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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intentional_collisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentional_collisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Intentional collisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentional_collisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_salt_accumulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_salt_accumulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Road salt accumulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_salt_accumulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_abundance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_abundance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and abundance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_abundance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_affected" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_affected"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Species affected</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species_affected-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species affected subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species_affected-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scavengers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scavengers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Scavengers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scavengers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadkill_observation_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadkill_observation_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Roadkill observation projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadkill_observation_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_wildlife_roadkill_identification_guide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_wildlife_roadkill_identification_guide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>State wildlife roadkill identification guide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_wildlife_roadkill_identification_guide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Large_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Large animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Small animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Night_driving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Night_driving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Night driving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Night_driving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Wildlife crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canopy_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canopy_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Canopy crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canopy_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Escape routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fencing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fencing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Fencing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fencing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating_roadkill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_roadkill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eating roadkill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_roadkill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sra%C5%BEen%C3%A9_zv%C3%AD%C5%99e" title="Sražené zvíře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sražené zvíře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Roadkill" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cosemortinto" title="Ŝosemortinto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝosemortinto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کشته جاده‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشته جاده‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%ED%82%AC" title="로드킬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로드킬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roadkill" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A2%E6%AD%BB" title="轢死 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="轢死" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikkdrepte_dyr" title="Trafikkdrepte dyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trafikkdrepte dyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roadkill" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%88_%DA%A9%D9%84" title="روڈ کل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روڈ کل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA_ch%E1%BA%BFt_d%E1%BB%8Dc_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Thú chết dọc đường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thú chết dọc đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%AE%BA" title="路殺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路殺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roadkill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roadkill (disambiguation)">Roadkill (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Traffic victims" redirects here. For human casualties, see <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions">Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Animals that have died due to vehicular incursions</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River,_SC,_USA,_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg/220px-Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg/330px-Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg/440px-Roadkill_on_Route_170_Okatie_Hwy_by_the_Chechessee_River%2C_SC%2C_USA%2C_jjron_09.04.2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>The battered remains of a roadkilled <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">deer</a> on <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_170" title="South Carolina Highway 170">South Carolina Highway 170</a> by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_South_Carolina" title="List of rivers of South Carolina">Chechessee River</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_roadkill2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bear_roadkill2.jpg/220px-Bear_roadkill2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bear_roadkill2.jpg/330px-Bear_roadkill2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bear_roadkill2.jpg/440px-Bear_roadkill2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Wide-ranging large <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> like this <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bear</a> are particularly vulnerable to becoming roadkill.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Roadkill</b> is a wild animal that has been killed by collision with motor vehicles. Wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) have increasingly been the topic of academic research to understand the causes, and how they can be mitigated.