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Etymology, names, and meaning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology,_names,_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Uanna (Oannes) or Adapa?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Uruk List of Kings and Sages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bit_meseri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit_meseri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Bit meseri</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit_meseri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Twenty-One_"Poultices"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Twenty-One_"Poultices""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Twenty-One "Poultices"</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Twenty-One_"Poultices"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Poem_of_Erra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Poem_of_Erra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Poem of Erra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Poem_of_Erra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Building stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berossus'_Babyloniaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berossus'_Babyloniaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Berossus' <i>Babyloniaca</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berossus'_Babyloniaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depictions_in_ancient_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depictions_in_ancient_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Depictions in ancient art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depictions_in_ancient_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_Biblical_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_Biblical_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Possible Biblical influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_Biblical_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgal" title="Abgal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abgal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgal" title="Abgal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abgal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept_Sages_(mythologie)" title="Sept Sages (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sept Sages (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apkallu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgal" title="Abgal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Abgal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkalu" title="Apkalu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apkalu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apkallu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgal" title="Abgal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abgal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apkallu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apcalu" title="Apcalu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apcalu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Абгаллу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абгаллу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apkallu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgal" title="Abgal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abgal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seven demi-gods associated with human wisdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Category:Mesopotamian mythology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cdc8b8; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient<br />Mesopotamian religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaos Monster and Sun God"><img alt="Chaos Monster and Sun God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/250px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/375px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/500px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 2x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chaos Monster and Sun God</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Primordial beings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Seven gods who decree</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><b>Four primary</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Three sky gods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Other major deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Minor deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasaya" title="Agasaya">Agasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asaruludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzi-abzu" title="Dumuzi-abzu">Dumuzi-abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Išum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">Kajamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%A3" title="Laṣ">Laṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugala%27abba" title="Lugala'abba">Lugala'abba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami/Nintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mamitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Maštabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindara" title="Nindara">Nindara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin-MAR.KI" title="Nin-MAR.KI">Ninmarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninmug" title="Ninmug">Ninmug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C5%A1ar" title="Ninšar">Ninšar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninšubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panigingarra" title="Panigingarra">Paniĝinĝarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shul-utula" title="Shul-utula">Shul-utula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubula" title="Šubula">Šubula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tišpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Demigods and heroes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Apkallu" title="Special:EditPage/Apkallu">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Apkallu%22">"Apkallu"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Apkallu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Apkallu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Apkallu%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Apkallu%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Apkallu%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Apkallu</b> or and <b>Abgal</b> (<span style="font-size:125%;font-family:'Segoe UI Historic','Akkadian','Noto Sans Cuneiform','Noto Sans Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform';" title="cuneiform text" lang="und-Xsux"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%89%A3%F0%92%88%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒉣𒈨">𒉣𒈨</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, respectively<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_page_72_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_page_72-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are terms found in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> inscriptions that in general mean either "wise" or "sage". </p><p>In several contexts the <i>Apkallu</i> are seven demigods, sometimes described as part man and part fish or bird, associated with human wisdom; these creatures are often referred to in scholarly literature as the <b>Seven Sages</b>. Sometimes the sages are associated with a specific primeval king. After the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Great Flood</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i>), further sages and kings are listed. Post-deluge, the sages are considered human, and in some texts are distinguished by being referred to as <i>Ummanu</i>, not Apkallu. Another use of the term Apkallu is when referring to figurines used in <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> rituals; these figurines include fish-man hybrids representing the seven sages, but also include bird-headed and other figures. In a later work by <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> describing <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, the Apkallu appear again, also described as fish-men who are sent by the gods to impart knowledge to humans. In Berossus, the first one, Oannes (a variant of Uanna), is said to have taught humans the <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_names,_and_meaning"><span id="Etymology.2C_names.2C_and_meaning"></span>Etymology, names, and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology, names, and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_6_fish_god_(A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh)_1853_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Plate_6_fish_god_%28A_second_series_of_the_monuments_of_Nineveh%29_1853_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption><i>Bas-relief</i> (probably) of an Apkallu figure from the temple of Ninurta at Nimrud.