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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_crossover_merging_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_crossover_merging_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Double crossover merging interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_crossover_merging_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three-level_diverging_diamond_interchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three-level_diverging_diamond_interchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Three-level diverging diamond interchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three-level_diverging_diamond_interchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diverging diamond interchange</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Freeway interchange design</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article reflects countries that <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">drive on the right</a>. For countries that drive on the left, reverse right and left.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_(50924270112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/220px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/330px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg/440px-Camp_Creek_at_I-285_Aerial_%2850924270112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A diverging diamond at <a href="/wiki/Interstate_285_(Georgia)" title="Interstate 285 (Georgia)">Interstate 285</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_Creek_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Creek Parkway">Camp Creek Parkway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=33_39_23.5_N_84_29_51.5_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°39′23.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">84°29′51.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.656528°N 84.497639°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.656528; -84.497639</span></span></span></a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diverging_diamond_redone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diverging_diamond_redone.svg/220px-Diverging_diamond_redone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diverging_diamond_redone.svg/330px-Diverging_diamond_redone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diverging_diamond_redone.svg/440px-Diverging_diamond_redone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A diagram illustrating traffic movements in the interchange</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-75_US_224_interchange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/I-75_US_224_interchange.png/220px-I-75_US_224_interchange.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/I-75_US_224_interchange.png 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Plan of rejected diverging diamond interchange in <a href="/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio" title="Findlay, Ohio">Findlay, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>diverging diamond interchange</b> (<b>DDI</b>), also called a <b>double crossover diamond interchange</b> (<b>DCD</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a subset of <a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">diamond interchange</a> in which the opposing directions of travel on the non-<a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a> road cross each other on either side of the interchange so that traffic crossing the freeway on the overpass or underpass is operating on the opposite <a href="/wiki/Driving_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving side">driving side</a> from that which is customary for the jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossovers may employ one-side overpasses or be at-grade and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a>. </p><p>The diverging diamond interchange has advantages in both efficiency and safety, and was cited by <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i> as one of the best engineering innovations of 2009<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the U.S. has been promoted as part of the Federal Highway Administration's <a href="/wiki/Every_Day_Counts_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Every Day Counts initiative">Every Day Counts initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flow through a diverging diamond interchange using overpasses at the crossovers is limited only by <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation#Weaving" title="Grade separation">weaving</a>, and the flow through an implementation using traffic lights is subject to only two clearance intervals (the time during which all lights are red so that the intersection may fully clear) per cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest safety concern of the interchange stems from its relative rarity, as drivers instinctively trying to stay on the customary side of the road could use the crossover intersections to turn against the posted direction of travel. This is a rare occurrence; it is possible only when traffic is so sparse that no cars from the oncoming direction are stopped at the light, and clear signage further reduces the likelihood of such errors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png/350px-Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png/525px-Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png/700px-Interstate_44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Pictures from the first diverging diamond interchange in the United States, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a><br />Top left: Traffic enters the interchange along <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_13" title="Missouri Route 13">Missouri Route 13</a><br />Top right: Traffic crosses over to the left side of the road<br />Bottom left: Traffic crosses over <a href="/wiki/Interstate_44_in_Missouri" title="Interstate 44 in Missouri">Interstate 44</a><br />Bottom right:Traffic crosses back over to the right side of the road.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/350px--Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="350" height="197" data-durationhint="269" data-mwtitle="Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="2720" data-height="1530" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm/Diverging_Diamond_Interchange.