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg/220px-Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg/330px-Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg/440px-Roadkill_caracal_in_Afedena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Roadkill <a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">caracal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afedena_(exclosure)" title="Afedena (exclosure)">Afedena (exclosure)</a>, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p>Essentially non-existent before the advent of mechanized transport, roadkill is associated with increasing automobile speed in the early 20th century. In 1920, naturalist Joseph Grinnell wrote of his observations in the state of California that "this is a relatively new source of fatality; and if one were to estimate the entire mileage of such roads in the state, the mortality must mount into the hundreds and perhaps thousands every 24 hours."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe and North America, deer are the animal most likely to cause vehicle damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg/220px-Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg/330px-Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg/440px-Reh_im_Feld_mit_Auto_im_Hintergrund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4737" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption>Deer that feed in close vicinity to a road are at risk of being killed in a road accident</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of roads affects wildlife by altering and isolating habitat and populations, deterring the movement of wildlife, and resulting in extensive wildlife mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One writer states that "our insulated industrialized culture keeps us disconnected from life beyond our windshields."<sup id="cite_ref-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driving "mindlessly" without paying attention to the movements of others in the vehicle's path, driving at speeds that do not allow stopping, and distractions contribute to the death toll.<sup id="cite_ref-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, a culture of indifference and hopelessness is created if people learn to ignore lifeless bodies on roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intentional_collisions">Intentional collisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intentional collisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada in 1996 found many reptiles killed on portions of the road where vehicle tires do not usually pass over, which led to the inference that some drivers intentionally run over reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138">: 138 </span></sup> To verify this hypothesis, research in 2007 found that 2.7% of drivers intentionally hit reptile decoys masquerading as snakes and turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several drivers were seen to speed up when aiming for the decoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup> Male drivers hit the reptile decoys more often than female drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2007_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140–141">: 140–141 </span></sup> However, 3.4% of male drivers and 3% of female drivers stopped to rescue the reptile decoys.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashley_2007_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashley_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_salt_accumulations">Road salt accumulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Road salt accumulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip#Wildlife_attraction" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip § Wildlife attraction</a></div> <p>On roadways where <a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">rumble strips</a> are installed to provide a tactile vibration alerting drivers when drifting from their lane, the rumble strips may accumulate road salt in regions where it is used. The excess salt can accumulate and attract both small and large wildlife in search of <a href="/wiki/Salt_lick" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt lick">salt licks</a>; these animals are at great risk of becoming roadkill or causing accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_abundance">Distribution and abundance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and abundance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very large numbers of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and invertebrates are killed on the world's roads every day.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Humane Society volunteer survey conducted over three Memorial Day weekends in the 1960s estimated that one million vertebrate animals are killed by vehicular traffic daily in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 Federal Highway Administration report estimates that 1 to 2 million accidents occur each year between large animals and vehicles. Extrapolating globally based on total length of roads, roughly 5.5 million vertebrates are killed per day, or over 2 billion annually.<sup id="cite_ref-BGL_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGL-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The estimated number of birds killed on the roads in different European countries ranges from 350,000 to 27 million, depending on the factors such as the geography of the country and bird migration paths.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_affected">Species affected</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Species affected"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mortality resulting from roadkill can be very significant for species with small populations. Roadkill is estimated to be responsible for 50% of deaths of <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panthers</a>, and is the largest cause of <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a> deaths in England. Roadkill is considered to significantly contribute to the population decline of many threatened species, including wolf, koala and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_quoll" title="Eastern quoll">eastern quoll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRO_2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRO_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tasmania, Australia the most common species affected by roadkill are <a href="/wiki/Brushtail_possum" title="Brushtail possum">brushtail possums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_pademelon" title="Tasmanian pademelon">Tasmanian pademelons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRO_2008_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRO_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bolivia there has been a report of an Andean cat, a critically endangered species, dead by a car collision.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, 25 schools throughout <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, United States, participated in a roadkill study involving 1,923 animal deaths. By category, the fatalities were: 81% mammals, 15% bird, 3% reptiles and amphibians, 1% indiscernible.