=')) { cookieValue = decodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(name.length + 1)); break; } } } return cookieValue; } </script> </div> <nav class="navbar-general-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="navbar-general"> <div class="minilogo"> <a href="/public/"> <div class="sprites-esologo-23-30" title="European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere"></div> </a> </div> <div id="select-language"> <div class="flags"> <div title="Austria" class="sprites-flag_at"></div> <div title="Belgium" class="sprites-flag_be"></div> <div title="Czechia" class="sprites-flag_cz"></div> <div title="Denmark" class="sprites-flag_da"></div> <div title="Finland" class="sprites-flag_fi"></div> <div title="France" class="sprites-flag_fr"></div> <div title="Germany" class="sprites-flag_de"></div> <div title="Ireland" class="sprites-flag_ie"></div> <div title="Italy" class="sprites-flag_it"></div> <div title="Netherlands" class="sprites-flag_nl"></div> <div title="Poland" class="sprites-flag_pl"></div> <div title="Portugal" class="sprites-flag_pt"></div> <div title="Spain" class="sprites-flag_es"></div> <div title="Sweden" class="sprites-flag_sv"></div> <div title="Switzerland" class="sprites-flag_ch"></div> <div title="UK" class="sprites-flag_gb"></div> <div style="margin-left: 8px" title="Chile" class="sprites-flag_cl"></div> </div> <div class="languages"> <div class="language-button"> <span class="language-text">Select Language (en)</span> <div class="language-flag"><div title="en" class="flag sprites-flag_gb"> </div><span> (en)</span></div> <span class="caret"></span> </div> <ul class="languages-dropdown" role="menu"> <li class="language selected"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="International English" class="flag sprites-flag_en"> </div>International English</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/denmark/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Dansk" class="flag sprites-flag_da"> </div>Dansk</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/germany/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch" class="flag sprites-flag_de"> </div>Deutsch</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-de/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Belgien)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Deutsch (Belgien)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-de/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Schweiz)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Deutsch (Schweiz)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/austria/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Österreich)" class="flag sprites-flag_at"> </div>Deutsch (Österreich)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/australia/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (Australia)" class="flag sprites-flag_au"> </div>English (Australia)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/ireland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (Ireland)" class="flag sprites-flag_ie"> </div>English (Ireland)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/unitedkingdom/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (UK)" class="flag sprites-flag_gb"> </div>English (UK)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/spain/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Español" class="flag sprites-flag_es"> </div>Español</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/chile/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Español (Chile)" class="flag sprites-flag_cl"> </div>Español (Chile)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/france/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français" class="flag sprites-flag_fr"> </div>Français</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-fr/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français (Belgique)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Français (Belgique)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-fr/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français (Suisse)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Français (Suisse)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/italy/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Italiano" class="flag sprites-flag_it"> </div>Italiano</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-it/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Italiano (Svizzera)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Italiano (Svizzera)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/netherlands/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Nederlands" class="flag sprites-flag_nl"> </div>Nederlands</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-nl/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Nederlands (België)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Nederlands (België)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/poland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Polski" class="flag sprites-flag_pl"> </div>Polski</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/portugal/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Português" class="flag sprites-flag_pt"> </div>Português</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/finland/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Suomi" class="flag sprites-flag_fi"> </div>Suomi</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/sweden/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Svenska" class="flag sprites-flag_sv"> </div>Svenska</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/czechrepublic/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/?lang"><div title="Česky" class="flag sprites-flag_cs"> </div>Česky</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sections"> <a href="https://www.eso.org/sci.html">Science</a> <a href="/UserPortal/">User Portal</a> </div> <div class="searchbox"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="searchbox-button"> <span class="fa fa-search"></span> </button> <div id="searchbox-dropdown"> <form action="/public/search/" method="get" class="form-inline" role="search"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" value="" placeholder="Search..." name="q" class="form-control"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><span class="fa fa-search"></span></button> </span> </div>   </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe</a> <a href="/public/about-eso/travel/">Contact</a> <a href="/public/sitemap/">Site Map</a> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="main-menu-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="main-menu"> <div class="mobile-menu clearfix"> <button class="menu-trigger"><span class="fa fa-navicon"></span> Open Menu</button> </div> <ul class="level0 mainmenu-aim"> <li class="current"><a href="/public/about-eso/">About<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1 current"> <ul id="submenu-aim-2" class="submenu-aim selected current"> <li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/esoglance/"> ESO, the European Southern Observatory </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/organisation/"> Organisation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/mission-vision-values-strategy/"> Mission-Vision-Values-Strategy </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/"> Director General <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-6" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/previous-dg/"> List of Directors General <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-7" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/xbarcons/"> Prof. Xavier Barcons </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/tdezeeuw/"> Prof. T. de Zeeuw </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/ccesarsk/"> Dr. C. Cesarsky </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/rgiacconi/"> Prof. R. Giacconi </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/hvanderlaan/"> Prof. H. van der Laan </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/lwoltjer/"> Prof. L. Woltjer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/ablaauw/"> Prof. A. Blaauw </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/otto-heckmann/"> Prof. O. Heckmann </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/committees.html"> ESO's Governing Bodies </a></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/"> Member States and Partners <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-17" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current current-leaf"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/austrianinvolvement/"> Austria </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/belgianinvolvement/"> Belgium </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/czechinvolvement/"> Czechia </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/danishinvolvement/"> Denmark </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/finnishinvolvement/"> Finland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/frenchinvolvement/"> France </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/"> Germany </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/irishinvolvement/"> Ireland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/"> Italy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/dutchinvolvement/"> Netherlands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/polishinvolvement/"> Poland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/portugueseinvolvement/"> Portugal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/spanishinvolvement/"> Spain </a></li><li class=" current current-leaf"><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/"> Sweden </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/swissinvolvement/"> Switzerland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/britishinvolvement/"> United Kingdom </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/strategicpartners/australianinvolvement/"> Australia (Partner) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/eso-and-chile/"> ESO & Chile <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-35" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/eso-and-chile/representation-office-chile/"> ESO Representation Office in Chile </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/"> Travel and Contacts <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-37" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/garching/"> Travel to ESO Headquarters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/vitacura/"> Travel to Vitacura Office </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/guesthouse/"> Travel to Guesthouse </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/lasilla/"> Travel to La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/laserena/"> Travel to La Serena </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/paranal/"> Travel to Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/antofagasta/"> Travel to Antofagasta </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/chajnantor/"> Travel to Chajnantor </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/elt/"> Travel to ELT Armazones </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/"> Visits to ESO Sites <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-47" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/paranal/"> Weekend visits to Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/lasilla/"> Weekend Visits to La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/mediavisits/"> Media Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/virtual-tours/"> Virtual Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/artists-at-eso/"> Artistic Visits </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/societal-benefits/"> ESO and Society </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/architecture/"> Architecture at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/collaborations/"> Collaborations with ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/acronyms/"> ESO Acronyms </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/timeline/"> Timeline </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Sustainability <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-58" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/green/"> Environmental sustainability at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/eso-un-sdgs/"> ESO and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/dei-at-eso/"> Diversity, Equity and Inclusion </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/"> Frequently Asked Questions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-62" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-eso/"> ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-vlt-paranal/"> VLT/Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-apex-alma/"> APEX/ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://elt.eso.org/about/faq/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/privileges_and_immunities/"> Privileges and Immunities </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-eso-australia/"> ESO & Australia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dark-skies-preservation/"> Dark skies preservation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/"> Terms and Conditions </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/images/">Images<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-71" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/images/search/"> Advanced Search </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Categories <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-73" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/360pano/ "> 360 Panorama </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/alma/"> ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/apex/"> APEX </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/chile/"> Chile </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/cosmology/"> Cosmology </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/eso-supernova/"> ESO Supernova </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/fulldome/"> Fulldome </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/galaxies/"> Galaxies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/galaxyclusters/"> Galaxy Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/illustrations/"> Illustrations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/lasilla/"> La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/nebulae/"> Nebulae </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/paranal/"> Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/peopleandevents/"> People and Events </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/premises/"> Premises </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/blackholes/"> Quasars and Black Holes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/solarsystem/"> Solar System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/starclusters/"> Star Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/stars/"> Stars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/comparisons/"> Image Comparisons </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/imageformats/"> Image Formats </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/images/potw/"> Picture of the Week <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-98" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/images/archive/top100/"> Top 100 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-117" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://cdn.eso.org/images/top100-large.zip"> Large JPG Zip File (3.5 GB) </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://cdn.eso.org/images/top100-original.zip"> Original TIF Zip File (50 GB) </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Usage of ESO Images and Videos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/wallpapers/"> Wallpapers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/zoomable/"> Zoomable </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/videos/">Videos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-123" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/videos/search/"> Advanced Search </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Categories <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-125" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/abouteso/"> About ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/alma/"> ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/apex/"> APEX </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/chasingstarlight/"> Chasing Starlight </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/compilations/"> Compilations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/cosmology/"> Cosmology </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/"> ESOcast </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/events/"> Events </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/featuremovies/"> Feature Movies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/fulldome/"> Fulldome </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/galaxies/"> Galaxies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/galaxyclusters/"> Galaxy Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/lasilla/"> La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/nebulae/"> Nebulae </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/paranal/"> Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/premises/"> Premises </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/blackholes/"> Quasars and Black Holes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/solarsystem/"> Solar System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/starclusters/"> Star Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/stars/"> Stars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/vnr/"> Video News Releases </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Usage of ESO Videos and Images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videoformats/"> Video Formats </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/news/">News<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-151" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/news/"> Press Releases <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-152" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2021-2030 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-153" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2011–2020 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-158" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2001–2010 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-169" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2006/"> 2006 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2005/"> 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2004/"> 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2003/"> 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2002/"> 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2001/"> 2001 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1991–2000 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-180" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2000/"> 2000 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1999/"> 1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1998/"> 1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1997/"> 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1996/"> 1996 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1995/"> 1995 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1994/"> 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1993/"> 1993 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1992/"> 1992 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1991/"> 1991 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1985–1990 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-191" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1990/"> 1990 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1989/"> 1989 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1988/"> 1988 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1987/"> 1987 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1986/"> 1986 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1985/"> 1985 </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/announcements/"> Announcements <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-198" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/"> ESOblog </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/webupdates/"> New on eso.org </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/"> Press Room <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-217" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/broadcast/"> Broadcast Services </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/mediavisits/"> Media Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Copyright Notice </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/newsletters/"> ESO Newsletters <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-221" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/newsletters/esonews/"> ESO News </a></li><li class=""><a href="/sci/publications/newsletter/"> ESO Science Newsletter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/#2"> ESO Media Newsletter </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/pitch-your-research/"> Pitch your Research </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/shop/">ESOshop<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-226" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/shop/category/"> Shop Products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-227" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/annualreport/"> Annual Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/apparel/"> Apparel </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/book/"> Books </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/brochure/"> Brochures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/calendar/"> Calendars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/capjournal/"> CAPjournals </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/conferenceitem/"> Conferences </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/donation/"> Donations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/media/"> DVDs/Bluray/CDs </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/educationalmaterial/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/supernovaactivity/"> ESO Supernova Activities </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/flyer/"> Flyers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/handout/"> Handouts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/map/"> Maps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/merchandise/"> Merchandise </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/messenger/"> Messengers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/mountedimage/"> Mounted Images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/postcard/"> Postcards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/printedposter/"> Posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/technicaldocument/"> Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/sticker/"> Stickers </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/cart/"> View shopping cart </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/checkout/"> Checkout </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/shopinfo/"> Information <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-251" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/bulk_orders/"> Bulk Orders </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/"> Purchasing Steps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/payment/"> Payment </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/shipping/"> Shipping </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/shopstaff/"> Staff Shopping </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/terms/"> Terms & Conditions </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/freeorder/"> Free