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<li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_foreign_powers_(1558–1795)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_foreign_powers_(1558–1795)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Under foreign powers (1558–1795)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_foreign_powers_(1558–1795)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_isolation_(1795–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_isolation_(1795–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Assimilation and isolation (1795–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_isolation_(1795–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_interwar_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_interwar_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The interwar years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_interwar_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repression_by_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repression_by_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Repression by the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repression_by_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Modern situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Livonians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Livonians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notable Livonians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Livonians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Livonians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليفونيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليفونيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonios" title="Livonios – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Livonios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livl%C9%99r" title="Livlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Livlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="لیوونلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیوونلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Лівы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лівы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Лівы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лівы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Livonians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livsem" title="Livsem – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Livsem" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonci" title="Livonci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Livonci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livere" title="Livere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Livere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liven" title="Liven – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liven" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivlased" title="Liivlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liivlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ливть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ливть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonios" title="Livonios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Livonios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonoj" title="Livonoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Livonoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مردم لیوونیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم لیوونیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_(peuple)" title="Lives (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lives (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_livonio" title="Pobo livonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo livonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B3%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="리보니아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리보니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լիվեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիվեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Livonia" title="Suku Livonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Livonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livoni" title="Livoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Livoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლივები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლივები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ливтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ливтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Ливвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ливвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Лив – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лив" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABbie%C5%A1i" title="Lībieši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lībieši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyviai" title="Lyviai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lyviai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijven" title="Lijven – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="リヴォニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヴォニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livere" title="Livere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Livere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwowie" title="Liwowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liwowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Ливы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ливы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv%C3%B3nci" title="Livónci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Livónci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonci" title="Livonci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Livonci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ливонци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ливонци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonci" title="Livonci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Livonci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivil%C3%A4iset" title="Liiviläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liiviläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ливлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ливлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonlar" title="Livonlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Livonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ліви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liivlas%C3%B5q" title="Liivlasõq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liivlasõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Livonians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>līvlizt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Livonians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Livonians" title="Flag of the Livonians">Flag of the Livonians</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 432–616</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_Coast" title="Livonian Coast">Livonian Coast</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">166 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmlp1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmlp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">235 <small>(2002)</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 <small>(2021)</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 <small>(2002)</small><sup id="cite_ref-perepis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perepis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 <small>(2018)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a><br />Especially <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Livonians</b>, or <b>Livs</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Balto-Finnic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Finnic people">Balto-Finnic people</a> indigenous to northern and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. Livonians historically spoke <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic language">Uralic language</a> closely related to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>. Initially, the last person to have learned and spoken Livonian as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizelda_Kristi%C5%86a" title="Grizelda Kristiņa">Grizelda Kristiņa</a>, died in 2013, making Livonian an <a href="/wiki/Language_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language extinction">extinct language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it was reported that newborn Kuldi Medne had once again become the only living person who speaks Livonian as their first language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, there were approximately 30 people who had learned it as a second language. </p><p>Historical, social and economic factors, together with an ethnically dispersed population, have resulted in the decline of Livonian identity, with only a small group surviving in the 21st century. In 2011, there were 250 people who claimed Livonian ethnicity in Latvia.<sup id="cite_ref-census11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Latvia" title="Category:History of Latvia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History of <span class="fn org label">Latvia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="LIVONIA Vulgo Lyetland"><img alt="LIVONIA Vulgo Lyetland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/240px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/360px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg/480px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B10_029-LIVONIA_Vulgo_Lyetland.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4318" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vends" class="mw-redirect" title="Vends">Vends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Jersika" title="Principality of Jersika">Principality of Jersika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Koknese" title="Principality of Koknese">Principality of Koknese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81lava" title="Tālava">Tālava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword" title="Livonian Brothers of the Sword">Livonian Brothers of the Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Riga" title="Archbishopric of Riga">Archbishopric of Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">Bishopric of Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish Wars <small>(1600–1629)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate" title="Vitebsk Governorate">Vitebsk Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern Latvia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">1934 Latvian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">1940 Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">The Holocaust in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">1944 Soviet re-occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Restoration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 Latvian financial crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Latvian_history" title="Timeline of Latvian history"><b>Chronology</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Latvia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Latvia" title="Template:History of Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Latvia" title="Template talk:History of Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact date of migration of Livonians to the region has been disputed. "The Livonians claim to have inhabited their present homeland for over 5,000 years." "The Finnic tribes were pushed into the coastal regions by the Slav migrations of the sixth and seventh centuries AD."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/250px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/375px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/500px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic tribes">Baltic tribes</a> in 1200 – the Livonians inhabited the area north of the Balts, north of the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava River</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Kolka" title="Cape Kolka">Cape Kolka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the Livonians lived in two separate areas of Latvia, one group in <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and another on the northern coast of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>. The latter were referred as <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> living there.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltian_historia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Livonians referred to themselves as <i>rāndalist</i> 'coast dwellers' and supported themselves mainly by fishing, but also by <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. Since they controlled an important trade route, the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava River</a> (Livonian: <i>Vēna</i>), their culture was highly developed through trade with the <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotlanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, and, from the end of the first millennium AD onwards, with the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish people">Swedes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>. </p><p>However, with the traders came missionaries from Western Europe who wanted to convert the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> Livonians to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. One of the first people to convert some Livonians to Christianity was the Danish archbishop <a href="/wiki/Absalon" title="Absalon">Absalon</a>, who supposedly built a church in the Livonian village today known as <a href="/wiki/Kolka,_Latvia" title="Kolka, Latvia">Kolka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, Germans invaded Livonia and established a base in <i>Uexküll</i>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Ik%C5%A1%C4%B7ile" title="Ikšķile">Ikšķile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Hartwig_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartwig II">Hartwig II</a> converted some Livonians in the surrounding area, including the local chieftain <a href="/wiki/Caupo_of_Turaida" title="Caupo of Turaida">Caupo of Turaida</a>, who later allied himself with the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Saint_Meinhard" title="Saint Meinhard">Meinhard</a> died in 1196, his place was taken by <a href="/wiki/Berthold_of_Hanover" title="Berthold of Hanover">Berthold</a>. Berthold tried to