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Extrapolation" title="Extrapolation">Extrapolating</a> these data nationwide, Merritt Clifton (editor of <i>Animal People Newspaper</i>) estimated that the following animals are being killed by motor vehicles in the United States annually: 41 million squirrels, 26 million cats, 22 million rats, 19 million <a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Virginia opossums</a>, 15 million <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoons</a>, 6 million dogs, and 350,000 deer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study may not have considered differences in observability between taxa (e.g. dead raccoons are easier to see than dead frogs), and has not been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature. Observability, amongst other factors, may be the cause for mammal species to dominate roadkill reports, whereas bird and amphibian mortality are likely underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year-long study in northern India in an agricultural landscape covering only 20 km of road identified 133 road kills of 33 species comprising amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The study compared road-killed animals with all species seen along the road and estimated that traffic killed individuals of 30% of amphibian species, 25% of reptile species, 16% of birds, and 27% of mammals that were seen in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Windshield_phenomenon" title="Windshield phenomenon">Windshield phenomenon</a></div> <p>A 2007 study showed that insects, too, are prone to a very high risk of roadkill incidence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research showed interesting patterns in insect roadkills in relation to the vehicle density. </p><p>The decrease in insects being killed by cars is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Windshield_phenomenon" title="Windshield phenomenon">windshield phenomenon</a>". In 2003–2004, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> investigated anecdotal reports of declining insect populations in the UK by asking drivers to affix a postcard-sized PVC rectangle, called a "splatometer", to the front of their cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Splatometer2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Splatometer2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost 40,000 drivers took part, and the results found one squashed insect for every 5 miles (8.0 km) driven. This contrasts with 30 years ago when cars were covered more completely with insects, supporting the idea that insect numbers had waned.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Dutch biologist Arnold van Vliet coordinated a similar study of insect deaths on car license plates. He found two insects killed on the license-plate area for every 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) driven. This implies about 1.6 <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a> insect deaths by cars per year in the Netherlands, and about 32.5 trillion deaths in the United States if the figures are extrapolated there.<sup id="cite_ref-Messenger2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messenger2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number grows to 228 trillion per year if extended globally.<sup id="cite_ref-BGL_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGL-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scavengers">Scavengers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scavengers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One rarely considered positive aspect of roadkill is the regular availability of carrion it provides for scavenger species such as vultures, crows, ravens, foxes, opossums and a wide variety of carnivorous insects. Areas with robust scavenger populations tend to see roadkilled animal corpses being quickly carried off, sometimes within minutes of being struck. This can skew data and cause a lower estimation of the number of roadkill animals per year.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particularly roadkill-prone areas, scavenging birds rely on roadkill for much of their daily nutritional requirements, and can even be seen observing the roadway from telephone poles, overhead wires and trees, waiting for animals, usually squirrels, opossums and raccoons to be struck so they can swoop down and feed. However, such scavengers are at greater risk of becoming roadkill themselves, and are subject to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">evolutionary pressure</a> to be alert to traffic hazards. </p><p>In contrast, areas where scavengers have been driven out (such as many urban areas) often see roadkill rotting in place indefinitely on the roadways and being further macerated by traffic. The remains must be manually removed by dedicated disposal personnel and disposed of via cremation; this greatly increases the public nuisance inherent to roadkill, unnecessarily complicates its disposal, and consumes additional public money, time and fuel that could be spent on other roadway maintenance projects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roadkill_observation_projects">Roadkill observation projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roadkill observation projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of roadkill has proven highly amenable to the application of <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a> observation methods. Since 2009, statewide roadkill observation systems have been started in the US, enrolling hundreds of observers in reporting roadkill on a website. The observers, who are usually naturalists or professional scientists, provide identification, location, and other information about the observations. The data are then displayed on a website for easy visualization and made available for studies of proximate causes of roadkill, actual wildlife distributions, wildlife movement, and other studies. Roadkill observation system websites are available for the US states of California,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maine,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Idaho.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each case, index roads are used to help quantify total impact of vehicle collisions on specific vertebrate taxa. Researchers that use data from citizen science platforms may benefit from a large pool of data, specially for iconic, well known conspicuous species. Care must be taken when analyzing data for species that are not easy to identify, as studies have showed that misidentification is not uncommon amongst these platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, "The Road Lab" (formerly Project Splatter) was started by <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff University</a> in 2012, with the aim of estimating the impact of roads and motoring on British wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then it has gathered data on its website, and on several social media platforms including Facebook<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, the project "Provide Animals Safe Transit on Highways" (PATH) was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Environment_Conservation_Group" title="Environment Conservation Group">Environment Conservation Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2015, to study the impact of roads on Indian wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team of five wildlife conservationists led by R. Mohammed Saleem had undertaken a forty-four-day expedition, traveling more than 17,000 kilometers across 22 states to study and spread awareness on roadkill.