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Lunchtime traffic at the diverging diamond interchange at the <a href="/wiki/James_River_Freeway" title="James River Freeway">James River Freeway</a> and Route 13 in Springfield</figcaption></figure> <p>The first known diverging diamond interchanges were in France in the communities of <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a> (<a href="/wiki/A13_autoroute" title="A13 autoroute">A13</a> at D182), <a href="/wiki/Le_Perreux-sur-Marne" title="Le Perreux-sur-Marne">Le Perreux-sur-Marne</a> (<a href="/wiki/A4_autoroute" title="A4 autoroute">A4</a> at N486) and <a href="/wiki/Seclin" title="Seclin">Seclin</a> (<a href="/wiki/A1_autoroute_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 autoroute (France)">A1</a> at D549), all built in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ramps of the first two have since been reconfigured to accommodate ramps of other interchanges, but they continue to function as diverging diamond interchanges. The interchange in Seclin (at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=50_32_41_N_3_3_21_E_type:landmark_region:FR-59"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°32′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°3′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.54472°N 3.05583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.54472; 3.05583</span></span></span></a></span></span>) between the <a href="/wiki/A1_autoroute_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="A1 autoroute (France)">A1</a> and Route d'Avelin was somewhat more specialized than in the adjacent diagram: eastbound traffic on Route d'Avelin intending to enter the A1 northbound must keep left and cross the northernmost bridge before turning left to proceed north onto A1; eastbound traffic continuing east on Route d'Avelin must select a single center lane, merge with A1 traffic that is exiting to proceed east, and cross a center bridge. All westbound traffic that is continuing west or turning south onto A1 uses the southernmost bridge. </p><p>In the United States, invention of the diverging diamond interchange is credited to Gilbert Chlewicki.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Transportation" title="Ohio Department of Transportation">Ohio Department of Transportation</a> (ODOT) considered reconfiguring the existing interchange on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Ohio" title="Interstate 75 in Ohio">Interstate 75</a> at <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_224_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 224 in Ohio">U.S. Route 224</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Route_15" title="Ohio State Route 15">State Route 15</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Findlay,_Ohio" title="Findlay, Ohio">Findlay</a> as a diverging diamond interchange to improve traffic flow. Had it been constructed, it would have been the first DDI in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2006, ODOT had reconsidered, instead adding lanes to the existing overpass.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield,_Missouri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg/350px-I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg/525px-I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg/700px-I-44_and_Route_13_diverging_diamond_interchange_in_Springfield%2C_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2677" /></a><figcaption>Southbound approach to the I-44/Route 13 interchange in Springfield</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Transportation" title="Missouri Department of Transportation">Missouri Department of Transportation</a> (MoDot) was the first US agency to construct one, in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a> at the junction between <a href="/wiki/Interstate_44_in_Missouri" title="Interstate 44 in Missouri">I-44</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Route_13" title="Missouri Route 13">Missouri Route 13</a> (at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=37.2503_N_93.3107_W_scale:3000_type:landmark_region:US-MO&title=Springfield%2C+Missouri+diverging+diamond+interchange"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°18′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2503°N 93.3107°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2503; -93.3107</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Springfield, Missouri diverging diamond interchange</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>). Construction began the week of January 12, 2009, and the interchange opened on June 21, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interchange was a conversion of an existing standard diamond interchange, and used the existing bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MoDot reports that traffic congestion for left turns at the intersection cleared up immediately, and crashes dropped by 40–50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Rose_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rose-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> released a publication titled "Alternative Intersections/Interchanges: Informational Report (AIIR)"<sup id="cite_ref-Alternative_Intersections/Interchanges:_Informational_Report_(AIIR)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alternative_Intersections/Interchanges:_Informational_Report_(AIIR)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a chapter dedicated to this design. Additional research was conducted by a partnership of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turner-Fairbank_Highway_Research_Center" title="Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center">Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center</a> and published by Ohio Section of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Transportation_Cabinet" title="Kentucky Transportation Cabinet">Kentucky Transportation Cabinet</a> (KYTC) completed conversion of the intersection of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_68_in_Kentucky" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 68 in Kentucky">U.S. Route 68</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Route_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Route 4">Kentucky Route 4</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a> to a diverging diamond design, the first in the state and the sixth completed nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-DDI_Openings_by_Date_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDI_Openings_by_Date-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stantec" title="Stantec">Stantec</a>, the engineers who completed the upgrades to the interchange, noted the solution while providing substantial cost savings over other possible options also has decreased accidents by 45 percent, improved traffic flow to more than 35,000 vehicles per day, and incorporated KYTC's goal to provide new paths for bicycles and pedestrians through the area.