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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style>The Portuguese Empire (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Império Português, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>European Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ĩˈpɛ.ɾju puɾ.tuˈɣeʃ]</a>), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was composed of the overseas <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)#Portuguese_feitorias_(c._1445)" title="Factory (trading post)">factories</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">overseas territories</a>, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Republic of Portugal</a>. It was one of the longest-lived <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a> in European history, lasting 584 years from the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest of Ceuta</a> in North Africa in 1415 to the <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">transfer of sovereignty over Macau</a> to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> in 1999. The empire began in the 15th century, and from the early 16th century it stretched across the globe, with bases in Africa, North America, South America, and various regions of Asia and <a href="#Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PageSonnenburg481-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brockeyxv-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-JuangMorrissette894-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Portuguese Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names">Império Português (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1415–1999</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Portuguese Empire"><img alt="Portuguese coat of arms (1481–present)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/85px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/128px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/170px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580"></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portuguese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Portuguese Empire"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire"><img alt="Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/250px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/375px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png/500px-PortugueseColonialEmpire02.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403"></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Areas of the world that were once part of the Portuguese Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (1415–1808; 1821–1999) <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (1808–1821)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Portugal" title="Catholic Church in Portugal">Roman Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> (1415–1910)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> (1910–1999)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1415–1433 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1908–1910 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Portugal">Presidents</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1911–1915 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Arriaga" title="Manuel de Arriaga">Manuel de Arriaga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1996–1999 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sampaio" title="Jorge Sampaio">Jorge Sampaio</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Portugal" title="List of prime ministers of Portugal">Prime Ministers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1834–1835 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sousa_Holstein,_1st_Duke_of_Palmela" title="Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela">Pedro de Sousa Holstein</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1995–1999 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Conquest of Ceuta</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1415</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">Sea route to India</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1498</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1500</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1580–1640</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1588–1654</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1640–1668</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mazagan_(1769)" title="Siege of Mazagan (1769)">End of Moroccan territories</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1769</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Goa">Loss of Indian provinces</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1961</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1961–1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1974–1975</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">Handover of Macau</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1999</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">Portuguese Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> The Portuguese Empire originated at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, and the power and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> would eventually expand across the globe. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_maritime_exploration" title="Portuguese maritime exploration">Portuguese sailors began exploring</a> the coast of Africa and the Atlantic archipelagos in 1418–1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography, and maritime technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>, with the aim of finding a sea route to the source of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. In 1488, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, and in 1498 <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> reached what would be <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_colonial_forts" title="List of Portuguese colonial forts">forts</a> and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of naval outposts connected Lisbon to <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. This commercial network and the colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth (1500–1800) when it accounted for about a fifth of Portugal's per-capita income. When King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (Philip I of Portugal) <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">seized the Portuguese crown</a> in 1580, there began a 60-year union between Spain and Portugal known to subsequent <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, although the realms continued to have separate administrations. As the King of Spain was also King of Portugal, Portuguese colonies became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile to Spain: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>. With its smaller population, Portugal found itself unable to effectively defend its overstretched network of trading posts, and the empire began a long and gradual decline. Eventually, Brazil became the most valuable colony of the second era of empire (1663–1825), until, as part of the wave of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_the_Americas" title="Decolonization of the Americas">independence movements</a> that swept the Americas during the early 19th century, it broke away in 1822. The third era of empire covers the final stage of Portuguese colonialism after the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> in the 1820s. By then, the colonial possessions had been reduced to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Africa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Portuguese Africa (disambiguation)">forts and plantations along the African coastline</a> (expanded inland during the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> in the late 19th century), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclaves</a> in India (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>) and China (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a>). The <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a> led to the contraction of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Portuguese ambitions in Africa</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António Salazar</a> (in office 1932–1968), the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo dictatorship</a> made some ill-fated attempts to cling on to its last remaining colonies. Under the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinentalism" title="Pluricontinentalism">pluricontinentalism</a>, the regime renamed its colonies "<a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas provinces</a>" while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Chibalo" title="Chibalo">system of forced labour</a>, from which only a small <a href="/wiki/Assimilado" title="Assimilado">indigenous élite</a> was normally exempt. In August 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Dahomey" title="Republic of Dahomey">Dahomey</a> annexed the <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá</a>, and in December that year <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">India annexed Goa, Daman, and Diu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> in Africa lasted from 1961 until the final overthrow of the Estado Novo regime in 1974. The <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of April 1974 in Lisbon led to the hasty <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonization of Portuguese Africa</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">1975 annexation of Portuguese Timor</a> by Indonesia. Decolonization prompted the exodus of nearly all the <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso#The_retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Portuguese colonial settlers</a> and of many <a href="/wiki/Luso-Africans" title="Luso-Africans">mixed-race people</a> from the colonies. Portugal <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">returned</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> to China in 1999. The only overseas possessions to remain under Portuguese rule, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Azores and Madeira</a>, both had overwhelmingly Portuguese populations, and Lisbon subsequently changed their <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Azores" title="Political status of the Azores">constitutional status</a> from "<a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas provinces</a>" to "<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions">autonomous regions</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a> (CPLP) is the cultural successor of the Empire, analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> for countries formerly part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_and_colonisation">1 History and colonisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background_(1139%E2%80%931415)">1.1 Background (1139–1415)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_empire_(1415%E2%80%931663)">1.2 First empire (1415–1663)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Initial_African_coastline_excursions">1.2.1 Initial African coastline excursions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)">1.2.2 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean">1.2.3 The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean">1.2.4 Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-8"><a href="#Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia">1.2.4.1 Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-9"><a href="#China_and_Japan">1.2.4.2 China and Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10"><a href="#Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">1.2.4.3 Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-11"><a href="#South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea">1.2.4.4 South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa">1.2.4.5 Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-13"><a href="#Missionary_expeditions">1.2.4.6 Missionary expeditions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas">1.2.5 Colonization efforts in the Americas</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-15"><a href="#Canada">1.2.5.1 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Brazil">1.2.5.2 Brazil</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580%E2%80%931663)">1.2.6 Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Second_empire_(1663%E2%80%931822)">1.3 Second empire (1663–1822)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry">1.3.1 Minas Gerais and the gold industry</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil">1.4 Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Brazilian_Independence">1.4.1 Brazilian Independence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Third_empire_(1822%E2%80%931999)">1.5 Third empire (1822–1999)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890%E2%80%931910)">1.5.1 British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#World_War_I">1.5.2 World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Decolonization_(1954%E2%80%931999)">1.5.3 Decolonization (1954–1999)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Legacy">2 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">4 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Citations">4.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources">4.2 General and cited sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History_and_colonisation">History and colonisation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and colonisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(1139–1415)">Background (1139–1415)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background (1139–1415)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1139%E2%80%931415)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1139–1415)">History of Portugal (1139–1415)</a></div> The origin of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> lay in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a>, the gradual reconquest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Moors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius301-4">[4]</a> After establishing itself as a separate kingdom in 1139, Portugal completed its reconquest of Moorish territory by reaching <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> in 1249, but its independence continued to be threatened by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> until the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ayllón">Treaty of Ayllón</a> in 1411.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt2005p15-17-5">[5]</a> Free from threats to its existence and unchallenged by the wars fought by other European states, Portuguese attention turned overseas and towards a military expedition to the Muslim lands of North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt19-6">[6]</a> There were several probable motives for their first attack, on the <a href="/wiki/Marinid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinid Dynasty">Marinid Sultanate</a> (in present-day Morocco). It offered the opportunity to continue the Christian <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">crusade</a> against Islam; to the military class, it promised glory on the battlefield and the spoils of war;<a href="#cite_note-Boxer19-7">[7]</a> and finally, it was also a chance to expand Portuguese trade and to address Portugal's economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt19-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta,_s.XV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/220px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1926"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/220px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/330px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG/440px-Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta%2C_s.XV.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">Conquest of Ceuta</a>, in 1415, was led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> and initiated the Portuguese Empire.</figcaption></figure> In 1415 an attack was made on <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, a strategically located North African Muslim enclave along the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the terminal ports of the trans-Saharan gold and slave trades. The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">conquest</a> was a military success, and marked one of the first steps in Portuguese expansion beyond the Iberian Peninsula,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> but it proved costly to defend against the Muslim forces that soon besieged it. The Portuguese were unable to use it as a base for further expansion into the hinterland,<a href="#cite_note-Newitt21-9">[9]</a> and the trans-Saharan caravans merely shifted their routes to bypass Ceuta and/or used alternative Muslim ports.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_empire_(1415–1663)">First empire (1415–1663)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First empire (1415–1663)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">History of Portugal (1415–1578)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a></div> Although Ceuta proved to be a disappointment for the Portuguese, the decision was taken to hold it while exploring along the Atlantic African coast.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10">[10]</a> A key supporter of this policy was <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a>, who had been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Ceuta">capture of Ceuta</a>, and who took the lead role in promoting and financing Portuguese maritime exploration until his death in 1460.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius56-11">[11]</a> At the time, Europeans did not know what lay beyond <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a> on the African coast. Henry wished to know how far the Muslim territories in Africa extended, and whether it was possible to reach Asia by sea, both to reach the source of the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> and perhaps to join forces with the fabled Christian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a> that was rumoured to exist somewhere in the "Indies".<a href="#cite_note-Boxer19-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson50-12">[12]</a> Under his sponsorship, soon the Atlantic islands of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (1419) and <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> (1427) were reached and started to be settled, producing wheat for export to Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-Coates60-13">[13]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/300px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/300px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" data-width="300" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/450px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Pêro da Covilhã and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a>'s common route to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in 1487–1488 (green)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Covilhã's travel 1489–†1490 (orange)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Covilhã's travel to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> 1490–†1530? (blue)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s travel 1497–1499 (black)</div> </figcaption></figure> Soon its ships were bringing into the European market highly valued gold, ivory, pepper, cotton, sugar, and slaves. The slave trade, for example, was conducted by a few dozen merchants in Lisbon. In the process of expanding the trade routes, Portuguese navigators mapped unknown parts of Africa, and began exploring the Indian Ocean. In 1487, an overland expedition by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a> made its way to India, exploring trade opportunities with the Indians and Arabs, and winding up finally in Ethiopia. His detailed report was eagerly read in Lisbon, which became the best-informed center for global geography and trade routes.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_African_coastline_excursions">Initial African coastline excursions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial African coastline excursions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Fears of what lay beyond <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a>, and whether it was possible to return once it was passed, were assuaged in 1434 when it was rounded by one of Infante Henry's captains, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a>. Once this psychological barrier had been crossed, it became easier to probe further along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius68-15">[15]</a> In 1443, <a href="/wiki/Infante_Pedro,_Duke_of_Coimbra" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Pedro, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Dom Pedro</a>, Henry's brother and by then regent of the Kingdom, granted him the monopoly of navigation, war and trade in the lands south of Cape Bojador. Later this monopoly would be enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> <a href="/wiki/Dum_Diversas" title="Dum Diversas">Dum Diversas</a> (1452) and <a href="/wiki/Romanus_Pontifex" title="Romanus Pontifex">Romanus Pontifex</a> (1455), granting Portugal the trade monopoly for the newly discovered lands.<a href="#cite_note-Daus33-16">[16]</a> A major advance that accelerated this project was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a> in the mid-15th century, a ship that could be sailed closer to the wind than any other in operation in Europe at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer29-17">[17]</a> Using this new maritime technology, Portuguese navigators reached ever more southerly <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>, advancing at an average rate of one degree a year.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-Wood1998p9-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde Peninsula">Cape Verde Peninsula</a> were reached in 1445.<a href="#cite_note-Rodriguez79-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/220px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3636"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/220px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/330px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg/440px-L%C3%A1zaro_Luis_1563.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of Western Africa by Lázaro Luis (1563). The large castle in West Africa represents the São Jorge da Mina (<a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>).</figcaption></figure> The first <a href="/wiki/Feitoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feitoria">feitoria</a> trade post overseas was established in 1445 on the island of <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin</a>, off the coast of Mauritania, to attract Muslim traders and monopolize the business in the routes travelled in North Africa. In 1446, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Fernandes" title="Álvaro Fernandes">Álvaro Fernandes</a> pushed on almost as far as present-day <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> was reached in the 1460s.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius469-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> Islands were discovered in 1456 and settled in 1462. Expansion of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> in Madeira started in 1455, using advisers from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and (largely) <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> capital to produce the "sweet salt" that was rare in Europe. Already cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, the accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. Slaves were used, and the proportion of imported slaves in Madeira reached 10% of the total population by the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By 1480 <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Ponting482-22">[22]</a> The success of sugar merchants such as <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Marchionni" title="Bartolomeo Marchionni">Bartolomeo Marchionni</a> would propel the investment in future travels.<a href="#cite_note-Davis84-23">[23]</a> In 1469, after prince Henry's death and as a result of meagre returns of the African explorations, King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a> granted the monopoly of trade in part of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> to merchant <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto232-24">[24]</a> Gomes, who had to explore 100 miles (160 km) of the coast each year for five years, discovered the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, including <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, and found a thriving <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> gold trade among the natives and visiting Arab and Berber traders at the port then named <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Mina</a> (the mine), where he established a trading post.<a href="#cite_note-White138-25">[25]</a> Trade between Elmina and Portugal grew throughout a decade. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Castilian_Succession" title="War of the Castilian Succession">War of the Castilian Succession</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian</a> fleet attempted to wrest control of this lucrative trade, but were decisively defeated in the 1478 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guinea" title="Battle of Guinea">Battle of Guinea</a>, which firmly established an exclusive Portuguese control. In 1481, the recently crowned <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">João II</a> decided to build <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_da_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="São Jorge da Mina">São Jorge da Mina</a> in order to ensure the protection of this trade, which was held again as a royal monopoly. The equator was crossed by navigators sponsored by Fernão Gomes in 1473 and the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a> in 1482. It was during this expedition that the Portuguese first encountered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a>, with which it soon developed a rapport.