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also gathering data on its website, and social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More focused scientific studies on impacts of traffic on animals have been conducted across India especially in the Western Ghats of south India documenting a large number of species of insects, other arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals killed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study conducted on 420 km of roads located along cultivated fields in Punjab showed granivorous birds to be killed far more than their availability, likely attracted to spilled grain on the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Czech Republic, an online animal-vehicle crash reporting system Srazenazver.cz is gathering both professional (Police, road maintenance) and volunteered data on roadkill and wildlife-vehicle crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application allows users to input, edit and browse data. The data is visualized in the form of maps, graphs or tables and analyzed online (KDE+ hotspots identification, area statistics).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Wombat" title="Wombat">wombat</a> roadkill data is collected by the citizen science project, WomSAT.<sup id="cite_ref-WomSAT_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WomSAT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skelton_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skelton-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_wildlife_roadkill_identification_guide">State wildlife roadkill identification guide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: State wildlife roadkill identification guide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first wildlife roadkill identification guide produced by a state agency in North America was published by the British Columbia Ministry of Transportation (BCMoT) in Canada in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BCMoT's "Wildlife Roadkill Identification Guide" focused on the most common large carnivores and ungulates found in British Columbia. The guide was developed to assist BCMoT's maintenance contractors in identifying wildlife carcasses found on provincial highways as part of their responsibilities for BCMoT's Wildlife Accident Reporting System (WARS).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Prevention"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goat_underpass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Goat_underpass.jpg/170px-Goat_underpass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Goat_underpass.jpg/255px-Goat_underpass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Goat_underpass.jpg/340px-Goat_underpass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goats</a> used to cross <a href="/wiki/US_Route_2" class="mw-redirect" title="US Route 2">US Route 2</a> to reach a <a href="/wiki/Salt_lick" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt lick">salt lick</a> on the other side of the canyon. Now they can get there via rocky passageways underneath these bridges, shielded from view by tree cover and the steep hillside.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg/220px-Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg/330px-Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg/440px-Australia_animal_warning_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signs">Traffic signs</a> are often used to warn of areas with increased animal activity. These signs are not always successful, as shown by the dead <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a> in the far distance to the right of the sign.</figcaption></figure> <p>Collisions with animals can have many negative consequences: </p> <ul><li>Death and suffering of animals struck by vehicles</li> <li>Injury to, or death of, vehicle occupants</li> <li>Harm to endangered species</li> <li>Loss of livestock or pets</li> <li>Vehicle damage</li> <li>Economic losses (cleanup, repairs to vehicles, etc.)</li> <li>Being a distasteful sight, particularly costly to locations economically reliant on tourism<sup id="cite_ref-CSIRO_2008_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIRO_2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Regardless of the spatial scale at which the mitigation measure is applied, there are two main types of roadkill mitigation measures: changing driver behavior, and changing wildlife behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnus_et_al_2004_p3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnus_et_al_2004_p3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three potential ways to change driver behavior. Primary methods focus on changing driver attitude by increasing public awareness and helping people understand that reducing roadkill will benefit their community. The second potential way is to make people aware of specific hazardous areas by use of signage, rumble strips or lighting. The third potential way is to slow traffic physically or psychologically, using <a href="/wiki/Chicane" title="Chicane">chicanes</a> or speed bumps. </p><p>There are three categories of altering wildlife behavior. Primary methods discourage wildlife from loitering on roadsides by reducing food and water resources, or by making the road surfaces lighter in color which may make wildlife feel more exposed on the roadway. Second are methods of discouraging wildlife from crossing roads, at least when cars are present, using equipment such as ultrasonic whistles, reflectors, and fencing. Third are mechanisms to provide safe crossing like overpasses, underpasses and escape routes. </p><p>Although it is not illegal to help wild animals that are in danger of becoming roadkill, stopping on the highway is potentially dangerous and may result in injury or death of the person that is helping them and/or an inattentive driver that collides into their stopped vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_animals">Large animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Large animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/220px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/330px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG/440px-Moosecrossingkenaiak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Moose crossing sign with kill counter, <a href="/wiki/Kenai,_Alaska" title="Kenai, Alaska">Kenai, Alaska</a>. Trees and brush near the road are trimmed back to make approaching moose easier to see.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, an estimated 1.25 million insurance claims are filed annually due to collisions with deer, elk, or moose, amounting to 1 out of 169 collision damage claims.