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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pediatric_trauma_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pediatric_trauma_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Pediatric trauma centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pediatric_trauma_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Trauma center</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مركز الصدمات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركز الصدمات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumacentrum" title="Traumacentrum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Traumacentrum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfallkrankenhaus" title="Unfallkrankenhaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unfallkrankenhaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="مرکز تروما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرکز تروما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%8C%EC%97%AD%EC%9D%91%EA%B8%89%EC%9D%98%EB%A3%8C%EC%84%BC%ED%84%B0" title="권역응급의료센터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="권역응급의료센터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_traumi" title="Centro traumi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centro traumi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="חדר טראומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חדר טראומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumacentrum" title="Traumacentrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Traumacentrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="ट्रमा सेन्टर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ट्रमा सेन्टर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%82%B7%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="外傷センター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外傷センター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਟਰਾਮਾ ਸੈਂਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟਰਾਮਾ ਸੈਂਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Trauma center" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travma_merkezi" title="Travma merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Travma merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E5%82%B7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="創傷中心 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="創傷中心" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2473971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Trauma_Center_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Trauma Center (disambiguation)">Trauma Center (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>trauma center</b>, or <b>trauma centre</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major traumatic injuries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle collision">motor vehicle collisions</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">gunshot wounds</a>. A trauma center may also refer to an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">emergency department</a> (also known as a "casualty department" or "accident and emergency") without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">major trauma</a>. </p><p>In the United States, a hospital can receive trauma center status by meeting specific criteria established by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons" title="American College of Surgeons">American College of Surgeons</a> (ACS) and passing a site review by the Verification Review Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-facs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official designation as a trauma center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their specific capabilities and are identified by "Level" designation, Level I (Level-1) being the highest and Level III (Level-3) being the lowest (some states have four or five designated levels). </p><p>The highest levels of trauma centers have access to specialist medical and <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nursing</a> care, including <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">trauma surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care medicine">critical care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, as well as a wide variety of highly specialized and sophisticated surgical and diagnostic equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lower levels of trauma centers may be able to provide only initial care and stabilization of a traumatic injury and arrange for transfer of the patient to a higher level of trauma care. </p><p>The operation of a trauma center is often expensive and some areas may be underserved by trauma centers because of that expense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A trauma center may have a <a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">helipad</a> for receiving patients that have been <a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">airlifted</a> to the hospital. In some cases, persons injured in remote areas and transported to a distant trauma center by <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> can receive faster and better medical care than if they had been transported by ground <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulance</a> to a closer hospital that does not have a designated trauma center. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Accident_Hospital_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Founded in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital" title="Birmingham Accident Hospital">Birmingham Accident Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, United Kingdom, was the world's first trauma center.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trauma centres grew into existence out of the realisation that <a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">traumatic injury</a> is a disease process unto itself requiring specialised and experienced multidisciplinary treatment and specialised resources. The world's first trauma centre, the first hospital to be established specifically to treat injured rather than ill patients, was the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital" title="Birmingham Accident Hospital">Birmingham Accident Hospital</a>, which opened in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England in 1941 after a series of studies found that the treatment of injured persons within England was inadequate. By 1947, the hospital had three <a href="/wiki/Trauma_team" title="Trauma team">trauma teams</a>, each including two surgeons and an anaesthetist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> in its formation in July 1948 and closed in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NHS now has 27 <a href="/wiki/Major_Trauma_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Trauma Centre">major trauma centres</a> established across <a href="/wiki/NHS_England" title="NHS England">England</a>, four in <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">Scotland</a>, and one planned in <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Wales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_trauma_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of trauma centers in the United States">List of trauma centers in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg/220px-OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg/330px-OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg/440px-OSU_Wexner_Medical_Center_campus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Wexner_Medical_Center" title="Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center">Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center</a>, a Level 1 trauma center in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG/220px-MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG/330px-MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG/440px-MemorialHermannMedCentHoustonTX2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hermann%E2%80%93Texas_Medical_Center" title="Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center">Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center</a>, a Level 1 trauma center in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/220px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/330px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/440px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital" title="Jackson Memorial Hospital">Jackson Memorial Hospital</a>, a Level 1 trauma center in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and young adults ages 1–19.