CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>磁化強度 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"4fbdc09d-b08a-4e0b-a91d-4177117932b1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"磁化強度","wgTitle":"磁化強度","wgCurRevisionId":83271985,"wgRevisionId":83271985,"wgArticleId":273347,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["引文格式1维护：冗余文本","含有过时参数的引用的页面","含有英語的條目","物質內的電場和磁場","磁学","磁振造影"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"磁化強度","wgRelevantArticleId":273347,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q856711","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly", "ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="磁化強度 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-磁化強度 rootpage-磁化強度 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-馬克士威方程組" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#馬克士威方程組"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>馬克士威方程組</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-馬克士威方程組-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关馬克士威方程組子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-馬克士威方程組-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-磁化電流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁化電流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>磁化電流</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-磁化電流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-靜磁學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#靜磁學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>靜磁學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-靜磁學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-磁化動力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁化動力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>磁化動力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-磁化動力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-磁性物質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁性物質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>磁性物質</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-磁性物質-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关磁性物質子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-磁性物質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-抗磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#抗磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>抗磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-抗磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-順磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#順磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>順磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-順磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鐵磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鐵磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>鐵磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鐵磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-反鐵磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#反鐵磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>反鐵磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-反鐵磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亞鐵磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞鐵磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>亞鐵磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞鐵磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-超順磁性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超順磁性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>超順磁性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超順磁性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參閱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參閱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參閱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參閱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">磁化強度</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。43种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisasie" title="Magnetisasie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnetisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="مغنطة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغنطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Намагнічанасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Намагнічанасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Намагнитване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Намагнитване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="চুম্বকায়ন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চুম্বকায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizacija" title="Magnetizacija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnetizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetitzaci%C3%B3" title="Magnetització – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnetització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizace_(veli%C4%8Dina)" title="Magnetizace (veličina) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Magnetizace (veličina)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisierung" title="Magnetisierung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnetisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μαγνήτιση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνήτιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Magnetization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetado" title="Magnetado – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnetado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Magnetización – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnetización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneetumus" title="Magneetumus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magneetumus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B4" title="مغناطش – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغناطش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoituma" title="Magnetoituma – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnetoituma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimantation" title="Aimantation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aimantation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisiarang" title="Magnetisiarang – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Magnetisiarang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maighn%C3%A9ada%C3%ADocht" title="Maighnéadaíocht – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maighnéadaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98" title="מגנוט – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="चुम्बकन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुम्बकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizacija" title="Magnetizacija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnetizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisasi" title="Magnetisasi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnetisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizzazione_magnetica" title="Polarizzazione magnetica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polarizzazione magnetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96" title="磁化 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="磁化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94" title="자기화 