convert the Livonians by force, launching two raids on Livonia. The first took place in 1196, but he was forced to retreat to Germany after being ambushed near <a href="/wiki/Salaspils" title="Salaspils">Salaspils</a>. He tried again in 1198, but this time he was killed by the Livonian soldier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymaut (page does not exist)">Ymaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berthold was followed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Buxh%C3%B6vden" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert von Buxhövden">Albert von Buxhövden</a>, who forced the Livonian leaders at the mouth of the Daugava River to give him land to build a Christian settlement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Building started in 1201. From this settlement, the city of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> grew. </p><p>When this did not immediately induce the Livonians, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, and Baltic peoples in the hinterland to convert, a knightly order was formed, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of the Sword">Knights of the Sword</a>, primarily consisting of Germans, to bring salvation to the pagans by force. In a campaign that was part of the wars known as the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>, these knights defeated, subdued and converted the Livonians. In 1208, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> declared that all Livonians had been converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltian_historia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards they were obliged to join the Knights of the Sword as infantry during the wars against the Estonians and the Latvian tribes, which continued until 1217. </p><p>Before the German Conquests Livonian inhabited territory was divided in lands of Daugava Livonians, Satezele, Turaida, Idumeja, <a href="/wiki/Metsepole" title="Metsepole">Metsepole</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a>, once prosperous <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> was devastated, and whole regions were almost completely depopulated. This vacuum was filled by <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvian</a> tribes – <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latgallians" class="mw-redirect" title="Latgallians">Latgallians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a> – who started to move into the area around 1220, and continued to do so for at least thirty years. They settled mostly in the Daugava Valley, so that the Livonians of Livonia in the east were cut off from those living on the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_of_Curonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula of Curonia">peninsula of Curonia</a> in the west. </p><p>Because of their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_saule" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of saule">battle of Saule</a> the Knights of the Sword eventually had to look for support to the much more powerful <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, which up until then had been active primarily in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Having been reorganized as a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> in 1237, the former Knights of the Sword finally overpowered the <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> in 1267, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a> in 1290. From then on most of Latvia remained under German control until the 16th century, with the city of Riga and several other cities existing as independent German-ruled bishoprics, and the Livonian Order ruling the rest of the land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_foreign_powers_(1558–1795)"><span id="Under_foreign_powers_.281558.E2.80.931795.29"></span>Under foreign powers (1558–1795)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under foreign powers (1558–1795)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the middle of the 16th century, the Livonian Order and the independent bishoprics were in turmoil because of the growing influence of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. Seeing a chance in the resulting military weakness of the Order, <a href="/wiki/Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar">Czar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> invaded Livonia in 1558, seeking access to the Baltic Sea. However, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> entered the war as allies of the Livonian Order, resulting in almost a quarter of a century of war. The outcome of this <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–1582) was a Russian defeat, but also the dissolution of the Livonian Order. Livonia and south-eastern Latvia were claimed by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Curonia became an independent duchy (Courland), with <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>, the Livonian Order's last Grandmaster, as its first duke. </p><p>After only ten years of peace, a new series of wars between the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, which had claimed Estonia after the Livonian War, ravaged Livonia from 1592. Eventually, the Swedes were victorious. In 1629, they could finally call Livonia and the city of Riga their own. Under the 17th Century Swedish Kings <a href="/wiki/Gustav_II_Adolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav II Adolf">Gustav II Adolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a>, general elementary education was introduced, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was translated in <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and a university was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> in southern Estonia. </p><p>Although Sweden kept the Poles and the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danes</a> at a distance, this could not be said of the Russians. In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721), Czar <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> utterly destroyed Sweden's pretensions to being a regional superpower. In the 1721 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a>, Estonia and Livonia, which had again been completely devastated after more than twenty years of war, were claimed by Russia. Curonia continued to be ruled by its dukes for another three-quarters of a century, but in 1795, that region also became a Russian possession as part of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assimilation_and_isolation_(1795–1914)"><span id="Assimilation_and_isolation_.281795.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Assimilation and isolation (1795–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assimilation and isolation (1795–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livonian_loja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livonian_loja.jpg/230px-Livonian_loja.