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, and assaults with a deadly weapon. </p><p>In the United States, Robert J. Baker and Robert J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 16, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a shock trauma center was also developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore">University of Maryland, Baltimore</a>, in the 1950s and 1960s by thoracic surgeon and <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a> researcher <a href="/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley" title="R Adams Cowley">R Adams Cowley</a>, who founded what became the <a href="/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock Trauma Center">Shock Trauma Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, on July 1, 1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-UMM_history_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMM_history-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County Hospital">Cook County Hospital</a> in Chicago trauma center (opened in 1966).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David R. Boyd interned at <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook County Hospital">Cook County Hospital</a> from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army of the United States of America</a>. Upon his release from the Army, Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, and then went on to develop the National System for <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency Medical Services</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">President Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968 the American Trauma Society was created by various co-founders, including <a href="/wiki/R_Adams_Cowley" title="R Adams Cowley">R Adams Cowley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rene_Joyeuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Joyeuse">Rene Joyeuse</a> as they saw the importance of increased education and training of emergency providers and for nationwide quality trauma care. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the founder of the Trauma Unit at <a href="/wiki/Sunnybrook_Health_Sciences_Centre" title="Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre">Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Tile" title="Marvin Tile">Marvin Tile</a>, "the nature of injuries at Sunnybrook has changed over the years. When the trauma centre first opened in 1976, about 98 per cent of patients suffered from blunt-force trauma caused by accidents and falls. Now, as many as 20 per cent of patients arrive with gunshot and <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> wounds".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Health_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Health Authority">Fraser Health Authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Columbian_Hospital" title="Royal Columbian Hospital">Royal Columbian Hospital</a> and Abbotsford Regional Hospital, services the BC area, "Each year, Fraser Health treats almost 130,000 trauma patients as part of the integrated B.C. trauma system".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_in_United_States">Definitions in United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definitions in United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_trauma_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of trauma centers in the United States">List of trauma centers in the United States</a></div> <p>In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons" title="American College of Surgeons">American College of Surgeons</a> (ACS) or local state governments, from Level I (comprehensive service) to Level III (limited-care). The different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for trauma care in <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult or <a href="/wiki/Pediatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric">pediatric</a> designations.<sup id="cite_ref-facs2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facs2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS. These levels may range from Level I to Level IV. Some hospitals are less-formally designated Level V. </p><p>The ACS does not <i>officially</i> designate hospitals as trauma centers. Numerous U.S. hospitals that are not verified by ACS claim trauma center designation. Most states have legislation that determines the process for designation of trauma centers within that state. The ACS describes this responsibility as "a geopolitical process by which empowered entities, government or otherwise, are authorized to designate." The ACS's self-appointed mission is limited to confirming and reporting on any given hospital's ability to comply with the ACS standard of care known as <i>Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient.</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trauma Information Exchange Program (TIEP)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a program of the American Trauma Society in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy and is funded by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. TIEP maintains an inventory of trauma centers in the US, collects data and develops information related to the causes, treatment and outcomes of injury, and facilitates the exchange of information among trauma care institutions, care providers, researchers, payers and policymakers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traumaccenters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Traumaccenters.jpg" decoding="async" width="610" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="337" /></a></span> </p><p>A trauma center is a hospital that is designated by a state or local authority or is verified by the American College of Surgeons.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_I">Level I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Level I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Level I trauma center provides the highest level of surgical care to <a href="/wiki/Physical_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical trauma">trauma</a> patients. Being treated at a Level I trauma center can reduce mortality by 25% compared to a non-trauma center.