<a href="#cite_note-GannDuignan273-26">[26]</a> During his 1485–86 expedition, Cão continued to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius156-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Morocco.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/220px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/220px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/330px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Portuguese_Morocco.PNG/440px-Portuguese_Morocco.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Morocco–Portugal relations">Portuguese possessions in Morocco</a> (1415–1769)</figcaption></figure> In 1488, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> rounded the southern tip of Africa and reached <a href="/wiki/Great_Fish_River" title="Great Fish River">Great Fish River</a> on the coast of Africa,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161-28">[28]</a> proving false the view that had existed since <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> that the Indian Ocean was <a href="/wiki/Land-locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-locked">land-locked</a>. Simultaneously <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a>, traveling secretly overland, had reached <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, suggesting that a sea route to the Indies would soon be forthcoming.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson59-29">[29]</a> As the Portuguese explored the coastlines of Africa, they left behind a series of <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%A3o" title="Padrão">padrões</a>, stone crosses engraved with the Portuguese coat of arms marking their claims,<a href="#cite_note-Newitt47-30">[30]</a> and built forts and trading posts. From these bases, they engaged profitably in the slave and gold trades. Portugal enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the African seaborne slave trade for over a century, importing around 800 slaves annually. Most were brought to the Portuguese capital Lisbon, where it is estimated black Africans came to constitute 10 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson55-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Tordesillas_(1494)">Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_and_Portugal.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/220px-Spain_and_Portugal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="771"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/220px-Spain_and_Portugal.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/330px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Spain_and_Portugal.png/440px-Spain_and_Portugal.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> meridian divided the world between the crowns <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">of Castile</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s 1492 discovery for Spain of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, which he believed to be Asia, led to disputes between the Spanish and the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-McAlister73-75-32">[32]</a> These were eventually settled by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">duopoly</a> between the Portuguese and the Spanish along a north–south meridian 370 <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a>, or 970 miles (1,560 km), west of the Cape Verde islands.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto165-33">[33]</a> However, as it was not possible at the time to correctly measure <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, the exact boundary was disputed by the two countries until 1777.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius174-34">[34]</a> The completion of these negotiations with Spain is one of several reasons proposed by historians for why it took nine years for the Portuguese to follow up on Dias's voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, though it has also been speculated that other voyages were in fact taking place in secret during this time.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius176-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boxer36-36">[36]</a> Whether or not this was the case, the long-standing Portuguese goal of finding a sea route to Asia was finally achieved in a <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the sea route to India">ground-breaking voyage</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius176-185-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Portuguese_enter_the_Indian_Ocean">The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Portuguese enter the Indian Ocean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade#Portuguese_period" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade § Portuguese period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_presence_in_Asia" title="Portuguese presence in Asia">Portuguese presence in Asia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/220px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="808"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/220px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/330px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg/440px-A_partida_de_Vasco_da_Gama_para_a_%C3%8Dndia_em_1497.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s departure to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1497.</figcaption></figure> The squadron of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> left Portugal in 1497, rounded the Cape and continued along the coast of East Africa, where a local pilot was brought on board who guided them across the Indian Ocean, reaching <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, the capital of the kingdom ruled by <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorins</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>) in south-western India in May 1498.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The second voyage to India was dispatched in 1500 under <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>. While following the same south-westerly route as Gama across the Atlantic Ocean, Cabral made landfall on the Brazilian coast. This was probably an accidental discovery, but it has been speculated that the Portuguese secretly knew of Brazil's existence and that it lay on their side of the Tordesillas line.<a href="#cite_note-McAlister75-39">[39]</a> Cabral recommended to the Portuguese King that the land be settled, and two follow up voyages were sent in 1501 and 1503. The land was found to be abundant in <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">pau-brasil</a>, or brazilwood, from which it later inherited its name, but the failure to find gold or silver meant that for the time being Portuguese efforts were concentrated on India.<a href="#cite_note-McAlister76-40">[40]</a> In 1502, to enforce its trade monopoly over a wide area of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, the Portuguese Empire created the <a href="/wiki/Cartaz" title="Cartaz">cartaz</a> licensing system, granting merchant ships protection against pirates and rival states.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius274,320-323-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/220px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/330px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png/440px-Vasco_da_Gama_perante_o_Samorim_de_Calecute.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Vasco da Gama Meets the Zamorin of Calicut", painting by Veloso Salgado, 1898.</figcaption></figure> Profiting from the rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin kingdom">ruler of Kochi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kozhikode" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, the Portuguese were well-received and seen as allies, as they obtained a permit to build the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">fort Immanuel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>) and a trading post that was the first European settlement in India. They established a trading center at <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> (Coulão, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>) city in (1503) in 1502, which became the centre of trade in pepper,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and after founding manufactories at <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> (Cochim, Kochi) and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a> (Canonor, Kannur), built a factory at <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a> in 1503. In 1505 King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> first <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of Portuguese India, establishing the Portuguese government in the east. That year the Portuguese also conquered <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, where they founded <a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (modern Sri Lanka), where he discovered the source of <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto207-43">[43]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Cankili_I" title="Cankili I">Cankili I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffna</a> initially resisted contact with them, the <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a> came to the attention of Portuguese officials soon after for their resistance to missionary activities as well as logistical reasons due to its proximity with <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> harbour among other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Abeyasinghe2-44">[44]</a> In the same year, Manuel I ordered Almeida to fortify the Portuguese fortresses in Kerala and within eastern Africa, as well as probe into the prospects of building forts in Sri Lanka and Malacca in response to growing hostilities with Muslims within those regions and threats from the Mamluk sultan.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Carracks_off_a_Rocky_Coast.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The carrack <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_do_Monte_Sinai" title="Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai">Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai</a> exemplified the might and the force of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Armada</a>.</figcaption></figure> A Portuguese fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> in 1506 and <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> in 1507. Having failed to conquer <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Ormuz</a>, they instead followed a strategy intended to close off commerce to and from the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius233,235-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> was partly explored by Cunha, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> was discovered by Cunha whilst possibly being accompanied by Albuquerque.<a href="#cite_note-Macmillan11-47">[47]</a> After the capture of Socotra, Cunha and Albuquerque operated separately. While Cunha traveled India and Portugal for trading purposes, Albuquerque went to India to take over as governor after Almeida's three-year term ended. Almeida refused to turn over power and soon placed Albuquerque under house arrest, where he remained until 1509.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius237-239-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 411px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" data-width="220" data-height="411" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First viceroy of India, Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although requested by Manuel I to further explore interests in Malacca and Sri Lanka, Almeida instead focused on western India, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Gujarat">Sultanate of Gujarat</a> due to his suspicions of traders from the region possessing more power. The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamlûk Sultanate</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Qansuh_al-Ghawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri">Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri</a> along with the Gujarati sultanate attacked Portuguese forces in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaul" title="Battle of Chaul">Chaul</a>, resulting in the death of <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Almeida's son</a>. In retaliation, the Portuguese fought and destroyed the Mamluks and Gujarati fleets in the sea <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu_(1509)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Diu (1509)">Battle of Diu</a> in 1509.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-29-49">[49]</a> Along with Almeida's initial attempts, Manuel I and his council in Lisbon had tried to distribute power in the Indian Ocean, creating three areas of jurisdiction: Albuquerque was sent to the Red Sea, <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a> to South-east Asia, seeking an agreement with the Sultan of Malacca, and Jorge de Aguiar followed by Duarte de Lemos were sent to the area between the Cape of Good Hope and Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius245-247-50">[50]</a> However, such posts were centralized by Afonso de Albuquerque after his succession and remained so in subsequent ruling.<a href="#cite_note-Subrahmanyam67-83-51">[51]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 261.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 259.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese spice trade routes (blue)"><noscript><img alt="Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese spice trade routes (blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/389px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/389px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png" data-alt="Portuguese discoveries and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese spice trade routes (blue)" data-width="260" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/584px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png/778px-Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a> and explorations: first arrival places and dates; main Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> routes (blue)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century Portuguese illustration from the Códice Casanatense, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India"><noscript><img alt="16th century Portuguese illustration from the Códice Casanatense, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/253px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 169px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/253px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg" data-alt="16th century Portuguese illustration from the Códice Casanatense, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India" data-width="169" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/380px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg/507px-Codice_Casanatense_Portuguese_Nobleman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century Portuguese illustration from the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_Casanatense" title="Códice Casanatense">Códice Casanatense</a>, depicting a Portuguese nobleman with his retinue in India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Nau.png" class="mw-file-description" title="16th century heavy Portuguese carrack."><noscript><img alt="16th century heavy Portuguese carrack." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/152px-Portuguese_Nau.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 102px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/152px-Portuguese_Nau.png" data-alt="16th century heavy Portuguese carrack." data-width="102" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/228px-Portuguese_Nau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portuguese_Nau.png/304px-Portuguese_Nau.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th century heavy Portuguese carrack.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_with_Maritime_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean">Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trade with Maritime Asia, Africa and the Indian Ocean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macao" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Macao">Portuguese Macao</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">History of Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Goa,_Malacca_and_Southeast_Asia">Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts">Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-Portuguese conflicts">Malay-Portuguese conflicts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acehnese-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts">Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 405px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" data-width="220" data-height="405" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Second Portuguese governor of India <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>. Albuquerque is credited with laying the foundations of Portuguese power in Asia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/220px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="579"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/220px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/330px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg/440px-Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese Empire of the East, or Estado da Índia ("State of India"), with its capital in Goa, included possessions (as subjected areas with a certain degree of autonomy) in all the Asian sub-continents, East Africa, and Pacific.</figcaption></figure> By the end of 1509, Albuquerque became viceroy of the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> with the capital at <a href="/wiki/Velha_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Velha Goa">Velha Goa</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Cape_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape route">Cape route</a> was discovered by Vasco da Gama. In contrast to Almeida, Albuquerque was more concerned with strengthening the navy,<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b129-52">[52]</a> as well as being more compliant with the interests of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius238-53">[53]</a> His first objective was to conquer Goa, due to its strategic location as a defensive fort positioned between Kerala and Gujarat, as well as its prominence for <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a> imports.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b128-29-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Conquest_of_Goa_(1510)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510)">The initial capture of Goa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Bijapur sultanate</a> in 1510 was soon countered by the Bijapuris, but with the help of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timoji</a>, on November 25 of the same year it was recaptured.<a href="#cite_note-Shastry34-45-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b130-55">[55]</a> In Goa, Albuquerque began the first Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> in India in 1510.<a href="#cite_note-deSouza220-56">[56]</a> He encouraged Portuguese settlers to marry local women, built a church in honor of <a href="/wiki/St._Catherine_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Catherine of Alexandria">St. Catherine</a> (as it was recaptured on her feast day), and attempted to build rapport with the Hindus by protecting their temples and reducing their tax requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b130-55">[55]</a> The Portuguese maintained friendly relations with the south Indian Emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta291-57">[57]</a> In April 1511, Albuquerque sailed to <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs23-58">[58]</a> the largest spice market of the period.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2004p98-59">[59]</a> Though the trade was largely dominated by the Gujarati, other groups such as the Turks, Persians, Armenians, Tamils and <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Abyssinians</a> traded there.<a href="#cite_note-Kratoska2004p98-59">[59]</a> Albuquerque targeted Malacca to impede the Muslim and Venetian influence in the spice trade and increase that of Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-Gipouloux2011p301-302-60">[60]</a> By July 1511, Albuquerque had captured Malacca and sent <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Abreu" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Abreu">Antonio de Abreu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> (along with Ferdinand Magellan) to explore the Indonesian archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt2005p78-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/220px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="956"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/220px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/330px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg/440px-Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Iberian '<a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">mare clausum</a>' in the Age of Discovery. Afonso de Albuquerque's strategy to encircle the Indian Ocean is shown.</figcaption></figure> The Malacca peninsula became the strategic base for Portuguese trade expansion with China and Southeast Asia. A strong gate, called the <a href="/wiki/A_Famosa" title="A Famosa">A Famosa</a>, was erected to defend the city and remains.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi2009p202-62">[62]</a> Learning of Siamese ambitions over Malacca, Albuquerque immediately sent <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a> on a diplomatic mission to the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Kingdom of Siam</a> (modern Thailand), where he was the first European to arrive, establishing amicable relations and trade between both kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-Lach520-521-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Portuguese empire pushed further south and proceeded to discover Timor in 1512. <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Meneses</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> in 1526, naming it the "Island of the Papua".<a href="#cite_note-QuanchiRobson2005-65">[65]</a> In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Silveira" title="João da Silveira">João da Silveira</a> commanded a fleet to <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and by 1528, the Portuguese had established a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">settlement in Chittagong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harris225-67">[67]</a> The Portuguese eventually based their center of operations along the <a href="/wiki/Hugli_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugli River">Hugli River</a>, where they encountered Muslims, Hindus, and Portuguese deserters known as Chatins.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China_and_Japan">China and Japan</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China and Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Portugal" title="Chinese people in Portugal">Chinese people in Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">Nanban trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Slavery in Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Portuguese Nagasaki</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_Trade_Routes.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/220px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/220px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png" data-width="220" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/330px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Macau_Trade_Routes.png/440px-Macau_Trade_Routes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Portuguese visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki, Japan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Jorge Alvares was the first European to reach China by sea, while the Romans were the first overland via Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds2002-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward2008-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gleason2007-72">[72]</a> He was also the first European to discover Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1514, Afonso de Albuquerque, the Viceroy of the Estado da India, dispatched <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Perestrello" title="Rafael Perestrello">Rafael Perestrello</a> to sail to China in order to pioneer European trade relations with the nation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In their first attempts at obtaining trading posts by force, the Portuguese were defeated by the Ming Chinese at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tunmen" title="Battle of Tunmen">Battle of Tunmen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tam%C3%A3o" title="Tamão">Tamão</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a>. In 1521, the Portuguese lost 2 ships at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sincouwaan" title="Battle of Sincouwaan">Battle of Sincouwaan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lantau_Island" title="Lantau Island">Lantau Island</a>. The Portuguese also lost 2 ships at <a href="/wiki/Shuangyu" title="Shuangyu">Shuangyu</a> in 1548 where several Portuguese were captured and near the <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_County" title="Dongshan County">Dongshan Peninsula</a>. In 1549 two Portuguese junks and <a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a> were captured. During these battles the Ming Chinese captured weapons from the defeated Portuguese which they then reverse engineered and mass-produced in China such as <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> which they named <a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_China#History" title="Gun control in China">bird guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun" title="Breech-loading swivel gun">breech-loading swivel guns</a> which they named as Folangji (<a href="/wiki/Franks#Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_%22Franks%22" title="Franks">Frankish</a>) cannon because the Portuguese were known to the Chinese under the name of Franks at this time. The Portuguese later returned to China peacefully and presented themselves under the name Portuguese instead of Franks in the <a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)">Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)</a> and rented Macau as a trading post from China by paying annual lease of hundreds of silver <a href="/wiki/Taels" class="mw-redirect" title="Taels">taels</a> to Ming China.