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livonian_loja.jpg/345px-Livonian_loja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Livonian_loja.jpg/460px-Livonian_loja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><i>Lōja</i>, Livonian fishing boat</figcaption></figure> <p>Partly because of the recurring devastation of war and the resultant mingling of refugees, the Livonians of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> were eventually completely <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilated</a> by the Latvians. The last remnant of this once vibrant nation was made up of several families living along the river <a href="/wiki/Salaca" title="Salaca">Salaca</a> (Livonian: <i>Salatsi</i>), but in the second half of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> and culture completely disappeared from the region known to this day as Livonia; the last known speaker of the eastern Livonian dialect died in 1864, though according to some reports, there were still some people in the early 20th century in the Polish area <sup id="cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltian_historia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Latvian dialect spoken in Livonia, a large number of Livonian loanwords have survived, and other traces of Livonian can be found in many geographical names in the region. </p><p>In Curonia, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> and culture also came under heavy pressure, but here it retained a last foothold on the outermost tip of the Curonian Peninsula. Several factors made sure that in this area, known as <i>Līvõd rānda</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Coast" title="Livonian Coast">Livonian Coast</a>, Latvian culture was too weak to assimilate the Livonians. For one thing, the society of the Livonians living in this area was exclusively sea-oriented and based on fishing, while that of the Latvians in the interior was exclusively land-oriented and mostly agricultural. This meant there was not a lot of interaction between the two groups. Also, the Livonian Coast was separated from the interior of Curonia by dense forests and impassable marshlands, which made regular interaction even less likely. The people of the Livonian Coast had much closer ties to the inhabitants of the Estonian island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> to the north. In their isolated fishing villages, these Livonians kept to themselves for centuries. It was not until the 20th century that the outside world intruded on their quiet existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltian_historia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of 20th century many local Livs converted to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> faith. A new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> church was built in <a href="/wiki/Kolka,_Latvia" title="Kolka, Latvia">Kolka</a> along with a grammar school nearby and navy school in <a href="/wiki/Mazirbe" title="Mazirbe">Mazirbe</a>. Many graduates in later years became sea captains first in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and later in independent <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, Russia entered the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> by attacking the Germans and the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrians</a> from the east, but soon it was pushed back in a series of devastating German victories, which eventually left almost the entire Baltic region in German hands. The Livonian Coast was occupied by the Germans in 1915. At their approach, many Livonians fled their homes, often never to return. Their main destinations were Estonia and inner parts of Latvia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rest of the people were driven from their homes by the Germans and had to wait until 1919 before they were allowed to return. </p><p>The Russian defeat and the subsequent abdication of Czar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> opened the door for <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and the communists to make a grab for power in Russia, leading to the establishment of the Soviet government in Russia in 1917. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> the following year ended the war between Germany and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> and left the Baltic region firmly in German hands. However, after the German capitulation in 1919, the Baltic peoples rose up and established the independent republics of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_interwar_years">The interwar years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The interwar years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Livonian_culture_centre,_2015_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg/220px-Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg/330px-Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg/440px-Livonian_culture_centre%2C_2015_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Plaques at the Livonian Community Centre in <a href="/wiki/Mazirbe" title="Mazirbe">Mazirbe</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The Livonian Coast became part of independent <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. Actions by the Latvian government during the interwar years towards supporting the Livonian minority has been seen as lacking or non-existent, with claims that the Latvian government did not see the topic of Livonian culture as important enough.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the Livonian language and culture experienced a revival between the two World Wars (beginning with the term of the Latvian president <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C4%8Cakste" title="Jānis Čakste">Jānis Čakste</a> through the term of the last interwar president <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a>). The clearest expression of this revival was the establishment on April 2, 1923 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livonian Society (page does not exist)">Livonian Society</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Līvõd Īt</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Līvu savienība</i>), which considered itself the representative of the Livonian people. Also, a Livonian language choir was founded and Livonian song festivals were held along the entire Livonian Coast. Furthermore, a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Livonians" title="Flag of the Livonians">Livonian flag</a> was adopted, with the colours green (for the forests), white (for the beaches) and blue (for the sea), and a division similar to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Latvian flag</a> (three horizontal bars with the middle one-half as wide as the outer ones). </p><p>In 1923, the Latvian government prohibited the formation of an ethnic Livonian parish within the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>. It did approve the introduction of the Livonian language as an optional subject in elementary schools in the villages of the Livonian Coast that same year. In the 1930s, the first Livonian language reader, poetry collections of several Livonian writers, and a monthly magazine in the Livonian language, called "<i>Līvli</i>" ("The Livonian") were published. Also, contact was made with related peoples such as the Estonians and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish people">Finns</a> — spurred by the Finnish promotion of closer ties with the kindred <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a> — and in 1939, the Livonian Community Centre in <a href="/wiki/Mazirbe" title="Mazirbe">Mazirbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Irē</i>) was founded with subsidies from the Estonian and Finnish governments. </p><p>This cultural revival of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interbellum</a> years served to give the Livonian people for the first time a clear consciousness of their ethnic identity. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No source given (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>Before, they had always referred to themselves as <i>rāndalist</i> ("coast dwellers") or <i>kalāmīed</i> ("fishermen"). From the 1920s and 1930s on, though, they began to call themselves <i>līvõd</i>, <i>līvnikad</i>, or <i>līvlist</i> ("Livonians"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Second_World_War">The Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, Latvia, like Estonia and Lithuania, was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupation</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">German invasion of 1941</a> ended all progress the Livonians had made in the preceding twenty years. All cultural expressions were prohibited and just like twenty years before, the inhabitants of the Livonian Coast were driven from their homes. Most of them spent the war years in Riga or western Latvia, but some fled across the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>. The Curonian Peninsula was one of the areas where the Germans held out until the general capitulation of May 9, 1945, which meant that often there was not a house left standing when the Livonians returned home after the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_by_the_Soviet_Union">Repression by the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Repression by the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Soviet era, the Livonians were hard-hit by repressive measures from <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. For one thing, they were not allowed to sail far enough from shore to continue their fishery. For another, like the Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians, large numbers of them were deported to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> between 1945 and 1952, with a clear peak in 1949, when agriculture was collectivized in the Baltic states. Also, in 1955 a Soviet military base was constructed in the middle of the Livonian Coast. To accomplish this, some Livonians were forcibly relocated to villages farther from the coast. Subsequently, the western villages of the Livonian Coast had to be almost completely evacuated when the Soviet Union made its Baltic coastline (its western border) a "closed border area" of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> where no one was allowed to live.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Livonian culture was repressed during the Soviet period. For example, the Livonian Society was banned and the Livonian Community Centre expropriated and given to others. Within the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvian SSR</a>, the Livonians were not recognized as a separate ethnic group.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_situation">Modern situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was not until early the early 1970s that Livonian singers were allowed to found a choir named "Līvlist" ("The Livonians") in the western Latvian city of <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>. The 1980s, Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s policies of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, bringing change. In 1986, the Livonian Cultural Society was founded. It was later renamed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonian_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livonian Union (page does not exist)">Livonian Union</a> (Livonian: <i>Līvõd Īt</i>). </p><p>After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Latvia became once again an independent country. In this new nation, Livonians were finally recognised as an indigenous ethnic minority, whose language and culture must be protected and advanced. All rights and possessions which had been taken away from them during the Soviet era were now returned to them. For example, the old Livonian Community Centre in <a href="/wiki/Mazirbe" title="Mazirbe">Mazirbe</a> (Irē) was given back and transformed into a historical museum, called the House of the Livonian People. Also, the Livonian language was reintroduced in the elementary schools in Riga, <a href="/wiki/Staicele" title="Staicele">Staicele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundaga" title="Dundaga">Dundaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolka,_Latvia" title="Kolka, Latvia">Kolka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first research body dedicated to Livonian studies, the Livonian Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia" title="University of Latvia">University of Latvia</a> was established in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, on February 4, 1992, the Latvian government created a cultural historic protected territory called <i>Līvõd rānda</i> – the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Coast" title="Livonian Coast">Livonian Coast</a> – which included all twelve of the Livonian villages: <a href="/wiki/L%C5%AB%C5%BE%C5%86a" title="Lūžņa">Lūžņa</a> (Livonian: Lūž), <a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%B7e%C4%BCtornis" title="Miķeļtornis">Miķeļtornis</a> (Pizā), <a href="/wiki/Lielirbe" title="Lielirbe">Lielirbe</a> (Īra), <a href="/wiki/Jaunciems" title="Jaunciems">Jaunciems</a> (Ūžkilā), <a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABkrags" title="Sīkrags">Sīkrags</a> (Sīkrõg), <a href="/wiki/Mazirbe" title="Mazirbe">Mazirbe</a> (Irē), <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1rags" title="Košrags">Košrags</a> (Kuoštrõg), <a href="/wiki/Pitrags" title="Pitrags">Pitrags</a> (Pitrõg), <a href="/wiki/Saunags" title="Saunags">Saunags</a> (Sǟnag), <a href="/wiki/Vaide" title="Vaide">Vaide</a> (Vaid), Kolka (Kūolka), and <a href="/wiki/Melnsils" title="Melnsils">Melnsils</a> (Mustānum). The Latvian government discourages settlement of ethnic Latvians and other non-Livonians in this area and prohibits alterations to historic village sites. Also, it is prohibited for anyone to start a hotel, restaurant, or other public establishment which might adversely influence the Livonian culture or draw outsiders into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many Latvians claim to have some Livonian ancestry. However, there are only 176 people in Latvia who identify themselves as Livonian. According to data from 1995, the Livonian language was spoken by no more than 30 people, of whom only nine were native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article published by the Foundation for Endangered Languages in 2007 stated that there were only 182 registered Livonians and a mere six native speakers. "The last Livonian", who had learned the Livonian language as a part of an unbroken chain of Livonian generations, was <a href="/wiki/Viktors_Bertholds" title="Viktors Bertholds">Viktors Bertholds</a> (b. 1921). He was buried on 28 February 2009 in the Livonian village of Kolka in Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Livonian <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C4%81vis_Stalts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dāvis Stalts (page does