Orders for Educators and Media </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/teles-instr/">Telescopes & Instruments<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-259" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-260" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-261" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> VLT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-262" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/cubes/"> CUBES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/"> CRIRES+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/"> ERIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mavis/"> MAVIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-286" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlti/"> VLT Interferometer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-291" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity+/"> GRAVITY+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-301" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-302" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-308" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ctao/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-315" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-316" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-318" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-325" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-339" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-346" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-350" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-360" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-365" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-369" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-372" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-375" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-378" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-381" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-393" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/concerto/"> CONCERTO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-409" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/receiver-bands/"> Receiver Bands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-416" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/polarimetry/"> Polarimetry </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/instruments/"> Instruments </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-424" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/science/key-discoveries/"> ESO Key Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/gravitationalwaves/"> Gravitational Wave Sources </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Black Holes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-428" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/event-horizon/"> First image of a black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/EHT-MilkyWay/"> First image of the Milky Way central black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> More about the black hole at the galactic centre </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-434" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-436" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/60years/"> ESO at 60 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/eeltblast/"> ELT Groundbreaking </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/cafe-and-kosmos/"> Café & Kosmos in Munich </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/"> Awesome Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/100ha/"> 100 Hours of Astronomy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/theeye/"> The Eye 3D </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/imax-hidden-universe/"> IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exhibitions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-445" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> ESO Permanent Exhibitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/"> Astronomical Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-448" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/solareclipse2019/"> Total Solar Eclipse 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/mcnaught2007/"> The Comet McNaught 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/deepimpact/"> Deep Impact - 04.07.2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/"> The Venus Transit - 08.11.2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/outreach/">Outreach<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-460" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Education <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-461" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/education/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Science in School </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/teacherschools/"> Teacher Schools </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/"> Previous Programmes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-465" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/catch-a-star/"> Catch a Star </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/liu/"> Life in the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/pos/"> Physics On Stage </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="http://kids.alma.cl/?lang=en"> ALMA Kids </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/"> Partnerships <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-470" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/"> Volunteer Translators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/"> ESO Science Outreach Network </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/"> Collaborations in Chile <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-473" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/2009/"> 2009 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/organisations/"> ESO Outreach Partner Organisations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/educators/"> Informal Educators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/photo-ambassadors/"> ESO Photo Ambassadors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/music-ambassadors/"> ESO Music Ambassadors </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/"> Taking the First Picture of a Black Hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/gems/"> Cosmic Gems </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/social/"> Social Media </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/for_planetariums/"> For Planetariums </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/webcams/"> Webcams </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/your_eso_pictures/"> Your ESO Pictures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/astroprize/"> European Astronomy Journalism Prize </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/department/"> Our Team <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-487" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/department/students/"> Students and Visitors </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://supernova.eso.org/join-us/"> Join us </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://supernova.eso.org/"> ESO Supernova </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/art/"> Art at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/data2dome/"> Data2Dome </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/"> ESOblog </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/starsateso/"> Stars@ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/ai-disclaimer/"> AI Disclaimer </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/products/">Products<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-496" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Audiovisual and multimedia <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-497" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/models3d/"> 3D models </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/applications/"> Apps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/media/"> DVDs and CDs </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/imaxfilms/"> IMAX movies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/minisites/"> Mini-sites </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/music/"> Music </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/planetariumshows/"> Planetarium shows </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/presentations/"> Presentations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/soundscapes/"> Soundscapes </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/products/virtualbackgrounds/"> Virtual Backgrounds </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/virtualtours/"> Virtual Tours </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Periodicals <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-509" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/messengers/"> Messenger </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/capjournals/"> CAPjournal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/schools/"> Science in School </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Print products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-513" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/annualreports/"> Annual Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/books/"> Books </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/brochures/"> Brochures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/bulletins/"> Bulletins </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/calendars/"> Calendars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/conf_posters/"> Conference posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/flyers/"> Flyers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/handouts/"> Handouts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/maps/"> Maps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/presskits/"> Press kits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/reports/"> Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/postcards/"> Postcards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/stickers/"> Stickers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/print_posters/"> Printed posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/papermodels/"> Paper models </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/products/merchandise/"> Merchandise <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-529" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/merchandise/"> Merchandise </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/apparel/"> Apparel </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/mountedimages/"> Mounted images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/stationery/"> Stationery </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Electronic products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-534" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/electroniccards/"> Electronic cards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/elec_posters/"> Electronic posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/epublications/"> ePublications </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/products/virtualbackgrounds/"> Virtual Backgrounds </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/education/"> Educational material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/exhibitions/"> Exhibition material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/logos/"> Logos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/"> Order in ESOshop </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/industry/">Business@ESO<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-543" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/industry/cp.html"> Procurement at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/industry/events/"> Industry Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/"> Technology Transfer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-546" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/technology-developed-by-industry-or-institutes/"> Technology Developed by Industries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/develeso/"> Novel technologies by ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/developments/"> ESO know-how </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/projects/"> Future Projects <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-550" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/projects/elt/"> Working with the ELT </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/safety.html"> Safety <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-552" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/emergency.html"> Emergency & Evacuation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/traffic.html"> Traffic & Parking at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/contractors.html"> Contractors at ESO </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/contact/"> Contact Information </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="https://recruitment.eso.org/">Career Opportunities<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-557" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="https://recruitment.eso.org/"> Recruitment </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/"> Employment Conditions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-559" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/intstaff/"> International Staff Members </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/localstaff/"> Local Staff Members (Spanish / English) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/fellows/"> Fellows </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/students/"> Students </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/paidassoc/"> Paid Associates </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/working-at-eso/"> Working at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/other-information/"> Other Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/how_to_use/"> How to use this site </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="content" class=""> <div id="eso-side-logo"> <a href="/public/"> <div data-spy="affix" class="affix"> <div class="sprites-esologo"></div> <span>European<br>Southern<br>Observatory</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="container " id="body"> <div class="row no-page"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class='page-content'> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>Swedish Involvement with the European Southern Observatory</h1> <p align="center"><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2002a/"><img src="https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/newsfeature/eso2002a.jpg" alt="" /></a><br /><small>The complex gas environment surrounding the binary HD101584. (Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), Olofsson et al. Acknowledgement: Robert Cumming)</small></p> <p>Sweden is one of the five founding members of ESO and took part in signing the ESO convention on 5 October 1962. It officially became a Member State on 17 January 1964. As a founder, the Swedish community of scientists and engineers have contributed to ESO projects in many ways, from participating in scientific discoveries and by contributing to the development of instruments and telescopes. </p> <p>Sweden currently contributes 2.78% of ESO’s revenue (2021 contribution), worth 5 339 000 EUR. </p> <p>As of mid 2022, there are two Swedish nationals employed at ESO, both stationed in Germany. Furthermore, ESO has awarded two studentships and five fellowships to Swedish nationals since 2004, as well as one internship since 2014. </p> <p>Sweden is represented in the various ESO governing and advisory bodies by astronomers and policy experts; the current Swedish representatives of ESO’s various committees with national representation can be found <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/committees.