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(PDF) Early Social Impact on Infant Neural Responses
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="eePhBAo-CpZJeEedzJTZhG5yp7zTji8aAVBpkJ8kgwtutGzwMYOWZpIwzjj7ETm3EgZpJlgUqQjYf5PwZqvg3g" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Early Social Experience Affects Neural Activity to Affiliative Facial Gestures in Newborn Nonhuman Primates" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2015" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Developmental Neuroscience" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ross E. Vanderwert" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Elizabeth A. Simpson" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Annika Paukner" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Stephen J. Suomi" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nathan A. Fox" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pier F. Ferrari" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="37" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="243-252" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0378-5866" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/11575012/Early_social_experience_affects_neural_activity_to_affiliative_facial_gestures_in_newborn_nonhuman_primates" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur;" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/40283/13292/52741517/s200_elizabeth.simpson.png" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/11575012/Early_social_experience_affects_neural_activity_to_affiliative_facial_gestures_in_newborn_nonhuman_primates" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur;" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner" /> <meta name="description" content="A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur;" /> <title>(PDF) Early Social Impact on Infant Neural Responses</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/11575012/Early_social_experience_affects_neural_activity_to_affiliative_facial_gestures_in_newborn_nonhuman_primates" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2a569a1a0748191298dfe0dbb845e058fff96d'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740014917000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740014917000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur; however, no study has examined how the early postnatal environment may shape action-production-perception. Here we examined the effects of social experience on action-production-perception in 3-day-old rhesus macaques that were raised either with or without their biological mothers. We measured neonatal imitation skills and brain electrical activity responses while infants produced and observed facial gestures. We hypothesized that early social experiences may shape brain activity, as assessed via electroencephalogram suppression in the alpha band (5-7 Hz in infants, known as the mu rhythm) during action observation, and lead to more proficient imitation skills. Consistent with this hypothesis, infants reared by their mothers were more likely to imitate lipsmacking—a natural, affiliative gesture—and exhibited greater mu rhythm desynchronization while viewing lipsmacking gestures than nursery-reared infants. These effects were not found in response to tongue protrusion, a meaningless gesture, or a nonsocial control. These data suggest that socially enriched early experiences in the first days after birth increase brain sensitivity to socially relevant actions.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Elizabeth Simpson","url":"https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Annika Paukner","url":"https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Annika Paukner","url":"https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner"}],"dateCreated":"2015-03-21","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37774210/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Communication","Plasticity","Mirror Neurons","Perception-Action","EEG","Infant Development","Neonatal imitation","Mother Infant Interactions","Sensitive 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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":37774210,"identifier":"Attachment_37774210","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":11575012,"created_at":"2015-03-21T15:32:15.963-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T15:38:36.236-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur; however, no study has examined how the early postnatal environment may shape action-production-perception. Here we examined the effects of social experience on action-production-perception in 3-day-old rhesus macaques that were raised either with or without their biological mothers. We measured neonatal imitation skills and brain electrical activity responses while infants produced and observed facial gestures. We hypothesized that early social experiences may shape brain activity, as assessed via electroencephalogram suppression in the alpha band (5-7 Hz in infants, known as the mu rhythm) during action observation, and lead to more proficient imitation skills. Consistent with this hypothesis, infants reared by their mothers were more likely to imitate lipsmacking—a natural, affiliative gesture—and exhibited greater mu rhythm desynchronization while viewing lipsmacking gestures than nursery-reared infants. These effects were not found in response to tongue protrusion, a meaningless gesture, or a nonsocial control. These data suggest that socially enriched early experiences in the first days after birth increase brain sensitivity to socially relevant actions.","more_info":"Vanderwert, R. E., Simpson, E. A., Paukner, A., Suomi, S. J., Fox, N. A., \u0026 Ferrari, P. F. ","ai_title_tag":"Early Social Impact on Infant Neural