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자기화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Магнитсиздениш – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магнитсиздениш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Магнетизација – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнетизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="चुंबकन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चुंबकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisatie" title="Magnetisatie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnetisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisering" title="Magnetisering – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnetisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisering" title="Magnetisering – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnetisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetyzacja" title="Magnetyzacja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnetyzacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Намагниченность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Намагниченность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizacija" title="Magnetizacija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnetizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetiz%C3%A1cia_(veli%C4%8Dina)" title="Magnetizácia (veličina) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Magnetizácia (veličina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetizimi_(densitet)" title="Magnetizimi (densitet) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magnetizimi (densitet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Магнетизација – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнетизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetisering" title="Magnetisering – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnetisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1knat%C4%B1slanma" title="Mıknatıslanma – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mıknatıslanma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Вектор намагніченості – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вектор намагніченості" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_h%C3%B3a" title="Từ hóa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96" title="磁化 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="磁化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q856711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&oldid=83271985" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&id=83271985&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25A3%2581%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25BA%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25A3%2581%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25BC%25B7%25E5%25BA%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q856711" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <dl><dd><small>本条目中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="向量">向量</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E9%87%8F_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="标量 (数学)">标量</a>分別用<a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F#字體#正粗體" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:數學公式">粗體</a>與<a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F#斜體" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:數學公式">斜體</a>顯示。例如，位置向量通常用 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a1ffb0f7dee0c7f11111906fe55becd542d4d82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.489ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \,\!}"></span> 表示；而其大小則用 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86937851b7cb70e8802197a7b5ddcf39c0b02445" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:1.436ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\,\!}"></span> 來表示。</small></dd></dl> <p><b>磁化強度</b>（英語：<span lang="en"><b>magnetization</b></span>），又稱<b>磁化向量</b>，是衡量物體的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="磁性">磁性</a>的一個物理量，定義為單位體積的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%81%B6%E6%9E%81%E7%9F%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="磁偶极矩">磁偶極矩</a>，如下方程式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ n\mathbf {m} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ n\mathbf {m} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8393fa62cb174be92d0ddc5aa02adff419559332" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.85ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ n\mathbf {m} }"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e499ae5946af9c09777ada933051b3669d3372c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.537ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"></span> 是磁化強度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%81%B6%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="磁偶極子">磁偶極子</a>密度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {m} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {m} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/58d48fbdcdf404353d3d53cdc2b5968c35fa5125" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.226ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {m} }"></span> 是每一個磁偶極子的磁偶極矩。 </p><p>當施加外<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>於物質時，物質的內部會被磁化，會出現很多微小的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%81%B6%E6%A5%B5%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="磁偶極子">磁偶極子</a>。磁化強度描述物質被磁化的程度。採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a>，磁化強度的單位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安培">安培</a>／公尺。 </p><p>物質被磁化所產生的磁偶極矩有兩種起源。一種是由在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>內部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>，由於外磁場的作用，其軌域運動產生的磁矩會做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E9%80%B2%E5%8B%95" title="拉莫爾進動">拉莫爾進動</a>，從而產生的額外磁矩，累積凝聚而成。另外一種是在外加<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">靜磁場</a>後，物質內的粒子<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>發生「磁化」，趨於依照磁場方向排列。這些自旋構成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A9" title="磁矩">磁偶極子</a>可視為一個個小<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="磁鐵">磁鐵</a>，可以以<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="向量">向量</a>表示，作為自旋相關磁性分析的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古典力學">古典</a>描述。例如，用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>現象中自旋動態的分析。 </p><p>物質對於外磁場的響應，和物質本身任何已存在的磁偶極矩（例如，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>物質內部的磁偶極矩），綜合起來，就是淨磁化強度。 </p><p>在一個磁性物質的內部，磁化強度不一定是均勻的，磁化強度時常是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="位置向量">位置向量</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="函數">函數</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="馬克士威方程組"><span id=".E9.A6.AC.E5.85.8B.E5.A3.AB.E5.A8.81.E6.96.B9.E7.A8.8B.E7.B5.84"></span>馬克士威方程組</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：馬克士威方程組"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a>描述<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="磁感應強度">磁感應強度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span> 、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="磁場強度">磁場強度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"></span> 、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span> 、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="電位移">電位移</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">D</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2345293072878db24e119c580def49ad582e3ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.05ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }"></span> 、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="電荷密度">電荷密度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }"></span> 和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="电流密度">電流密度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7686846b1a6b756cb514954000004ab5e7b2a5ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.381ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"></span> 的物理行為。這裏會探索磁化強度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e499ae5946af9c09777ada933051b3669d3372c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.537ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"></span> 的角色和與這些物理量之間的關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係"><span id=".E7.A3.81.E6.84.9F.E6.87.89.E5.BC.B7.E5.BA.A6.E3.80.81.E7.A3.81.E5.A0.B4.E5.BC.B7.E5.BA.A6.E5.92.8C.E7.A3.81.E5.8C.96.E5.BC.B7.E5.BA.A6.E4.B9.8B.E9.96.93.E7.9A.84.E9.97.9C.E4.BF.82"></span>磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：磁感應強度、磁場強度和磁化強度之間的關係"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a></div> <p>磁場強度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"></span> 定義為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ {\frac {1}{\mu _{0}}}\mathbf {B} -\mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ {\frac {1}{\mu _{0}}}\mathbf {B} -\mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/30990fc22c2ff3cb64efbe90a30288bedf5bb416" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.354ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ {\frac {1}{\mu _{0}}}\mathbf {B} -\mathbf {M} }"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="磁常數">磁常數</a>。 </p><p>對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="抗磁性">抗磁性</a>物質和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a>物質，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e499ae5946af9c09777ada933051b3669d3372c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.537ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"></span> 與 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"></span> 之間的關係通常是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="線性關係">線性關係</a>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\chi _{m}\mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\chi _{m}\mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b84a391c824a67f26882e21f1dde39d4cbaf723c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.858ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\chi _{m}\mathbf {H} }"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/028c3f2da9e3c445be4515565e4c8954d19ea960" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.13ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{m}}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87" title="磁化率">磁化率</a>。 </p><p>由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%BB%AF%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="磁滯現象">磁滯現象</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>物質的 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e499ae5946af9c09777ada933051b3669d3372c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.537ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} }"></span> 與 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f017b876ed763037d8818ec5dfbbdc6703e0f683" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.091ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }"></span> 之間並不存在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="一一對應">一一對應</a>關係。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="磁化電流"><span id=".E7.A3.81.E5.8C.96.E9.9B.BB.E6.B5.81"></span>磁化電流</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：磁化電流"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在磁性物質內，「磁化電流」是總電流的一部分，又稱為「束縛電流」，是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="束縛電荷">束縛電荷</a>形成的。磁性物質內部的「束縛電流密度」 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab95d6df64ddac87eaa420daebad70a609dee7f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.318ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}}"></span> 和「表面束縛電流密度」 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">K</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d3e67fb2af8488e2a1f0e4dfe524e3f12f5493a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.031ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}}"></span> 分別為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \nabla \times \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \nabla \times \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/911e04051462409a1063f92d500aad5eca99133b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.323ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \nabla \times \mathbf {M} }"></span> 、</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \mathbf {M} \times {\hat {n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">K</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mo>=</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \mathbf {M} \times {\hat {n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b1ee5d6909edfc7d9bfa68d0742d49d6b0b61b7b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.495ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {K} _{b}\ {\stackrel {def}{=}}\ \mathbf {M} \times {\hat {n}}}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">n</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aae87b164ba005e99b51066c46d1eacc7f56564a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.485ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {n} }}}"></span> 是垂直於磁性物質表面的單位向量。 </p><p>在馬克士威方程組內的總電流 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7686846b1a6b756cb514954000004ab5e7b2a5ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.381ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} }"></span> 為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+\mathbf {J} _{b}+\mathbf {J} _{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+\mathbf {J} _{b}+\mathbf {J} _{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae283e733d377be23b34543242b9ab82636bd1e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.843ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} =\mathbf {J} _{f}+\mathbf {J} _{b}+\mathbf {J} _{P}}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/593077e170e34595f269859b684135bf269d765a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.517ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{f}}"></span> 是自由電流密度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45dc05889d5202ccf7002dc7a0feb1bd51648a3e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.847ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}}"></span> 是電極化電流密度。 </p><p>自由電流密度是由自由電荷形成的自由電流的密度。自由電荷不束縛於物質的原子的內部。 </p><p>電極化電流是由含時<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電極化強度">電極化強度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0c250ef2a112c86b93c637dfa288c6d7f34ac3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {P} }"></span>形成的： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {P} }{\partial t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">P</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {P} }{\partial t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0673d44a6719a65d82966136179a47e2a51ab370" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.927ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{P}={\frac {\partial \mathbf {P} }{\partial t}}}"></span> 。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="靜磁學"><span id=".E9.9D.9C.E7.A3.81.E5.AD.B8"></span>靜磁學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：靜磁學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除去自由電流和各種含時效應，描述磁現象的馬克士威方程組約化為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot H} =-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot H} =-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10fdb6d6947642159ce7323b35c74a7d451c5155" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.765ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot H} =-\nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }"></span> 、</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times H} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times H} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d6c5a33969eca3ac9c9012011a4899950b8886c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.129ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times H} =0}"></span> 。</dd></dl> <p>應用類比方法，與靜電學問題類比： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot E} ={\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot E} ={\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bda3530e2c6bb3fca7ad13655bacf75e65f60d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.305ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \cdot E} ={\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}"></span> 、</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times E} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times E} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/80227073c4be66624fa5eeee2a0420119f77f982" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.794ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla \times E} =0}"></span> ，</dd></dl> <p>靜磁學的問題可以用靜電學的方法來解析。在這裏，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">M</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ae835daefd76d49352495ef5edcd37151750eaeb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.152ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {M} }"></span> 項目類比於 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/481386e3134e6a781b857a811590ec60246e9aa3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:2.835ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\rho }{\epsilon _{0}}}}"></span> 項目。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="磁化動力學"><span id=".E7.A3.81.E5.8C.96.E5.8B.95.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>磁化動力學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：磁化動力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁化動力學（页面不存在）">磁化動力學</a></div> <p>當思考<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="奈米">奈米</a>尺寸和奈米時段的磁化作用時，含時磁化物理行為變得很重要。不單只是依著外磁場的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="磁場線">磁場線</a>排列，在物質內的單獨的磁偶極矩會開始繞著外磁場<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%8B%95" title="進動">進動</a>，通過弛豫，緩慢地隨著能量傳輸進入物質結構，達成與磁場線排列。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="磁性物質"><span id=".E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA"></span>磁性物質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：磁性物質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnetism.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Magnetism.JPG/400px-Magnetism.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Magnetism.JPG/600px-Magnetism.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Magnetism.JPG/800px-Magnetism.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>各種不同磁性的級列。<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="抗磁性"><span id=".E6.8A.97.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>抗磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：抗磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="抗磁性">抗磁性</a></div> <p>抗磁性是物質抗拒外磁場的趨向，因此，會被磁場排斥。所有物質都具有抗磁性。可是，對於具有順磁性的物質，順磁性通常比較顯著，遮掩了抗磁性。<sup id="cite_ref-Westbrook_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westbrook-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 只有純抗磁性物質才能明顯地被觀測到抗磁性。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">惰性氣體</a>元素和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%85%90%E8%9A%80%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="抗腐蚀金属">抗腐蝕金屬</a>元素（<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="銅">銅</a>等等）都具有顯著的抗磁性。<sup id="cite_ref-Chen1977_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 當外磁場存在時，抗磁性才會表現出來。假設外磁場被撤除，則抗磁性也會遁隱形跡。 </p><p>在具有抗磁性的物質裏，所有電子都已成對，內秉電子磁矩不能集成宏觀效應。抗磁性的機制是電子軌域運動，用經典物理理論解釋如下：<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>由於外磁場的作用，環繞著<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>的電子，其軌域運動產生的磁矩會做<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E9%80%B2%E5%8B%95" title="拉莫爾進動">拉莫爾進動</a>，從而產生額外電流與伴隨的額外磁矩。這額外磁矩與外磁場呈相反方向，抗拒外磁場的作用。由這機制所帶來的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87" title="磁化率">磁化率</a>與溫度無關，以方程式表達為 <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi =-\ {\frac {\mu _{0}NZe^{2}}{6m}}\langle r^{2}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>N</mi> <mi>Z</mi> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi =-\ {\frac {\mu _{0}NZe^{2}}{6m}}\langle r^{2}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d6e75109cab5b53409ec0cc06fa50fb94aaa735" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.028ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi =-\ {\frac {\mu _{0}NZe^{2}}{6m}}\langle r^{2}\rangle }"></span> ；</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>μ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe2fd9b8decb38a3cd158e7b6c0c6e2d987fefcc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.456ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="磁常數">磁常數</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> 是原子數量密度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序">原子序</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span> 是電子質量，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span> 是軌道半徑。<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}\rangle }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}\rangle }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/089684b1048796cfa989cc0ac044571b77d3017a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.912ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle r^{2}\rangle }"></span> 是 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a363a15442d031416d1eb62254a9c726e3f6c66c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.103ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r^{2}}"></span> 的量子力學平均值。</dd></dl> <p>特別注意，這解釋只能用來<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8F%91%E6%B3%95" title="启发法">啟發</a>思考。正確的解釋需要依賴<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="順磁性"><span id=".E9.A0.86.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>順磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：順磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Para-ferro-anti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Para-ferro-anti.jpg/200px-Para-ferro-anti.