not exist)">Dāvis Stalts</a> was <a href="/wiki/2011_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Latvian parliamentary election">elected</a> into the Latvian parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a> in <a href="/wiki/2011_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Latvian parliamentary election">2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, after being <a href="/wiki/2018_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Latvian parliamentary election">re-elected</a> to the Saeima, <a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%ABna_Kurs%C4%ABte-Pakule" title="Janīna Kursīte-Pakule">Janīna Kursīte-Pakule</a> delivered her oath in Livonian before being asked to retake it in Latvian, which she did in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language#Livonian_dialect" title="Latvian language">Livonian dialect</a> of Latvian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <b>Livonian Institute</b> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia" title="University of Latvia">University of Latvia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">Lețmō Iļīzskūol Līvõd institūt</i>) was established to promote research and awareness of the language. It is led by linguist and activist Valts Ernštreits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, it was reported that newborn Kuldi Medne had become the only living person who speaks Livonian as their first language. Her parents are Livonian language revival activists Jānis Mednis and Renāte Medne. In October 2022, they published <i>Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns</i> ('Golden Child'), a book in Livonian and Latvian for children and parents, with plans for subsequent books and an audio version.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the Livonian language <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language_revival" title="Livonian language revival">is being revived</a>, with some 210 persons having some knowledge of the language at a A1 or A2 level.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2023 was proclaimed as Livonian Heritage Year by the UoL Livonian Institute in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Latvian National Commission and the Latvian National Cultural Center, with various events held by individuals and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the first of 171 approved <a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Latvia" title="Road signs in Latvia">road signs in Latvia</a> with Latvian and Livonian text were placed on the border of <a href="/wiki/Talsi_Municipality" title="Talsi Municipality">Talsi Municipality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival" title="Latvian Song and Dance Festival">Latvian Song and Dance Festival</a>, for the first time in the history of the event, a song with Livonan lyrics was featured.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Livonians">Notable Livonians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable Livonians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktors_Bertholds" title="Viktors Bertholds">Viktors Bertholds</a>, one of the last Livonian speakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caupo_of_Turaida" title="Caupo of Turaida">Caupo of Turaida</a>, leader of the Livonian people in the beginning of the 13th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93t%C3%B5r_Damberg" title="Pētõr Damberg">Pētõr Damberg</a>, linguist, poet and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C4%BCi_K%C4%ABnkam%C3%A4g" title="Uļi Kīnkamäg">Uļi Kīnkamäg</a>, nationalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizelda_Kristi%C5%86a" title="Grizelda Kristiņa">Grizelda Kristiņa</a>, the last native Livonian speaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Drli_Stalte" title="Kōrli Stalte">Kōrli Stalte</a>, teacher, cantor and Livonian cultural activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Vaalgamaa" title="Edgar Vaalgamaa">Edgar Vaalgamaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> pastor and translator</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian cuisine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Min_iz%C4%81m%C5%8D" title="Min izāmō">Min izāmō</a>" (English: "My Fatherland"), the ethnic anthem of the Livonians</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/sites/pmlp/files/media_file/isvn_latvija_pec_ttb_vpd.pdf"><i>Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, pmlp.gov.lv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvijas+iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju+sadal%C4%ABjums+p%C4%93c+nacion%C4%81l%C4%81+sast%C4%81va+un+valstisk%C4%81s+pieder%C4%ABbas&rft.pub=pmlp.gov.lv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmlp.gov.lv%2Fsites%2Fpmlp%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_file%2Fisvn_latvija_pec_ttb_vpd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmlp1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmlp1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217201111/https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/backup/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf">"Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības 01.01.2019.(The population of Latvia by ethnicity and nationality) – PMLP.gov.lv"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/assets/backup/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvijas+iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju+sadal%C4%ABjums+p%C4%93c+nacion%C4%81l%C4%81+sast%C4%81va+un+valstisk%C4%81s+pieder%C4%ABbas+01.01.2019.%28The+population+of+Latvia+by+ethnicity+and+nationality%29+%E2%80%93+PMLP.gov.lv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmlp.gov.lv%2Flv%2Fassets%2Fbackup%2FISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census11-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census11_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census11_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008072712/http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASEEN/tautassk_11/Provisonal%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011/Provisonal%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011.asp">"Meklēt | Oficiālās statistikas portāls"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.csb.gov.lv/DATABASEEN/tautassk_11/Provisonal%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011/Provisonal%20results%20of%20the%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%202011.asp">the original</a> on October 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mekl%C4%93t+%26%23124%3B+Ofici%C4%81l%C4%81s+statistikas+port%C4%81ls&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.csb.gov.lv%2FDATABASEEN%2Ftautassk_11%2FProvisonal%2520results%2520of%2520the%2520Population%2520and%2520Housing%2520Census%25202011%2FProvisonal%2520results%2520of%2520the%2520Population%2520and%2520Housing%2520Census%25202011.