<sup id="cite_ref-relief1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relief1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>apkallu</i> has multiple uses, but usually refers to some form of wisdom; translations of the term generally equate to English language uses of the terms "the wise", "sage" or "expert".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968171–173apkallatu_/_apkallu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968171–173apkallatu_/_apkallu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the term is used when referring to human "priests" (also "exorcists", "diviners").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._173,_col._1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._173,_col._1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mesopotamian human sages also used the term <i>ummianu</i> (ummânù) "expert".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing198740_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing198740-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008137_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a>, prefix, or adjective it can mean "the wise"; it has been used as an epithet for the gods <a href="/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (Babylonian god)">Ea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, simply interpreted as "wise one amongst gods" or similar forms. It has also been applied to <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._171,_col._2_–_p._172,_col._1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._171,_col._2_–_p._172,_col._1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term also refers to the "seven sages",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._1–2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._1–2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the sage <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also to <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> figures, which are often figurines of the 'seven sages' themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_–_p._173,_col._1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_–_p._173,_col._1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collation of the names and "titles" of theses seven sages in order can be given as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp._39–_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp._39–-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Uanna, "who finished the plans for heaven and earth",<br /> Uannedugga, "who was endowed with comprehensive intelligence",<br /> Enmedugga, "who was allotted a good fate",<br /> Enmegalamma, "who was born in a house",<br /> Enmebulugga, "who grew up on pasture land",<br /> An-Enlilda, "the conjurer of the city of Eridu",<br /> Utuabzu, "who ascended to heaven". </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uanna_(Oannes)_or_Adapa?"><span id="Uanna_.28Oannes.29_or_Adapa.3F"></span>Uanna (Oannes) or Adapa?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uanna (Oannes) or Adapa?"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a></div> <p>The first of these legendary fish-man sages is known as Oan/Oannes, Sumerian Uanna/U-An; on a few cuneiform inscriptions this first sage has "adapa" appended to his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borger notes, however, that it is difficult to believe that the half-man half-fish Adapa is the same as the fisherman of the Adapa myth, the son of the god Ea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228–9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228–9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A potential solution was given by W. G. Lambert<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1959p.64,_note_72_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1959p.64,_note_72-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—evidence that "adapa" was also used as an appellative meaning "wise".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a> considers the case for Adapa being one of or a name of one of the Apkallu. They note that while some texts contain plays on words between the terms "adapa" and "uan" and posit that "adapa" may be an epithet, though in the Adapa myth itself it is likely a proper name. In terms of the name of the first Apkallu they consider that both terms "adapa" ("wise") and "ummanu" ("craftsman") together form the whole proper name. Additionally, they note closer similarities between the 7th Apkallu <i>Utuabzu</i>, who is said to have ascended to heaven (in the <i>Bit Meseri</i>), and the myth of Adapa who also visited heaven. Both Adapa and the Apkallu have legends that place them halfway between the world of men and gods; but additionally just as Oannes in the Greek version passes all the knowledge of civilization to humans, so Adapa is described as having been "[made] perfect with broad understanding to reveal the plans of the land." However, despite some clear parallels between Adapa stories and both the first and last Apkallu, Kvanvig finally notes that the name used for the first Apkallu is given in both Berossus, and in the Uruk King list—that is <i>Uan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011§_3.2_Bīt_Mēseri_and_the_Adapa_Myth,_pp._117–129_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011§_3.2_Bīt_Mēseri_and_the_Adapa_Myth,_pp._117–129-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oannes was once conjectured to be a form or another name of the ancient Babylonian god <a href="/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (Babylonian god)">Ea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now thought that the name is the Greek form of the Babylonian <i>Uanna</i>, an Apkallu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.72_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.72-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_evidence">Literary evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruk_List_of_Kings_and_Sages">Uruk List of Kings and Sages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uruk List of Kings and Sages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These Sages are found in the "Uruk List of Kings and Sages" (165 BC) discovered in 1959/60 in the Seleucid era temple of <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> in Bit Res; The text consisted of list of seven kings and their associated sages, followed by a note on the 'Deluge' (see <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh flood myth</a>), followed by eight more king/sage pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008138-140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008138-140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994225–226_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994225–226-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tentative translation reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><br /> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alulim" title="Alulim">Ayalu</a>, the king, [Adapa]† was sage. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alalngar" title="Alalngar">Alalgar</a>, the king, Uanduga was sage. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/En-men-lu-ana" title="En-men-lu-ana">Ameluana</a>, the king, Enmeduga was sage. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/En-men-gal-ana" title="En-men-gal-ana">Amegalana</a>, the king, Enmegalama was sage. </p><p>During the reign of Enmeusumgalana, the king, Enmebuluga was sage. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a>, the shepherd, the king, Anenlilda was sage. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/En-men-dur-ana" title="En-men-dur-ana">Enmeduranki</a>, the king, Utuabzu was sage. </p><p>After the flood, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>, the king, Nungalpirigal was sage, whom Istar brought down from heaven to Eana. He made the bronze lyre [..] according to the technique of <a href="/wiki/Ninagal" title="Ninagal">Ninagal</a>. [..] The lyre was placed before Anu [..], the dwelling of (his) personal god. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>, the king, Sin-leqi-unnini was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a>, the king, Kabti-ili-Marduk was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Isbi-Erra</a>, the king, Sidu, a.k.a. Enlil-ibni, was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-esuh</a>, the king, Gimil-Gula and Taqis-Gula were the scholars. </p><p>During the reign of [...], the king, Esagil-kin-apli was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a>, the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, the king, Esagil-kin-ubba was scholar. </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>, the king, Aba-Enlil-dari was scholar, whom the Arameans call Ahiqar. </p> <dl><dd>† <i>Note the root for this word is the same (<sup>I</sup>u<sub>4</sub>-<sup>4+</sup>60) as that for the following sage Uanduga (<sup>I</sup>u<sub>4</sub>-<sup>4+</sup>60-du<sub>10</sub>-ga) ie the translation to Adapa is interpretive, not literally 'phonetic'</i></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">(<a href="#CITEREFLenzi2008">Lenzi 2008</a>, pp. 140–143)</cite></p> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Lenzi notes that the list is clearly intended to be taken in chronological order. It is an attempt to connect real (historic) kings directly to mythologic (divine) kingship and also does the same connecting those real king's sages (ummanu) with the demi-godly mythic seven sages (apkallu).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the list is taken to be chronological, the texts do not portray the Sages (nor the kings) as genealogically related to each other or their kings. There is some similarity between the sages' and kings' names in the list, but not enough to draw any solid conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura199463–64_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura199463–64-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit_meseri"><i>Bit meseri</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bit meseri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A list (similar to the Uruk list) of the seven sages followed by four human sages is also given in an apotropaic incantation the tablet series <i><a href="/wiki/B%C4%ABt_m%C4%93seri" title="Bīt mēseri">Bit meseri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual involved hanging or placing statues of the sages on the walls of a house. A translation of the cuneiform was given by Borger: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Incantation. U-Anna, who accomplishes the plans of heaven and earth, </p><p>U-Anne-dugga, who is endowed with comprehensive understanding, </p><p>Enmedugga, for whom a good destiny has been decreed, </p><p>Enmegalamma, who was born in a house, </p><p>Enmebulugga, who grew up in pasture land, </p><p>An-Enlilda, the conjurer of the city of Eridu, </p><p><i>Utuabzu, who ascended to heaven,</i> </p><p>the pure <i>puradu</i>-fishes, the <i>puradu</i>-fishes of the sea, the seven of them, </p><p>the seven sages, who have originated in the river, who control the plans of heaven and earth. </p><p>Nungalpiriggaldim, the wise (King) of Enmerkars, who had the goddess Innin/Ishtar descend from heaven into the sanctuary, </p><p>Piriggalnungal, who was born in Kish, who angered the god Ishkur/Adad in heaven, so that he allowed neither rain nor growth in the land for three years, </p><p>Piriggalabzu, who was born in Adab/Utab, who hung his seal on a "goat-fish"† and thereby angered the god Enki/Ea in the fresh water Sea, so that a fuller struck him dead with his own seal, </p><p>fourth Lu-Nanna, who was two-thirds a sage, who drove a dragon out of the temple E-Ninkiagnunna, the Innin/Ishtar Temple of (King) Schulgi, </p><p>(altogether) four Sages of human descent, whom Enki/Ea, the Lord, endowed with comprehensive understanding. </p> <dl><dd>† <i><a href="/wiki/Goatfish" title="Goatfish">Goatfish</a> were associated with Enki/Ea </i></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Translated to English in <a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 230–231, original german translation <a href="#CITEREFBorger1974">Borger 1974</a>, p. 186</cite></p> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Borger found the Uruk and <i>bit meseri</i> lists to be in agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994232_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994232-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Twenty-One_"Poultices""><span id="The_Twenty-One_.22Poultices.22"></span><i>The Twenty-One "Poultices"</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Twenty-One "Poultices""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Nudimmud became angry and summoned the seven sages of Eridu in high tones, </p><p>"Bring the document of my Anuship that it may be read before me, </p><p>That I may decree the destiny for Mu'ait, </p><p>The son who makes me happy, and grant him his desire." </p><p>They brought and read the tablet of destinies of the great gods, </p><p>He decreed the destiny for him and gave him .. </p><p>Anenlildam the purification priest of Eridu, </p><p>Made twenty-one "<a href="/wiki/Poultice" title="Poultice">poultices</a>" and gave them to him </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">LKA 146 Obverse, Lines 5-12. (<a href="#CITEREFLambert1980">Lambert 1980</a>, p. 79)</cite></p> </div> <p>A text giving the story known as the Twenty-One "Poultices" (ref. no. LKA No.76) contains duplications of much of the <i>Bit meseir</i> text concerning the seven sages - it was analyzed by <a href="#CITEREFReiner1961">Reiner 1961</a>. Another text from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> was later found that duplicated and further completed the coverage of Reiner's text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229–230_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229–230-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>the twenty-one poultices</i> text the seven sages (of Eridu) are entrusted with the reading "tablets of destiny." Additionally the sage Anenlilda is the maker of the 'twenty-one poultices' -- these items are then given to <a href="/wiki/Nudimmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudimmud">Nudimmud</a> to bring to the "upper world" to gain merit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert198079_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert198079-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Poem_of_Erra">The Poem of Erra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Poem of Erra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I made those <i>ummanus</i> [apkallus] go down to the <i>apsu</i> </p><p>and I said they were not to come back up </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Poem of Erra; Tablet 1, line 147.(<a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, pp. 161–2)</cite></p> </div> <p>The seven sages are also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Erra" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Erra">Epic of Erra</a> (aka 'Song of Erra', or 'Erra and Ishum'); here again they are referenced as <i>paradu</i>-Fish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this text is described how after the Flood, <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> banished them back to Abzu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011160–163_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011160–163-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the apkallu are banished, Marduk's phrasing becomes rhetorical (left): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Where are the seven <i>apkallu</i> of the <i>apsu</i>, the holy carp†, </p><p>who are perfect in lofty wisdom like Ea's their lord, </p><p>who can make my body holy? </p> <dl><dd>† <i>Usually translated as "pure </i>puradu<i>-fishes"</i></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Poem of Erra; Tablet 2, line 162 (<a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 162)</cite></p> </div> <p>Finally Erra persuades Marduk to leave his temple and fetch back the apkallu from their banishment, reassuring that he will keep order whilst Marduk is away. However, chaos breaks out; though some of the text is missing it seems that the subsequent outcome was that instead, earthly <i>ummanus</i> are given the task of cleansing Marduk's shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011162–4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011162–4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kvanvig infers from this text that the mythological role of the apkallu was to aid the god (Marduk) in keeping creation stable by maintenance of Marduk's idol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011171_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011171-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Scott B. Noegel this epic also contains several clever etymological wordplays on the names of apkallu, both textual and phonetic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This text appears to have a completely different role for the apkallu from that given in the lists of sages and kings—essentially, Kvanvig proposes that the pre-deluge king-sage list was retroactively inserted onto a Sumerian king list, so to combine the historical record with the flood legend. In doing so it creates a pre-flood origin story for the Sumerian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011177-181_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011177-181-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_stories">Building stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Building stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The Seven Sages have enlarged it for you from the south to the uplands [north]. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">(Temple hymn) The house of <a href="/wiki/Asarluhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Asarluhi">Asarluhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuar-Eridu</a>; line 193.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>A Sumerian temple hymn states the seven sages (here as <i>abgal</i>) enlarged a temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seven sages were also associated with the founding of the seven cities of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kullab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kullab (page does not exist)">Kullab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> (Gilg. I 9; XI 305) they are credited with laying the foundations of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berossus'_Babyloniaca"><span id="Berossus.27_Babyloniaca"></span>Berossus' <i>Babyloniaca</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Berossus' Babyloniaca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Babyloniaca_(Berossus)" title="Babyloniaca (Berossus)">Babyloniaca (Berossus)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> wrote a history of Babylon in around 281 BC, during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. According to his own account, he was a Chaldean priest of <a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>). His <i>Babyloniaca</i> was written in Greek, probably for the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> court of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.2,_pp.4-6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.2,_pp.4-6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work gives a description of the wise men, their names, and their associated kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994226_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994226-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berossus' original book is now lost,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but parts have survived via the abridgment and copying of historians including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor" title="Alexander Polyhistor">Alexander Polyhistor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abydenus" title="Abydenus">Abydenus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory1828viii–xiii_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory1828viii–xiii-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mayer Burstein suggests that Berossus' work was partly metaphorical, intended to convey wisdoms concerning the development of man—a nuance lost or uncommented on by later copyists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What remains of Berossos' account via Apollodorus begins with a description on Babylonia, followed by the appearance of a learned fish-man creature named Oannes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182824–26_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182824–26-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Truncated account: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><br /> This is the history which Berossus has transmitted to us. He tells us that the first king was Alorus of Babylon, a Chaldaean; he reigned ten sari: and afterwards Alaparus, and Amelon who came from Pantibiblon: then Ammenon the Chaldaean, in whose time appeared the Musarus Oannes the Annedotus from the Erythraean sea. (But Alexander Polyhistor anticipating the event, has said that he appeared in the first year; but Apollodorus says that it was after forty sari; Abydenus, however, makes the second Annedotus appear after twenty-six sari.) Then succeeded Megalarus from the city of Pantibiblon; and he reigned eighteen sari: and after him Daonus the shepherd from Pantibiblon reigned ten sari; in his time (he says) appeared again from the Erythraean sea a fourth Annedotus, having the same form with those above, the shape of a fish blended with that of a man. Then reigned Euedoreschus from Pantibiblon, for the term of eighteen sari; in his days there appeared another personage from the Erythraean sea like the former, having the same complicated form between a fish and a man, whose name was Odacon. (All these, says Apollodorus, related particularly and circumstantially whatever Oannes had informed them of: concerning these Abydenus has made no mention.) Then reigned Amempsinus, a Chaldaean from Laranchae; and he being the eighth in order reigned ten sari. Then reigned Otiartes, a Chaldaean, from Laranchae; and he reigned eight sari. And upon the death of Otiartes, his son Xisuthrus reigned eighteen sari: in his time happened the great deluge. So that the sum of all the kings is ten; and the term which they collectively reigned an hundred and twenty sari. </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Berossus via Apollodorus recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182819–20_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182819–20-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Truncated account via Abydenus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>So much concerning the wisdom of the Chaldeans. </p><p>It is said that the first king of the country was Alorus, who gave out a report that he was appointed by God to be the Shepherd of the people: he reigned ten sari: now a sarus is esteemed to be three thousand six hundred years; a neros six hundred; and a sossus sixty. </p><p>After him Alaparus reigned three sari: to him succeeded Amillarus from the city of Pantibiblon, who reigned thirteen sari; in his time a semidaemon called Annedotus, very like to Oannes, came up a second time from the sea: after him Ammenon reigned twelve sari, who was of the city of Pantibiblon: then Megalarus of the same place eighteen sari: then Daos, the shepherd, governed for the space of ten sari; he was of Pantibiblon; in his time four double-shaped personages came out of the sea to land, whose names were Euedocus, Eneugamus, Eneuboulus, and Anementus: after these things was Anodaphus, in the time of Euedoreschus. There were afterwards other kings, and last of all Sisithrus: so that in the whole, the number amounted to ten kings, and the term of their reigns to an hundred and twenty sari. [follows an account of a deluge] </p><p>[followed by an account essentially similar to that of Babel, followed by a war "between Chronus and Titan"] </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Berossus via Abydenus recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182821–23_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182821–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Truncated account via Alexander Polyhistor: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><br /> [Background of Berossus, followed by an introduction to the accounts of Babylon, and a geographical description of it] </p><p>In the first year there made his appearance, from a part of the Erythraean sea which bordered upon Babylonia, an animal (...) who was called Oannes. (According to the account of Apollodorus) the whole body of the animal was like that of a fish, and had under a fish head another head, and also feet below, similar to those of a man, subjoined to the fish tail. His (...) language was (...) human; and a representation of him is preserved even to this day. </p><p>This being in the day-time used to converse with men; but took no food at