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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-電場力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電場力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>電場力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電場力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電場強度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電場強度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>電場強度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電場強度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电场源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电场源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>电场源</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-电场源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关电场源子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-电场源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-成因与描述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成因与描述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>成因与描述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-成因与描述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真空静止点电荷的特例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真空静止点电荷的特例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>真空静止点电荷的特例</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真空静止点电荷的特例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-叠加" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#叠加"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>叠加</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-叠加-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关叠加子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-叠加-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-离散点电荷系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#离散点电荷系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>离散点电荷系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-离散点电荷系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-连续分布的电荷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#连续分布的电荷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>连续分布的电荷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-连续分布的电荷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电场线" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电场线"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>电场线</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-电场线-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关电场线子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-电场线-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-静电场中的电场线" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#静电场中的电场线"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>静电场中的电场线</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-静电场中的电场线-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>相關</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">電場</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。98种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisches_Feld" title="Elektrisches Feld – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektrisches Feld" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8C%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" title="ኤሌክትሪክ መስክ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤሌክትሪክ መስክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="حقل كهربائي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقل كهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষেত্ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষেত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campu_ll%C3%A9tricu" title="Campu llétricu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Campu llétricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_sah%C9%99si" title="Elektrik sahəsi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrik sahəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="الکتریک مئیدانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکتریک مئیدانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Электрычнае поле – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрычнае поле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Электрычнае поле – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрычнае поле" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Електрическо поле – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрическо поле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="बिद्युत क्षेत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिद्युत क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তড়িৎ ক্ষেত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িৎ ক্ষেত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električno polje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Camp elèctric – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بواری کارەبایی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بواری کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A9_pole" title="Elektrické pole – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrické pole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Электро уй – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электро уй" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_felt" title="Elektrisk felt – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk felt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisches_Feld" title="Elektrisches Feld – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrisches Feld" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Ηλεκτρικό πεδίο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρικό πεδίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electric field" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_kampo" title="Elektra kampo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra kampo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Campo eléctrico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriv%C3%A4li" title="Elektriväli – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektriväli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremu_elektriko" title="Eremu elektriko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eremu elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campu_el%C3%A9tricu" title="Campu elétricu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Campu elétricu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="میدان الکتریکی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میدان الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6kentt%C3%A4" title="Sähkökenttä – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkökenttä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Champ électrique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Champ électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_fial" title="Elektrisk fial – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Elektrisk fial" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9imse_leictreach" title="Réimse leictreach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réimse leictreach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Campo eléctrico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campo eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_listrik" title="Medan listrik – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Medan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="שדה חשמלי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שדה חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युत्-क्षेत्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत्-क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električno polje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_elektrik" title="Chan elektrik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chan elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromos_mez%C5%91" title="Elektromos mező – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektromos mező" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Էլեկտրական դաշտ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական դաշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_listrik" title="Medan listrik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Medan listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsvi%C3%B0" title="Rafsvið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafsvið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_elettrico" title="Campo elettrico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ელექტრული ველი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრული ველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Электр өрісі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр өрісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="ដែនអគ្គីសនី – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ដែនអគ្គីសនី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%A5" title="전기장 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_electricus" title="Campus electricus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Campus electricus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektrikveldj" title="Lektrikveldj – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lektrikveldj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrinis_laukas" title="Elektrinis laukas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektrinis laukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriskais_lauks" title="Elektriskais lauks – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektriskais lauks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Електрично поле – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрично поле" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യുതക്ഷേത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതക്ഷേത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Цахилгаан орон – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан орон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युत क्षेत्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विद्युत क्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_elektrik" title="Medan elektrik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Medan elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="میدان الکتریکی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میدان الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisch_veld" title="Elektrisch veld – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrisch veld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_felt" title="Elektrisk felt – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk felt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_felt" title="Elektrisk felt – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrisk felt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_electric" title="Camp electric – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp electric" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ବୈଦୁତିକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୈଦୁତିକ କ୍ଷେତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਫੀਲਡ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਲੈਕਟ੍ਰਿਕ ਫੀਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_elektryczne" title="Pole elektryczne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pole elektryczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_el%C3%A9trich" title="Camp elétrich – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Camp elétrich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88" title="الیکٹرک فیلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرک فیلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%87" title="برېښنايي ساحه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنايي ساحه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_el%C3%A9trico" title="Campo elétrico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_electric" title="Câmp electric – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Câmp electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Электрическое поле – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрическое поле" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campu_el%C3%A8ttricu" title="Campu elèttricu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Campu elèttricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električno polje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electric field" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%A9_pole" title="Elektrické pole – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrické pole" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električno polje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandare_remagetsi" title="Dandare remagetsi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dandare remagetsi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusha_elektrike" title="Fusha elektrike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fusha elektrike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B5" title="Електрично поље – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрично поље" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dan_Listrik" title="Médan Listrik – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Médan