Responses","publication_date":"2015,,"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [8075042,40283]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":37774210,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37774210/mini_magick20190228-18810-1aae8gx.png?1551358614" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Early social experience affects neural activity to affiliative facial gestures in newborn nonhuman primates</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner"><img alt="Profile image of Annika Paukner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Annika Paukner</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson"><img alt="Profile image of Elizabeth Simpson" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/40283/13292/52741517/s65_elizabeth.simpson.png" />Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">10 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 11575012; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">A fundamental issue in cognitive neuroscience is how the brain encodes others’ actions and intentions. The discovery of an action-production-perception mechanism underpinning such a capacity advanced our knowledge of how these processes occur; however, no study has examined how the early postnatal environment may shape action-production-perception. Here we examined the effects of social experience on action-production-perception in 3-day-old rhesus macaques that were raised either with or without their biological mothers. We measured neonatal imitation skills and brain electrical activity responses while infants produced and observed facial gestures. We hypothesized that early social experiences may shape brain activity, as assessed via electroencephalogram suppression in the alpha band (5-7 Hz in infants, known as the mu rhythm) during action observation, and lead to more proficient imitation skills. Consistent with this hypothesis, infants reared by their mothers were more likely to imitate lipsmacking—a natural, affiliative gesture—and exhibited greater mu rhythm desynchronization while viewing lipsmacking gestures than nursery-reared infants. These effects were not found in response to tongue protrusion, a meaningless gesture, or a nonsocial control. These data suggest that socially enriched early experiences in the first days after birth increase brain sensitivity to socially relevant actions.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":37774210,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11575012/Early_social_experience_affects_neural_activity_to_affiliative_facial_gestures_in_newborn_nonhuman_primates"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":37774210,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/11575012/Early_social_experience_affects_neural_activity_to_affiliative_facial_gestures_in_newborn_nonhuman_primates"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Recent studies have suggested that rather than being a simple reflexive-like behavior, infants exert active control over imitative responses and 'provoke' previously imitated gestures even after a delay of up to 24 h. Delayed imitation is regarded as the hallmark of a sophisticated capacity to control and flexibly engage in affective communication and has been described as an indicator of innate protoconversational readiness. However, we are not the only primates to exhibit neonatal imitation, and delayed imitation abilities may not be uniquely human. Here we report that 1-week-old infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) who show immediate imitation of a lipsmacking gesture also show delayed imitation of lipsmacking, facilitated by a tendency to refrain from lipsmacking toward a still face during baseline measurements. Individual differences in delayed imitation suggest that differentially matured cortical mechanisms may be involved, allowing some newborns macaques to actively participate in communicative exchanges from birth. Macaque infants are endowed with basic social competencies of intersubjective communication that indicate cognitive and emotional commonality between humans and macaques, which may have evolved to nurture an affective mother-infant relationship in primates.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Delayed Imitation of Lipsmacking Gestures by Infant Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)","attachmentId":32697901,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5628212/Delayed_Imitation_of_Lipsmacking_Gestures_by_Infant_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5628212/Delayed_Imitation_of_Lipsmacking_Gestures_by_Infant_Rhesus_Macaques_Macaca_mulatta_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="5627896" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627896/Neonatal_Imitation_in_Rhesus_Macaques">Neonatal Imitation in Rhesus Macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner">Annika Paukner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS Biology, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The emergence of social behaviors early in life is probably crucial for the development of the mother-infant relationships. Some of these behaviors, such as the capacity of neonates to imitate adult facial movements, appear to be limited to humans and perhaps the ape lineage. Here we report the behavioral responses of infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to the following human facial and hand gestures: lip smacking, tongue protrusion, mouth opening, hand opening, and opening and closing of eyes (control condition). In the first three days of life, infant macaques imitate lip smacking and tongue protrusion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal Imitation in Rhesus Macaques","attachmentId":32697718,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5627896/Neonatal_Imitation_in_Rhesus_Macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627896/Neonatal_Imitation_in_Rhesus_Macaques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="5095448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination">Lipsmacking