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_oldmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/220px-Macau_oldmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/220px-Macau_oldmap.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/330px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Macau_oldmap.jpg/440px-Macau_oldmap.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A depiction, from 1639, of the <a href="/wiki/Macau_Peninsula" title="Macau Peninsula">Macau Peninsula</a>, during the golden age of colonization of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a></figcaption></figure> Despite initial harmony and excitement between the two cultures, difficulties began to arise shortly afterwards, including misunderstanding, bigotry, and even hostility.<a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag.com-78">[78]</a> The Portuguese explorer <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade#Andrade's_brother_and_spoiled_relations" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Simão de Andrade</a> incited poor relations with China due to his pirate activities, raiding Chinese shipping, attacking a Chinese official, and kidnappings of Chinese. He based himself at Tamao island in a fort. The Chinese claimed that Simão kidnapped Chinese boys and girls to be molested and cannibalized.<a href="#cite_note-Jesus5-79">[79]</a> The Chinese sent a squadron of junks against Portuguese caravels that succeeded in driving the Portuguese away and reclaiming Tamao. As a result, the Chinese posted an edict banning men with Caucasian features from entering Canton, killing multiple Portuguese there, and driving the Portuguese back to sea.<a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whiteway339-81">[81]</a> After the Sultan of Bintan detained several Portuguese under Tomás Pires, the Chinese then executed 23 Portuguese and threw the rest into prison where they resided in squalid, sometimes fatal conditions. The Chinese then massacred Portuguese who resided at <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> trading posts in 1545 and 1549, due to extensive and damaging raids by the Portuguese along the coast, which irritated the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80">[80]</a> Portuguese pirating was second to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pirates">Japanese pirating</a> by this period. However, they soon began to shield Chinese junks and a cautious trade began. In 1557 the Chinese authorities allowed the Portuguese to settle in Macau, creating a warehouse in the trade of goods between China, Japan, Goa and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Dodge226-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b175,184-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Spice_Islands_(Moluccas)_and_Treaty_of_Zaragoza">Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spice Islands (Moluccas) and Treaty of Zaragoza" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7421" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/220px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/330px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg/440px-Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portugal was the first European nation to <a href="/wiki/Nanban_trade" title="Nanban trade">establish trade routes with Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">China</a>. A significant portion of the crews on Portuguese ships on the <a href="/wiki/Japan_voyage" title="Japan voyage">Japan voyage</a> were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_India" title="Catholic Church in India">Indian Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></figcaption></figure> Portuguese operations in Asia did not go unnoticed, and in 1521 <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Magellan</a> arrived in the region and claimed the Philippines for Spain. In 1525, Spain under Charles V sent an expedition to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas islands">Moluccas islands</a>, claiming they were in his zone of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, since there was no set limit to the east. The expedition of <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Jofre_de_Loa%C3%ADsa" class="mw-redirect" title="García Jofre de Loaísa">García Jofre de Loaísa</a> reached the Moluccas, docking at <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>. With the Portuguese already established in nearby Ternate, conflict was inevitable, leading to nearly a decade of skirmishes. A resolution was reached with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a> in 1529, attributing the Moluccas to Portugal and the Philippines to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi2004p1340-84">[84]</a> The Portuguese traded regularly with the <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a> from 1530 and described the capital of Brunei as surrounded by a stone wall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Asia,_Persian_Gulf_and_Red_Sea">South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian%E2%80%93Portuguese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian–Portuguese war">Persian–Portuguese war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1507)">Capture of Ormuz (1507)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_invasion_of_Bahrain" title="Portuguese invasion of Bahrain">Portuguese invasion of Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">History of Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">History of Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Oman" title="Portuguese Oman">Portuguese Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socotra" title="Portuguese Socotra">Portuguese Socotra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati-Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts">Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/220px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/220px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/330px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg/440px-Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Qal%27at_al-Bahrain" title="Qal'at al-Bahrain">Portuguese Fort</a>, one of the best-preserved forts in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="2152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Persia_Portrait_of_a_Portuguese_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Persian portrait of a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobleman</a> (16th century)</figcaption></figure> The Portuguese empire expanded into the Persian Gulf, contesting control of the spice trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In 1515, Afonso de Albuquerque <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1507)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1507)">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Huwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwala">Huwala</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz</a> at the head of the Persian Gulf, establishing it as a vassal state. <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, however, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aden" title="Siege of Aden">resisted</a> Albuquerque's expedition in that same year and another attempt by Albuquerque's successor <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a> in 1516. In 1521 a force led by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Correia_(admiral)" title="António Correia (admiral)">António Correia</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Jabrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabrid">Jabrid</a> King, <a href="/wiki/Muqrin_ibn_Zamil" title="Muqrin ibn Zamil">Muqrin ibn Zamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In a shifting series of alliances, the Portuguese dominated much of the southern Persian Gulf for the next hundred years. With the regular maritime route linking Lisbon to Goa since 1497, the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">island of Mozambique</a> became a strategic port, and there was built <a href="/wiki/Fort_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o" title="Fort São Sebastião">Fort São Sebastião</a> and a hospital. In the Azores, the Islands Armada protected the ships en route to Lisbon.<a href="#cite_note-O'Flanagan125-86">[86]</a> In 1534, Gujarat faced attack from the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and the Rajput states of <a href="/wiki/Chitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitor">Chitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandu</a>. The Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_of_Gujarat" title="Bahadur Shah of Gujarat">Bahadur Shah of Gujarat</a> was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bassein_(1534)" title="Treaty of Bassein (1534)">Treaty of Bassein</a> with the Portuguese, establishing an alliance to regain the country, giving in exchange <a href="/wiki/Daman,_Daman_and_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman, Daman and Diu">Daman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasai" title="Vasai">Bassein</a>. It also regulated the trade of Gujarati ships departing to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and passing through Bassein to pay duties and allow the horse trade.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson1976pp74-82-87">[87]</a> After Mughal ruler <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> had success against Bahadur, the latter signed another treaty with the Portuguese to confirm the provisions and allowed the fort to be built in Diu. Shortly afterward, Humayun turned his attention elsewhere, and the Gujarats allied with the Ottomans to regain control of Diu and lay siege to the fort. The two failed sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1538)" title="Siege of Diu (1538)">1538</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Diu_(1546)" title="Siege of Diu (1546)">1546</a> put an end to Ottoman ambitions, confirming the Portuguese hegemony in the region,<a href="#cite_note-Pearson1976pp74-82-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil116-118-88">[88]</a> as well as gaining superiority over the Mughals.<a href="#cite_note-Mathew138-89">[89]</a> However, the Ottomans fought off attacks from the Portuguese in the Red Sea and in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in 1541, and in the northern region of the Persian Gulf in 1546 and 1552. Each entity ultimately had to respect the sphere of influence of the other, albeit unofficially.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_(colorized).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg/220px-Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg/220px-Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Theodore_de_Bry_-_Harbour_scene_%28colorized%29.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Carracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carracks">carracks</a> unload cargo in Lisbon. Original engraving by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_de_Bry" title="Theodor de Bry">Theodor de Bry</a>, 1593, coloured at a later date</figcaption></figure> After a series of prolonged contacts with Ethiopia, the Portuguese embassy made contact with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian (Abyssinian) Kingdom</a> led by Rodrigo de Lima in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-Abir86-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> This coincided with the Portuguese search for Prester John, as they soon associated the kingdom as his land.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The fear of Turkish advances within the Portuguese and Ethiopian sectors also played a role in their alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Abir86-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> defeated the Ethiopians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shimbra_Kure" title="Battle of Shimbra Kure">battle of Shimbra Kure</a> in 1529, and Islam spread further in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">region</a>. Portugal responded by aiding king <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Gelawdewos</a> with Portuguese soldiers and muskets. Though the Ottomans responded with support of soldiers and muskets to the Adal Sultanate, after the death of the Adali sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wayna_Daga" title="Battle of Wayna Daga">battle of Wayna Daga</a> in 1543, the joint Adal-Ottoman force retreated.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p121-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Portuguese also made direct contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongolose</a> vassal state <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Ndongo</a> and its ruler Ngola Kiljuane in 1520, after the latter requested missionaries.<a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007p207-99">[99]</a> Kongolese king <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo" title="Afonso I of Kongo">Afonso I</a> interfered with the process with denunciations, and later sent a Kongo mission to Ndongo after the latter had arrested the Portuguese mission that came.<a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007p207-99">[99]</a> The growing official and unofficial slave trading with Ndongo strained relations between Kongo and the Portuguese, and even had Portuguese ambassadors from Sao Tome support Ndongo against the Kingdom of Kongo.<a href="#cite_note-Thornton2000pp100-101-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p83-101">[101]</a> However, when the <a href="/wiki/Jaga_(Kongo)" title="Jaga (Kongo)">Jaga</a> attacked and conquered regions of Kongo in 1568, Portuguese assisted Kongo in their defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p175-102">[102]</a> In response, the Kongo allowed the colonization of Luanda Island; Luanda was established by <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a> in 1576 and soon became a slave port.<a href="#cite_note-Stapleton2013p175-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> De Novais' subsequent alliance with Ndongo angered Luso-Africans who resented the influence from the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-HeywoodThornton2007p86-104">[104]</a> In 1579, Ndongo ruler Ngola Kiluanje kia Ndamdi massacred Portuguese and Kongolese residents in the Ndongo capital <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kabasa</a> under the influence of Portuguese renegades. Both the Portuguese and Kongo fought against Ndongo, and off-and-on warfare between the Ndongo and Portugal would persist for decades.<a href="#cite_note-Mancall2007pp208-211-105">[105]</a> In east-Africa, the main agents acting on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, exploring and settling the territory of what would become Mozambique were the <a href="/wiki/Prazeros" title="Prazeros">prazeiros</a>, to whom vast estates around the Zambezi River were leased by the King as a reward for their services. Commanding vast armies of <a href="/wiki/Chikunda" title="Chikunda">chikunda</a> warrior-slaves, these men acted as feudal-like lords, either levying tax from local chieftains, defending them and their estates from marauding tribes, participating in the ivory or slave trade, and becoming involved in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a>, to the point of installing client kings upon its throne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Missionary_expeditions">Missionary expeditions</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Missionary expeditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_(1635)_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/220px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/220px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png" data-width="220" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/330px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png/440px-Saint_Francis_Xavier_taking_leave_of_King_John_III_%281635%29_-_Jos%C3%A9_Avelar_Rebelo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Xavier">St. Francis Xavier</a> requesting <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> for a missionary expedition in Asia</figcaption></figure> In 1542, Jesuit missionary <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> arrived in Goa at the service of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, in charge of an <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Nunciature">Apostolic Nunciature</a>. At the same time Francisco Zeimoto, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Mota" title="António Mota">António Mota</a>, and other traders arrived in Japan for the first time. According to <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a>, who claimed to be in this journey, they arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima" title="Tanegashima">Tanegashima</a>, where the locals were impressed by <a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(Japanese_matchlock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanegashima (Japanese matchlock)">firearms</a>, that would be immediately made by the Japanese on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-Pacey1991-106">[106]</a> By 1570 the Portuguese bought part of a Japanese port where they founded a small part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and it became the major trading port in Japan in the triangular trade with China and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b195-108">[108]</a> Guarding its trade from both European and Asian competitors, Portugal dominated not only the trade between Asia and Europe, but also much of the trade between different regions of Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, China, and Japan. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionaries, followed the Portuguese to spread <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> to Asia and Africa with mixed success.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto262-265-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonization_efforts_in_the_Americas">Colonization efforts in the Americas</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonization efforts in the Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Canada">Canada</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/220px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1107"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/220px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/330px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png/440px-Terra_Nova_e_Labrador_01.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Portuguese mapped and claimed <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Cove-St._Philip%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal Cove-St. Philip's">Canada</a> in 1499 and the 1500s.</figcaption></figure> Based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the Portuguese Crown, under the kings Manuel I, John III and Sebastian, also claimed territorial rights in North America (reached by <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> in 1497 and 1498). To that end, in 1499 and 1500, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a> explored <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the north Atlantic coast of Canada, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius464-112">[112]</a> Subsequently, in 1500–1501 and 1502, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a> explored what is today the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, and Greenland, claiming these lands for Portugal. In 1506, King Manuel I created taxes for the cod fisheries in Newfoundland waters.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Around 1521, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> was granted <a href="/wiki/Donat%C3%A1rio" title="Donatário">donatary</a> rights to the inner islands of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a> and also created a settlement on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> to serve as a base for cod fishing. Pressure from natives and competing European fisheries prevented a permanent establishment and it was abandoned five years later. Several attempts to establish settlements in Newfoundland over the next half-century also failed.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009a116-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Brazil">Brazil</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Within a few years after Cabral arrived from Brazil, competition came along from France. In 1503, an expedition under the command of <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a> reported French raids on the Brazilian coasts,<a href="#cite_note-HerringHerring214-114">[114]</a> and explorer <a href="/wiki/Binot_Paulmier_de_Gonneville" title="Binot Paulmier de Gonneville">Binot Paulmier de Gonneville</a> traded for brazilwood after making contact in southern Brazil a year later.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Expeditions sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> along the North American coast directly violated of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesilhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tordesilhas">Treaty of Tordesilhas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116">[116]</a> By 1531, the French had stationed a trading post off of an island on the Brazilian coast.<a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116">[116]</a> The increase in brazilwood smuggling from the French led <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III" class="mw-redirect" title="João III">João III</a> to press an effort to establish effective occupation of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p76-117">[117]</a> In 1531, a royal expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> and his brother Pero Lopes went to patrol the whole Brazilian coast, banish the French, and create some of the first colonial towns – among them <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="São Vicente, Brazil">São Vicente</a>, in 1532.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp76-78-118">[118]</a> Sousa returned to Lisbon a year later to become <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">governor of India</a> and never returned to Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira254-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p78-120">[120]</a> The French attacks did cease to an extent after retaliation led to the Portuguese paying the French to stop attacking Portuguese ships throughout the Atlantic,<a href="#cite_note-PickettPickett14-116">[116]</a> but the attacks would continue to be a problem well into the 1560s.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2005pp694-696-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitanias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/220px-Capitanias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="4154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 298px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/220px-Capitanias.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="298" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/330px-Capitanias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Capitanias.jpg/440px-Capitanias.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map from 1574 showing the 15 hereditary <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">captaincy colonies of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> Upon de Sousa's arrival and success, fifteen latitudinal tracts, theoretically to span from the coast to the Tordesillas limit, were decreed by João III on 28 September 1532.<a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira254-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marley2005p694-122">[122]</a> The plot of the lands formed as a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil#Captaincies" title="Colonial Brazil">captaincies</a> (Capitanias Hereditárias) to grantees rich enough to support settlement, as had been done successfully in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-DiffieWinius310-123">[123]</a> Each <a href="/wiki/Captain-major" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-major">captain-major</a> was to build settlements, grant allotments and administer justice, being responsible for developing and taking the costs of colonization, although not being the owner: he could transmit it to offspring, but not sell it. Twelve recipients came from Portuguese gentry who become prominent in Africa and India and senior officials of the court, such as <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-deAbreu1998-124">[124]</a> Of the fifteen original captaincies, only two, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and São Vicente, prospered.