that season; and he gave them an insight into letters and sciences, and every kind of art. He taught them to construct houses, to found temples, to compile laws, and explained to them the principles of geometrical knowledge. He made them distinguish the seeds of the earth, and shewed them how to collect fruits (...). From that time, so universal were his instructions, nothing has been added material by way of improvement. When the sun set, it was the custom of this being to plunge again into the sea, and abide all night in the deep; for he was amphibious. </p><p>After this there appeared other animals like Oannes, of whom Berossus promises to give an account when he comes to the history of the kings. </p><p>Moreover Oannes wrote concerning the generation of humans; of their different ways of life, and of their civil polity; and the following is the purport of what he said: </p><p>[follows a truncated account of what is essentially the <i><a href="/wiki/Enuma_elish" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma elish">enuma elis</a></i>] </p><p>In the second book was the history of the ten kings of the Chaldeans, and the periods of each reign, which consisted collectively of an hundred and twenty sari, or four hundred and thirty-two thousand years; reaching to the time of the Deluge. For Alexander, as from the writings of the Chaldteans, enumerating the kings from the ninth Ardates to Xisuthrus, </p><p>[an account essentially the same as that of the Biblical Flood] </p><p>[Accounts then follow of Abraham, of Nabonasar, of the Destruction of the Jewish Temple, of Nebuchadnezzar, of the Chaldean Kings after Nebuchadnezzar, and of the Feast of Sacea] </p><p><br /> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Berossus from Alexander Polyhistor recorded in Eusebius and Syncellus (translated from the Greek).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182824–38_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182824–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption style="width:100%;">Summary </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:33%;">via Apollodorus </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:33%;">via Abydenus </th> <th colspan="2" style="width:34%;">via Polyhistor </th></tr> <tr> <th>King </th> <th>Fish-Man </th> <th>King </th> <th>Fish-Man </th> <th>King </th> <th>Fish-Man </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alorus </td> <td> </td> <td>Alorus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="10" style="align:top;">An account of Oannes, and a claim he was followed by others similar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alaparus </td> <td> </td> <td>Alaparus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amelon </td> <td> </td> <td>Amillarus </td> <td>[2nd Fish-Man] </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ammenon </td> <td>Musarus Oannes </td> <td>Ammenon </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maglarus </td> <td> </td> <td>Megalarus </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daonus the Shepherd </td> <td>[4th fish-man] </td> <td>Daos the Shepherd </td> <td>Euedocus, Eneugamus, Eneuboulus, and Anementus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Euedoreschus </td> <td>Odacon </td> <td>Euedoreschus </td> <td>Anadophus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amempsinus </td> <td> </td> <td>[unnamed] </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Otiartes </td> <td> </td> <td>[unnamed] </td> <td> </td> <td>Ardates </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xisuthrus </td> <td>[deluge] </td> <td>Sisithrus </td> <td> </td> <td>Xisuthus </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">All accounts give ten kings, followed by a deluge </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In summary, Berossus' Babylonian history recounts ten kings before a deluge (followed by the reigns of later kings), with a record or myth of prehistoric man receiving civilization via the Oannes; it also contains a paraphrasing of the myth the <i><a href="/wiki/Enuma_Elis" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuma Elis">Enuma Elis</a></i>, which was said to have been recounted by the Oannes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Berossus' history contains obvious historical errors, parts of it have convincing matches with ancient cuneiform texts, suggest he was recreating accounts known from ancient Mesopotamian texts. Mayer Burstein considers that the text was not well written in a "Greek style", but was essentially a transliteration of Mesopotamian myths into Greek. Helpfully for future historians, Berossus does not seem to have altered the myths or narratives to suit a Greek audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of his relevance to the Apkallu: his lists match fairly well with the Uruk King/Apkallu list, though there are differences and variations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10;_§_C.1,_p.18,_Notes_26-_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10;_§_C.1,_p.18,_Notes_26--44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oannes is paired with the king Alorus, and by comparison can be considered equivalent to Adapa [Uanna].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_B.1,_p.13,_Notes_6,_8_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_B.1,_p.13,_Notes_6,_8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matches between Berossus and the kings and apkallu in the Uruk King List have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_C.1,_pp.18-19,_Notes_26-47_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_C.1,_pp.18-19,_Notes_26-47-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_references">Other references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various other cuneiform texts have references to these seven sages. There are texts that associates a set of seven sages with the city <a href="/wiki/Kuara_(Sumer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuara (Sumer)">Kuar-Eridu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, while in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> there is a reference to seven counselors as founders of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Another list of seven sages used in a ritual differs from the description and names give in the <i>Bit meseri</i> text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of named apkulla are listed on inscriptions as authors, notably Lu-Nanna is recorded as author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Etana#Myth_of_Etana" title="Etana">Myth of Etana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011146_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011146-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_ancient_art">Depictions in ancient art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Depictions in ancient art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Representations of 'apkallu' were used in <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apotropaic">apotropaic</a> rituals; in addition to fish-headed ones (similar to descriptions of the seven sages), other hybrids were used as 'apkallu' in this context (generally bird-headed humans).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.2_-_p.74,_col.1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.2_-_p.74,_col.1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apkallu reliefs appear prominently in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> palaces, notably the constructions of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> of the 9th century BC. They appear in one of three forms, bird-headed, human-headed or dressed in fish-skin cloaks. They have also been found on reliefs from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-relief1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relief1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form taken of a man covered with the 'pelt' of a fish is first seen the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> period, continuing is used to the period of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Babylonia">Persian Babylonia</a> – the form was popular during the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonian</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1998"fish-garbed_figure",_pp.82-3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1998"fish-garbed_figure",_pp.82-3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probable depictions of Apkallu </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man,_Apkallu,_from_Nimrud..