<sup id="cite_ref-SFarm_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFarm-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collisions with large animals with antlers (such as deer) are particularly dangerous, but any large, long-legged animal (e.g. horses, larger cattle, camels) can pose a similar cabin incursion hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchir_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchir-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Injury to humans due to driver failure to maintain control of a vehicle either while avoiding, or during and immediately after an animal impact, is also common. Dusk and dawn are times of highest collision risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefDrv_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefDrv-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recommended reaction to a large animal (such as a moose) is to slow down in lane, if at all possible, and to avoid swerving suddenly, which could cause loss of control.<sup id="cite_ref-SFarm_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFarm-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chan_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a collision cannot be avoided, it is best to swerve towards the rear end of the animal, as it is more likely to run forward.<sup id="cite_ref-SDT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDT-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drivers who see a deer near or in the roadway should be aware that it is very likely that other members of a herd are nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-DrvEd_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrvEd-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acoustic warning <a href="/wiki/Deer_horn" title="Deer horn">deer horns</a> can be mounted on vehicles to warn deer of approaching automobiles, though their effectiveness is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic wind-driven whistles are often promoted as a cheap, simple way to reduce the chance of wildlife-vehicle collisions. In one study, the sound pressure level of the whistle was 3 dB above the sound pressure level of the test vehicle, but caused no observable difference in behavior of animals when the whistles were activated and not activated, casting doubt on their effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnus_et_al_2004_p10_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnus_et_al_2004_p10-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, kangaroos are the most common species hit and killed by vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing significant damage and even fatalities. Another large species hit and killed by vehicles are wombats.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sightings of wombat roadkill can be logged at WomSAT to help support the implementation of mitigation strategies to reduce wombat deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-WomSAT_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WomSAT-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skelton_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skelton-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_animals">Small animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Small animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Squirrels, rabbits, birds, or other small animals are often crushed by vehicles. Serious accidents may result from motorists swerving or stopping for squirrels in the road.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CST_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CST-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whidbey_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidbey-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatPost_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatPost-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such evasive maneuvers are often unproductive, since small rodents and birds are much more agile and quicker to react than motorists in heavy vehicles. There is very little a driver can do to avoid an unpredictably darting squirrel or rabbit, or even to intentionally hit one. The suggested course of action is to continue driving in a predictable, safe manner, and let the small animal decide on the spur of the moment which way to run or fly; the majority of vehicular encounters end with no harm to either party.<sup id="cite_ref-Tchir_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tchir-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NoSwerve_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoSwerve-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OntHbk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OntHbk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Night_driving">Night driving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Night driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although strikes can happen at any time of day, deer tend to move at dusk and dawn, and are particularly active during the October–December <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">mating season</a> as well as late March and early April in the Northern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-DrvEd_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrvEd-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driving at night presents its own challenges: nocturnal species are active, and visibility, particularly side visibility, is reduced. Penguins, for example, are common roadkill traffic victims in <a href="/wiki/Wellington,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington, New Zealand">Wellington, New Zealand</a> due to their color and the fact that they come ashore at dusk and leave again around dawn.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Night time drivers should reduce speed and use high beam headlights when possible to give themselves maximum time to avoid a collision.<sup id="cite_ref-DrvEd_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DrvEd-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when headlights approach a nocturnal animal, it is hard for the creature to see the approaching car (nocturnal animals see better in low than in bright light). Furthermore, the glare of oncoming vehicle headlights can dazzle some species, such as rabbits; they will freeze in the road rather than flee. It may be better to flash the headlights on and off, rather than leaving them on continuously while approaching an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-SFarm_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SFarm-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The simple tactics of reducing speed and scanning both sides of the road for foraging deer can improve driver safety at night, and drivers may see the <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">retro-reflection</a> of an animal's eyes before seeing the animal itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Chan_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DefDrv_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefDrv-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OntHbk_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OntHbk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_crossings">Wildlife crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wildlife crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_crossing" title="Wildlife crossing">Wildlife crossing</a></div> <p>Wildlife crossings allow animals to travel over or underneath roads. They are most widely used in Europe, but have also been installed in a few US locations and in parts of Western Canada. As new highways cause habitats to become increasingly fragmented, these crossings can play an important role in protecting endangered species. </p><p>In the US, sections of road known to have heavy deer cross-traffic will usually have warning signs depicting a bounding deer; similar signs exist for moose, elk, and other species. In the American West, roads may pass through large areas designated as "<a href="/wiki/Open_range" title="Open range">open range</a>", meaning no fences separate drivers from large animals such as cattle or bison. A driver may round a bend to find a small herd standing in the road. Open range areas are generally marked with signage and protected by <a href="/wiki/Cattle_grid" title="Cattle grid">cattle grids</a>. </p><p>In an attempt to mitigate US$1.2 billion in animal-related vehicular damage, a few US states now have sophisticated systems to protect motorists from large animals.