<a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira255-56-125">[125]</a> Both were dedicated to the crop of <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, and the settlers managed to maintain alliances with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. The rise of the sugar industry came about because the Crown took the easiest sources of profit (brazilwood, spices, etc.), leaving settlers to come up with new revenue sources.<a href="#cite_note-DeOliveira255-126">[126]</a> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> industry demanded intensive labor that would be met with Native American and, later, African slaves.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111-119-127">[127]</a> Deeming the capitanias system ineffective, João III decided to centralize the government of the colony in order to "give help and assistance" to grantees. In 1548 he created the first General Government, sending in <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a> as first governor and selecting a capital at the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_All_Saints" title="Bay of All Saints">Bay of All Saints</a>, making it at the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_of_Bahia" title="Captaincy of Bahia">Captaincy of Bahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lockhart190-191-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bakewell496-129">[129]</a> Tomé de Sousa built the capital of Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>, at the Bay of All Saints in 1549.<a href="#cite_note-Mahoney246-130">[130]</a> Among de Sousa's 1000 man expedition were soldiers, workers, and six <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-Wood1968p47-131">[131]</a> The Jesuits would have an essential role in the colonization of Brazil, including São Vicente, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, the latter which Nóbrega co-founded.<a href="#cite_note-Ladle185-132">[132]</a> Along with the Jesuit missions later came disease among the natives, among them <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Subsequently, the French would resettle in Portuguese territory at <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a>, which would be called <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p86-134">[134]</a> While a Portuguese ambassador was sent to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to report the French intrusion, Joao III appointed <a href="/wiki/Mem_de_S%C3%A1" title="Mem de Sá">Mem de Sá</a> as new Brazilian governor general, and Sá left for Brazil in 1557.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p86-134">[134]</a> By 1560, Sá and his forces had expelled the combined <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a>, Scottish <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a>, and slave forces from France Antarctique, but left survivors after burning their fortifications and villages. These survivors would settle <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B3ria,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Glória, Rio de Janeiro">Gloria Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamengo,_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro">Flamengo Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Governador_Island" title="Governador Island">Parapapuã</a> with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tamoio</a> natives.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p90-135">[135]</a> The Tamoio had been allied with the French since the settlement of France Antarctique, and despite the French loss in 1560, the Tamoio were still a threat.<a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136">[136]</a> They launched two attacks in 1561 and 1564 (the latter event was assisting the French), and were nearly successful with each.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp91-92-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> By this time period, Manuel de Nóbrega, along with fellow Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a>, took part as members of attacks on the Tamoios and as spies for their resources.<a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008pp91-92-137">[137]</a> From 1565 through 1567 Mem de Sá and his forces eventually destroyed France Antarctique at Guanabara Bay. He and his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1cio_de_S%C3%A1" title="Estácio de Sá">Estácio de Sá</a>, then established the city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1567, after Mem de Sá proclaimed the area "São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro" in 1565.<a href="#cite_note-Marley2008p96-139">[139]</a> By 1575, the Tamoios had been subdued and essentially were extinct,<a href="#cite_note-Treece31-136">[136]</a> and by 1580 the government became more of an ouvidor general rather than the ouvidores.<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz1973p41-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberian_Union,_Protestant_rivalry,_and_colonial_stasis_(1580–1663)">Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Iberian Union, Protestant rivalry, and colonial stasis (1580–1663)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/220px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/220px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/330px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/440px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> in 1598, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip I and II</a>, King of Portugal and Spain</figcaption></figure> In 1580, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> invaded Portugal after a <a href="/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1580 Portuguese succession crisis">crisis of succession</a> brought about by King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a>'s death during a disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Portuguese attack on Alcácer Quibir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in 1578. At the Cortes of Tomar in 1581, Philip was crowned Philip I of Portugal, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires under <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Habsburgs">Spanish Habsburg</a> rule in a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kamen177-141">[141]</a> At Tomar, Philip promised to keep the empires legally distinct, leaving the administration of the Portuguese Empire to Portuguese nationals, with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_Portugal_during_the_Iberian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of Portugal during the Iberian Union">Viceroy of Portugal</a> in Lisbon seeing to his interests.<a href="#cite_note-Boyajian11-142">[142]</a> Philip even had the capital moved to Lisbon for a two-year period (1581–83) due to it being the most important city in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian peninsula">Iberian peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallagher8-143">[143]</a> All the Portuguese colonies accepted the new state of affairs except for the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, which held out for <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António</a>, a Portuguese rival claimant to the throne who had garnered the support of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Medici">Catherine de Medici</a> of France in exchange for the promise to cede Brazil. Spanish forces eventually captured the islands in 1583.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson104-105-144">[144]</a> The Tordesillas boundary between Spanish and Portuguese control in South America was then increasingly ignored by the Portuguese, who pressed beyond it into the heart of Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-Boyajian11-142">[142]</a> allowing them to expand the territory to the west. Exploratory missions were carried out both ordered by the government, the "entradas" (entries), and by private initiative, the "bandeiras" (flags), by the "<a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Boxer386-145">[145]</a> These expeditions lasted for years venturing into unmapped regions, initially to capture natives and force them into slavery, and later focusing on finding gold, silver and diamond mines.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111,117-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa,_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/220px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/220px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/330px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg/440px-La_recuperaci%C3%B3n_de_Bah%C3%ADa%2C_Ma%C3%ADno.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Recovery_of_Bah%C3%ADa_de_Todos_los_Santos" title="The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos">The Recovery of São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip III of Portugal">Philip III of Portugal</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></figcaption></figure> However, the union meant that Spain dragged Portugal into its conflicts with England, France and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, countries which were beginning to establish their own overseas empires.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson105-147">[147]</a> The primary threat came from the Dutch, who had been engaged in a <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">struggle for independence</a> against Spain since 1568. In 1581, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Seven Provinces</a> gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg rule</a>, leading Philip II to prohibit commerce with Dutch ships, including in Brazil where Dutch had invested large sums in financing sugar production.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas159-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/220px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/220px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/330px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/440px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Dutch and English warships engaging a Portuguese galleon at the Battle of Cadis, 1608.</figcaption></figure> Spanish imperial trade networks now were opened to Portuguese merchants, which was particularly lucrative for Portuguese slave traders who could now sell slaves in Spanish America at a higher price than could be fetched in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Lockhart250-149">[149]</a> In addition to this newly acquired access to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asientos</a>, the Portuguese were able to solve their bullion shortage issues with access to the production of the silver mining in Peru and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt163-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> was also incorporated into the Macau-Nagasaki trading network, allowing Macanese of Portuguese descent to act as trading agents for Philippine Spaniards and use Spanish silver from the Americas in trade with China, and they later drew competition with the Dutch East India Company.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b186-151">[151]</a> In 1592, during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">war with Spain</a>, an English fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">captured</a> a large Portuguese carrack off the Azores, the <a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a>, which was loaded with 900 tons of merchandise from India and China estimated at half a million <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a> (nearly half the size of English Treasury at the time).<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This foretaste of the riches of the East galvanized English interest in the region.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> was sent by Dutch merchants to Lisbon, to gather as much information as he could about the Spice Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b186-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lach200-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/220px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5011" data-file-height="1961"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 86px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/220px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="86" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/330px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg/440px-Rua_Direita_na_Cidade_de_Goa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joannes_van_Doetecum_the_Elder" title="Joannes van Doetecum the Elder">Joannes van Doetecum</a>'s 1596 print of "<a href="/wiki/Market_of_Goa_(Van_Doetecum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)">The Market of Goa</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huygen_van_Linschoten" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Huygen van Linschoten">Linschoten</a>'s Itinerario, showing the main street of Portuguese Goa in the 1580s.</figcaption></figure> The Dutch eventually realized the importance of Goa in breaking up the Portuguese empire in Asia. In 1583, merchant and explorer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Huyghen_van_Linschoten" title="Jan Huyghen van Linschoten">Jan Huyghen van Linschoten</a> (1563 – 8 February 1611), formerly the Dutch secretary of the Archbishop of Goa, had acquired information while serving in that position that contained the location of secret Portuguese trade routes throughout Asia, including those to the East Indies and Japan. It was published in 1595 and then greatly expanded the next year as his Itinerario.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Dutch and English interests used this new information, leading to their commercial expansion, including the foundation of the English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1600, and the Dutch East India Company in 1602. These developments allowed the entry of <a href="/wiki/Chartered_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered companies">chartered companies</a> into the East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-Crow1992-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-BowenLincoln2002-158">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1668"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/330px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/440px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Portuguese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Second Battle of Guararapes</a> ended Dutch presence in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Dutch took their fight overseas, attacking Spanish and Portuguese colonies and beginning the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, which would last for over sixty years (1602–1663). Other European nations, such as Protestant England, assisted the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> in the war. The Dutch attained victories in Asia and Africa with assistance of various indigenous allies, eventually wrenching control of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_da_Mina" class="mw-redirect" title="São Jorge da Mina">São Jorge da Mina</a>. The Dutch also had regional control of the lucrative sugar-producing region of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">northeast Brazil</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Luanda</a>, but the Portuguese regained these territories after considerable struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b73-74,168-171,226-231-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Meanwhile, in the Persian Gulf region, the Portuguese also lost control of <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ormuz_(1622)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Ormuz (1622)">Ormuz</a> by a joint alliance of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavids</a> and the English in 1622, and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Al-Ya'arubs</a> would capture <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> in 1650.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b169-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Hormuz_(1625)" title="Battle off Hormuz (1625)">1625 Battle off Hormuz</a>, one of the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Safavid_wars" title="Portuguese–Safavid wars">Portuguese–Safavid wars</a>, would result in a draw.<a href="#cite_note-WF-162">[162]</a> They would continue to use Muscat as a base for repetitive incursions within the Indian Ocean, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Jesus">including capturing Fort Jesus in 1698</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b350-163">[163]</a> In Ethiopia and Japan in the 1630s, the ousting of missionaries by local leaders severed influence in the respective regions.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_empire_(1663–1822)">Second empire (1663–1822)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Second empire (1663–1822)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">History of Portugal (1640–1777)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1667).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281667%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Flag of Portugal (1667–1706). From the 15th–19th centuries the Portuguese flags all looked similar to this.</figcaption></figure> The loss of colonies was one of the reasons that contributed to the end of the personal union with Spain. In 1640 John IV was proclaimed King of Portugal and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a> began. Even before the war's final resolution, the crown established the Overseas Council, conceived in 1642 on the short-lived model of the Council of India (1604–1614), and established in 1643, it was the governing body for most of the Portuguese overseas empire. The exceptions were North Africa, Madeira, and the Azores. All correspondence concerning overseas possessions were funneled through the council. When the Portuguese court fled to Brazil in 1807, following the Napoleonic invasion of Iberia, Brazil was removed from the jurisdiction of the council. It made recommendations concerning personnel for the administrative, fiscal, and military, as well as bishops of overseas dioceses.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> A distinguished seventeenth-century member was <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_S%C3%A1" title="Salvador de Sá">Salvador de Sá</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/220px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/330px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg/440px-Nau_Rainha_de_Portugal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Portuguese warship Rainha de Portugal saluting the squadron of Admiral Ball at Malta in 1798. In the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Navy" title="Portuguese Navy">Portuguese Navy</a> was among the most powerful in the world.</figcaption></figure> In 1661 the Portuguese offered <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a> to England as part of a dowry, and over the next hundred years the English gradually became the dominant trader in India, gradually excluding the trade of other powers. In 1668 Spain recognized the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> and in exchange Portugal ceded <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to the Spanish crown.<a href="#cite_note-Cowans2003-168">[168]</a> After the Portuguese were defeated by the Indian rulers <a href="/wiki/Chimnaji_Appa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimnaji Appa">Chimnaji Appa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed330-170">[170]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Keladi_Nayaka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Keladi Nayaka Kingdom">Keladi Nayaka Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and at the end of confrontations with the Dutch, Portugal was only able to cling onto <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and several minor bases in India, and managed to regain territories in Brazil and Africa, but lost forever to prominence in Asia as trade was diverted through increasing numbers of English, Dutch and French trading posts. In 1787, in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> the <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Pintos" title="Conspiracy of the Pintos">Conspiracy of the Pintos</a>, also known as the Pinto Revolt, known in Portuguese as A Conjuração dos Pintos occurred, this was a rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The leaders of the plot were three prominent priests from the village of <a href="/wiki/Candolim" title="Candolim">Candolim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Concelho" title="Concelho">concelho</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bardez" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardez">Bardez</a>, Goa. They belonged to the noble Pinto clan, hence the name of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> This was fought due to the Portuguese refusing to create bishops and other officials from the colonies and demanded equality. The family was one of the first <a href="/wiki/People_from_India" class="mw-redirect" title="People from India">Indian</a> families to be considered as a <a href="/wiki/Fidalgo" title="Fidalgo">Fidalgo</a> by the Portuguese crown and two brothers were granted a coat of arms in 1770, and included in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a> This was the first anti-colonial revolt in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and one of the first by <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> subjects in all European colonies. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="996"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Pintos_April_1770.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded by the King of Portugal in 1770</figcaption></figure> Thus, throughout the century, Brazil gained increasing importance to the empire, which exported <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a> and sugar.<a href="#cite_note-BethencourtCurto111,117-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minas_Gerais_and_the_gold_industry">Minas Gerais and the gold industry</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Minas Gerais and the gold industry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1693, gold was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> in Brazil. Major discoveries of gold and, later, diamonds in Minas Gerais, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and Goiás led to a "<a href="/wiki/Brazil_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil Gold Rush">gold rush</a>", with a large influx of migrants.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer168-174">[174]</a> The village became the new economic center of the empire, with rapid settlement and some conflicts. This gold cycle led to the creation of an internal market and attracted a large number of immigrants. By 1739, at the apex of the mining boom, the population of Minas Gerais was somewhere between 200,000 and 250,000.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b268-69-175">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_in_1817.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/220px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1985"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/220px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/330px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Brazil_in_1817.svg/440px-Brazil_in_1817.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Provinces of the Portuguese Empire in the Americas by 1817</figcaption></figure> The gold rush considerably increased the revenue of the Portuguese crown, who charged a fifth of all the ore mined, or the "fifth". Diversion and smuggling were frequent, along with altercations between Paulistas (residents of São Paulo) and Emboabas (immigrants from Portugal and other regions in Brazil), so a whole set of bureaucratic controls began in 1710 with the captaincy of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. By 1718, São Paulo and Minas Gerais became two captaincies, with eight vilas created in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell203-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b267-68-177">[177]</a> The crown also restricted the diamond mining within its jurisdiction and to private contractors.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b267-68-177">[177]</a> In spite of gold galvanizing global trade, the plantation industry became the leading export for Brazil during this period; sugar constituted at 50% of the exports (with gold at 46%) in 1760.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b268-69-175">[175]</a> Africans became the largest group of people in Minas Gerais. Slaves labeled as 'Minas' and 'Angolas' rose in high demand during the boom. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akan_peoples&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akan peoples (page does not exist)">Akan</a> within the 'Minas' group had a reputation to have been experts in extrapolating gold in their native regions, and became the preferred group. In spite of the high death rate associated with the slaves involved in the mining industry, the owners that allowed slaves that extracted above the minimum amount of gold to keep the excesses, which in turn led to the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>. Those that became free partook in artisan jobs such as cobblers, tailors, and blacksmiths. In spite of free blacks and <a href="/wiki/Mulattoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulattoes">mulattoes</a> playing a large role in Minas Gerais, the number of them that received marginalization was greater there than in any other region in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b273-275-178">[178]</a> Gold discovered in Mato Grosso and Goiás sparked an interest to solidify the western borders of the colony. In the 1730s contact with Spanish outposts occurred more frequently, and the Spanish threatened to launch a military expedition in order to remove them. This failed to happen and by the 1750s the Portuguese were able to implant a political stronghold in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b288-179">[179]</a> In 1755 Lisbon suffered a catastrophic <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">earthquake</a>, which together with a subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> killed between 40,000 and 60,000 people out of a population of 275,000.<a href="#cite_note-KozakCermak131-180">[180]</a> This sharply checked Portuguese colonial ambitions in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Ramasamy2006-181">[181]</a> According to economic historians, Portugal's colonial trade had a substantial positive impact on Portuguese economic growth, 1500–1800. Leonor Costa et al. conclude: <blockquote>intercontinental trade had a substantial and increasingly positive impact on economic growth. In the heyday of colonial expansion, eliminating the economic links to empire would have reduced Portugal's per capita income by roughly a fifth. While the empire helped the domestic economy it was not sufficient to annul the tendency towards decline in relation to Europe's advanced core which set in from the 17th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pombaline_and_post-Pombaline_Brazil">Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pombaline and post-Pombaline Brazil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/220px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/220px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/330px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/440px-Mapa_da_cidade_do_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Plan of the city of S. Sebastião (Rio de Janeiro) in 1820.</figcaption></figure> Unlike Spain, Portugal did not divide its <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colonial territory in America</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Capitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitania">captaincies</a> created there functioned under a centralized administration in <a href="/wiki/Salvador_da_Bahia" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador da Bahia">Salvador</a>, which reported directly to the Crown in Lisbon. The 18th century was marked by increasing centralization of royal power throughout the Portuguese empire. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, who protected the natives against slavery, were brutally suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, which led to the dissolution of the order in the region by 1759.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009a298-302-183">[183]</a> Pombal wished to improve the status of the natives by declaring them free and increasing the <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> population by encouraging intermarriage between them and the white population. Indigenous freedom decreased in contrast to its period under the Jesuits, and the response to intermarriage was lukewarm at best.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b288-89-184">[184]</a> The crown's revenue from gold declined and plantation revenue increased by the time of Pombal, and he made provisions to improve each. Although he failed to spike the gold revenue, two short-term companies he established for the plantation economy drove a significant increase in production of cotton, rice, cacao, tobacco, and sugar. Slave labor increased as well as involvement from the textile economy. The economic development as a whole was inspired by elements of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> in mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b277-79,_283-84-185">[185]</a> However, the diminished influence from states such as the United Kingdom increased the Kingdom's dependence upon Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Encouraged by the example of the United States of America, which had won its independence from Britain, the colonial province of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> attempted to achieve the same objective in 1789. However, the <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Inconfidência Mineira</a> failed, its leaders were arrested, and of the participants in the insurrections, the one of lowest social position, <a href="/wiki/Tiradentes" title="Tiradentes">Tiradentes</a>, was hanged.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell163-164-187">[187]</a> Among the conspiracies led by the African population was the Bahian revolt in 1798, led primarily by João de Deus do Nascimento. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, leaders proposed a society without slavery, food prices would be lowered, and trade restriction abolished. Impoverished social conditions and a high cost of living were among reasons of the revolt. Authorities diffused the plot before major action began; they executed four of the conspirators and exiled several others to the Atlantic Coast of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b296-297-188">[188]</a> Several more smaller-scale slave rebellions and revolts would occur from 1801 and 1816 and fears within Brazil were that these events would lead to a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">"second Haiti"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In spite of the conspiracies, the rule of Portugal in Brazil was not under serious threat. Historian A. R. Disney states that the colonists did not until the transferring of the Kingdom in 1808 assert influence of policy changing due to direct contact,<a href="#cite_note-Disney2009b298-190">[190]</a> and historian Gabriel Paquette mentions that the threats in Brazil were largely unrealized in Portugal until 1808 because of effective policing and espionage.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> More revolts would occur after the arrival of the court.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_Independence">Brazilian Independence</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazilian Independence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil</a>; and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/220px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3093"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 268px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/220px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/330px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg/440px-Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sess%C3%A3o_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa%2C_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a> sought the disbandment of the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="34130" data-file-height="18254"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> crippled the Portuguese Empire, both economically and politically, for a long time.</figcaption></figure> In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded Portugal, and <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Dom João</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a> in place of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>, ordered the transfer of the royal court to Brazil. In 1815 Brazil was elevated to the status of Kingdom, the Portuguese state officially becoming the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), and the capital was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, the only instance of a European country being ruled from one of its colonies. There was also the election of Brazilian representatives to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas</a> (Portuguese Constitutional Courts), the Parliament that assembled in Lisbon in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bethell177-178-193">[193]</a> Although the royal family returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to a growing desire for independence amongst Brazilians. In 1822, the son of Dom João VI, then prince-regent <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro I">Dom Pedro I</a>, proclaimed the independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822, and was crowned Emperor of the new <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>. Unlike the Spanish colonies of South America, Brazil's independence was achieved without significant bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-Angus1837-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levine2003-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_empire_(1822–1999)">Third empire (1822–1999)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Third empire (1822–1999)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">History of Portugal (1834–1910)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_Pacification_and_Occupation" title="Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation">Campaigns of Pacification and Occupation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesuit_Convent,_Macao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/220px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/220px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/330px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg/440px-Jesuit_Convent%2C_Macao.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The façade of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_College,_Macau" title="St. Paul's College, Macau">St. Paul's College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, 1854</figcaption></figure> At the height of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a> in the 19th century, Portugal had lost its territory in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and all but a few bases in Asia. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there. Portugal pressed into the hinterland of Angola and Mozambique, and explorers <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Serpa Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a> were among the first Europeans to cross Africa west to east.<a href="#cite_note-Newitt1995pp335-336-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corrado18-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Ultimatum_and_end_of_Portuguese_monarchy_(1890–1910)">British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: British Ultimatum and end of Portuguese monarchy (1890–1910)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaimite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/220px-Chaimite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/220px-Chaimite.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Chaimite.jpg/330px-Chaimite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Chaimite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In the 19th century, Portugal launched campaigns to solidify Portuguese Africa.</figcaption></figure> The project to connect the two colonies, the <a href="/wiki/Pink_Map" title="Pink Map">Pink Map</a>, was the main objective of Portuguese policy in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198">[198]</a> However, the idea was unacceptable to the British, who had their own aspirations of contiguous British territory running from <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1890_British_Ultimatum" title="1890 British Ultimatum">1890 British Ultimatum</a> was reluctantly accepted by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">Carlos I of Portugal</a> and the Pink Map came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198">[198]</a> The King's reaction to the ultimatum was exploited by republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Lisboa134-198">[198]</a> On February 1, 1908, King Carlos and Prince <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe</a> were <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">assassinated</a> in Lisbon by two Portuguese republican activist revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lu%C3%ADs_da_Costa" title="Alfredo Luís da Costa">Alfredo Luís da Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bu%C3%AD%C3%A7a" title="Manuel Buíça">Manuel Buíça</a>. Luís Filipe's brother, Manuel, became King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">Manuel II of Portugal</a>. Two years later, on October 5, 1910, he was overthrown and fled into exile in England in Fulwell Park, Twickenham near London and Portugal became a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler48-61-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_in_Angola" title="German campaign in Angola">German campaign in Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign (World War I)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Battle of the Lys (1918)</a></div> In 1914, the German Empire formulated plans to usurp Angola from Portuguese control.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent-Smith1974-200">[200]</a> Skirmishes between Portuguese and German soldiers ensued, resulting in reinforcements being sent from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The main objective of these soldiers was to recapture the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a>, in northern Mozambique, the territory having been subjugated by Germany. In 1916, after Portugal interned German ships in Lisbon, Germany declared war on Portugal. Portugal followed suit, thus entering World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Wheeler128-202">[202]</a> Early in the war, Portugal was involved mainly in supplying the Allies positioned in France. In 1916, there was only one attack on the Portuguese territory, in <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 1917, one of the actions taken by Portugal was to assist Britain in its timber industry, imperative to the war effort. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forestry_Corps" title="Canadian Forestry Corps">Canadian Forestry Corps</a>, Portuguese personnel established logging infrastructure in an area now referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Fireplace" title="Portuguese Fireplace">Portuguese Fireplace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Throughout 1917 Portugal dispatched contingents of troops to the Allied front in France. Midway in the year, Portugal suffered its first World War I casualty. In Portuguese Africa, Portugal and the British fought numerous battles against the Germans in both Mozambique and Angola. Later in the year, <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a> entered Portuguese waters again and once more attacked Madeira, sinking multiple Portuguese ships. Through the beginning of 1918, Portugal continued to fight along the Allied front against Germany, including participation in the infamous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of La Lys">Battle of La Lys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> As autumn approached, Germany found success in both Portuguese Africa and against Portuguese vessels, sinking multiple ships. After nearly three years of fighting (from a Portuguese perspective), World War I ended, with an armistice being signed by Germany. At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Versailles Conference</a>, Portugal regained control of all its lost territory, but did not retain possession (by the principle of <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis" title="Uti possidetis">uti possidetis</a>) of territories gained during the war, except for <a href="/wiki/Kionga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kionga">Kionga</a>, a port city in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Portuguese territories in Africa eventually included the modern nations of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koffi2012-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decolonization_(1954–1999)">Decolonization (1954–1999)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Decolonization (1954–1999)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">Transfer of sovereignty over Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/220px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 96px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/220px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png" data-width="220" data-height="96" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/330px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png/440px-Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In the 20th century, Portugal no longer called itself an empire, but a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> nation with overseas provinces.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/220px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/220px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/330px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/440px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> sought the preservation of a pluricontinental Portugal.</figcaption></figure> In the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, decolonization movements began to gain momentum in the empires of the European powers. The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> also created instabilities among Portuguese overseas populations, as the United States and Soviet Union vied to increase their spheres of influence. Following the granting of independence to India by Britain in 1947, and the decision by France to allow its <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">enclaves in India</a> to be incorporated into the newly independent nation, pressure was placed on Portugal to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> This was resisted by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>, who had taken power in 1933. Salazar rebuffed a request in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> to return the enclaves, viewing them as integral parts of Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The following year, the Portuguese constitution was amended to change the status of the colonies to overseas provinces. In 1954, a local uprising resulted in the overthrow of the Portuguese authorities in the Indian enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a>. The existence of the remaining Portuguese colonies in India became increasingly untenable and Nehru enjoyed the support of almost all the Indian domestic political parties as well as the Soviet Union and its allies. In 1961, shortly after an uprising against the Portuguese in Angola, Nehru ordered the Indian Army into <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a>, which were quickly <a href="/wiki/1961_Indian_Annexation_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Indian Annexation of Goa">captured</a> and formally annexed the following year. Salazar refused to recognize the transfer of sovereignty, believing the territories to be merely occupied. The Province of Goa continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly until 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson153-210">[210]</a> The outbreak of violence in February 1961 in Angola was the beginning of the end of Portugal's empire in Africa. Portuguese army officers in Angola held the view that it would be incapable of dealing militarily with an outbreak of guerilla warfare and therefore that negotiations should begin with the independence movements. However, Salazar publicly stated his determination to keep the empire intact, and by the end of the year, 50,000 troops had been stationed there. The same year, the tiny Portuguese fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá in <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, a remnant of the West African slave trade, was annexed by the new government of Dahomey (now <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>) that had gained its independence from France. Unrest spread from Angola to Guinea, which rebelled in 1963, and Mozambique in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson153-210">[210]</a> According to one historian, Portuguese rulers were unwilling to meet the demands of their colonial subjects (unlike other European powers) in part because Portuguese elites believed that "Portugal lacked the means to conduct a successful "exit strategy" (akin to the "neocolonial" approach followed by the British, the French, or the Belgians)" and in part due to the lack of "a free and open debate [in Salazar's dictatorial state] on the costs of upholding an empire against the anti-colonial consensus that had prevailed in the United Nations since the early 1960s".<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The rise of Soviet influence among the <a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a>'s military (MFA) and working class, and the cost and unpopularity of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–1974), in which Portugal resisted to the emerging nationalist guerrilla movements in some of its African territories, eventually led to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> regime in 1974. Known as the "<a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>", one of the first acts of the MFA-led government which then came into power – the <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">National Salvation Junta</a> (Junta de Salvação Nacional) – was to end the wars and negotiate Portuguese withdrawal from its African colonies. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Province_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Province of Mozambique">Mozambique</a>), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the retornados.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Portugal's new ruling authorities also recognized Goa and other Portuguese India's territories <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Goa">invaded by India's military forces</a>, as Indian territories. Benin's claims over <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá</a> were accepted by Portugal in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Civil wars in <a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a> promptly broke out, with incoming communist governments formed by the former rebels (and backed by the Soviet Union, Cuba, and other communist countries) fighting against insurgent groups supported by nations like <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a>, South Africa, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-ArnoldWiener11-12-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> also declared independence in 1975 by making an exodus of many Portuguese refugees to Portugal, which was also known as retornados. However, East Timor was almost immediately <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded by Indonesia</a>, which later <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">occupied</a> it until 1999. A <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_Special_Autonomy_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor Special Autonomy Referendum">United Nations-sponsored referendum</a> resulted in a majority of East Timorese choosing independence, which was finally achieved in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> In 1987, Portugal signed the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_on_the_Question_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a> with the People's Republic of China to establish the process and conditions for the transfer of sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a>, its last remaining overseas possession. While this process was similar to <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">the agreement between the United Kingdom and China</a> two years earlier regarding <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the Portuguese transfer to China was met with less resistance than that of Britain regarding Hong Kong, as Portugal had already recognized Macau as Chinese territory under Portuguese administration in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> Under the transfer agreement, Macau is to be governed under a <a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a> policy, in which it will retain a high degree of autonomy and maintain its capitalist way of life for at least 50 years after the handover, until 2049. The <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of sovereignty over Macau">handover of Macau</a> on December 20, 1999, officially marked the end of the Portuguese Empire and the end of colonialism in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/220px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="4314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/220px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/330px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg/440px-Belem_-_Padrao_dos_Descobrimentos.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_the_Discoveries" title="Monument of the Discoveries">Monument of the Discoveries</a> in Lisbon</figcaption></figure> Presently, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP) serves as the cultural and <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">intergovernmental</a> successor of the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-CPLP_NewsID46-218">[218]</a> Macau was returned to China on 20 December 1999, under the terms of an agreement negotiated between People's Republic of China and Portugal twelve years earlier. Nevertheless, the Portuguese language remains co-official with <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Chinese">Cantonese Chinese</a> in Macau.