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wall relief depicting an eagle-headed and winged man, Apkallu, from Nimrud."><img alt="Wall relief depicting an eagle-headed and winged man, Apkallu, from Nimrud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/81px-Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/122px-Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/163px-Wall_relief_depicting_an_eagle-headed_and_winged_man%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wall relief depicting an eagle-headed and winged man, Apkallu, from Nimrud.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_pair_of_protective_spirits,_Apkallu,_from_Nimrud..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A pair of protective spirits, Apkallu, from Nimrud."><img alt="A pair of protective spirits, Apkallu, from Nimrud." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/120px-A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/180px-A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG/240px-A_pair_of_protective_spirits%2C_Apkallu%2C_from_Nimrud..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pair of protective spirits, Apkallu, from Nimrud.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nimrud Apkallu"><img alt="Nimrud Apkallu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg/120px-Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg/180px-Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg/240px-Nimrud_Apkallu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="773" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nimrud Apkallu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu,_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud,_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the embroidered dress of a male Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul"><img alt="Detail of the embroidered dress of a male Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/80px-Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/160px-Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_a_male_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the embroidered dress of a male Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_an_Apkallu,_showing_a_kneeling_winged_eagle-headed_Apkallu._From_Nimrud,_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged eagle-headed Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul"><img alt="Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged eagle-headed Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_an_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_eagle-headed_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_an_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_eagle-headed_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Detail_of_the_embroidered_dress_of_an_Apkallu%2C_showing_a_kneeling_winged_eagle-headed_Apkallu._From_Nimrud%2C_Iraq._883-859_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the embroidered dress of an Apkallu, showing a kneeling winged eagle-headed Apkallu. From Nimrud, Iraq. 883-859 BC. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_Biblical_influence">Possible Biblical influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Possible Biblical influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spread of the 'seven sage' legend westwards during the 1st and 2nd millennia has been speculated to have led to the creation of the tale of the <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">Nephilim</a> (Genesis 6:1-4) as recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp.39-_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp.39--51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may have an echo in the text of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Book of Proverbs</a> (Prov 9:1): "Wisdom built her house. She set out its seven pillars." The story of <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a> ("seventh from Adam") and his ascension to heaven has also been proposed to be a variant or influenced by the seventh apkallu Utuabzu who is also said to have ascended to heaven in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bit_meseri" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit meseri">bit meseri</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a>, meaning "very wise": in the eponymous legend he is survivor of a deluge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1ipu" title="Ašipu">Ašipu</a>, Mesopotamian vocation of scholar/doctor/magician, sometimes referred to as exorcists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a>, Mesopotamian and Canaanite fish-like deity, associated with clouds and fertility</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulull%C3%BB" title="Kulullû">Kulullû</a>, a different type of Mesopotamian fish-human hybrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarishi</a>, seven sages of Vedic literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_king_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian king list">Sumerian king list</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_page_72-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_page_72_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, "Apkallu", page 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-relief1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-relief1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-relief1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAtaç2010" class="citation cs2">Ataç, Mehmet-Ali (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_0h0GUMU0sC&pg=PA150"><i>The mythology of kingship in Neo-Assyrian art</i></a> (1. publ. ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 150, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51790-4"><bdi>978-0-521-51790-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mythology+of+kingship+in+Neo-Assyrian+art&rft.pages=150&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51790-4&rft.aulast=Ata%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Mehmet-Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_0h0GUMU0sC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968171–173apkallatu_/_apkallu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968171–173apkallatu_/_apkallu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, pp. 171–173, apkallatu / apkallu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._173,_col._1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._173,_col._1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, "apkallu", p. 173, col. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing198740-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing198740_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConradNewing1987">Conrad & Newing 1987</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008137-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008137_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenzi2008">Lenzi 2008</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._171,_col._2_–_p._172,_col._1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._171,_col._2_–_p._172,_col._1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, "apkallu", p. 171, col. 2 – p. 172, col. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._1–2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._1–2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_–_p._173,_col._1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968"apkallu",_p._172,_col._2_–_p._173,_col._1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968">Civil et al. 1968</a>, "apkallu", p. 172, col. 2 – p. 173, col. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp._39–-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp._39–_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConradNewing1987">Conrad & Newing 1987</a>, <i>The Mespotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim</i> A. Draffkorn Kilner, pp. 39–.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974186_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorger1974">Borger 1974</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228–9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994228–9_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 228–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1959p.64,_note_72-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert1959p.64,_note_72_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1959">Lambert 1959</a>, p.64, note 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011§_3.2_Bīt_Mēseri_and_the_Adapa_Myth,_pp._117–129-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011§_3.2_Bīt_Mēseri_and_the_Adapa_Myth,_pp._117–129_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, § 3.2 Bīt Mēseri and the Adapa Myth, pp. 117–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayce1898" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sayce" title="Archibald Sayce">Sayce, Archibald H.