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm">Settlement of peoples in Ukraine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andmed.stat.ee/en/stat/rahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel/RL21428">"Rl21428: Population by Ethnic Nationality, Sex and Place of Residence (Settlement Region), 31 December 2021"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rl21428%3A+Population+by+Ethnic+Nationality%2C+Sex+and+Place+of+Residence+%28Settlement+Region%29%2C+31+December+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fandmed.stat.ee%2Fen%2Fstat%2Frahvaloendus__rel2021__rahvastiku-demograafilised-ja-etno-kultuurilised-naitajad__rahvus-emakeel%2FRL21428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perepis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perepis_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807002649/http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463">"Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/content.html?id=11&docid=10715289081463">the original</a> on 2011-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2002+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fcontent.html%3Fid%3D11%26docid%3D10715289081463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>: <i lang="liv">līvlizt</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">līvi, lībieši</i>; <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">liivlased</i>; <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">liiviläiset</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuisk, Tuuli: "Quantity in Livonian", Congressus XI. Internationalis Fenno-Ugristarum, <a href="/wiki/Piliscsaba" title="Piliscsaba">Piliscsaba</a>, Aug. 10, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/dzive--stils/vecaki-un-berni/kuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Kūldaläpš. Zeltabērns" – izdota lībiešu valodas grāmata bērniem un vecākiem"</a> ["Kūldaläpš. Golden Child" - Livonian book for children and parents published]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lsm.lv" class="mw-redirect" title="Lsm.lv">Lsm.lv</a></i> (in Latvian). 2022-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lsm.lv&rft.atitle=%22K%C5%ABldal%C3%A4p%C5%A1.+Zeltab%C4%93rns%22+%E2%80%93+izdota+l%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u+valodas+gr%C4%81mata+b%C4%93rniem+un+vec%C4%81kiem&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsm.lv%2Fraksts%2Fdzive--stils%2Fvecaki-un-berni%2Fkuldalaps-zeltaberns--izdota-libiesu-valodas-gramata-berniem-un-vecakiem.a478524%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2000" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA425"><i>One Europe, Many Nations</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30984-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30984-1"><bdi>0-313-30984-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Europe%2C+Many+Nations&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-30984-1&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwvoM-ZFoAgC%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltian_historia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baltian_historia_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vilho Niitemaa ja Kalervo Hovi, Baltian historia, Helsinki 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9513091125" title="Special:BookSources/978-9513091125">978-9513091125</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florin Curta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Absalon.%2223+He+moved+the+episcopal+see+to+Riga%2C+which+was+founded+in+1202+as+a+permanent+trade+colony+in+Livonia%2C+inhabited&pg=PA562">Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)</a></i>, BRILL, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0">978-90-04-39519-0</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrejs Plakans, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad3-xvwdjE4C&dq=constructed+a+church+in+Ikskile+%28in+German%2C+Uexkiill%29+on+the+Daugava+River%2C+and+from+there+missionaries+sought+converts+among+livs&pg=PA15">The Latvians: A Short History</a></i>, Hoover Press, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08-17-99303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-08-17-99303-0">978-08-17-99303-0</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Heinrici_Chronicon_Livoniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae">Heinrici Chronicon Livoniae</a></i>, Henricus (de Lettis) ed., Olion, 1982, p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(in Latin)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmgh.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb00000886_00253.html?sortIndex=010:050:0023:010:00:00">Heinrici Chronicon Lyvonae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106163601/https://www.dmgh.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb00000886_00253.html?sortIndex=010:050:0023:010:00:00">Archived</a> 2020-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (book 2, line 36), p. 243, <i>Monumenta Germaniae Historica</i>, link retrieved on November 25, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fennougria.ee/rahvad/laanemeresoome-rahvad/liivlased/">"Liivlased"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liivlased&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffennougria.ee%2Frahvad%2Flaanemeresoome-rahvad%2Fliivlased%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suri.ee/r/liivi/air.html">"THE LIVONIANS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.suri.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.suri.ee&rft.atitle=THE+LIVONIANS%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suri.ee%2Fr%2Fliivi%2Fair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/en/libiesi/libiesu-krasts/">"Livones.net - The Livonian Coast"</a>. <i>www.livones.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livones.net&rft.atitle=Livones.net+-+The+Livonian+Coast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Fen%2Flibiesi%2Flibiesu-krasts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609033331/http://www.livones.lv/libiesi/valoda/?raksts=168">"Livones.lv – The Liv Language Today"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.lv/libiesi/valoda/?raksts=168">the original</a> on June 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livones.lv+%E2%80%93+The+Liv+Language+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.lv%2Flibiesi%2Fvaloda%2F%3Fraksts%3D168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/en/norises/2018/?the-livonian-institute-is-established">"Livones.net – The Livonian Institute is established"</a>. <i>Livones.net</i>. 2018-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Livones.net&rft.atitle=Livones.net+%E2%80%93+The+Livonian+Institute+is+established&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Fen%2Fnorises%2F2018%2F%3Fthe-livonian-institute-is-established&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719160909/http://www.livones.lv/libiesi/libiesilatvija/?raksts=230">"Livones.lv"</a>. July 19, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.lv/libiesi/libiesilatvija/?raksts=230">the original</a> on 2011-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Livones.lv&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.lv%2Flibiesi%2Flibiesilatvija%2F%3Fraksts%3D230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suri.ee/r/liivi/air.html">"THE LIVONIANS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.suri.ee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.suri.ee&rft.atitle=THE+LIVONIANS%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suri.ee%2Fr%2Fliivi%2Fair.