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same day in Highland, Utah the seventh U.S. diverging diamond interchange opened at the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15_in_Utah" title="Interstate 15 in Utah">I-15</a> and Timpanogos Highway.<sup id="cite_ref-DDI_Openings_by_Date_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDI_Openings_by_Date-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">U.S. Department of Transportation</a> the goals of this intersection upgrade were similar, increasing traffic capacity and improved pedestrian and bicycle access while reaching these goals without requiring substantial revisions to the existing interstate overpass. Quoting a June 2014 USDOT publication, "the DDI has made travel more efficient and accessible for all users."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 2016 saw the introduction of diverging diamond interchanges by three states. In February, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Transportation" title="Oregon Department of Transportation">Oregon Department of Transportation</a> opened one in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Oregon" title="Phoenix, Oregon">Phoenix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Department_of_Transportation" title="New Mexico Department of Transportation">New Mexico Department of Transportation</a> converted the crossing of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Road_14" title="New Mexico State Road 14">NM 14 (Cerrillos Road)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_25_in_New_Mexico" title="Interstate 25 in New Mexico">Interstate 25</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Department_of_Transportation" title="Delaware Department of Transportation">Delaware Department of Transportation</a> completed the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Route_1" title="Delaware Route 1">DE-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Route_72" title="Delaware Route 72">DE-72 (Wrangle Hill Rd)</a> overpass west of <a href="/wiki/Delaware_City,_Delaware" title="Delaware City, Delaware">Delaware City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first interchange in Canada opened on August 13, 2017, at <a href="/wiki/Macleod_Trail" title="Macleod Trail">Macleod Trail</a> and 162 Avenue South in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by one east of <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan</a> the next year as part of the <a href="/wiki/Regina_Bypass" title="Regina Bypass">Regina Bypass</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first diverging diamond interchange in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> opened to traffic by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_and_Main_Roads" title="Department of Transport and Main Roads">Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads</a> on November 28, 2019. The interchange, located in <a href="/wiki/Caloundra" title="Caloundra">Caloundra, Queensland</a>, connects Caloundra Road to the <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Highway" title="Bruce Highway">Bruce Highway</a>. The former interchange was upgraded and converted as part of the larger Bruce Highway Upgrade Program.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation" title="Virginia Department of Transportation">Virginia Department of Transportation</a> completed the conversion of the interchange at Courthouse Road and I-95 in Stafford, VA into a diverging diamond interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Transportation" title="California Department of Transportation">California Department of Transportation</a> (Caltrans) completed the first diverging diamond interchange in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. An interchange at <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_120" title="California State Route 120">State Route 120</a> and Union Road in <a href="/wiki/Manteca,_California" title="Manteca, California">Manteca, California</a> was converted to this interchange and opened to traffic on November 25.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational">Operational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of October 14, 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, over 160 DDIs were operational across the world including: </p> <ul><li>3 in Australia, with more planned<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 in Belgium<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>3 in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1 in Denmark, opened September 17, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 in France, built in 1970s</li> <li>8 in Malaysia</li> <li>2 in Saudi Arabia</li> <li>2 in South Africa</li> <li>1 in the United Arab Emirates</li> <li>1 in Costa Rica</li> <li>>150 in the United States, with ~80 more under construction<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to a <a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">diamond interchange</a>, the advantages of a diverging diamond interchange are: </p> <ul><li>Two-phase signals with short cycle lengths, significantly reducing delay.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduced horizontal curvature reduces the risk of off-road crashes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Increases the capacity of turning movements to and from the ramps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Potentially reduces the number of lanes on the crossroad, minimizing space consumption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Reduces the number of conflict points, thus theoretically improving safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-advantages_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advantages-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increases the capacity<sup id="cite_ref-advantages_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advantages-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by removing the need for turn lanes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Costs significantly less than a normal interchange.<sup id="cite_ref-advantages_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advantages-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Drivers may not be familiar with configuration, particularly with regard to merging maneuvers along the opposite side of the roadway or the crossover flow of traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pedestrian (and other sidewalk-user) access requires at least four crosswalks (two to cross the two signalized lane crossover intersections, while two more cross the local road at each end of the interchange).