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these systems is called the Roadway Animal Detection System (RADS).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A solar powered sensor can detect large animals such as deer, bear, elk, and moose near the roadway, and thereafter flash a light to alert oncoming drivers. The sensor's detection distance ranges from 650 feet (200 m) to unlimited, depending on the terrain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canopy_crossings">Canopy crossings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canopy crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg/220px-Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg/330px-Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg/440px-Lion_tailed_macaque_canopy_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4712" data-file-height="3141" /></a><figcaption>Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) on the canopy bridge in <a href="/wiki/Annamalai_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Annamalai Hills">Annamalai Hills</a><sup id="cite_ref-roundglass_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roundglass-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The removal of trees associated with road construction produces a gap in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest canopy">forest canopy</a> that forces arboreal (tree dwelling) species to come to the ground to travel across the gap. Canopy crossings have been constructed for <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrels</a> in Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Colobus_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Colobus monkey">colobus monkeys</a> in Kenya, and <a href="/wiki/Ringtail_possum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringtail possum">ringtail possums</a> in Far North Queensland, Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crossings have two purposes: to ensure that roads do not restrict movement of animals and also to reduce roadkill. Installation of the canopy crossings may be relatively quick and cheap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escape_routes">Escape routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Escape routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banks, cuttings and fences that trap animals on the road are associated with roadkill.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to increase the likelihood of escape from a main roadway, escape routes have been constructed on the access roads. Escape routes may be considered as one of the most useful measures, especially when new roads are being built or roads are being upgraded, widened or sealed. Research may be undertaken into the efficacy of escape routes by observation of animals’ response to vehicles in places with natural escape routes and barriers, rather than trialing purpose-built escape routes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fencing">Fencing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, in southern England, there is a proposal to fence roads to protect the <a href="/wiki/New_Forest_pony" title="New Forest pony">New Forest pony</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, this proposal is controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposal">Disposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Removing animal carcasses from roadways is considered essential to public safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal takes away the potential distraction and hazard of the carcass to other motorists.<sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_road_kills_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock_road_kills-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quick removal can also prevent deaths of other animals that may wish to feed on the carcass, as well as animals that may go into the road to try to move the body of an animal in their social group.<sup id="cite_ref-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_Today_Animals_and_Cars-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes rather than removal, the carcass is moved to a nearby public right-of-way where it can be consumed by scavengers, but not placed in a ditch or where waterways might be polluted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hancock_road_kills_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hancock_road_kills-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covering the carcass with wood chips can aid in decomposition while minimizing odor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_EPA_Disposal_of_roadkill-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local governments and other levels of government have services that pick up dead animals from roadways, who will respond when advised about a dead animal. </p><p>New York City has an online request form which may be completed by residents of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> has a process to report dead wildlife to the Department of Environmental Conservation; they are especially interested in marked/tagged wildlife and endangered or threatened species.<sup id="cite_ref-NY_State_reporting_dead_wildlife_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_State_reporting_dead_wildlife-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada, the city accepts requests to remove a dead animal by telephone.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an animal is found along a major highway, depending on who has jurisdiction for maintaining the highway, the request may be directed to the city, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_of_Ontario" title="Ministry of Transportation of Ontario">provincial Ministry of Transportation</a>, or a highway operations centre.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, citizens may keep possession of roadkill in many circumstances, but may have to register their find.<sup id="cite_ref-MNRF_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNRF-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eating_roadkill">Eating roadkill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eating roadkill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></div> <p>If fresh enough, roadkill can be eaten, and there are several recipe books dedicated to roadkill. The practice of eating animals killed on the road is usually derided, and most people consider it not to be safe,<sup id="cite_ref-NY_State_reporting_dead_wildlife_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NY_State_reporting_dead_wildlife-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sanitary, or wholesome. For example, when the Tennessee legislature attempted to legalize the use of accidentally killed animals, they became the subject of stereotyping and derisive humor.