</a> (1898), "Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Babylonians", <i>The Hibbert Lectures</i> (5th ed.), Williams & Norgate, pp. 232, 368–9, 391</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hibbert+Lectures&rft.atitle=Lectures+on+the+Origin+and+Growth+of+Religion+as+illustrated+by+the+Religion+of+the+Ancient+Babylonians&rft.pages=232%2C+368-9%2C+391&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Sayce&rft.aufirst=Archibald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.72-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.72_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, "Apkallu", p.72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008138-140-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008138-140_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenzi2008">Lenzi 2008</a>, p. 138-140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994225–226-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994225–226_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorger1974184_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorger1974">Borger 1974</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenzi2008143_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenzi2008">Lenzi 2008</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura199463–64-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura199463–64_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994232-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994232_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229–230-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229–230_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert198079-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert198079_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert1980">Lambert 1980</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994229_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011160–163-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011160–163_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, pp. 160–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011162–4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011162–4_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, pp. 162–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011171-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011171_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoegel2011" class="citation cs2">Noegel, Scott B. (2011), Heimpel, Wolfgang; Frantz-Szabo, Gabriella (eds.), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Wordplay" in the Song of Erra", <i>Strings and Threads</i>, pp. 161–194</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strings+and+Threads&rft.atitle=%22Wordplay%22+in+the+Song+of+Erra&rft.pages=161-194&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Noegel&rft.aufirst=Scott+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011177-181-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011177-181_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig 2011</a>, p. 177-181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section4/tr4801.htm">"The temple hymns: translation"</a>, <i>The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</i>, Lines 135-146</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electronic+Text+Corpus+of+Sumerian+Literature&rft.atitle=The+temple+hymns%3A+translation&rft.pages=Lines+135-146&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection4%2Ftr4801.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, "Apkallu", p.73, col.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.2,_pp.4-6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.2,_pp.4-6_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § A.2, pp.4-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994226-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessTsumura1994226_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.3,_pp.6-8_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § A.3, pp.6-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory1828viii–xiii-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory1828viii–xiii_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory1828">Cory 1828</a>, pp. viii–xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182824–26-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182824–26_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory1828">Cory 1828</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182819–20-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182819–20_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory1828">Cory 1828</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182821–23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182821–23_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory1828">Cory 1828</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECory182824–38-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECory182824–38_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCory1828">Cory 1828</a>, pp. 24–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § A.4, pp.8-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10;_§_C.1,_p.18,_Notes_26--44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_A.4,_pp.8-10;_§_C.1,_p.18,_Notes_26-_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § A.4, pp.8-10; § C.1, p.18, Notes 26-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_B.1,_p.13,_Notes_6,_8-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_B.1,_p.13,_Notes_6,_8_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § B.1, p.13, Notes 6, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_C.1,_pp.18-19,_Notes_26-47-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer_Burstein1978§_C.1,_pp.18-19,_Notes_26-47_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978">Mayer Burstein 1978</a>, § C.1, pp.18-19, Notes 26-47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011146-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKvanvig2011146_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKvanvig2011">Kvanvig (2011)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.2_-_p.74,_col.1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.73,_col.2_-_p.74,_col.1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, "Apkallu", p.73, col.2 - p.74, col.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1998"fish-garbed_figure",_pp.82-3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen1998"fish-garbed_figure",_pp.82-3_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackGreen1998">Black & Green 1998</a>, "fish-garbed figure", pp.82-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999"Apkallu",_p.74,_col.1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999">van der Toorn, Becking & van der Horst 1999</a>, "Apkallu", p.74, col.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp.39--51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConradNewing1987''The_Mespotamian_Counterparts_of_the_Biblical_Nepilim''_A._Draffkorn_Kilner,_pp.39-_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConradNewing1987">Conrad & Newing 1987</a>, <i>The Mespotamian Counterparts of the Biblical Nepilim</i> A. Draffkorn Kilner, pp.39-.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCory1828" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Preston_Cory" title="Isaac Preston Cory">Cory, I.P.</a> (1828), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientfragments00coryuoft"><i>The Ancient Fragments; containing what remains of the writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Fragments%3B+containing+what+remains+of+the+writings+of+Sanchoniatho%2C+Berossus%2C+Abydenus%2C+Megasthenes%2C+and+Manetho&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Cory&rft.aufirst=I.