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be mitigated by signalizing all movements without impacting the two-phase nature of the interchange’s signals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flowing</a> traffic in both directions on the non-freeway road is impossible as the signals cannot be green at both intersections for both directions simultaneously.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Highway bus stops must be sited outside the interchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Allowing exiting traffic to re-enter the through road in the same direction requires leaving the interchange on the local road and turning around, e.g., via a <a href="/wiki/Median_U-turn_crossover" class="mw-redirect" title="Median U-turn crossover">median U-turn crossover</a>. This affects several use cases:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Drivers who take the wrong exit</li> <li>Bypassing a crash at the bridge</li> <li>Allowing an <a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">oversize load</a> to bypass a low bridge</li></ul></li> <li>Some factors make turning left onto a diverging diamond interchange from the highway ramp more hazardous: 1) There is a yield sign instead of a traffic light. 2) The driver can not see if the light for the through traffic is red or green. 3) The visible distance to see the oncoming through traffic from that vantage is very short. All of these combined results in the driver entering a potentially very busy interchange without sufficient information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_considerations">Further considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Special:EditPage/Diverging diamond interchange">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>No standards currently exist for this design.</li> <li>The design depends on site-specific conditions.</li> <li>Additional signage, lighting, and pavement markings are needed beyond the levels for a standard diamond interchange.</li> <li>Local road should be a low-speed facility, preferably under 45 mph (72 km/h) posted speed on the crossroad approach. However, this may be mitigated by utilizing a higher design speed for the crossing movements.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Double_crossover_merging_interchange">Double crossover merging interchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Double crossover merging interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCMI-cgi-example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DCMI-cgi-example.png/220px-DCMI-cgi-example.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DCMI-cgi-example.png/330px-DCMI-cgi-example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/DCMI-cgi-example.png/440px-DCMI-cgi-example.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>3D computer generated DCMI</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCMI-Flow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DCMI-Flow.jpg/220px-DCMI-Flow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DCMI-Flow.jpg/330px-DCMI-Flow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/DCMI-Flow.jpg/440px-DCMI-Flow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption>DCMI traffic flow patterns</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">free-flowing interchange</a> variant, patented in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has received recent attention.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called the <b>double crossover merging interchange</b> (<b>DCMI</b>), it includes elements from the diverging diamond interchange, the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange#Tight_diamond" title="Diamond interchange">tight diamond interchange</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">stack interchange</a>. It eliminates the disadvantages of weaving and of merging into the outside lane from which the standard DDI variation suffers. A highway U-turn requires weaving, however. As of 2016, no such interchanges have been constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three-level_diverging_diamond_interchange">Three-level diverging diamond interchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Three-level diverging diamond interchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another variation of the diverging diamond was developed by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of their <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona" title="Interstate 10 in Arizona">I-10</a> widening/<a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_210" title="Arizona State Route 210">SR 210</a> extension project near <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>. The interchange (I-10 exit 270 at Kolb Road) will be reconfigured as a combination of both a diverging diamond and a <a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">three-level diamond interchange</a>. The ramps (the top level/Kolb Road) would carry thru traffic while the diverging diamond (the second level/interchange) would be for traffic getting on or off the freeway (the third level/I-10).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_interchanges_in_the_United_States" title="List of road interchanges in the United States">List of road interchanges in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban interchange</a> (SPUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+Intersections+%26+Interchanges+Symposium&rft.pub=Transportation+Research+Board&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2FConferences%2F2014%2FIntersections%2Fprogram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButeliauskasJuozapavičius2014" class="citation web cs1">Buteliauskas, Stanislovas; Juozapavičius, Aušrius (June 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004170852/http://teachamerica.com/ai14/ai14papers/ai14_3CJuozapavicius.pdf">"Interchange of a New Generation Pinavia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Military Academy of Lithuania. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachamerica.com/ai14/ai14papers/ai14_3CJuozapavicius.