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in some cultures there is tradition of using fresh roadkill as a nutritious and economical source of meat similar to that obtained by hunting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Songwriter and performer <a href="/wiki/Loudon_Wainwright_III" title="Loudon Wainwright III">Loudon Wainwright III</a> released his deadpan humorous song, "<a href="/wiki/Dead_Skunk" title="Dead Skunk">Dead Skunk (in the Middle of the Road)</a>" in 1972, and it peaked at number 16 on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American band <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a> frequently<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plays the song "Possum", originally from the album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Stepped_into_Yesterday" title="The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday">The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday</a></i> at its concerts. The song describes an encounter with a roadkilled opossum and includes the lyric "Your end is the road". </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_Flies" title="The Horse Flies">The Horse Flies</a>, an American alt rock/folk band from Ithaca, NY, released an upbeat homage to vehicularly-mediated food security titled "Roadkil"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on their 1991 album, "Gravity Dance" exhorting the listener to "Eat what you kill". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roadkill is sometimes used as an art form. Several artists use traditional taxidermy preparation in their works whilst others explore different artforms. International artist Claudia Terstappen photographs roadkill<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produces enormous prints which see the animals floating eerily in a void.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American artist Gary Michael Keyes photographs and transforms them into "RoadKill Totems" in his "Resurrection Gallery".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American artist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Paternite" title="Stephen Paternite">Stephen Paternite</a> has been exhibiting roadkill pieces since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canadian writer <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Findley" title="Timothy Findley">Timothy Findley</a> wrote about the experience of seeing killed animals on highways during travels: "The dead by the road, or on it, testify to the presence of man. Their little gestures of pain—paws, wings and tails—are the saddest, the loneliest, most forlorn postures of the dead I can imagine. When we have stopped killing animals as though they were so much refuse, we will stop killing one another. But the highways show our indifference to death, so long as it is someone else's. It is an attitude of the human mind I do not grasp."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2013 essay, American anthropologist Jane Desmond examined at length the failure of American culture and public discourse to adequately confront the ubiquity of roadkill. She concluded: "The simplest answer is that these animal lives have little value for most of the populations in the United States, as these animals are unowned, lacking in monetary or emotional value, not pets or livestock, and without the charismatic following that megafauna like elephants and lions in zoos receive. This calculus of devaluation clears the way for such carnage to be ignored in public discourse and legal venues, to be out of mind while insistently in sight."<sup id="cite_ref-Desmond_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desmond-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are driving video games where players can run over animals, such as the arcade version of <i><a href="/wiki/Cruis%27n_USA" title="Cruis'n USA">Cruis'n USA</a></i>, as well as video games where players control an animal that crosses roads to avoid becoming roadkill, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Frogger" title="Frogger">Frogger</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Crossy_Road" title="Crossy Road">Crossy Road</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">Bird strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer%E2%80%93vehicle_collisions" title="Deer–vehicle collisions">Deer–vehicle collisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estray" title="Estray">Estray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">Habitat conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_test" title="Moose test">Moose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_fatality_rate_in_U.S._by_year" title="Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year">Motor vehicle fatality rate in U.S. by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_squirrel#As_roadkill_and_traffic_hazards" title="Tree squirrel">Tree squirrel as roadkill and traffic hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">Wildlife corridor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKnutson2006" class="citation book cs1">Knutson, Roger M. (2006) [1987]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flattenedfauna00roge"><i>Flattened Fauna, Revised: A Field Guide to Common Animals of Roads, Streets, and Highways</i></a></span> (second ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1580087551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1580087551"><bdi>978-1580087551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flattened+Fauna%2C+Revised%3A+A+Field+Guide+to+Common+Animals+of+Roads%2C+Streets%2C+and+Highways&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1580087551&rft.aulast=Knutson&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflattenedfauna00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartoničkaAndrášikDuľaSedoník2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bartonička, Tomáš; Andrášik, Richard; Duľa, Martin; Sedoník, Jiří; Bíl, Michal (July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21467">"Identification of local factors causing clustering of animal-vehicle collisions"</a>. <i>The Journal of Wildlife Management</i>. <b>82</b> (5): 940–947. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JWMan..82..940B">2018JWMan..82..940B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjwmg.21467">10.1002/jwmg.21467</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Wildlife+Management&rft.atitle=Identification+of+local+factors+causing+clustering+of+animal-vehicle+collisions&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=940-947&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjwmg.21467&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JWMan..82..940B&rft.aulast=Bartoni%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.au=Andr%C3%A1%C5%A1ik%2C+Richard&rft.au=Du%C4%BEa%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sedon%C3%ADk%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=B%C3%ADl%2C+Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fjwmg.21467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuštaKekenJežekHolá2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kušta, Tomáš; Keken, Zdeněk; Ježek, Miloš; Holá, Michaela; Šmíd, Petr (2017). 