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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American College of Surgeons</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACS_Logo.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ACS_Logo.jpeg/200px-ACS_Logo.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ACS_Logo.jpeg/300px-ACS_Logo.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/ACS_Logo.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ACS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1913<span class="noprint">; 111 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1913</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-corp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2023)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">88,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporation)" class="mw-redirect" title="President (corporation)">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents">Board of Regents</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">E. Christopher Ellison, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the American College of Surgeons">FACS</a><sup id="cite_ref-BOR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents">Board of Regents</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Timothy J. Eberlein, MD, FACS<sup id="cite_ref-BOR_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Director">Executive Director</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_L._Turner" title="Patricia L. Turner">Patricia L. Turner</a><sup id="cite_ref-exec_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exec-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org">www<wbr />.facs<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>American College of Surgeons</b> (<b>ACS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional medical association</a> for <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a> and surgical team members, founded in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It claims more than 90,000 members in 144 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ACS was founded in 1913 as an outgrowth of the Clinical Congress of Surgeons of North America that had existed since 1910 as an outgrowth of the journal <i>Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics</i>, an initiative of ACS Founder <a href="/wiki/Franklin_H._Martin" title="Franklin H. Martin">Dr. Franklin H. Martin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The college is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Regents">Board of Regents</a>, a Board of Governors, and a variety of local ACS Chapters. The Board of Regents formulates policy and directs the affairs of the college. The Board of Governors acts as the liaison between the Board of Regents and the Fellows. The local ACS Chapters exert the college's influence at the community level.   </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patricia_L._Turner" title="Patricia L. Turner">Patricia L. Turner</a> began serving as the executive director and <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of the college in January 2022. She is currently on the faculty in the department of surgery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fellow_of_the_American_College_of_Surgeons">Fellow of the American College of Surgeons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fellow of the American College of Surgeons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fellow of the American College of Surgeons (or FACS) is a <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">professional certification</a> for a medical professional who has passed a set of criteria for education, qualification, and ethics required to join the ACS. </p><p><i>FACS</i> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal title</a>, such as <i>John Citizen, MD, FACS</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trauma_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of trauma centers in the United States">List of trauma centers in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-corp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-corp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilsos.gov/corporatellc/CorporateLlcController">American College of Surgeons</a>". <i>Corporation File Detail Report</i>. Illinois Secretary of State. Accessed on May 13, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/membership-community/membership-benefits/">"Membership Benefits | ACS"</a>. <i>American College of Surgeons</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.atitle=Membership+Benefits+%7C+ACS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ffor-medical-professionals%2Fmembership-community%2Fmembership-benefits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+College+of+Surgeons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/about-acs/governance/board-of-regents">Board of Regents</a>". <i>American College of Surgeons</i>. Accessed on November 10, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exec-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exec_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/about-acs/governance/exec-staff">Executive Staff</a>". <i>American College of Surgeons</i>. Accessed on May 13, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/for-medical-professionals/news-publications/news-and-articles/press-releases/2022/martin-biography/">"American College of Surgeons releases biography about its founder Dr. Franklin H. Martin"</a>. <i>ACS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS&rft.atitle=American+College+of+Surgeons+releases+biography+about+its+founder+Dr.+Franklin+H.+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Ffor-medical-professionals%2Fnews-publications%2Fnews-and-articles%2Fpress-releases%2F2022%2Fmartin-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+College+of+Surgeons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/about-acs/acs-by-the-numbers/">"ACS by the Numbers"</a>. <i>ACS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS&rft.atitle=ACS+by+the+Numbers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Fabout-acs%2Facs-by-the-numbers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+College+of+Surgeons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/about-acs/acs-history/">"ACS History"</a>. <i>ACS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS&rft.atitle=ACS+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Fabout-acs%2Facs-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+College+of+Surgeons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facs.org/about-acs/governance/patricia-l-turner/">"Executive Director & CEO Patricia L. Turner"</a>. <i>ACS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACS&rft.atitle=Executive+Director+%26+CEO+Patricia+L.+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Fabout-acs%2Fgovernance%2Fpatricia-l-turner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+College+of+Surgeons" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Surgeons&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463720#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/acsfoundation/index.html">ACS Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/archives/index.html">ACS Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalacs.org/">Journal of the American College of Surgeons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/acspa/index.html">ACS Professional Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?cycle=2012&id=D000043294">ACS Political Contributions (opensecrets.org)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463720#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403880875">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/121814777">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5696-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063969">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="American College of Surgeons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20030134815&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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