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a full range of specialists and equipment available 24 hours a day<sup id="cite_ref-trauma1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trauma1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and admits a minimum required annual volume of severely injured patients. </p><p>A Level I trauma center is required to have a certain number of the following people on duty 24 hours a day at the hospital: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_physician" title="Emergency physician">emergency physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthesiologist">anesthesiologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nurses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_Therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory Therapist">respiratory therapists</a></li> <li>an education program</li> <li>preventive and outreach programs.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Key elements include 24‑hour in‑house coverage by general surgeons and prompt availability of care in varying specialties—such as <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">cardiothoracic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">neurosurgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">anesthesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otolaryngology" class="mw-redirect" title="Otolaryngology">otolaryngology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">oral and maxillofacial surgery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intensive-care_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive-care medicine">critical care</a>, which are needed to adequately respond and care for various forms of trauma that a patient may suffer, as well as provide rehabilitation services.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most Level I trauma centers are teaching hospitals/campuses. Additionally, a Level I center has a program of research, is a leader in trauma education and injury prevention, and is a referral resource for communities in nearby regions.<sup id="cite_ref-KKRH_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKRH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_II">Level II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Level II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Level II trauma center works in collaboration with a Level I center. It provides comprehensive trauma care and supplements the clinical expertise of a Level I institution. It provides 24-hour availability of all essential specialties, personnel, and equipment. Oftentimes, level II centers possess critical care services capable of caring for almost all injury types indefinitely. Minimum volume requirements may depend on local conditions. Such institutions are not required to have an ongoing program of research or a surgical residency program.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_III">Level III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Level III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Level III trauma center does not have the full availability of specialists but has resources for emergency resuscitation, surgery, and intensive care of most trauma patients. A Level III center has transfer agreements with Level I or Level II trauma centers that provide back-up resources for the care of patients with exceptionally severe injuries, such as multiple trauma.<sup id="cite_ref-KKRH_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKRH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_IV">Level IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Level IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Level IV trauma center exists in some states in which the resources do not exist for a Level III trauma center. It provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. It may also provide surgery and critical-care services, as defined in the scope of services for trauma care. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and physicians are available upon the patient's arrival in the Emergency Department. Transfer agreements exist with other trauma centers of higher levels, for use when conditions warrant a transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-KKRH_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKRH-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Level_V">Level V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Level V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Level V trauma center provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. They may provide surgical and critical-care services, as defined in the service's scope of trauma care services. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and physicians are available upon patient arrival in the emergency department. If not open 24 hours daily, the facility must have an after-hours trauma response protocol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pediatric_trauma_centers">Pediatric trauma centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pediatric trauma centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A facility can be designated an adult trauma center, a pediatric trauma center, or an adult and pediatric trauma center. If a hospital provides trauma care to both adult and pediatric patients, the level designation may not be the same for each group. For example, a Level I adult trauma center may also be a Level II pediatric trauma center because pediatric trauma surgery is a specialty unto itself. Adult trauma surgeons are not generally specialized in providing surgical trauma care to children and vice versa, and the difference in practice is significant. In contrast to adult trauma centers, pediatric trauma centers only have two ratings, either level I or level II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trauma_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of trauma centers in the United States">List of trauma centers in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">Trauma (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_team" title="Trauma team">Trauma team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatology" title="Traumatology">Traumatology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-facs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/trauma/vcprogram.html">"Verification, Review, and Consultation Program for Hospitals"</a>. <i>facs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=facs.org&rft.atitle=Verification%2C+Review%2C+and+Consultation+Program+for+Hospitals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ftrauma%2Fvcprogram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_B.,_MD_PeitzmanAndrew_B._PeitzmanMichael,_MD_SabomDonald_M.,_MD_Yearly2002" class="citation book cs1">Andrew B., MD Peitzman; Andrew B. Peitzman; Michael, MD Sabom; Donald M., MD Yearly; Timothy C., MD Fabian (2002). <i>The Trauma Manual</i>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-2641-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-2641-7"><bdi>0-7817-2641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trauma+Manual&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7817-2641-7&rft.au=Andrew+B.%2C+MD+Peitzman&rft.au=Andrew+B.+Peitzman&rft.au=Michael%2C+MD+Sabom&rft.au=Donald+M.%2C+MD+Yearly&rft.au=Timothy+C.%2C+MD+Fabian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401040230/http://facs.org/trauma/vrc1.pdf">"Consultation/Verification Program Reference Guide of Suggested Classification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/trauma/vrc1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consultation%2FVerification+Program+Reference+Guide+of+Suggested+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ftrauma%2Fvrc1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_College_of_Surgeons2006" class="citation book cs1">American College of Surgeons (2006). <i>Consultation/Verification Program, Reference Guide of Suggested Classification</i>. American College of Surgeons. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7817-2641-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7817-2641-7"><bdi>0-7817-2641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consultation%2FVerification+Program%2C+Reference+Guide+of+Suggested+Classification&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7817-2641-7&rft.au=American+College+of+Surgeons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=seGQITiSx6UC&pg=PA18">"History of Trauma"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=seGQITiSx6UC"><i>Trauma: Emergency Resuscitation, Perioperative Anesthesia, Surgical Management</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: CRC Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824729196" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824729196"><bdi>978-0824729196</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Trauma&rft.btitle=Trauma%3A+Emergency+Resuscitation%2C+Perioperative+Anesthesia%2C+Surgical+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0824729196&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DseGQITiSx6UC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=accident-statistics-90-P02853">"Accident Statistics"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cchil.org/dom/cchold.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Cook+County+Hospital+page&rft.pub=Cook+County+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cchil.org%2Fdom%2Fcchold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225759/https://secure.facs.org/news/boyd.html">"National Safety Council Presents David R. Boyd, MDCM, FACS, With Service to Safety Award"</a>. American College of Surgeons. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secure.facs.org/news/boyd.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Safety+Council+Presents+David+R.+Boyd%2C+MDCM%2C+FACS%2C+With+Service+to+Safety+Award&rft.pub=American+College+of+Surgeons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecure.facs.org%2Fnews%2Fboyd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sunnybrook doctor names to Order of Canada", Community July 8, 2009 City Centre Mirror</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser Health regional trauma program receives distinction award, media@fraserhealth.ca, July 5, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facs2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facs2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/trauma/verifivisitoutcomes.html">"ACS Verification Site Visit Outcomes"</a>. <i>facs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=facs.org&rft.atitle=ACS+Verification+Site+Visit+Outcomes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ftrauma%2Fverifivisitoutcomes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/trauma/verificationhosp.html">"About the VRC Program"</a>. American College of Surgeons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+VRC+Program&rft.pub=American+College+of+Surgeons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ftrauma%2Fverificationhosp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amtrauma.org/programs/tiep/index.aspx">Trauma Information Exchange Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805234910/http://www.amtrauma.org/programs/tiep/index.aspx">Archived</a> 2012-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, American Trauma Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amtrauma.org/tiep/reports/DesignationStatus.jsp">Trauma Center Designation and Verification by Level of Trauma Care</a>, Trauma Information Exchange Program, American Trauma Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulSasserLairetMould-Millman2015" class="citation journal cs1">Faul, Mark; Sasser, Scott M.; Lairet, Julio; Mould-Millman, Nee-Kofi; Sugerman, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307735">"Trauma Center Staffing, Infrastructure, and Patient Characteristics that Influence Trauma Center Need"</a>. <i>Western Journal of Emergency Medicine</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 98–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5811%2Fwestjem.2014.10.22837">10.5811/westjem.2014.10.22837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-900X">1936-900X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4307735">4307735</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25671017">25671017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Journal+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Trauma+Center+Staffing%2C+Infrastructure%2C+and+Patient+Characteristics+that+Influence+Trauma+Center+Need&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-106&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4307735%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1936-900X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25671017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5811%2Fwestjem.2014.10.22837&rft.aulast=Faul&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sasser%2C+Scott+M.&rft.au=Lairet%2C+Julio&rft.au=Mould-Millman%2C+Nee-Kofi&rft.au=Sugerman%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4307735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trauma1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trauma1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2011" class="citation news cs1">Ackerman, Todd (2011-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7491282.html">"UTMB trauma center Level 1 again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=UTMB+trauma+center+Level+1+again&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Fmetropolitan%2F7491282.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KKRH-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KKRH_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKRH_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKRH_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Relations" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Public Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030721080801/http://www.kkh.go.th/trauma/chapter9.html">"Trauma & Critical Care Center-Trauma Center levels"</a>. <i>Khon Kaen Regional Hospital</i> (in Thai). Thailand: Department of Hospital Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kkh.go.th/trauma/chapter9.html">the original</a> on 2003-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khon+Kaen+Regional+Hospital&rft.atitle=Trauma+%26+Critical+Care+Center-Trauma+Center+levels&rft.au=Public+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kkh.go.th%2Ftrauma%2Fchapter9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031221342/http://pioneershospital.org/about/departments/emergency-trauma-center">"Emergency Trauma Center"</a>. <i>Pioneers Medical Center</i>. Meeker, Colorado. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pioneershospital.org/about/departments/emergency-trauma-center">the original</a> on 2013-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneers+Medical+Center&rft.atitle=Emergency+Trauma+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpioneershospital.org%2Fabout%2Fdepartments%2Femergency-trauma-center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrauma+center" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/hospital-and-facilities/?institution=VerifiedTraumaCenter">Current listing of Verified Trauma Centers in the United States</a>—American College of Surgeons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/quality-programs/trauma/quality/verification-review-and-consultation-program/">Verified Trauma Center Program</a>—American College of Surgeons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhs.uk/service-search/find-an-accident-and-emergency-service">Find your nearest A&E (accident and emergency)</a>—United Kingdom National Health Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/traumacare/">Injury Prevention & Control: Trauma Care</a> at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/Traumacare/pdfs/TraumaCentersFactsheet20090921-a.pdf">Trauma Centers Fact Sheet</a> at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amtrauma.org/?page=TraumaLevels">Trauma Levels Explained</a>, American Trauma Society</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traumafoundation.org">Trauma Center Association of America</a>, formerly known as the National Foundation for Trauma Care</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124533/http://www.traumafoundation.org/restricted/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/publications/NFTC_CrisisReport_May04.pdf">U.S. Trauma Center Crisis Report (2004)</a></li> <li>Report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124538/http://www.traumafoundation.org/restricted/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/NFTCCDCReport2006_FINAL.pdf">U.S. Trauma Center Preparedness for a Terrorist Attack in the Community</a></li> <li>Report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728124629/http://www.traumafoundation.org/restricted/tinymce/jscripts/tiny_mce/plugins/filemanager/files/HarrisPolePresentation2004.pdf">Harris Poll: Trauma Care: Public's Knowledge and Perception of Importance 2004</a></li> <li>NHS England major trauma centres <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/AboutNHSservices/Emergencyandurgentcareservices/Pages/Majortraumaservices.aspx">[1]</a></li> <li>NHS England 2012 major trauma centres map <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/AboutNHSservices/Emergencyandurgentcareservices/Documents/2012/map-of-major-trauma-centres-2012.pdf">Urgent and emergency care services</a></li> <li>NHS England Ambulance trauma coding <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhs.uk/NHSEngland/AboutNHSservices/Emergencyandurgentcareservices/Pages/Ambulanceservices.aspx">When to call 999</a></li> <li>NHS Wales trauma centres <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk/encyclopaedia/rh/article/accidentandemergencydepartments/">Accident and emergency departments</a></li> <li>NHS Scotland trauma centres list <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.isdscotland.scot.nhs.uk/Health-Topics/Emergency-Care/Publications/2012-05-29/ED-site-list.pdf?1">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_trauma_system_regulation">State trauma system regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: State trauma system regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azdhs.gov/bems/">Bureau of Emergency Medical Services & Trauma System</a>, Arizona Department of Health Services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azdhs.gov/bems/designation.htm">Arizona Trauma Center Designation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azdhs.gov/bems/TraumaServices.htm">Arizona Trauma System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatraumacommission.org/">Georgia Trauma Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptsf.org/index.php/our-trauma-centers/whats-trauma">PA Trauma Systems Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108204413/http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=25&pt=1&ch=157&rl=125">25 Texas Administrative Code 157.125</a> (Texas Requirements for Trauma Facility Designation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miemss.org/home/Hospitals/TraumaCenters/tabid/131/Default.aspx">Maryland Trauma System</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">Emergency medical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_nursing" title="Emergency nursing">Emergency nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_psychiatry" title="Emergency psychiatry">Emergency psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hour_(medicine)" title="Golden hour (medicine)">Golden hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">Medical emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_emergency_medicine" title="International emergency medicine">International emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_emergency_medicine" title="Pediatric emergency medicine">Pediatric emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-hospital_emergency_medicine" title="Pre-hospital emergency medicine">Pre-hospital emergency medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medical_equipment" title="Category:Emergency medical equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_valve_mask" title="Bag valve mask">Bag valve mask</a> (BVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">Chest tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibrillation" title="Defibrillation">Defibrillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automated_external_defibrillator" title="Automated external defibrillator">AED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantable_cardioverter-defibrillator" title="Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator">ICD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiogram</a> (ECG/EKG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (IO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous therapy</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracheal_intubation" title="Tracheal intubation">Tracheal intubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_tube" title="Laryngeal tube">Laryngeal tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combitube" title="Combitube">Combitube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_airway" title="Nasopharyngeal airway">Nasopharyngeal airway</a> (NPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_airway" title="Oropharyngeal airway">Oropharyngeal airway</a> (OPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_mask" title="Pocket mask">Pocket mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">Epinephrine / Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">Sodium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_organisations" title="Category:Emergency medicine organisations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Federation for Emergency Medicine">International Federation for Emergency Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Emergency_Medicine" title="International Conference on Emergency Medicine">International Conference on Emergency Medicine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="American College of Emergency Physicians">American College of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="Australasian College for Emergency Medicine">Australasian College for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Emergency_Physicians" title="Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians">Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="Royal College of Emergency Medicine">Royal College of Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" title="European Society for Emergency Medicine">European Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Society_for_Emergency_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Society for Emergency Medicine">Asian Society for Emergency Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Emergency_Medicine" title="American Academy of Emergency Medicine">American Academy of Emergency Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine_courses" title="Category:Emergency medicine courses">Courses</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_life_support" title="Category:Emergency life support">Life support</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth-to-mouth_resuscitation" title="Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation">Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_life_support" title="Basic