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Para-ferro-anti.jpg/300px-Para-ferro-anti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Para-ferro-anti.jpg/400px-Para-ferro-anti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>對於順磁性物質、鐵磁性物質、反鐵磁性物質，磁化率與溫度之間的理論關係。<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼金屬">鹼金屬</a>元素和除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷">鈷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳">鎳</a>以外的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡元素">過渡元素</a>都具有順磁性。<sup id="cite_ref-Chen1977_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在順磁性物質內部，由於原子軌域或分子軌域只含有奇數個電子，會存在有很多未配對電子。遵守<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="包立不相容原理">包立不相容原理</a>，任何配對電子的自旋，其磁矩的方向都必需彼此相反。未配對電子可以自由地將磁矩指向任意方向。當施加外磁場時，這些未配對電子的磁矩趨於與外磁場呈相同方向，從而使磁場更加強烈。假設外磁場被撤除，則順磁性也會消失無蹤。 </p><p>一般而言，除了金屬物質以外，<sup id="cite_ref-Chen1977_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>順磁性與溫度相關。由於熱騷動（<span lang="en">thermal agitation</span>）造成的碰撞會影響磁矩整齊排列，溫度越高，順磁性越微弱；溫度越低，順磁性越強烈。 </p><p>在低磁場，足夠高溫的狀況，<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="居里定律">居里定律</a>（<span lang="en">Curie's law</span>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87" title="磁化率">磁化率</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/656111758322ace96d80a9371771aa6d3de25437" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.455ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi }"></span> 與絕對溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 的關係式為<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi =C/T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi =C/T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a523d53691187a0878ffbbe4f7cd0ced910ad397" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi =C/T}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> 是依不同物質而定的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="居里常數">居里常數</a>（<span lang="en">Curie constant</span>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鐵磁性"><span id=".E9.90.B5.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>鐵磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：鐵磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hysteresiscurve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hysteresiscurve.svg/200px-Hysteresiscurve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hysteresiscurve.svg/300px-Hysteresiscurve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hysteresiscurve.svg/400px-Hysteresiscurve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>磁化強度（豎軸）與H場（橫軸）之間的磁滯迴路關係。</figcaption></figure> <p>在鐵磁性物質內部，如同順磁性物質，有很多未配對電子。由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="交换作用">交換作用</a>（<span lang="en">exchange interaction</span>），這些電子的自旋趨於與相鄰未配對電子的自旋呈相同方向。由於鐵磁性物質內部又分為很多<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%95%B4" title="磁畴">磁疇</a>，雖然磁疇內部所有電子的自旋會單向排列，造成「飽合磁矩」，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%95%B4" title="磁畴">磁疇</a>與磁疇之間，磁矩的方向與大小都不相同。所以，未被磁化的鐵磁性物質，其淨磁矩與磁化向量都等於零。 </p><p>假設施加外磁場，這些磁疇的磁矩還趨於與外磁場呈相同方向，從而形成有可能相當強烈的磁化向量與其感應磁場。隨著外磁場的增高，磁化強度也會增高，直到「飽和點」，淨磁矩等於飽合磁矩。這時，再增高外磁場也不會改變磁化強度。假設，現在減弱外磁場，磁化強度也會跟著減弱。但是不會與先前對於同一外磁場的磁化強度相同。磁化強度與外磁場的關係不是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%80%E5%B0%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="一一對應">一一對應</a>關係。磁化強度比外磁場的曲線形成了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%BB%AF%E8%BF%B4%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="磁滯迴線">磁滯迴線</a>。 </p><p>假設再到達飽和點後，撤除外磁場，則鐵磁性物質仍能保存一些磁化的狀態，淨磁矩與磁化向量不等於零。所以，經過磁化處理後的鐵磁性物質具有「自發磁矩」。 </p><p>每一種鐵磁性物質都具有自己獨特的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="居里温度">居里溫度</a>。假若溫度高過居里溫度，則鐵磁性物質會失去自發磁矩，從有序的「鐵磁相」轉變為無序的「順磁相」。這是因為<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>的無序趨向，大大地超過了鐵磁性物質降低能量的有序趨向。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C-%E5%A4%96%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="居里-外斯定律">居里-外斯定律</a>（<span lang="en">Curie-Weiss law</span>），磁化率 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/656111758322ace96d80a9371771aa6d3de25437" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.455ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi }"></span> 與絕對溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 的關係式為<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi =C/(T-T_{c})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi =C/(T-T_{c})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9dd7454ae4c632e6e4e711b89f0b0f53941c11c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.07ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi =C/(T-T_{c})}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{c}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{c}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/66261e3cbed8035b2bf7a9ccb878c786cf7556c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.302ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{c}}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="居里温度">居里溫度</a>（採用絕對溫度單位）。 </p><p>假設溫度低於居里溫度，則根據實驗得到的經驗公式， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)/M_{0}=\beta T^{3/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>β</mi> <msup> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)/M_{0}=\beta T^{3/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/10735399a3ac05cb67a918fb888a566e06e3a687" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:21.143ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)/M_{0}=\beta T^{3/2}}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)=M(T)-M_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)=M(T)-M_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d96bbff6bf1e2b261bd6a46fe2d4adf67bfa38c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.959ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta M(T)=M(T)-M_{0}}"></span> 是磁化強度差，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M(T)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M(T)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1d4e2af30c54ac3a0399f7f3970e54f957bd8b6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.888ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M(T)}"></span> 與 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/909a62f3ff41169372143733d3767afe0ad3b14d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{0}}"></span> 是物質分別在絕對溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 與 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0K}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mi>K</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0K}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/992189db4c2c0cd79a2c86e0813234c575cce9fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.228ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0K}"></span> 的磁化強度，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }"></span> 是依物質而定的比例常數。 </p><p>這與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%B4%9B%E8%B5%AB%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A61.5%E6%AC%A1%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布洛赫溫度1.5次方定律（页面不存在）">布洛赫溫度1.5次方定律</a>（<span lang="en">Bloch T<sup>3/2</sup> law</span>）的理論結果一致。