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientfragments00coryuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer_Burstein1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_M._Burstein" title="Stanley M. Burstein">Mayer Burstein, Stanley</a> (1978), "The babyloniaca of berossus", <i>Sources from the ancient near east (SANE)</i>, vol. 1, no. fasc.5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0890030030" title="Special:BookSources/0890030030"><bdi>0890030030</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sources+from+the+ancient+near+east+%28SANE%29&rft.atitle=The+babyloniaca+of+berossus&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=fasc.5&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0890030030&rft.aulast=Mayer+Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCivilGelbLandsbergerOppenheim1968" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Civil" title="Miguel Civil">Civil, Miguel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Gelb" title="Ignace Gelb">Gelb, Ignace J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benno_Landsberger" title="Benno Landsberger">Landsberger, Benno</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Leo_Oppenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Leo Oppenheim">Oppenheim, A. Leo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Erica_Reiner" title="Erica Reiner">Reiner, Erica</a>, eds. (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/cad_a2.pdf"><i>The Assyrian Dictionary</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, vol. A part 2, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918986-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-918986-07-9"><bdi>0-918986-07-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Assyrian+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-918986-07-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fcad_a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConradNewing1987" class="citation cs2">Conrad, Edgar W.; Newing, Edward G., eds. (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URe3ugEQB00C"><i>Perspectives on language and text: essays and poems in honor of Francis I. Andersen's sixtieth birthday, July 28, 1985</i></a>, Eisenbrauns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-26-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-26-3"><bdi>978-0-931464-26-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+language+and+text%3A+essays+and+poems+in+honor+of+Francis+I.+Andersen%27s+sixtieth+birthday%2C+July+28%2C+1985&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-26-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURe3ugEQB00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzi2008" class="citation cs2">Lenzi, Alan (2008), "The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship", <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>, <b>8</b> (2): 137–169, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921208786611764">10.1163/156921208786611764</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-2116">1569-2116</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Uruk+List+of+Kings+and+Sages+and+Late+Mesopotamian+Scholarship&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-169&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921208786611764&rft.issn=1569-2116&rft.aulast=Lenzi&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorger1974" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Riekele_Borger" title="Riekele Borger">Borger, Rykle</a> (1974), "Die Beschwörungsserie Bīt mēseri und die Himmelfahrt Henochs", <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> (in German), <b>33</b> (2), The University of Chicago Press: 183–196, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372352">10.1086/372352</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/544732">544732</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161593842">161593842</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Die+Beschw%C3%B6rungsserie+B%C4%ABt+m%C4%93seri+und+die+Himmelfahrt+Henochs&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-196&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161593842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F544732%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372352&rft.aulast=Borger&rft.aufirst=Rykle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>also reproduced in English translation in (<a href="#CITEREFHessTsumura1994">Hess & Tsumura 1994</a>, pp. 224–233)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1959" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Lambert, W. G.</a> (1959), "Three Literary Prayers of the Babylonians", <i>Archiv für Orientforschung</i>, <b>19</b>: 47–66, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41637089">41637089</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Orientforschung&rft.atitle=Three+Literary+Prayers+of+the+Babylonians&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41637089%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHessTsumura1994" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hess" title="Richard Hess">Hess, Richard S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Toshio_Tsumura" title="David Toshio Tsumura">Tsumura, David Toshio</a>, eds. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5MGVP6gAPkC">"I studied inscriptions from before the flood"</a>, <i>Ancient Near Eastern, literary, and linguistic approaches to Genesis 1-11</i>, vol. 4, Eisenbrauns, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-931464-88-1"><bdi>978-0-931464-88-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern%2C+literary%2C+and+linguistic+approaches+to+Genesis+1-11&rft.atitle=I+studied+inscriptions+from+before+the+flood&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-931464-88-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5MGVP6gAPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_ToornBeckingvan_der_Horst1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">van der Toorn, Karel</a>; Becking, Bob; <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">van der Horst, Pieter W.</a>, eds. (1999), <i>Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</i> (2nd ed.), Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11119-0"><bdi>90-04-11119-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11119-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1998" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1998), <i>An Illustrated Dictionary of Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia</i> (2nd ed.), British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6"><bdi>0-7141-1705-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Dictionary+of+Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7141-1705-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiner1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Erica_Reiner" title="Erica Reiner">Reiner, Erica</a> (1961), "The Etiologicial Myth of the "Seven Sages"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Orientalia</i>, <b>30</b> (1): 1–11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=The+Etiologicial+Myth+of+the+%22Seven+Sages%22&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Reiner&rft.aufirst=Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvanvig2011" class="citation cs2">Kvanvig, Helge (2011), <i>Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochic: An Intertextual Reading</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16380-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16380-5"><bdi>978-90-04-16380-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primeval+History%3A+Babylonian%2C+Biblical%2C+and+Enochic%3A+An+Intertextual+Reading&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16380-5&rft.aulast=Kvanvig&rft.aufirst=Helge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Lambert, W.G.</a> (1980), "The Twenty-One "Poultices"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>Anatolian Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 77–83, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642779">10.2307/3642779</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642779">3642779</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163242830">163242830</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Twenty-One+%22Poultices%22&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=77-83&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163242830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642779%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642779&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApkallu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apkallu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?simplesearchword=abgal&simplesearch=translation&searchword=&charenc=gcirc&lists=">"abgal" search</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-29T22:30:46Z","dateModified":"2024-09-11T15:34:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c3\/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png","headline":"seven demi-gods associated with human wisdom"}</script> </body> </html>