imitation skill in newborn macaques is predictive of social partner discrimination</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS ONE, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Newborn rhesus macaques imitate facial gestures even after a delay, revealing the flexible nature of their early communicative exchanges. In the present study we examined whether newborn macaques are also sensitive to the identities of the social partners with whom they are interacting. We measured infant monkeys’ (n = 90) lipsmacking and tongue protrusion gestures in a face-to-face interaction task with a human experimenter in the first week of life. After a one-minute delay, the same person who previously presented gestures or a different person returned and presented a still face to infants. We had two primary predictions: (1) infants would demonstrate higher rates of overall gesturing, and especially lipsmacking—an affiliative gesture—to a familiar person, compared to a novel person, and (2) infants’ imitative skills would positively correlate with gestures to familiar, but not unfamiliar, social partners, as both abilities may reflect a strong general social interest. We found that overall infants did not produce more gestures or more lipsmacking when approached by a familiar person compared to a novel person; however, we did find individual differences in infants’ social responsiveness: lipsmacking imitation was positively correlated with lipsmacking during the return period when the person was the same (p = .025), but not when the person was novel (p = .44). These findings are consistent with the notion that imitative skill is reflective of infants’ more general interest in social interactions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Lipsmacking imitation skill in newborn macaques is predictive of social partner discrimination","attachmentId":33372258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5095448/Lipsmacking_imitation_skill_in_newborn_macaques_is_predictive_of_social_partner_discrimination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7715914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces">Neonatal imitation predicts how infants engage with faces</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Science, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In human infants, neonatal imitation and preferences for eyes are both associated with later social and communicative skills, yet the relationship between these abilities remains unexplored. Here we investigated whether neonatal imitation predicts facial viewing patterns in infant rhesus macaques. We first assessed infant macaques for lipsmacking (a core affiliative gesture) and tongue protrusion imitation in the first week of life. When infants were 10–28 days old, we presented them with an animated macaque avatar displaying a still face followed by lipsmacking or tongue protrusion movements. Using eye tracking technology, we found that macaque infants generally looked equally at the eyes and mouth during gesture presentation, but only lipsmacking-imitators showed significantly more looking at the eyes of the neutral still face. These results suggest that neonatal imitation performance may be an early measure of social attention biases and might potentially facilitate the identification of infants at risk for atypical social development.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation predicts how infants engage with faces","attachmentId":34242099,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7715914/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_how_infants_engage_with_faces"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5627903" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627903/Interindividual_Differences_in_Neonatal_Imitation_and_the_Development_of_Action_Chains_in_Rhesus_Macaques">Interindividual Differences in Neonatal Imitation and the Development of Action Chains in Rhesus Macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner">Annika Paukner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Child Development, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The capacity to imitate facial gestures is highly variable in rhesus macaques and this variability may be related to differences in specific neurobehavioral patterns of development. This study evaluated the differential neonatal imitative response of 41 macaques in relation to the development of sensory, motor, and cognitive skills throughout the 1st month of life. The results show that infants who imitate facial gestures display more developed skills in goal-directed movements (reaching-grasping and fine hand motor control) than nonimitators. These differences might reflect, at least in part, the differential maturation of motor chains in the parietal and motor cortices, which partly overlap with those of the mirror neuron system. Thus, neonatal imitation appears to be a predictor of future neurobehavioral development.