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> (the latter administering the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>) are the only <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">overseas territories</a> that remain politically linked to Portugal. Although Portugal began the process of decolonizing <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">East Timor</a> in 1975, during 1999–2002 was sometimes considered Portugal's last remaining colony, as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a> was not justified by Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Eight of the former colonies of Portugal have <a href="/wiki/Geographic_distribution_of_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic distribution of Portuguese">Portuguese as their official language</a>. Together with Portugal, they are now members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>, which when combined total 10,742,000 km2, or 7.2% of the Earth's landmass (148 939 063 km2).<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> As at 2023, there are 32 associate observers of the CPLP, reflecting the global reach and influence of Portugal's former empire. Moreover, twelve candidate countries or regions have applied for membership to the CPLP and are awaiting approval.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Today, Portuguese is one of the world's major languages, ranked sixth overall with approximately 240 million speakers around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa-223">[223]</a> It is the third most spoken language in the Americas, mainly due to Brazil, although there are also significant communities of Lusophones in nations such as Canada, the US and Venezuela. In addition, there are numerous <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages</a>, including the one utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> For instance, as Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet orange">sweet orange</a> in Europe, in several modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portokall#Albanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portokall">portokall</a>, Bulgarian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB#Bulgarian" class="extiw" title="wikt:портокал">портокал</a> (portokal), Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πορτοκάλι">πορτοκάλι</a> (portokali), Macedonian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB#Macedonian" class="extiw" title="wikt:портокал">портокал</a> (portokal), Persian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:پرتقال">پرتقال</a> (porteghal), and Romanian <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portocal%C4%83#Romanian" class="extiw" title="wikt:portocală">portocală</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plantname-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-OstergrenBosse2011-226">[226]</a> Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:البرتقال">البرتقال</a> (bourtouqal), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ფორთოხალი">ფორთოხალი</a> (p'ort'oxali), Turkish <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portakal#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:portakal">portakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> birtukan.<a href="#cite_note-plantname-225">[225]</a> Also, in <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">southern Italian dialects</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>), an orange is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portogallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:portogallo">portogallo</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/it:purtuallo" class="extiw" title="wikt:it:purtuallo">purtuallo</a>, literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Italian">standard Italian</a> arancia. In light of its international importance, Portugal and Brazil are leading a movement to include Portuguese as one of the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">official languages of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:CPLP_-_Mapa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)"><noscript><img alt="Map of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/355px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 237px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/355px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png" data-alt="Map of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)" data-width="237" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/532px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/CPLP_-_Mapa.svg/710px-CPLP_-_Mapa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a>; member states (blue), associate observers (green), and officially-interested countries & territories (gold)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title=" Actual possessions Explorations Areas of influence and trade Claims of sovereignty Trading posts Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence"><noscript><img alt="Actual possessions Explorations Areas of influence and trade Claims of sovereignty Trading posts Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/411px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 274px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/411px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" data-alt="Actual possessions Explorations Areas of influence and trade Claims of sovereignty Trading posts Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence" data-width="274" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/616px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/821px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Actual possessions <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Explorations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Areas of influence and trade <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Claims of sovereignty <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Trading posts <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"> Main sea explorations, routes and areas of influence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Se Cathedral in Goa, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches."><noscript><img alt="The Se Cathedral in Goa, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/240px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/240px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg" data-alt="The Se Cathedral in Goa, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/360px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg/480px-S%C3%A9_de_Santa_Catarina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Se_Cathedral" title="Se Cathedral">Se Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India, an example of Portuguese architecture and one of Asia's largest churches.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Macau_street_sign.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese remains an official language in Macau, alongside Chinese."><noscript><img alt="Portuguese remains an official language in Macau, alongside Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/240px-Macau_street_sign.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/240px-Macau_street_sign.JPG" data-alt="Portuguese remains an official language in Macau, alongside Chinese." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/360px-Macau_street_sign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macau_street_sign.JPG/480px-Macau_street_sign.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> remains an official language in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar of Vasco da Gama at Malindi, Kenya."><noscript><img alt="Pillar of Vasco da Gama at Malindi, Kenya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/240px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/240px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg" data-alt="Pillar of Vasco da Gama at Malindi, Kenya." data-width="160" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/360px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg/480px-Pillar_of_Vasco_da_Gama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama_Pillar,_Malindi" title="Vasco da Gama Pillar, Malindi">Pillar of Vasco da Gama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a>, Kenya.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Inquisition" class="mw-redirect" title="Goan Inquisition">Goan Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Armadas">Portuguese Armadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese in Africa">Portuguese in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_inventions" title="Portuguese inventions">Portuguese inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Surinamese" title="Portuguese Surinamese">Portuguese Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PageSonnenburg481-1"><a href="#cite_ref-PageSonnenburg481_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003">Page & Sonnenburg 2003</a>, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockeyxv-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Brockeyxv_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockey2008">Brockey 2008</a>, p. xv </li> <li id="cite_note-JuangMorrissette894-3"><a href="#cite_ref-JuangMorrissette894_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008">Juang & Morrissette 2008</a>, p. 894 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius301-4"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius301_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt2005p15-17-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt2005p15-17_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt19-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt19_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newitt19_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer19-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer19_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer19_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#refAbernethy">Abernethy</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt21-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt21_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius55-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius55_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius56-11"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius56_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 56: Henry, a product of 15th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson50-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson50_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Coates60-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Coates60_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoates2002">Coates 2002</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> L.S. Stavrianos, The World since 1500: a Global history (1966) pp. 92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius68-15"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius68_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Daus33-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Daus33_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaus1983">Daus 1983</a>, p. 33 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDaus1983 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer29-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer29_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoxer1969">Boxer 1969</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-Wood1998p9-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell-Wood1998p9_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell-Wood1998">Russell-Wood 1998</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodriguez79-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodriguez79_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2007">Rodriguez 2007</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius469-20"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius469_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 469 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Godinho, V. M. Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial, Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponting482-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Ponting482_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPonting2000">Ponting 2000</a>, p. 482 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis84-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis84_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto232-24"><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto232_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-White138-25"><a href="#cite_ref-White138_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2005">White 2005</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-GannDuignan273-26"><a href="#cite_ref-GannDuignan273_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGannDuignan1972">Gann & Duignan 1972</a>, p. 273 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius156-27"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius156_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiffieWinius1977161_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiffieWinius1977">Diffie & Winius 1977</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson59-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson59_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newitt47-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Newitt47_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewitt2005">Newitt 2005</a>, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson55-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson55_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-McAlister73-75-32"><a href="#cite_ref-McAlister73-75_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcAlister1984">McAlister 1984</a>, pp. 73–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-BethencourtCurto165-33"><a href="#cite_ref-BethencourtCurto165_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007">Bethencourt & Curto 2007</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-DiffieWinius174-34"><a href="#cite_ref-DiffieWinius174_34-0">^</a> <a 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American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation. 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Retrieved 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=East+Timor%3A+Birth+of+a+nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F1996673.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/">"Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal on the question of Macao"</a>. Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR). 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720014340/http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2010-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+declaration+of+the+Government+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+and+The+Government+of+the+Republic+of+Portugal+on+the+question+of+Macao&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Bureau+%28Macao+SAR%29&rft.date=1987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbo.io.gov.mo%2Fbo%2Fi%2F88%2F23%2Fdc%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm">Macau and the end of empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016010255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301.stm">Archived</a> 2015-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 December 1999. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CPLP_NewsID46-218"><a href="#cite_ref-CPLP_NewsID46_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx">"CPLP Histórico – Como surgiu?"</a> (in Portuguese). CPLP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPLP+Hist%C3%B3rico+%E2%80%93+Como+surgiu%3F&rft.pub=CPLP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cplp.org%2Fid-2752.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html">"Cataloging Policy and Support Office: Macau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628084516/https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/macau.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Cataloging+Policy+and+Support+Office%3A+Macau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcatdir%2Fcpso%2Fmacau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> de Almeida, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx">"CPLP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127143711/http://www.cplp.org/id-22.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2010-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPLP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cplp.org%2Fid-22.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLP" class="extiw" title="pt:CPLP">pt:CPLP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-língua_portuguesa-223"><a href="#cite_ref-l%C3%ADngua_portuguesa_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012031633/http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html">"língua portuguesa"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diario.iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071.html">the original</a> on 2010-10-12. Retrieved 2010-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=l%C3%ADngua+portuguesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiario.iol.pt%2Fsociedade%2Flingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos%2F972503-4071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Velupillai, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-plantname-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plantname_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">"Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database: Sorting Citrus Names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> (www.search.unimelb.edu.au). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515001035/http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Multiscript+Plant+Name+Database%3A+Sorting+Citrus+Names&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne+%28www.search.unimelb.edu.au%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au%2FSorting%2FCitrus_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OstergrenBosse2011-226"><a href="#cite_ref-OstergrenBosse2011_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstergrenLe_Bossé2011" class="citation book cs1">Ostergren, Robert C.; Le Bossé, Mathias (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y-1fwix23zMC&pg=PA129">The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture, and Environment</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60918-140-6"><bdi>978-1-60918-140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%3A+A+Geography+of+People%2C+Culture%2C+and+Environment&rft.pages=129&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60918-140-6&rft.aulast=Ostergren&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Le+Boss%C3%A9%2C+Mathias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy-1fwix23zMC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109230440/http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071">"ONU: Petição para tornar português língua oficial"</a>. Diario.iol.pt. 2005-11-17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diario.iol.pt/noticia.html?id=611263&div_id=4071">the original</a> on 2009-01-09. Retrieved 2010-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONU%3A+Peti%C3%A7%C3%A3o+para+tornar+portugu%C3%AAs+l%C3%ADngua+oficial&rft.pub=Diario.iol.pt&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiario.iol.pt%2Fnoticia.html%3Fid%3D611263%26div_id%3D4071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: General and cited sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbeyasinghe1986" class="citation book cs1">Abeyasinghe, Tikiri (1986). Jaffna Under the Portuguese. Lake House Investments. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9555520003" title="Special:BookSources/978-9555520003"><bdi>978-9555520003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaffna+Under+the+Portuguese&rft.pub=Lake+House+Investments&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-9555520003&rft.aulast=Abeyasinghe&rft.aufirst=Tikiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbir1980" class="citation book cs1">Abir, Mordechai (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA86">Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714631646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714631646"><bdi>978-0714631646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+and+the+Red+Sea%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+Solomonic+Dynasty+and+Muslim+European+Rivalry+in+the+Region&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0714631646&rft.aulast=Abir&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fArBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC">A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-3202-1"><bdi>978-81-317-3202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-317-3202-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui+Salma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxhAtCflwOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppiahGates2010" class="citation book cs1">Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA430">Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195337709" title="Special:BookSources/9780195337709"><bdi>9780195337709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Africa%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195337709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0XNvklcqbwC%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldWiener2012" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRd6Y-oiFPAC">Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-003-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-003-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-003-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRd6Y-oiFPAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockey2008" class="citation book cs1">Brockey, Liam Matthew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIlT0Uhaq_oC">Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6313-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Colonial+Cities+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6313-3&rft.aulast=Brockey&rft.aufirst=Liam+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIlT0Uhaq_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refAbernethy" class="citation book cs1">Abernethy, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09314-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09314-4"><bdi>0-300-09314-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703204911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ennqNS1EOuMC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-03. Retrieved 2015-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Global+Dominance%2C+European+Overseas+Empires+1415%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-09314-4&rft.aulast=Abernethy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DennqNS1EOuMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C">The History of Portugal</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4"><bdi>0-313-31106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoryGn9o4x0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakewell2009" class="citation book cs1">Bakewell, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBV1q4TGBJ4C&pg=PA406">A History of Latin America to 1825</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405183680" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405183680"><bdi>978-1405183680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America+to+1825&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1405183680&rft.aulast=Bakewell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBV1q4TGBJ4C%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell1985" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hj81XeoW4zMC">The Independence of Latin America</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34927-7"><bdi>978-0-521-34927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Independence+of+Latin+America&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34927-7&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhj81XeoW4zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007" class="citation book cs1">Bethencourt, Francisco; Curto, Diogo Ramada (2007). Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84644-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84644-8"><bdi>978-0-521-84644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84644-8&rft.aulast=Bethencourt&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Curto%2C+Diogo+Ramada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daQcBQAAQBAJ&q=Portuguese+Ottoman+Adal+Ethiopia&pg=PA102">War in the World: A Comparative History, 1450–1600</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230344266" title="Special:BookSources/9780230344266"><bdi>9780230344266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+World%3A+A+Comparative+History%2C+1450%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230344266&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdaQcBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DPortuguese%2BOttoman%2BAdal%2BEthiopia%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles Ralph</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueseseabor0000boxe">The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825</a>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-131071-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-131071-7"><bdi>0-09-131071-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Seaborne+Empire+1415%E2%80%931825&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-09-131071-7&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueseseabor0000boxe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyajian2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyajian, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C0lrDYYzMyAC">Portuguese Trade in Asia Under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8754-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-8754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Trade+in+Asia+Under+the+Habsburgs%2C+1580%E2%80%931640&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8754-3&rft.aulast=Boyajian&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC0lrDYYzMyAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesworthThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Chesworth, John; Thomas, David, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nohjCgAAQBAJ&q=Prester+John+Ethiopia+Portugal&pg=PA8">Christian-Muslim Relations. a Bibliographical History.: Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500–1600)</a>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004297203" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004297203"><bdi>978-9004297203</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations.+a+Bibliographical+History.%3A+Volume+7.+Central+and+Eastern+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+Africa+and+South+America+%281500%E2%80%931600%29&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9004297203&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnohjCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DPrester%2BJohn%2BEthiopia%2BPortugal%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2002" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Timothy Joel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ7ORZ5Gx5oC&pg=PA60">Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonization in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804733595" title="Special:BookSources/9780804733595"><bdi>9780804733595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convicts+and+Orphans%3A+Forced+and+State-Sponsored+Colonization+in+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1550%E2%80%931755&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780804733595&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Timothy+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJ7ORZ5Gx5oC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Leonardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Zs3CcC2eLoC&q=Ethopian+Portuguese+alliance+1520&pg=PA16">The Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632)</a>. Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05892-6"><bdi>978-3-447-05892-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missionary+Strategies+of+the+Jesuits+in+Ethiopia+%281555%E2%80%931632%29&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05892-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Zs3CcC2eLoC%26q%3DEthopian%2BPortuguese%2Balliance%2B1520%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrado2008" class="citation book cs1">Corrado, Jacopo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&pg=PA18">The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920</a>. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604975291" title="Special:BookSources/9781604975291"><bdi>9781604975291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creole+Elite+and+the+Rise+of+Angolan+Protonationalism%3A+1870%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781604975291&rft.aulast=Corrado&rft.aufirst=Jacopo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBKKf4PYI-IIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P1oDBwAAQBAJ">Conquerors: how Portugal forged the first global empire</a>. New York (N.Y.): <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-9400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+how+Portugal+forged+the+first+global+empire&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9400-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP1oDBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurto2020" class="citation book cs1">Curto, Diogo Ramada (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BDMDwAAQBAJ">Imperial culture and colonial projects: the Portuguese-speaking world from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-706-4"><bdi>978-1-78920-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+culture+and+colonial+projects%3A+the+Portuguese-speaking+world+from+the+fifteenth+to+the+eighteenth+centuries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-706-4&rft.aulast=Curto&rft.aufirst=Diogo+Ramada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BDMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Almeida2004" class="citation book cs1">de Almeida, Miguel Vale (2004). An Earth-colored Sea: Race, Culture And The Politics Of Identity In The Post-colonial Portuguese-speaking World. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-854-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-854-8"><bdi>978-1-78238-854-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Earth-colored+Sea%3A+Race%2C+Culture+And+The+Politics+Of+Identity+In+The+Post-colonial+Portuguese-speaking+World&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-854-8&rft.aulast=de+Almeida&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Vale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refDavies" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northatlanticwor04kgda">The North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0713-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0713-3"><bdi>0-8166-0713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Atlantic+World+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8166-0713-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthatlanticwor04kgda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">Davis, David Brion</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPn3N0CvKyAC&pg=PA84">Inhuman Bondage: The Rise And Fall of Slavery in the New World</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195140736" title="Special:BookSources/9780195140736"><bdi>9780195140736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhuman+Bondage%3A+The+Rise+And+Fall+of+Slavery+in+the+New+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195140736&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=David+Brion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPn3N0CvKyAC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiffieWinius1977" class="citation book cs1">Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBTqPX4G9Y4C">Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%2C+1415%E2%80%931580&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2&rft.aulast=Diffie&rft.aufirst=Bailey+W.&rft.au=Winius%2C+George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBTqPX4G9Y4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisney2009a" class="citation book cs1">Disney, A.R. (2009a). History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 1, Portugal: From Beginnings to 1807. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521738224" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521738224"><bdi>978-0521738224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal+and+the+Portuguese+Empire+Volume+2%2C+Portugal%3A+From+Beginnings+to+1807&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0521738224&rft.aulast=Disney&rft.aufirst=A.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodge1976" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Ernest Stanley (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandsempireswe0000dodg">Islands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia</a>. 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Edward Elger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857934260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857934260"><bdi>978-0857934260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Asian+Mediterranean%3A+Port+Cities+and+Trading+Networks+in+China%2C+Japan+and+Southeast+Asia%2C+13th%E2%80%9321st+Century&rft.pub=Edward+Elger&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0857934260&rft.aulast=Gipouloux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIAKkMlFFQAC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2000" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Grant K. 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Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5176-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-5176-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa%27s+Legacies+Of+Urbanization%3A+Unfolding+Saga+of+a+Continent&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5176-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWqidll-BE-wC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2018" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Pamila (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekttDwAAQBAJ">Portuguese decolonization in the Indian Ocean world: history and ethnography</a>. 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Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-60284-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-60284-5"><bdi>0-224-60284-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-224-60284-5&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Clinton&rft.au=Herring%2C+Helen+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflatinam00herr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Linda M.; Thornton, John K., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82">Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770651" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770651"><bdi>9780521770651</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230216185412/https://books.google.com/books?id=S42CypbRTlQC&pg=PA82">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-16. 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Kelly & Walsh, ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781143225352" title="Special:BookSources/9781143225352"><bdi>9781143225352</bdi></a>. <q>Carlos Augusto Montalto Jesus Macao.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Macao&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh%2C+ltd.&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=9781143225352&rft.aulast=Jesus&rft.aufirst=Carlos+Augusto+Montalto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricmacao00jesugoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008" class="citation book cs1">Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle Anne, eds. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-441-7"><bdi>978-1-85109-441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-441-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFrAOqfhuGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen1999" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wyWourPR5S8C&pg=PA177">Philip of Spain</a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048133246" title="Special:BookSources/9789048133246"><bdi>9789048133246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+History+of+Natural+Disasters&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789048133246&rft.aulast=Koz%C3%A1k&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Cerm%C3%A1k%2C+Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUcX4-WFxOYC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratoska2004" class="citation book cs1">Kratoska, Paul H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9U-FUPS3DkC&pg=PA98">South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800</a>. 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American Map. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887291302" title="Special:BookSources/9780887291302"><bdi>9780887291302</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=American+Map&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780887291302&rft.aulast=Ladle&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBxzxIDoa5CIC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisboa2008" class="citation book cs1">Lisboa, Maria Manuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pI1BY9zACgQC&pg=PA13">Paula Rego's Map of Memory: National and Sexual Politics</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0720-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-0720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paula+Rego%27s+Map+of+Memory%3A+National+and+Sexual+Politics&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0720-5&rft.aulast=Lisboa&rft.aufirst=Maria+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpI1BY9zACgQC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1983" class="citation book cs1">Lockhart, James (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlylatinameric00lock">Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29929-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29929-2"><bdi>0-521-29929-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Latin+America%3A+A+History+of+Colonial+Spanish+America+and+Brazil&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-521-29929-2&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlylatinameric00lock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacqueen1997" class="citation book cs1">Macqueen, Norrie (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugueseafrica">The decolonization of Portuguese Africa: metropolitan revolution and the dissolution of empire</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-25994-2"><bdi>978-0-582-25994-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+decolonization+of+Portuguese+Africa%3A+metropolitan+revolution+and+the+dissolution+of+empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-582-25994-2&rft.aulast=Macqueen&rft.aufirst=Norrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugueseafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacmillan2000" class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, Allister (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_EusZwEdxpAC&pg=PA11">Mauritius Illustrated</a>. Educa Books, Facsimile edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4"><bdi>0-313-31106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mauritius+Illustrated&rft.pub=Educa+Books%2C+Facsimile+edition&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Allister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_EusZwEdxpAC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2010" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1_m-Y-5FJEC&pg=PA246">Colonialism and Postcolonial Development Spanish America in Comparative Perspective</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116343" title="Special:BookSources/9780521116343"><bdi>9780521116343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Postcolonial+Development+Spanish+America+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521116343&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1_m-Y-5FJEC%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1">Malekandathil, Pius (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA116">Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean</a>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9380607016" title="Special:BookSources/978-9380607016"><bdi>978-9380607016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India%3A+Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9380607016&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancall2007" class="citation book cs1">Mancall, Peter C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqPqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624</a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807838839" title="Special:BookSources/9780807838839"><bdi>9780807838839</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+World+and+Virginia%2C+1550%E2%80%931624&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780807838839&rft.aulast=Mancall&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIqPqCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2005" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1a4j2HNmjUC&pg=PA694">Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Volume 1</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-574-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-574-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Americas%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-574-6&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1a4j2HNmjUC%26pg%3DPA694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgGVTOr2EsC&pg=PA76">Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (2 Volumes)</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598841008" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598841008"><bdi>978-1598841008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Americas%3A+A+Chronology+of+Armed+Conflict+in+the+Western+Hemisphere+%282+Volumes%29&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1598841008&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkgGVTOr2EsC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlister1984" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Lyle (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal">Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700</a>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1"><bdi>0-8166-1216-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+New+World%2C+1492%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8166-1216-1&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspainportugalinn0000mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew1988" class="citation book cs1">Mathew, Kuzhippalli Skaria (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kl3IR3RJTIEC&pg=PA137">History of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600</a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170990468" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170990468"><bdi>978-8170990468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Portuguese+Navigation+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8170990468&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Kuzhippalli+Skaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKl3IR3RJTIEC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1980" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUk5k5AN54sC">Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-0617-0"><bdi>978-81-207-0617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-207-0617-0&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Jaswant+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUk5k5AN54sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA62">Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71276-8"><bdi>978-0-292-71276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Go-Betweens+and+the+Colonization+of+Brazil%3A+1500%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71276-8&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Alida+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWuNIISvBqIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2005" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Alida C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INhcIzDccb8C&pg=PA37">Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaíba, 1580–1822</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70652-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+and+Frontier+in+Colonial+Brazil%3A+Santana+de+Parna%C3%ADba%2C+1580%E2%80%931822&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70652-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Alida+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINhcIzDccb8C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn D.D. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi">A History of Mozambique</a>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmozambi00newi/page/335">335</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34006-1"><bdi>978-0-253-34006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mozambique&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34006-1&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=Malyn+D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmozambi00newi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Newitt, Malyn D.D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpteLQcx6J4C">A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23979-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23979-6"><bdi>0-415-23979-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Portuguese+Overseas+Expansion%2C+1400%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-23979-6&rft.aulast=Newitt&rft.aufirst=Malyn+D.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpteLQcx6J4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flanagan2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Flanagan, Patrick (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzJc8ii7OMsC&pg=PA125">Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500–1900</a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6109-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6109-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-6109-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Cities+of+Atlantic+Iberia%2C+c.+1500%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6109-2&rft.aulast=O%27Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfzJc8ii7OMsC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira_Marques1972" class="citation book cs1">de Oliveira Marques, A.H. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofportuga01anto">History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; Vol. 1</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231031592" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231031592"><bdi>978-0231031592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Portugal%3A+From+Lusitania+to+Empire%3B+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0231031592&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira+Marques&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofportuga01anto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1991" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&q=Ethiopia+Portuguese+1630s&pg=PA204">Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism</a>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313262579" title="Special:BookSources/9780313262579"><bdi>9780313262579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+European+Imperialism&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780313262579&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuyqepNdgUWkC%26q%3DEthiopia%2BPortuguese%2B1630s%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1340">Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor: Volume 1</a>. ABC_CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-771-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-771-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-771-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor%3A+Volume+1&rft.pub=ABC_CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-771-9&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA1340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Uq_c2LARgAC&pg=PA202">Historical Dictionary of Malaysia</a>. 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M.</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/asiaandwesterndo0000unse">Asia and Western dominance a survey of the Vasco da Gama epoch of Asian history, 1498-1945</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/G._Allen_%26_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Allen & Unwin">G. 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University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/merchantsrulersi0000pear/page/76">76</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520028098" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520028098"><bdi>978-0520028098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchants+and+Rulers+in+Gujarat%3A+The+Response+to+the+Portuguese+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0520028098&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmerchantsrulersi0000pear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refPearson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Pearson_(historian)" title="Michael Pearson (historian)">Pearson, Michael Naylor</a>; Johnson, Gordon (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-portuguese-in-india-m.-n.-pearson">The Portuguese in India</a>. 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World History: A New Perspective. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-6834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-6834-X"><bdi>0-7011-6834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+A+New+Perspective&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7011-6834-X&rft.aulast=Ponting&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriolkar1998" class="citation book cs1">Priolkar, Anant Kakba (1998) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goa-inquisition">The Goa Inquisition: being a quatercentenary commemoration study of the inquisition in India</a> (Reprint ed.). New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_India" title="Voice of India">Voice of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-185-99056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-185-99056-9"><bdi>978-8-185-99056-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goa+Inquisition%3A+being+a+quatercentenary+commemoration+study+of+the+inquisition+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Voice+of+India&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-185-99056-9&rft.aulast=Priolkar&rft.aufirst=Anant+Kakba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoa-inquisition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indonesia+since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2007" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. 