Listrik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriskt_f%C3%A4lt" title="Elektriskt fält – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektriskt fält" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்புலம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்புலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="สนามไฟฟ้า – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนามไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrikong_field" title="Elektrikong field – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elektrikong field" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_alan%C4%B1" title="Elektrik alanı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik alanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Электр кыры – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электр кыры" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Електричне поле – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричне поле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برقی میدان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی میدان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr_maydon" title="Elektr maydon – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektr maydon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Điện trường – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện trường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palibot_han_elektriko" title="Palibot han elektriko – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palibot han elektriko" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolu_mb%C3%ABj" title="Toolu mbëj – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Toolu mbëj" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA" title="电场 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="電場" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ti%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Tiān-tiûⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-tiûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzuba" title="Umzuba – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzuba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46221#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_plus_thumb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VFPt_plus_thumb.svg/220px-VFPt_plus_thumb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VFPt_plus_thumb.svg/330px-VFPt_plus_thumb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/VFPt_plus_thumb.svg/440px-VFPt_plus_thumb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>正电荷產生的电场，與距離的平方成反比，方向朝外。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_minus_thumb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VFPt_minus_thumb.svg/220px-VFPt_minus_thumb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VFPt_minus_thumb.svg/330px-VFPt_minus_thumb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/VFPt_minus_thumb.svg/440px-VFPt_minus_thumb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>负电荷產生的电场，與距離的平方成反比，方向朝內。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>電場</b>是存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>周围，能传递电荷与电荷之间相互作用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="物理場">物理场</a>。在电荷周围总有电场存在；同时电场对场中其他电荷发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>的作用。观察者相对于电荷静止时所观察到的场称为<b>静电场</b>。如果电荷相对于观察者运动，则除静电场外，还有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="磁场">磁场</a>出现。除了电荷以外，隨著時間流逝而变化的磁场也可以生成电场，這種電場叫做<b>涡旋电场</b>或<b>感应电场</b>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%AB%98%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="米高·法拉第">迈克尔·法拉第</a>最先提出電場的概念。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電場力"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.A0.B4.E5.8A.9B"></span>電場力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：電場力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>電場力</b>是當<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>置於電場中所受到的作用力。或是在電場中為移動<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="自由電荷">自由電荷</a>所施加的作用力。其大小可由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a>得出。当有多个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>同时作用时，其大小及方向遵循<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量">矢量</a>运算规则。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="電場強度"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E5.A0.B4.E5.BC.B7.E5.BA.A6"></span>電場強度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：電場強度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>电场强度</b>是用来表示电场的强弱和方向的物理量。实验表明，在电场中某一点，试探点电荷（正电荷）在该点所受电场力与其所带电荷的比值是一个与试探点电荷无关的量。于是以试探点电荷（正电荷）在该点所受电场力的方向为电场方向，以前述比值为大小的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="矢量">矢量</a>定义为该点的电场强度，常用<i>E</i>表示。按照定义，电场中某一点的电场强度的方向可用试探点电荷（正电荷）在该点所受电场力的电场方向来确定；电场强弱可由试探电荷所受的电场力与试探点电荷带电量的比值确定。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (x,y,z)\equiv \!{\frac {\mathbf {F} _{\text{on q}}(x,y,z)}{q}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>≡</mo> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>on q</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>y</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>q</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (x,y,z)\equiv \!{\frac {\mathbf {F} _{\text{on q}}(x,y,z)}{q}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0ec95e84926d124c3b86560d38bd72ca8f5b321" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.305ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} (x,y,z)\equiv \!{\frac {\mathbf {F} _{\text{on q}}(x,y,z)}{q}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>试探点电荷应该满足两个条件：（1）它的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线度（页面不存在）">线度</a>必须小到可以被看作<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="点电荷">点电荷</a>，以便确定场中每点的性质；（2）它的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="电量">电量</a>要足够小，使得由于它的置入不引起原有电场的重新分布。电场强度的实用单位为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">伏特</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="米 (单位)">米</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓">牛頓</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="库仑">库仑</a>（这两个单位实际上相等）。常用的单位还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">伏特</a>/厘米。 </p><p>要注意的是，只要有电荷存在就有静电场存在，电场的存在与否是客观的，与是否引入试探点与电荷无关。引入试探点电荷只是为了检验电场的存在和讨论电场的性质而已。正像人们使用天平可以称量出物体的质量，如果不用天平去称量物体，物体的质量仍然是客观存在的一样。 </p><p>由于电场力满足矢量叠加原理，电场强度也满足叠加原理。