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Interindividual Differences in Neonatal Imitation and the Development of Action Chains in Rhesus Macaques","attachmentId":32697809,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5627903/Interindividual_Differences_in_Neonatal_Imitation_and_the_Development_of_Action_Chains_in_Rhesus_Macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627903/Interindividual_Differences_in_Neonatal_Imitation_and_the_Development_of_Action_Chains_in_Rhesus_Macaques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="28685802" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year">Neonatal imitation predicts infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social and anxiety-related behaviours at one year</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The identification of early markers that predict the development of specific social trajectories is critical to understand the developmental and neurobiological underpinnings of healthy social development. Here we investigated, in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), whether newborns’ capacity to imitate facial gestures is a valid predictive marker for the emergence of social competencies later in development, at one year of age. Here we first assessed whether infant macaques (N = 126) imitate lipsmacking gestures (a macaque affiliative expression) performed by a human experimenter in their first week of life. We then collected data on infants’ social interactions (aggression, grooming, and play) and self-scratching (a proxy indicator of anxiety) at 11-14 months when infants were transferred into a new enclosure with a large social group. Our results show that neonatal imitators exhibit more dominant behaviours, are less anxious, and, for males only, spend more time in play at one year old. These findings suggest that neonatal imitation may be an early predictor of infant sociality and may help identify infants at risk of neurodevelopmental social deficits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation predicts infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social and anxiety-related behaviours at one year","attachmentId":49535862,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28685802/Neonatal_imitation_predicts_infant_rhesus_macaque_Macaca_mulatta_social_and_anxiety_related_behaviours_at_one_year"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5627920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627920/Distinct_EEG_Amplitude_Suppression_to_Facial_Gestures_as_Evidence_for_a_Mirror_Mechanism_in_Newborn_Monkeys">Distinct EEG Amplitude Suppression to Facial Gestures as Evidence for a Mirror Mechanism in Newborn Monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8075042" href="https://nih.academia.edu/AnnikaPaukner">Annika Paukner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">■ At birth, human infants and newborns of other primate species demonstrate the capacity to attend and to respond to facial stimuli provided by a caregiver. Newborn infants are also capable of exhibiting a range of facial expressions. Identification of the neural underpinnings of these capacities represents a formidable challenge in understanding social development. One possible neuronal substrate is the mirror-neuron system assumed to activate shared motor cortical representations for both observation and production of actions. We tested this hypothesis by recording scalp EEG from 1-to 7-day-old newborn rhesus macaques who were observing and producing facial gestures. We found that 5-6 Hz EEG activity was suppressed both when the infants produced facial gestures and while they were observing facial gestures of a human experimenter, but not when they were observing nonbiological stimuli. These findings demonstrate the presence of neural reactivity for biological, communicatively relevant stimuli, which may be a likely signature of neuronal mirroring. The basic elements of the mirror-neuron system appear to operate from the very first days of life and contribute to the encoding of socially relevant stimuli. ■</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Distinct EEG Amplitude Suppression to Facial Gestures as Evidence for a Mirror Mechanism in Newborn Monkeys","attachmentId":32697777,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5627920/Distinct_EEG_Amplitude_Suppression_to_Facial_Gestures_as_Evidence_for_a_Mirror_Mechanism_in_Newborn_Monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5627920/Distinct_EEG_Amplitude_Suppression_to_Facial_Gestures_as_Evidence_for_a_Mirror_Mechanism_in_Newborn_Monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="33926653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques">Testing the arousal hypothesis of neonatal imitation in infant rhesus macaques</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOSE ONE, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neonatal imitation is the matching of (often facial) gestures by newborn infants. Some studies suggest that performance of facial gestures is due to general arousal, which may produce false positives on neonatal imitation assessments. Here we examine whether arousal is linked to facial gesturing in newborn infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We tested 163 infants in a neonatal imitation paradigm in their first postnatal week and analyzed their lipsmacking gestures (a rapid opening and closing of the mouth), tongue protrusion gestures , and yawn responses (a measure of arousal). Arousal increased during dynamic stimulus presentation compared to the static baseline across all conditions, and arousal was higher in the facial gestures conditions than the nonsocial control condition. However, even after controlling for arousal, we found a condition-specific increase in facial gestures in infants who matched lipsmacking and tongue protrusion gestures. Thus, we found no support for the arousal hypothesis. Consistent with reports in human newborns, imitators' propensity to match facial gestures is based on abilities that go beyond mere arousal. We discuss optimal testing conditions to minimize potentially confounding effects of arousal on measurements of neonatal imitation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Testing the arousal hypothesis of neonatal imitation in infant rhesus macaques","attachmentId":53895064,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33926653/Testing_the_arousal_hypothesis_of_neonatal_imitation_in_infant_rhesus_macaques"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="19190166" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19190166/Imitation_promotes_affiliation_in_infant_macaques_at_risk_for_impaired_social_behaviors">Imitation promotes affiliation in infant macaques at risk