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Edições Colibri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-8047-75-4" title="Special:BookSources/972-8047-75-4"><bdi>972-8047-75-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viagem+ao+fundo+das+consci%C3%AAncias%3A+a+escravatura+na+%C3%A9poca+moderna&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Colibri&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=972-8047-75-4&rft.aulast=do+Ros%C3%A1rio+Pimente&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrlIAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell-Wood1968" class="citation book cs1">Russell-Wood, A.J.R. 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Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7"><bdi>0-8018-5955-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+1415%E2%80%931808&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8018-5955-7&rft.aulast=Russell-Wood&rft.aufirst=A.J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJTVH7PZU1hUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="refScammell" class="citation book cs1">Scammell, Geoffrey Vaughn (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5DGygQdNp0C">The First Imperial Age, European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09085-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09085-7"><bdi>0-415-09085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Imperial+Age%2C+European+Overseas+Expansion+c.+1400%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-09085-7&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5DGygQdNp0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarano2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scarano, Julita (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204093900/http://www.anpocs.org/portal/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4795&Itemid=357">Migração Sob Contrato: A Opinião de Eça de Queiroz</a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Unesp" class="mw-redirect" title="Unesp">Unesp</a> - Ceru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anpocs.org/portal/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=4795&Itemid=357">the original</a> on 2013-02-04. Retrieved 2012-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Sob+Contrato%3A+A+Opini%C3%A3o+de+E%C3%A7a+de+Queiroz&rft.pub=Unesp+-+Ceru&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Scarano&rft.aufirst=Julita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anpocs.org%2Fportal%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_docman%26task%3Ddoc_view%26gid%3D4795%26Itemid%3D357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1973" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stuart B. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovereigntysocie0000unse">Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court of Bahia and Its Judges, 1609–1751</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520021952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520021952"><bdi>978-0520021952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+Society+in+Colonial+Brazil%3A+The+High+Court+of+Bahia+and+Its+Judges%2C+1609%E2%80%931751&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0520021952&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stuart+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovereigntysocie0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastry2000" class="citation book cs1">Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raLL0A3Pb_0C&pg=PA41">Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763</a>. Concept Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170228486" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170228486"><bdi>978-8170228486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa-Kanara+Portuguese+Relations%2C+1498%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Concept+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8170228486&rft.aulast=Shastry&rft.aufirst=Bhagamandala+Seetharama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraLL0A3Pb_0C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Silva_Jayasuriya2008" class="citation book cs1">de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkoBAwAAQBAJ&q=Portuguese+Chittagong+1517&pg=PA85">The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire</a>. I.B. Taurus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845115852" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845115852"><bdi>978-1845115852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+in+the+East%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+a+Maritime+Trading+Empire&rft.pub=I.B.+Taurus&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1845115852&rft.aulast=de+Silva+Jayasuriya&rft.aufirst=Shihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkoBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DPortuguese%2BChittagong%2B1517%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">de Souza, Teotonio R., ed. 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Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1"><bdi>81-7022-259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+Economic+History%2C+Issue+6+of+Goa+University+publication+series+Volume+2&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-7022-259-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdwYDPnEjTb4C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2013" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">A Military History of Africa</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39569-7"><bdi>978-0-313-39569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39569-7&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvtDAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012" class="citation book cs1">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7RlmNEzqf4C">The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History</a> (2 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-27401-9"><bdi>978-1-118-27401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese+Empire+in+Asia%2C+1500%E2%80%931700%3A+A+Political+and+Economic+History&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-27401-9&rft.aulast=Subrahmanyam&rft.aufirst=Sanjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7RlmNEzqf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1997" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Hugh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom">The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83565-5"><bdi>978-0-684-83565-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Trade%3A+The+Story+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+1440%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83565-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavetradestoryo00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton2000" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, John K. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-36584-4"><bdi>978-1-135-36584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Atlantic+Africa%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-135-36584-4&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_qNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreece2000" class="citation book cs1">Treece, Dave (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s50JnG7BzLAC&pg=PA31">Exiles, Allies, Rebels: Brazil's Indianist Movement, Indigenist Politics, and the Imperial Nation-State</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles%2C+Allies%2C+Rebels%3A+Brazil%27s+Indianist+Movement%2C+Indigenist+Politics%2C+and+the+Imperial+Nation-State&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-549-0&rft.aulast=Treece&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds50JnG7BzLAC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelupillai2015" class="citation book cs1">Velupillai, Viveka (2015). Pidgins, Creoles and Mixed Languages: An Introduction. John Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-549-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pidgins%2C+Creoles+and+Mixed+Languages%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-549-0&rft.aulast=Velupillai&rft.aufirst=Viveka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1998" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Douglas L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkH9wfKMqHwC">Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926</a>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-07450-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-07450-1"><bdi>0-299-07450-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Portugal%3A+A+Political+History%2C+1910%E2%80%931926&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-299-07450-1&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkH9wfKMqHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Paula (2005). 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Archibald Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Portuguese+Power+in+India%2C+1497%E2%80%931550&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Whiteway&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseportuguesep00whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamashiro1989" class="citation book cs1">Yamashiro, José (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2qSNQnlQGcC">Choque Luso No Japão Dos Séculos XVI e XVII</a>. Ibrasa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-421-5"><bdi>1-74059-421-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choque+Luso+No+Jap%C3%A3o+Dos+S%C3%A9culos+XVI+e+XVII&rft.pub=Ibrasa&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=1-74059-421-5&rft.aulast=Yamashiro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2qSNQnlQGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Empire" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire#Q200464" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Portuguese Empire <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Portuguese+Empire&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timelines.info/history/empires_and_civilizations/portuguese_empire/">Portuguese Empire Timeline</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialvoyage.com/">Dutch Portuguese Colonial History</a>: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4397/">"The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217055451/http://www.spiceislandsforts.com/">Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia</a></li> <li>Senaka Weeraratna, 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm">"Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658)"</a>, Australian Centre for Sri Lankan Unity</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&oldid=1259638834">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&oldid=1259638834</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Empire&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 07:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_Ryk" title="Portugese Ryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Portugese Ryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperiu Portugués – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu Portugués" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuqaliya_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Portuqaliya imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Portuqaliya imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="پورتوقال ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتوقال ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পর্তুগিজ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্তুগিজ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Калоніі Партугаліі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калоніі Партугаліі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Португалска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Португалска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_trevadennel_Portugal" title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel Portugal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh trevadennel Portugal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Portugu%C3%A8s" title="Imperi Portuguès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Portuguès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_koloni%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Portugalská koloniální říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalská koloniální říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_koloniimperium" title="Det portugisiske koloniimperium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det portugisiske koloniimperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugiesische_Kolonialgeschichte" title="Portugiesische Kolonialgeschichte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portugiesische Kolonialgeschichte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugali_koloniaalimpeerium" title="Portugali koloniaalimpeerium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portugali koloniaalimpeerium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυτοκρατορία της Πορτογαλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία της Πορτογαλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperio portugués – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio portugués" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_kolonia_imperio" title="Portugala kolonia imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala kolonia imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaldar_Inperioa" title="Portugaldar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugaldar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="امپراتوری پرتغال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_colonial_portugais" title="Empire colonial portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire colonial portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Imperio Portugués – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Portugués" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="포르투갈 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Portuguese" title="Daular Portuguese – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Portuguese" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պորտուգալական կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորտուգալական կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पुर्तगाली साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुर्तगाली साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Portugal" title="Imperium Portugal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%BAgalska_heimsveldi%C3%B0" title="Portúgalska heimsveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Portúgalska heimsveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_portoghese" title="Impero portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הפורטוגזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הפורטוגזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anpi_kolonyal_p%C3%B2tig%C3%A8" title="Anpi kolonyal pòtigè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anpi kolonyal pòtigè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Portugallense" title="Imperium Portugallense – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Portugallense" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_koloni%C4%81l%C4%81_imp%C4%93rija" title="Portugāles koloniālā impērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles koloniālā impērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija" title="Portugalijos kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos kolonijinė imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1l_Birodalom" title="Portugál Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugál Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Португалско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Португалско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पोर्तुगीज साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोर्तुगीज साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პორტუგალიაშ კოლონიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პორტუგალიაშ კოლონიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Portugal" title="Empayar Portugal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%C3%A9rio_Pertu%C3%A9s" title="Ampério Pertués – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ampério Pertués" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ပေါ်တူဂီ အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပေါ်တူဂီ အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_Rijk" title="Portugese Rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugese Rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ポルトガル海上帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル海上帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_imperiet" title="Det portugisiske imperiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det portugisiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_portugisiske_imperiet" title="Det portugisiske imperiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det portugisiske imperiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Portugu%C3%A9s" title="Empèri Portugués – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Portugués" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliya_imperiyasi" title="Portugaliya imperiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portugaliya imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پرتگیزی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرتگیزی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_portugalskie" title="Imperium portugalskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium portugalskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Império Português – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Português" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliya_Imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Portugaliya Imperiyası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Portugaliya Imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_colonial_portughez" title="Imperiul colonial portughez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul colonial portughez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Колонии Португалии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонии Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_portughesu" title="Impèriu portughesu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu portughesu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Portuguese Empire" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Portugeze" title="Perandoria Portugeze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Portugeze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෘතුගීසි අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portuguese Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Portugalská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portugalská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalski_imperij" title="Portugalski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portugalski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimintooyada_Burtugaal" title="Rimintooyada Burtugaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rimintooyada Burtugaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ئیمپڕاتۆریەتی پورتوگالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپڕاتۆریەتی پورتوگالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_carstvo" title="Portugalsko carstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Portugalsko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portugalsko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_siirtomaat" title="Portugalin siirtomaat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin siirtomaat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska_imperiet" title="Portugisiska imperiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska imperiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="போர்த்துகல் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போர்த்துகல் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Portekiz İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Португальська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پرتگیزی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتگیزی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="پورتۇگالىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پورتۇگالىيە ئىمپېرىيىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_B%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%A0o_Nha" title="Đế quốc Bồ Đào Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Bồ Đào Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="葡萄牙帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄牙帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_wa_Maputukezi" title="Mfumo wa Maputukezi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mfumo wa Maputukezi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="葡萄牙帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葡萄牙帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-vlb4w","wgBackendResponseTime":248,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.931","walltime":"3.391","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18358,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":685803,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":95986,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":85,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":564768,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2759.852 1 -total"," 24.74% 682.772 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.75% 572.674 114 Template:Cite_book"," 14.33% 395.351 1 Template:Infobox_former_country"," 6.64% 183.204 17 Template:Cite_web"," 5.48% 151.347 1 Template:Native_name"," 5.00% 138.027 1 Template:History_of_Portugal"," 4.92% 135.662 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.89% 135.094 137 Template:Harvnb"," 4.87% 134.332 1 Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.700","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22405947,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbeyasinghe1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbir1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngus1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppiahGates2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnoldWiener2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakewell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethencourtCurto2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowenLincolnRigby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoxer1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyajian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrockey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Bloomer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesworthThomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrado2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostaPalmaReis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrow1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurto2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiffieWinius1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisney2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisney2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodge1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannDuignan1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipouloux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerringHerring1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywoodThornton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Russo2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJan_Huygen_van_Linschoten1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJesus1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuangMorrissette2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoffi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozákCermák2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratoska2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLach1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLadle2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeupp2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisboa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLockhart1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacmillan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacqueen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalekandathil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMancall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathew1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAlister1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Flanagan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliveira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstergrenLe_Bossé2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPageSonnenburg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanikkar1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaquette2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonting2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriolkar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuga2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuanchiRobson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamasamyKumananSivakumarSingh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell-Wood1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell-Wood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarano2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShastry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubrahmanyam2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravels2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreece2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwitchettFairbank1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUyarJ._Erickson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Linschoten1596\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelupillai2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent-Smith1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteway1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamashiro1989\"] = 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