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电场源"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E5.9C.BA.E6.BA.90"></span>电场源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：电场源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="成因与描述"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.9B.A0.E4.B8.8E.E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0"></span>成因与描述</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：成因与描述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>电场是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>或变化<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="磁场">磁场</a>产生的。前者的现象可以用<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="高斯定理">高斯定理</a>来描述，后者可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="法拉第电磁感应定律">法拉第电磁感应定律</a>来描述，合在一起就足以用电荷分佈和磁场强度的一个函数来确定电场的行为。然而，由于磁场是用电场的一个函数描述的，这两种场相互耦合在一起构成了<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%BB%84" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克斯韦方程组">麦克斯韦方程组</a>，将电场和磁场描述为电荷的函数和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a>的函数。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E6%85%8B_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1)" title="穩態 (系統)">稳态</a>（固定电荷和电流）的特殊情况下，麦克斯韦-法拉第电磁感应消失。所得的两个方程（高斯定律 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff0076e721a4b485bda8ff427f00e73c6efb6006" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.444ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} ={\frac {\rho }{\varepsilon _{0}}}}"></span> 和没有电感项的法拉第定律 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e2c81ebdca4714148b009b3ab513ac75aabc84b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.794ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nabla \times \mathbf {E} =0}"></span>）同时使用，就与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a>等价，对于电流密度 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\rho } (\mathbf {r} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>ρ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\rho } (\mathbf {r} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/78f39c455b0f0620886ca076c67af99acaa95e0d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.113ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\rho } (\mathbf {r} )}"></span>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eca0f46511c4c986c48b254073732c0bd98ae0c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.102ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {r} }"></span> 表示空间中的位置）。注意真空介电常数 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}"></span> 当电荷处于非空介质中的时候需要替换掉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真空静止点电荷的特例"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E7.A9.BA.E9.9D.99.E6.AD.A2.E7.82.B9.E7.94.B5.E8.8D.B7.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E4.BE.8B"></span>真空静止点电荷的特例</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：真空静止点电荷的特例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a>指出，点电荷产生的電場強度與其所带的電量成正比，並且与距離的平方成反比，離場源電荷愈遠則電場強度愈弱。 </p> <ul><li>位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA" title="真空">真空</a>中一点<i>O</i>的点电荷在某一点<i>P</i>产生的電場強度<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(P)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(P)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc08a0b9b40bb460b541adc55bc55e08f3378f8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.33ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(P)}"></span>的公式是：</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(P)={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {Q}{r^{2}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(P)={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {Q}{r^{2}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/222bb05a849c9a21f8c969b6cd722b811c374489" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:18.041ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(P)={\frac {1}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}{\frac {Q}{r^{2}}}{\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}"></span>；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span>是場源電荷量（建立電場的電荷），<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span>是离電荷的距離<i>OP</i>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c458bca4da5e11f38bc2199b9a6dde50e43d0918" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.345ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\boldsymbol {r}}}}"></span>是<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {OP}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mrow> <mi>O</mi> <mi>P</mi> </mrow> <mo>→</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {OP}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cff45f0fefb0bfc3dd4aa31b8bc68ea0bfcd39fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-top: -0.4ex; width:3.813ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {OP}}}"></span>方向上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="单位向量">单位向量</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d2cae6289b0fe626d1f9472a3416ac73e87bc5a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.998ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \epsilon _{0}}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="真空电容率">真空電容率</a>。 </p><p>在与<i>O</i>等距的球面上，电场强度的大小相等。点电荷产生的電場是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="球對稱">球对称</a>的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="叠加"><span id=".E5.8F.A0.E5.8A.A0"></span>叠加</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：叠加"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="离散点电荷系"><span id=".E7.A6.BB.E6.95.A3.E7.82.B9.E7.94.B5.E8.8D.B7.E7.B3.BB"></span>离散点电荷系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：离散点电荷系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>电场满足<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="叠加原理">叠加原理</a>。如果存在多于一个点电荷，任何点的总电场强度等于各个点电荷单独存在时各自所激发的场强的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="向量和">矢量和</a>。即为， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i}\mathbf {E} _{i}=\mathbf {E} _{1}+\mathbf {E} _{2}+\mathbf {E} _{3}+\cdots \,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i}\mathbf {E} _{i}=\mathbf {E} _{1}+\mathbf {E} _{2}+\mathbf {E} _{3}+\cdots \,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9880a21e4071215ac5daa508271b8265fef58fe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:34.318ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i}\mathbf {E} _{i}=\mathbf {E} _{1}+\mathbf {E} _{2}+\mathbf {E} _{3}+\cdots \,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<b>E</b><sub><i>i</i></sub>是第<i>i</i>个点电荷所激发的电场。 </p><p>在任意一点处，<i>N</i>个点电荷所激发的总场强就是每一个点电荷激发的电场的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A0%E5%8A%A0%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="叠加原理">叠加</a>，写作 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mathbf {E} _{i}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {Q_{i}}{r_{i}^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mathbf {E} _{i}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {Q_{i}}{r_{i}^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0ca7f9ae20608ab66633d2ab70275d2eb6071cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:29.461ex; height:7.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\sum _{i=1}^{N}\mathbf {E} _{i}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}{\frac {Q_{i}}{r_{i}^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}"></span>。</dd></dl> <p>其中<i>Q<sub>i</sub></i>是第<i>i</i>个点电荷所带的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/751badd5b18389c7a1e34065bd78c6fa5d8b7029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.136ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} _{i}}"></span>是拥有<i>Q<sub>i</sub></i>大小电荷的点电荷的位置向量<b>r</b><sub><i>i</i></sub>对应的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="单位向量">单位向量</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="连续分布的电荷"><span id=".E8.BF.9E.E7.BB.AD.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83.E7.9A.84.E7.94.B5.E8.8D.B7"></span>连续分布的电荷</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：连续分布的电荷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\int _{V}d\mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} \,\mathrm {d} V={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{3}}}\mathbf {r} \,\mathrm {d} V\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> <mo mathvariant="bold" stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>ρ</mi> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">r</mi> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\int _{V}d\mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} \,\mathrm {d} V={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{3}}}\mathbf {r} \,\mathrm {d} V\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62b72dbdb0a9b65f53c14e658e500b3b50eb5247" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:50.901ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} =\int _{V}d\mathbf {E} ={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{2}}}\mathbf {\hat {r}} \,\mathrm {d} V={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}\int _{V}{\frac {\rho }{r^{3}}}\mathbf {r} \,\mathrm {d} V\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中<i>ρ</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="電荷密度">电荷密度</a>（单位<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF" title="体积">体积</a>内的电荷量），<i>ε</i><sub>0</sub>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="真空电容率">真空电容率</a>，而d<i>V</i>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="体积元">体积元</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86" title="微分">微分</a>。这是在电荷分布区间上的三重积分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="电场线"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E5.9C.BA.E7.BA.BF"></span>电场线</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：电场线"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg/200px-VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg/300px-VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg/400px-VFPt_charges_plus_minus_thumb.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>靜電場中任何一條電場線，都是起自正電荷（或來自無窮遠處），止於負電荷（或伸向無窮遠）。</figcaption></figure> <p>在任何电场中，每一点<i>P</i>的场强<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E(P)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E(P)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc08a0b9b40bb460b541adc55bc55e08f3378f8a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.33ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E(P)}"></span>都有一定的方向。据此，可以在电场中画出一系列<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="曲线">曲线</a>，使曲线上每一点的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E7%BA%BF" title="切线">切线</a>方向都和该点的场强方向一致，这些线称为<b>电场线</b>。电场线上标有箭头，表示线上各点切线应取的正方向（即该点的场强方向）。利用电场线，可确定它所通过的每一点的场强的方向，因而也就可以表示出放在该点上的正电荷所受电场力的方向。但要注意，一般情况下，电场线并非是正电荷受电场力作用而运动的轨道。因为电荷运动方向（即速度方向）不一定沿力的方向。 </p><p>为了使电场线不仅能够表示出场强的方向，同时还能够表示出场强的大小，可以在电场中任一点<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span>，假想作一个面积元<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08edd9939c677913ccf04ee7c7fd7886d5b66409" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.548ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta S}"></span>，与该点场强的方向相垂直，使得通过这面积元所画的电场线条数<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5b86c9ae790068cf0d74998ab878914eeab62aa4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.112ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta N}"></span>满足以下的关系： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}=E(P)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}=E(P)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35b13e880b66d9f10e779482e2905b959ae2e461" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.377ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}=E(P)}"></span></dd></dl> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/90d40cb9cc83212a83e4f8a70a1d4a3661a99534" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.948ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\delta N \over \delta S}}"></span>称为<b>电场线密度</b>，穿过某个区域的电场线的条数N本质上是该区域的电通量Φ。在电场中任一点处的电场线密度在数值上等于该点处场强的大小。密度大的区域，电场线密集，表示该处的场强较强；密度小的区域，电场线较疏稀，表示该处的场强较弱。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="静电场中的电场线"><span id=".E9.9D.99.E7.94.B5.E5.9C.BA.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E7.94.B5.E5.9C.BA.E7.BA.BF"></span>静电场中的电场线</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：静电场中的电场线"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>按照上述规定画出来的电场线，有两种性质： </p> <ol><li>因为静电场的电场线表示场强的方向，所以静电场中任何一条电场线，都是起自正電荷（或來自無窮遠處），止於負電荷（或伸向無窮遠），它们不会在没有电荷的地方中断，更不会回到电场线的起始点上的电荷处而形成闭合的回线（電場的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E9%87%8F" title="旋量">旋量</a>為零）。</li> <li>因为在静电场中任何一点（除点电荷所在处以外），只有一个确定的场强方向，所以任何两条电场线不可能相交。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C"></span>相關</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：相關"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="離子推進器">離子推進器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="電勢能">電勢能</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520013752/https://public.wsu.edu/~jtd/Physics206/michael_faraday.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-04-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.wsu.edu/~jtd/Physics206/michael_faraday.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.wsu.edu%2F~jtd%2FPhysics206%2Fmichael_faraday.