for impaired social behaviors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39405251" href="https://ulincoln.academia.edu/ValentinaSclafani">Valentina Sclafani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Science, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Parental responsiveness and synchronization during early face-to-face interactions between mother and infant have been theorized to affect a broad spectrum of positive developmental outcomes in social and cognitive infant growth and to facilitate the development of a sense of self in the baby. Here we show that being imitated can significantly affect the behavior of nursery-reared infant monkeys, which are at an increased risk for developing aberrant social behaviors. Infants look longer and lipsmack more at an experimenter both during imitation and after being imitated. These results demonstrate that from early in life imitation might be used as a privileged form of communication by adults to enhance infants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; visual engagement and their social communication. Imitation may therefore be useful to counteract the negative effects of early social adversities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imitation promotes affiliation in infant macaques at risk for impaired social behaviors","attachmentId":44027656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19190166/Imitation_promotes_affiliation_in_infant_macaques_at_risk_for_impaired_social_behaviors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19190166/Imitation_promotes_affiliation_in_infant_macaques_at_risk_for_impaired_social_behaviors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="4105528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys">Visual attention during neonatal imitation in newborn macaque monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Psychobiology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Previous studies suggest that about 50% of rhesus macaque infants engage in neonatal imitation of facial gestures. Here we measured whether individual differences in newborn macaques' (n = 49) visual attention may explain why some infants imitate lipsmacking (LPS) and tongue protrusion (TP) gestures. LPS imitators, but not TP imitators, looked more to a human experimenter's face and to a control stimulus compared to nonimitators (p = .017). LPS imitation was equally accurate when infants were looking at faces and when they were looking away (p = .221); TP imitation was more accurate when infants were looking at faces (p = .001). Potentially, less attention is necessary for LPS imitation compared to TP imitation, as LPS is part of macaques' natural communicative repertoire. These findings suggest that facial gestures may differentially engage imitators and nonimitators, and infants' visual attention during neonatal assessments may uncover the conditions that support this skill.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Visual attention during neonatal imitation in newborn macaque monkeys","attachmentId":33372244,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4105528/Visual_attention_during_neonatal_imitation_in_newborn_macaque_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37774210,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":37774210,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_37774210" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="21522072" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys">Neonatal imitation and early social experience predict gaze following abilities in infant monkeys</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40283" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ElizabethSimpson">Elizabeth Simpson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal imitation and early social experience predict gaze following abilities in infant monkeys","attachmentId":41978519,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21522072/Neonatal_imitation_and_early_social_experience_predict_gaze_following_abilities_in_infant_monkeys"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="16364477" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms">Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138938" href="https://washington.academia.edu/AndrewMeltzoff">Andrew Meltzoff</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Developmental Psychology, 1989</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms","attachmentId":42809230,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16364477/Imitation_in_newborn_infants_Exploring_the_range_of_gestures_imitated_and_the_underlying_mechanisms"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1057135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1057135/What_imitation_tells_us_about_social_cognition_a_rapprochement_between_developmental_psychology_and_cognitive_neuroscience">What imitation tells us about social cognition: a rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="138938" href="https://washington.academia.edu/AndrewMeltzoff">Andrew Meltzoff</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What imitation tells us about social cognition: a 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data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122639272" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122639272/Comprehensive_Longitudinal_Study_Challenges_the_Existence_of_Neonatal_Imitation_in_Humans">Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in Humans</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50892891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SallyClark3">Sally Clark</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current biology : CB, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comprehensive Longitudinal Study Challenges the Existence of Neonatal Imitation in 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