life support">Basic life support</a> (BLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_cardiac_life_support" title="Advanced cardiac life support">Advanced cardiac life support</a> (ACLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a> (ATLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Resuscitation_Program" title="Neonatal Resuscitation Program">Neonatal Resuscitation Program</a> (NRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_Care_of_at-Risk_Newborns" title="Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns">Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns</a> (ACoRN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_basic_life_support" title="Pediatric basic life support">Pediatric basic life support</a> (PBLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_Advanced_Life_Support" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatric Advanced Life Support">Pediatric Advanced Life Support</a> (PALS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Life_Support_in_Obstetrics" title="Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics">Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics</a> (ALSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_of_the_Critically_Ill_Surgical_Patient" title="Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient">Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient</a> (CCrISP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scoring systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Emergency_medicine" title="Category:Emergency medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_emergency_medicine" title="Outline of emergency medicine">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trauma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trauma" title="Template:Trauma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trauma" title="Template talk:Trauma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trauma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Trauma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytrauma" title="Polytrauma">Polytrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatology" title="Traumatology">Traumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">Resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_triad_of_death" title="Trauma triad of death">Trauma triad of death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assessment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviated_Injury_Scale" title="Abbreviated Injury Scale">Abbreviated Injury Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Trauma_Score" title="Revised Trauma Score">Revised Trauma Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">Focused assessment with sonography for trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_control_surgery" title="Damage control surgery">Damage control surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_appropriate_care" title="Early appropriate care">Early appropriate care</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_team" title="Trauma team">Trauma team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitative_thoracotomy" title="Resuscitative thoracotomy">Resuscitative thoracotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathophysiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Injury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>MSK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture">Bone fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">Degloving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">Joint dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">Soft tissue injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture" title="Diaphragmatic rupture">Diaphragmatic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flail_chest" title="Flail chest">Flail chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_contusion" title="Pulmonary contusion">Pulmonary contusion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cardio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">Internal bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta_injury" title="Thoracic aorta injury">Thoracic aorta injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>GI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_kidney_trauma" title="Blunt kidney trauma">Blunt kidney trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_injury" title="Splenic injury">Splenic injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neuro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">Intracranial hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_head_injury" title="Penetrating head injury">Penetrating head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">Blast injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">Blunt trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">Crush injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">Gunshot wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetrating trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">Stab wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdominal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_injury" title="Chest injury">Chest injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_trauma" title="Facial trauma">Facial trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">Head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">Spinal cord injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_trauma" title="Geriatric trauma">Geriatric trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_in_children" title="Trauma in children">Pediatric trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">Compartment syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">Contracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkmann%27s_contracture" title="Volkmann's contracture">Volkmann's contracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_syndrome" title="Crush syndrome">Crush syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">Rhabdomyolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_embolism_syndrome" title="Fat embolism syndrome">fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_emphysema" title="Subcutaneous emphysema">Subcutaneous emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_healing" title="Wound healing">Wound healing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_about_hospitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hospital_articles" title="Template talk:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital_articles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hospital articles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_about_hospitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles about <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_hospitals" title="History of hospitals">History of hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital_network" title="Hospital network">Hospital network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals" title="Category:Hospitals">Category:Hospitals</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common hospital<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_accreditation" title="Hospital accreditation">Accreditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_bed" title="Hospital bed">Bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_care_unit" title="Coronary care unit">Coronary care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_emergency_codes" title="Hospital emergency codes">Emergency codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_administration#Hospital_administrators" title="Health administration">Hospital administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_museum" title="Hospital museum">Hospital museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">Intensive care unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnist" title="Nocturnist">Nocturnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call_room" title="On-call room">On-call room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_theater" title="Operating theater">Operating theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orderly" title="Orderly">Orderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patients#Outpatients_and_inpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients">Patients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_pharmacy" title="Hospital pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospital ward">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaic forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almshouse" title="Almshouse">Almshouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepeion" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepeion">Asclepeion</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a> (Islamic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_hospital" title="Cottage hospital">Cottage hospital</a> (England)</li> <li>Hôtel-Dieu (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_community_of_ancient_Rome#Imperial" title="Medical community of ancient Rome">Valetudinaria</a> (Roman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> lying in houses (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">Xenodochium</a> (Middle Ages)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic service area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_hospital" title="Base hospital">Base hospital</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_hospital" title="Community hospital">Community hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="General hospital">General hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_hospital" title="Regional hospital">Regional hospital</a> or <a href="/wiki/District_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District hospital">District hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_hospital" title="Municipal hospital">Municipal hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexity of services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_hospital" title="Day hospital">Day hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_hospital" title="Secondary hospital">Secondary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">Tertiary referral hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty hospital">Specialty hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unique physical traits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">Hospital ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_train" title="Hospital train">Hospital train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hospital">Mobile hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hospital" title="Underground hospital">Underground hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Hospital" title="Virtual Hospital">Virtual Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Limited class of patients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_hospital" title="Military hospital">Military hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_support_hospital" title="Combat support hospital">Combat support hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">Field hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prison_hospitals" title="Category:Prison hospitals">Prison hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Veterans_Affairs_medical_facilities" title="List of Veterans Affairs medical facilities">Veterans medical facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_hospitals" title="Category:Women's hospitals">Women's hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_hospital" title="Charitable hospital">Charitable hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_hospital" title="For-profit hospital">For-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_hospital" title="Non-profit hospital">Non-profit hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_hospital" title="State hospital">State hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_hospital" title="Private hospital">Private hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_hospital" title="Voluntary hospital">Voluntary hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_hospitals" title="Category:Defunct hospitals">Defunct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Condition treated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cancer_hospitals" title="Category:Cancer hospitals">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospital" title="Children's hospital">Children's hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eye_hospitals" title="Category:Eye hospitals">Eye hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fever_hospital" title="Fever hospital">Fever hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">Leper colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_hospital" title="Lock hospital">Lock hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternity_hospital" title="Maternity hospital">Maternity hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">Psychiatric hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_hospital" title="Rehabilitation hospital">Rehabilitation hospital</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Veterinary_hospitals" title="Category:Veterinary hospitals">Verterinary hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Century established</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_6th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_7th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_8th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_9th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_10th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_11th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_12th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_13th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_14th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_15th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_16th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_18th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_20th_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospitals_established_in_the_21st_century" title="Category:Hospitals established in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Lists of hospitals in: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Africa" title="Lists of hospitals in Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Asia" title="Lists of hospitals in Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Europe" title="Lists of hospitals in Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_North_America" title="Lists of hospitals in North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_Oceania" title="Lists of hospitals in Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_hospitals_in_South_America" title="Lists of hospitals in South America">South America</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&oldid=1217663973#Level_I">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trauma_center&oldid=1217663973#Level_I</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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