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interchange+of+a+New+Generation+Pinavia&rft.pub=Military+Academy+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft.aulast=Buteliauskas&rft.aufirst=Stanislovas&rft.au=Juozapavi%C4%8Dius%2C+Au%C5%A1rius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachamerica.com%2Fai14%2Fai14papers%2Fai14_3CJuozapavicius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azdot.gov/planning/transportation-studies/interstate-10-and-state-route-210-study">"Interstate 10 and State Route 210 Study | Department of Transportation"</a>. <i>azdot.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azdot.gov&rft.atitle=Interstate+10+and+State+Route+210+Study+%7C+Department+of+Transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazdot.gov%2Fplanning%2Ftransportation-studies%2Finterstate-10-and-state-route-210-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlewicki2003" class="citation web cs1">Chlewicki, Gilbert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111020071633/http://www.urbanstreet.info/2nd_sym_proceedings/Volume%202/Chlewicki.pdf">"New Interchange and Intersection Designs: The Synchronized Split-Phasing Intersection and the Diverging Diamond Interchange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanstreet.info/2nd_sym_proceedings/Volume%202/Chlewicki.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Interchange+and+Intersection+Designs%3A+The+Synchronized+Split-Phasing+Intersection+and+the+Diverging+Diamond+Interchange&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chlewicki&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanstreet.info%2F2nd_sym_proceedings%2FVolume%25202%2FChlewicki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChlewicki2011" class="citation web cs1">Chlewicki, Gilbert (December 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divergingdiamond.com/about.html">"About Chlewicki"</a>. <i>The Diverging Diamond Interchange Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diverging+Diamond+Interchange+Website&rft.atitle=About+Chlewicki&rft.date=2011-12-04&rft.aulast=Chlewicki&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divergingdiamond.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnovations_Library2010" class="citation web cs1">Innovations Library (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/or10021.pdf">"Missouri's Experience with a Diverging Diamond Interchange: Lessons Learned"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Missouri Department of Transportation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missouri%27s+Experience+with+a+Diverging+Diamond+Interchange%3A+Lessons+Learned&rft.pub=Missouri+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2010-05&rft.au=Innovations+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.modot.mo.gov%2FRDT%2Freports%2FUnNumbrd%2For10021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner-Fairbank_Highway_Research_Center" class="citation web cs1">Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/safety/pubs/07048/">"Drivers' Evaluation of the Diverging Diamond Interchange"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>. FHWA-HRT-07-048.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drivers%27+Evaluation+of+the+Diverging+Diamond+Interchange&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.au=Turner-Fairbank+Highway+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfhrc.gov%2Fsafety%2Fpubs%2F07048%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiverging+diamond+interchange" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Diverging_diamond_interchanges" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Diverging diamond interchanges">Diverging diamond interchanges</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=14769524027177477">DDI Guideline – A UDOT Guide to Diverging Diamond Interchanges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814220027/http://www.udot.utah.gov/main/uconowner.gf?n=14769524027177477">Archived</a> August 14, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Utah Department of Transportation, June 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://showcase.gspnet.com/Showcase/Projects/Showcase-4/Bessemer-US-129-Bypass-Diverging-Diamond-Intercha">Transportation engineers discuss the design of the fifth U.S. DDI in Alcoa, TN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCtAxQeR_bs">Video of Paramics Traffic Simulation software modeling a Double Crossover Diamond Interchange</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HD-0QnUlLOQ">Diverging Diamond Interchange Visualization</a>, Instructional video on how to drive in a DDI, NCDOTcommunications, published on 10 March 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/26387111@N06/sets/72157621103069705">Images of Diverging Diamond Interchange in Springfield, Missouri</a> the first in North America.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-j3yF0G0OCQ">Animation of Diverging Diamond Interchange under construction at Elmhurst Road on Interstate 90 near Elk Grove, Illinois, to be completed in 2016</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTOiN5e8EM8">Animation of Diverging Diamond Interchange at I-590/Winton Road (Rochester, New York)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diverging_diamond_interchange&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=48.832115_N_2.152859_E_region:FR-IDF_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°49′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°09′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.832115°N 2.152859°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.832115; 2.152859</span></span></span></a></span></span>—Diverging diamond in <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, France</li> <li><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=37.25_N_93.31_W_type:landmark_region:FR-59"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">93°19′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.25°N 93.31°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.25; -93.31</span></span></span></a></span></span> Diverging diamond in <a href="/wiki/Seclin" title="Seclin">Seclin</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Diverging_diamond_interchange&params=37.2503_N_93.3107_W_scale:3000_type:landmark_region:US-MO&title=Springfield%2C+Missouri+diverging+diamond+interchange"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°15′01″N</span> <span class="longitude">93°18′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.2503°N 93.3107°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.2503; -93.3107</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Springfield, Missouri diverging diamond interchange</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>—Diverging diamond in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> 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