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96" title="電極化">電極化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="電位移">電位移</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="磁感应强度">磁感应强度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場強度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="磁化強度">磁化強度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="磁通量">磁通量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="毕奥-萨伐尔定律">毕奥-萨伐尔定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A9" title="磁矩">磁矩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A3%81%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="高斯磁定律">高斯磁定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%A2%E5%8A%BF" title="磁矢势">磁矢势</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="电路">电路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%A2" title="電勢">電勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半导体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="電導體">導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="超導體">超導體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B2%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="串聯電路">串聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E8%81%AF%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="並聯電路">並聯電路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流電</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%A6%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="带电流">带电流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8B%A2" title="電動勢">電動勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗">阻抗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC" title="电导">电导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%AF%BC" title="电磁波导">波导</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B6%E9%98%BB%E5%99%A8" title="憶阻器">憶阻器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="电现象">电现象</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="壓電效應">壓電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E9%98%BB%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="压阻效应">压阻效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="熱電效應">熱電效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应">光电效应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%87%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89" title="電致發光">電致發光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%82%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E6%94%BE%E7%94%B5" title="中高层大气放电">中高层大气放电</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">电动力学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="霍爾效應">霍爾效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE" title="電磁干擾">電磁干擾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="法拉第电磁感应定律">法拉第电磁感应定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E6%AC%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="楞次定律">楞次定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="位移電流">位移電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9C%BA" title="电磁场">电磁场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="馬克士威應力張量">馬克士威應力張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BB%B7%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F" title="坡印廷向量">坡印廷向量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E7%B4%8D-%E7%B6%AD%E8%AC%9D%E5%8B%A2" title="黎納-維謝勢">黎納-維謝勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E6%96%90%E7%B7%AC%E6%9F%AF%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="傑斐緬柯方程式">傑斐緬柯方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A6%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" title="渦電流">渦電流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="倫敦方程">倫敦方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%A2" title="推遲勢">推遲勢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="自由空間">自由空間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="经典电磁理论的协变形式">協變表述</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁張量">電磁張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="四維電流密度">四維電流密度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%87%89%E5%8A%9B-%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="電磁應力-能量張量">電磁應力-能量張量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%BF" title="电磁四维势">四維勢</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#电磁学的发展史" title="物理学史">发展史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7%E5%AE%88%E6%81%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="电荷守恒定律">电荷守恒定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">库仑定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93%E7%94%B5%E5%A0%86" title="伏打电堆">伏打电堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%BC%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伽伐尼电池">伽伐尼电池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9%E7%8E%AF%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="安培环路定律">安培定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="欧姆定律">欧姆定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%84%9F%E5%BA%94" title="电磁感应">电磁感应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="基爾霍夫電路定律">基爾霍夫電路定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="戴维南定理">戴维南定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科學家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安德烈-馬里·安培">安培</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5" title="让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥">让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="夏尔·库仑">庫侖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">漢弗里·戴維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="愛因斯坦">愛因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8A%92%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E7%B4%A2" title="阿尔芒·斐索">阿爾芒·斐索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·弗里德里希·高斯">高斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A1%9E" title="奧利弗·黑維塞">奧利弗·黑維塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">亥姆霍茲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" title="約瑟·亨利">亨利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">赫茲</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" class="extiw" title="en:John Hopkinson">John Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" class="extiw" title="en:Oleg D. Jefimenko">Oleg D. Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">开尔文勋爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·拉莫尔">約瑟夫·拉莫爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%B7%E6%AC%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="海因里希·冷次">海因里希·冷次</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred-Marie Liénard">Alfred-Marie Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亨德里克·勞侖茲">亨德里克·勞侖茲</a></li> <li><a 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