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Estonian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/460898"><i>Eesti Päevaleht</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720125510/http://www.epl.ee/artikkel/460898">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> “Suri viimane vanema põlve emakeelne liivlane″ ('The last native speaker of Livonian from the older generation has died'), March 4, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saeima.lv/en/news/saeima-news/18900-composition-of-the-11th-saeima-is-announced">"Composition of the 11th Saeima is announced"</a>. <i>saeima.lv</i>. 2011-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saeima.lv&rft.atitle=Composition+of+the+11th+Saeima+is+announced&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saeima.lv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsaeima-news%2F18900-composition-of-the-11th-saeima-is-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/livones.net/posts/509903309483544">"Livones.net – Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i>. 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=Livones.net+%E2%80%93+Facebook&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Flivones.net%2Fposts%2F509903309483544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/apstiprina-13-saeimas-pilnvaras-deputati-zver-gan-latgaliski-gan-libiski.a298662/">"Apstiprina 13. Saeimas pilnvaras; deputāti zvēr gan latgaliski, gan lībiski"</a>. <i>Public Broadcasting of Latvia</i> (in Latvian). 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livones.net&rft.atitle=Livones.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Flili%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnštreits2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ernštreits, Valts (14 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">"Lībiešu valodas situācija"</a>. <i>Livones.net</i> (in Latvian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701">the original</a> on 2 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livones.net&rft.atitle=L%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u+valodas+situ%C4%81cija&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.aulast=Ern%C5%A1treits&rft.aufirst=Valts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livones.net%2Fvaloda%2F%3Fraksts%3D8701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/culture/culture/2023-will-be-year-of-livonian-cultural-heritage.a486079/">"2023 will be year of Livonian cultural heritage"</a>. <i>eng.<a href="/wiki/Lsm.lv" class="mw-redirect" title="Lsm.lv">lsm.lv</a></i>. 2022-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.lsm.lv&rft.atitle=2023+will+be+year+of+Livonian+cultural+heritage&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fculture%2Fculture%2F2023-will-be-year-of-livonian-cultural-heritage.a486079%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libiesugads.lv/?en">"Livonian Heritage Year - Lībiešu gads"</a>. <i>libiesugads.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libiesugads.lv&rft.atitle=Livonian+Heritage+Year+-+L%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u+gads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibiesugads.lv%2F%3Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revoice.falmouth.ac.uk/2023/03/01/for-the-first-time-in-latvia-the-first-road-sign-in-livonian-language/?c=008c2e">"Re:voice - The First Livonian Language Road Sign Unveiled in Latvia"</a>. <i>revoice.falmouth.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revoice.falmouth.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Re%3Avoice+-+The+First+Livonian+Language+Road+Sign+Unveiled+in+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevoice.falmouth.ac.uk%2F2023%2F03%2F01%2Ffor-the-first-time-in-latvia-the-first-road-sign-in-livonian-language%2F%3Fc%3D008c2e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzola-Balode2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ozola-Balode, Zanda (2023-01-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/talsu-novada-nosaukums-tagad-ari-libiesu-valoda-sadi-uzraksti-bus-vismaz-14-piekrastes-ciemos.a493676/">"Talsu novada nosaukums tagad arī lībiešu valodā; šādi uzraksti būs vismaz 14 piekrastes ciemos"</a> [The sign of the name of Talsi Municipality now also in Livonian; similar signs will be placed in 44 Livonian Coast villages]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lsm.lv" class="mw-redirect" title="Lsm.lv">Lsm.lv</a></i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lsm.lv&rft.atitle=Talsu+novada+nosaukums+tagad+ar%C4%AB+l%C4%ABbie%C5%A1u+valod%C4%81%3B+%C5%A1%C4%81di+uzraksti+b%C5%ABs+vismaz+14+piekrastes+ciemos&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft.aulast=Ozola-Balode&rft.aufirst=Zanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsm.lv%2Fraksts%2Fzinas%2Flatvija%2Ftalsu-novada-nosaukums-tagad-ari-libiesu-valoda-sadi-uzraksti-bus-vismaz-14-piekrastes-ciemos.a493676%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=732580838669820&set=a.514961363765103">"«Līvõdõn ja līvõ kīelõn istōrilizt Loul ja daņtš pivād – kūord sūrkontsert "Tīrums. Dziesmas ceļš" ... - LI Līvõd institūt | Facebook"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i>. 2023-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=%C2%ABL%C4%ABv%C3%B5d%C3%B5n+ja+l%C4%ABv%C3%B5+k%C4%ABel%C3%B5n+ist%C5%8Drilizt+Loul+ja+da%C5%86t%C5%A1+piv%C4%81d+%E2%80%93+k%C5%ABord+s%C5%ABrkontsert+%22T%C4%ABrums.+Dziesmas+ce%C4%BC%C5%A1%22+...+-+LI+L%C4%ABv%C3%B5d+instit%C5%ABt+%7C+Facebook&rft.date=2023-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fphoto%3Ffbid%3D732580838669820%26set%3Da.514961363765103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALivonians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livonians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/en">Livones.lv</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtuallivonia.info/">Virtual Livonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/livonians.shtml">The Red Book of the peoples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.fi/liivilaiset/English/AEnglish.html">Museovirasto: Photographs of Liv Villages in Kurzeme Region 1902–1927</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template talk:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Peoples speaking <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjarmians">Bjarmians</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kvens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Livonians</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreevins" title="Kreevins">Kreevins</a></i> †</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a></i> † <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Chudes" title="Volkhov Chudes">Volkhov Chudes</a></i> †</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Inari Sámi people">Inari Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolts" title="Skolts">Skolt Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_people" title="Meadow Mari people">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_people" title="Hill Mari people">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mari_people" title="Eastern Mari people">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Meryans</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a></i> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob-Ugrians">Ob-Ugrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarabs">Magyarabs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a 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