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳">鎳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="鈷">鈷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93" class="mw-redirect" title="釓">釓</a>與它們的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>等等，這些常見的鐵磁性物質很容易做實驗顯示出其鐵磁性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="反鐵磁性"><span id=".E5.8F.8D.E9.90.B5.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>反鐵磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：反鐵磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg/220px-Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg/330px-Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg/440px-Antiferromagnetic_ordering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>反鐵磁性的有序排列</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反鐵磁性</a></div> <p>在反鐵磁性物質內部，相鄰價電子的自旋趨於相反方向。這種物質的淨磁矩為零，不會產生磁場。這種物質比較不常見，大多數反鐵磁性物質只存在於低溫狀況。假設溫度超過<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="奈尔温度">奈爾溫度</a>，則通常會變為具有順磁性。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="錳">錳</a>、輕<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭系元素">鑭系元素</a>等等，都具有反鐵磁性。 </p><p>當溫度高於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="奈尔温度">奈爾溫度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e92de0cbe77750cce632b1c75de66e558ad297" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"></span> 時，磁化率 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/656111758322ace96d80a9371771aa6d3de25437" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.455ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi }"></span> 與溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> 的理論關係式為<sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+T_{N}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+T_{N}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c42ab5f02019039092463c75182396517a49c55b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.915ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+T_{N}}}}"></span> 。</dd></dl> <p>做實驗得到的經驗關係式為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+\theta }}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>T</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>θ</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+\theta }}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff4c2af49bfce515ef594e030dba15f5b954a602" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.957ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {2C}{T+\theta }}}"></span> ；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6e5ab2664b422d53eb0c7df3b87e1360d75ad9af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta }"></span> 是依物質而定的常數，與 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e92de0cbe77750cce632b1c75de66e558ad297" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"></span> 差別很大。 </p><p>理論而言，當溫度低於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="奈尔温度">奈爾溫度</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e92de0cbe77750cce632b1c75de66e558ad297" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"></span> 時，可以分成兩種狀況：<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>假設外磁場垂直於自旋，則垂直磁化率近似為常數 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{\perp }\approx C/T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊥</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>≈</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{\perp }\approx C/T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/19fc09e5d6b8c0f0d23cce2a61968126b8012f06" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.042ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{\perp }\approx C/T_{N}}"></span> 。</li> <li>假設外磁場平行於自旋，則在絕對溫度0K時，平行磁化率為零；在從0K到奈爾溫度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3e92de0cbe77750cce632b1c75de66e558ad297" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T_{N}}"></span> 之間，平行磁化率會從 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(0)=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∥</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(0)=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/beedf46aa25d22f6d1a5f6bad065ca2e86d18bce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:9.742ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(0)=0}"></span> 平滑地單調遞增至 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(T_{N})=C/T_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∥</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(T_{N})=C/T_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90461f5af73fd67661ba764732bc7587d42258e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:16.444ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \chi _{\parallel }(T_{N})=C/T_{N}}"></span> 。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞鐵磁性"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E9.90.B5.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>亞鐵磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：亞鐵磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg/220px-Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg/330px-Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg/440px-Ferrimagnetic_ordering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>亞鐵磁性的有序排列</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="亚铁磁性">亞鐵磁性</a></div> <p>像鐵磁性物質一樣，當磁場不存在時，亞鐵磁性物質仍舊會保持磁化不變；又像反鐵磁性物質一樣，相鄰的電子自旋指向相反方向。這兩種性質並不互相矛盾，在亞鐵磁性物質內部，分別屬於不同<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="晶格">次晶格</a>的不同原子，其磁矩的方向相反，數值大小不相等，所以，物質的淨磁矩不等於０，磁化強度不等於零，具有較微弱的鐵磁性。 </p><p>由於亞鐵磁性物質是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a>。處於高<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>時變磁場的亞鐵磁性物質，由於感應出的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="渦電流">渦電流</a>很少，可以允許<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>穿過，所以可以做為像<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隔離器（页面不存在）">隔離器</a>（<span lang="en">isolator</span>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="循環器（页面不存在）">循環器</a>（<span lang="en">circulator</span>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回旋器（页面不存在）">回旋器</a>（<span lang="en">gyrator</span>）等等微波器件的材料。 </p><p>由於組成亞鐵磁性物質的成分必需分別具有至少兩種不同的磁矩，只有化合物或合金才會表現出亞鐵磁性。常見的亞鐵磁性物質有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" title="磁鐵礦">磁鐵礦</a>（Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E6%B0%A7%E9%AB%94" title="鐵氧體">鐵氧體</a>（ferrite）等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="超順磁性"><span id=".E8.B6.85.E9.A0.86.E7.A3.81.E6.80.A7"></span>超順磁性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：超順磁性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="超順磁性">超順磁性</a></div> <p>當鐵磁體或亞鐵磁體的尺寸足夠小的時候，由於熱騷動影響，這些<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="奈米粒子">奈米粒子</a>會隨機地改變方向。假設沒有外磁場，則通常它們不會表現出磁性。但是，假設施加外磁場，則它們會被磁化，就像順磁性一樣，而且磁化率超大於順磁體的磁化率。