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"Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Spain". <i>European Journal of Wildlife Research</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 399–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-015-0907-7">10.1007/s10344-015-0907-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6511474">6511474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Wildlife-vehicle+collisions+in+Spain&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-406&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10344-015-0907-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6511474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz-de-Santa-Mar%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft.au=Teller%C3%ADa%2C+Jos%C3%A9+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinnell1920" class="citation web cs1">Grinnell, Joseph (May 5, 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoreader.berkeley.edu/images/v1323/1200/v1323_s2_p068.png">"May 5 notes"</a>. <i>Field Notes, v1323, Section 2: Death Valley, Calif. 1920</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Field+Notes%2C+v1323%2C+Section+2%3A+Death+Valley%2C+Calif.+1920&rft.atitle=May+5+notes&rft.date=1920-05-05&rft.aulast=Grinnell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoreader.berkeley.edu%2Fimages%2Fv1323%2F1200%2Fv1323_s2_p068.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span> cited in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kroll, Gary (16 January 2015). 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(December 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031040542/http://www.cotrip.org/its/ITS%20Guidelines%20Web%20New%20Format%201-05/Web%20Solutions%20Packages/ITS%20Solution%20Packages%20-%20Web%20Copy/Animal%20Detection%20RAD-00-042-BRC%20Rev%203.pdf">"Roadway Animal Detection System, Sensor Technologies & Systems, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cotrip.org/its/ITS%20Guidelines%20Web%20New%20Format%201-05/Web%20Solutions%20Packages/ITS%20Solution%20Packages%20-%20Web%20Copy/Animal%20Detection%20RAD-00-042-BRC%20Rev%203.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+Gallery+%E2%80%93+Turtle+Island+RoadKill+Totems&rft.pub=Garymichaelkeyes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgarymichaelkeyes.com%2FRoadKill-Totems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk/mostpopular.var.1713523.mostcommented.roadkill_artist_speaks_of_controversial_work.php">"Roadkill artist speaks of controversial work"</a>. <i>Stroud News & Journal</i>. 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stroud+News+%26+Journal&rft.atitle=Roadkill+artist+speaks+of+controversial+work&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroudnewsandjournal.co.uk%2Fmostpopular.var.1713523.mostcommented.roadkill_artist_speaks_of_controversial_work.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Findley, from 1965 journal, in <i>Journeyman: Travels of a Writer</i> (2003, Pebble Publications), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-200673-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-200673-1">0-00-200673-1</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desmond-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desmond_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Desmond, Jane (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWUdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">"Requiem for Roadkill: Death and Denial on America's Roads"</a>. In Kopnina, Helen; Shoreman-Ouimet, Eleanor (eds.). <i>Environmental Anthropology: Future Directions</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. 46–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135044138" title="Special:BookSources/9781135044138"><bdi>9781135044138</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Requiem+for+Roadkill%3A+Death+and+Denial+on+America%27s+Roads&rft.btitle=Environmental+Anthropology%3A+Future+Directions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46-58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135044138&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWUdAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoadkill" class="Z3988"></span> See p. 55.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has travel related information for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Animal_collisions#Q1324130" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Animal collisions">Animal collisions</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roadkill" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roadkill">Roadkill</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifecrossing.net/">Roadkill observation system</a> in the US states of California and Maine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projectsplatter.co.uk/">"The Road Lab" roadkill observation project</a> in the United Kingdom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biology.ie/">Map Road Kill in Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110650/http://biology.ie/">Archived</a> 2021-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joyh.com/PHOTO/ROADKILL/body_roadkill.html"><i>Just Because It's In Slow Motion Doesn't Mean You Can Stop It – Joy Hunsberger</i></a> – an artist who has been photographing roadkill as a form of ancestor worship since 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118130643/http://wildliferoadkill.org/">Roadkill prevention in the Northern Beaches of Sydney Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifecollisions.ca/hints.htm"><i>Hints for the Highway, What Drivers Can Do</i></a> – prevention tips from Wildlife Collision Prevention Program of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> Conservation Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rom.on.ca/sites/default/files/imce/oreg_final.pdf"><i>A Guide to Road Ecology in Ontario</i></a> – 2010 report by Ontario Road Ecology Group, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Zoo" title="Toronto Zoo">Toronto Zoo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadasafetycouncil.org/traffic-safety/caution-animals-crossing"><i>Caution: Animals crossing</i></a> – <a href="/wiki/Canada_Safety_Council" title="Canada Safety Council">Canada Safety Council</a> prevention tips including engineering solutions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://srazenazver.cz/en/">Srazenazver.cz – roadkill observation system</a> in the Czech Republic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kdeplus.cz/en/">KDE+ software</a> – freeware software for roadkill's hotspots (clusters) identification</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&oldid=1257545824">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roadkill&oldid=1257545824</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roadkill" 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