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. </p> <p>The ESO Science Outreach Network (ESON) includes Swedish <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">representatives</a> who act as ESO’s media and outreach local contacts. </p> <p>Here follows some information about Sweden's involvement with ESO. </p> <h2>Discoveries by Sweden-based astronomers using ESO telescopes </h2> <p>Swedish researchers and those based at Swedish institutions have been involved in important discoveries using ESO facilities. These include </p> <ul> <li>Markus Janson (Stockholm University) who, with collaborators, used the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPHERE</a> instrument on ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope</a> (VLT) to successfully capture an image of a planet orbiting the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2118/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star b Centauri</a>. At the time of discovery this was the hottest and most massive planet-hosting star system found, with the planet orbiting at 100 times the distance that Jupiter orbits the Sun. </li> <li>Hans Olofsson (Chalmers University of Technology) who led a team that caught the beautiful spectacle of <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2002/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">two colliding stars</a> in the HD101584 binary, using <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>.</li> <li>Erik Zackrisson (Uppsala University) who was part of the team that used ALMA to detect <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1620/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glowing oxygen</a> in a distant galaxy seen just 700 million years after the Big Bang. This was the most distant galaxy in which oxygen had ever been unambiguously detected.</li> <li>The discovery of an <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1515/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extremely powerful magnetic field</a> close to the event horizon of a supermassive black hole by astronomers from Chalmers University of Technology and Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden, led by Ivan Martí-Vidal. This observation, using <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>, helps astronomers understand the structure and formation of these massive inhabitants of the centres of galaxies. </li> </ul> <h2>Swedish involvement in ESO instruments and telescopes at ESO sites </h2> <p>Sweden has contributed to many aspects of ESO, including the technology behind instruments, ESO telescopes and telescopes based at ESO sites. These include </p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRIRES+</a> instrument at the VLT, which is a collaboration between ESO, Germany, Sweden and Italy, with the Department for Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala as the Swedish partner in the consortium. The goal of CRIRES+ is to <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann21003/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">search for super-Earths</a> and take a closer look at their atmospheric composition. </li> <li>The 4MOST spectrograph which will sit at ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VISTA</a> telescope based at the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranal Observatory</a>. It is currently being developed by a consortium, which includes Sweden through Lund and Uppsala University. 4MOST will be able to capture the spectra of 2400 objects simultaneously, over an area in the sky equivalent to 20 full Moons. </li> <li><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APEX</a>, the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment, a <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17026/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collaborative effort</a> between the <a href="https://www.chalmers.se/en/researchinfrastructure/oso/radio-astronomy/apex/Pages/default.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Onsala Space Observatory</a> and the Max-Planck-Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn, Germany, and supported by ESO. </li> <li><a href="http://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SEPIA</a>, the “Swedish ESO PI receiver for APEX”, which has the goal to search for <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1543/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water and other molecules</a> in the Universe. It was designed and built by the Onsala Space Observatory's Group for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden and supported by ESO. </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope</a> (SEST, decommissioned) was built on behalf of the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (NFR) and ESO at ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Silla</a> Observatory. It was the only large sub-millimetre telescope in the southern hemisphere at the time of first light. SEST was decommissioned in 2003 and superseded by APEX and ALMA on <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/products/virtualtours/chajnantor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chajnantor</a>. </p> <h3>Swedish involvement in ELT instruments </h3> <p>Sweden institutions play a role in developing two instruments on ESO’s upcoming <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extremely Large Telescope</a> (ELT) </p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MOSAIC/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MOSAIC</a> instrument, which will peer closer at distant galaxies at the very edge of the observable Universe. MOSAIC is being developed by a consortium in which Stockholm University participates. </li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/ANDES/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANDES</a>, the instrument that will study astronomical objects with unprecedented sensitivity, will also be a first-generation ELT instrument. Uppsala University participates in the consortium that develops ANDES. </li> </ul> <h2>Swedish industry and technology contributions to ESO </h2> <p>Swedish companies and higher-education institutions have contributed significantly to the ALMA and APEX projects. For example, the Chalmers Technical University was responsible for some of the components of the ALMA Band 5 detectors and for the production of the ALMA Band 2 cold cartridge assemblies. Omnissys Instruments AB designed and produced water vapour radiometers for ALMA, with Onsala Space Observatory and Chalmers also contributing to the development of these devices. </p> <h3>Swedish industry contributions to the ELT </h3> <p>The main ELT related contracts already awarded to Swedish companies include </p> <ul> <li>The non-trivial task of <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann20009/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cleaning the M1 mirror segments</a> of the ELT. This will be possible thanks to specialised washing and stripping plants produced by the Swedish company Fagerström Industrikonsult AB.</li> <li>The company Cosylab Sweden AB, which provided core integration infrastructure for the ELT’s control system </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.cdn77.com">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/extras.d3e54451ebbb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/archives/djp/js/main.04a7335af5a0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on X/Twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/&text=Swedish Involvement with ESO&via=ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/&media=&description=Swedish Involvement with ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="mailto:%20?subject=ESO — Swedish Involvement with ESO&body=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='pbUhu0c4VDS83pRkJzlkiUsGwnI5iVARzgPkdRKijJXrcbCynXG0BCXcvkdfiCPe' /> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Swedish Involvement with ESO | ESO