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參閱"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E9.96.B1"></span>參閱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：參閱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%87" title="磁导率">磁導率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球磁場">地球磁場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%A3%81%E9%80%86%E8%BD%89" title="地磁逆轉">地磁逆轉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="电磁学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:电磁学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:电磁学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:电磁学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="电磁学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="电磁学">电磁学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E8%B5%B7%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="摩擦起電效應">摩擦起電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="静电放电">静电放电</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%99%95%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="电晕放电">电晕放电</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E7%AB%AF%E6%94%BE%E9%9B%BB" title="尖端放電">尖端放电</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="静电感应">静电感应</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E9%99%A4%E5%B0%98" title="静电除尘">静电吸附</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E5%B1%8F%E8%94%BD" title="静电屏蔽">静电屏蔽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯定律">高斯定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="电通量">电通量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%BF%E8%83%BD" title="电势能">电势能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%81%B6%E6%9E%81%E7%9F%A9" title="电偶极矩">电偶极矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96" title="電極化">電極化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="電位移">電位移</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="磁感应强度">磁感应强度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場強度</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">磁化強度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="磁通量">磁通量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="毕奥-萨伐尔定律">毕奥-萨伐尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A9" title="磁矩">磁矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯磁定律">高斯磁定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A2%E5%8A%BF" title="磁矢势">磁矢势</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="电路">电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="電勢">電勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="電導體">導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="超導體">超導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="串聯電路">串聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="並聯電路">並聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%A6%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="带电流">带电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8B%A2" title="電動勢">電動勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗">阻抗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC" title="电导">电导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%BC" title="电磁波导">波导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B6%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="憶阻器">憶阻器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="电现象">电现象</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="壓電效應">壓電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E9%98%BB%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="压阻效应">压阻效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="熱電效應">熱電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应">光电效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%87%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89" title="電致發光">電致發光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%82%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="中高层大气放电">中高层大气放电</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">电动力学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="霍爾效應">霍爾效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE" title="電磁干擾">電磁干擾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="法拉第电磁感应定律">法拉第电磁感应定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="楞次定律">楞次定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="位移電流">位移電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="馬克士威應力張量">馬克士威應力張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BB%B7%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="坡印廷向量">坡印廷向量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E7%B4%8D-%E7%B6%AD%E8%AC%9D%E5%8B%A2" title="黎納-維謝勢">黎納-維謝勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E6%96%90%E7%B7%AC%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="傑斐緬柯方程式">傑斐緬柯方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="渦電流">渦電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="倫敦方程">倫敦方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%A2" title="推遲勢">推遲勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="自由空間">自由空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="经典电磁理论的协变形式">協變表述</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁張量">電磁張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="四維電流密度">四維電流密度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁應力-能量張量">電磁應力-能量張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%BF" title="电磁四维势">四維勢</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#电磁学的发展史" title="物理学史">发展史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="电荷守恒定律">电荷守恒定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E5%A0%86" title="伏打电堆">伏打电堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伽伐尼电池">伽伐尼电池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="电磁感应">电磁感应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="戴维南定理">戴维南定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科學家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安德烈-馬里·安培">安培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5" title="让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥">让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="夏尔·库仑">庫侖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">漢弗里·戴維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8A%92%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E7%B4%A2" title="阿尔芒·斐索">阿爾芒·斐索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">高斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A1%9E" title="奧利弗·黑維塞">奧利弗·黑維塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">亥姆霍茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" title="約瑟·亨利">亨利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">赫茲</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" class="extiw" title="en:John Hopkinson">John Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" class="extiw" title="en:Oleg D. Jefimenko">Oleg D. Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">开尔文勋爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·拉莫尔">約瑟夫·拉莫爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%B7%E6%AC%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="海因里希·冷次">海因里希·冷次</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred-Marie Liénard">Alfred-Marie Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亨德里克·勞侖茲">亨德里克·勞侖茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" class="extiw" title="en:Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86" title="格奥尔格·欧姆">歐姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·克里斯蒂安·奥斯特">漢斯·克里斯蒂安·奧斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A2%85%E7%BF%81%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE" title="西梅翁·德尼·泊松">西梅翁·德尼·泊松</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BB%B7" title="约翰·亨利·坡印廷">約翰·亨利·坡印廷</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:William Ritchie (physicist)">William Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%90" title="菲利克斯·沙伐">沙伐</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Singer" class="extiw" title="en:George Singer">George Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E9%80%8F%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E6%A2%85%E8%8C%A8" title="查爾斯·普羅透斯·斯泰因梅茨">查爾斯·普羅透斯·斯泰因梅茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼古拉·特斯拉">特斯拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森">湯姆森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亞歷山德羅·伏打">伏特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·愛德華·韋伯">韋伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%88%8D%E7%89%B9" title="埃米尔·约翰·维舍特">維歇特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">更確切地說，當 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu B/K_{B}T\gg 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>T</mi> <mo>≫</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu B/K_{B}T\gg 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb54c05e7b08c0773777d3605875aa06da2cbdb1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.194ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu B/K_{B}T\gg 1}"></span> 時，居里定律成立；其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span> 是磁矩，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/041770ed83382d595875532cc29acd938c39a74b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.453ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{B}}"></span> 是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%8C%B2%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="波茲曼常數">波茲曼常數</a>。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Meyers1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">HP Meyers. Introductory solid state physics 2. CRC Press. 1997: 362; Figure 11.1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0748406603" title="Special:网络书源/0748406603"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0748406603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=HP+Meyers&rft.btitle=Introductory+solid+state+physics&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0748406603&rft.pages=362%3B+Figure+11.1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westbrook-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westbrook_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Catherine Westbrook, Carolyn Kaut, Carolyn Kaut-Roth. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) in practice 2. Wiley-Blackwell. 1998: 217. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0632042052" title="Special:网络书源/0632042052"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0632042052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&rft.au=Catherine+Westbrook%2C+Carolyn+Kaut%2C+Carolyn+Kaut-Roth&rft.btitle=MRI+%28Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%29+in+practice&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0632042052&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen1977-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chen1977_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen1977_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chen1977_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChen1977" class="citation">Chen, Chih-Wen, Magnetism and metallurgy of soft magnetic materials, Courier Dover Publications: pp. 1, 7–8, 12, 1977, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780486649979" title="Special:网络书源/9780486649979"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780486649979</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Chih-Wen&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.btitle=Magnetism+and+metallurgy+of+soft+magnetic+materials&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780486649979&rft.pages=pp.+1%2C+7-8%2C+12&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kittel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kittel, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoso0000kitt_06ed">Introduction to Solid State Physics</a> 6th. John Wiley & Sons. 1986: pp. 299–302, 323–324, 330–335, 340–344, 351–352. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-471-87474-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-471-87474-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-471-87474-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Kittel&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Solid+State+Physics&rft.date=1986&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-471-87474-4&rft.pages=pp.+299-302%2C+323-324%2C+330-335%2C+340-344%2C+351-352&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoso0000kitt_06ed&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Chikazumi, Sōshin; Chad Graham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsferromagn00chik">Physics of ferromagnetism</a> 2nd. Oxford University Press. 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicsferromagn00chik/page/n152">140</a>-142. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199564811" title="Special:网络书源/9780199564811"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199564811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&rft.aufirst=S%C5%8Dshin&rft.aulast=Chikazumi&rft.btitle=Physics+of+ferromagnetism&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199564811&rft.pages=140-142&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicsferromagn00chik&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=磁化強度&oldid=83271985">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=磁化強度&oldid=83271985</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E5%85%A7%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4%E5%92%8C%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="Category:物質內的電場和磁場">物質內的電場和磁場</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:磁学">磁学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="Category:磁振造影">磁振造影</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">引文格式1维护：冗余文本</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年7月4日 (星期四) 03:31。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dmn8l","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.481","walltime":"0.691","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3738,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":65618,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2198,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":24458,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 426.841 1 -total"," 24.23% 103.415 1 Template:Lang-en"," 18.88% 80.593 1 Template:電磁學"," 17.13% 73.130 1 Template:Navbox"," 16.32% 69.664 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.65% 66.787 9 Template:Lang"," 14.21% 60.636 9 Template:Category_handler"," 12.16% 51.916 4 Template:Cite_book"," 11.77% 50.253 1 Template:NoteTA"," 8.69% 37.105 8 Template:Main"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.240","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15697457,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-wvv82","timestamp":"20241124184610","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u78c1\u5316\u5f37\u5ea6","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q856711","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q856711","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-22T16:24:03Z","dateModified":"2024-07-04T03:31:19Z"}</script> </body> </html>