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<span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Art and Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_and_Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.2</span> <span>Climate and Weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1291" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1291"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1291</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1291-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1292" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1292"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1292</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1292-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.4</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1293" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1293"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1293</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1293-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>By area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.1</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1294" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1294"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1294</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1294-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1295" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1295"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1295</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1295-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1296" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1296"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1296</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1296-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.1</span> <span>January–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7.2</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1297" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1297"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>1297</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1297-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1.2</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1298" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1298"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>1298</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1298-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.2</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.1</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.2</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9.2.4</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1299" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1299"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>1299</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1299-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_place_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_place_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1</span> <span>By place</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_place_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.2</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.1.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_topic_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_topic_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2</span> <span>By topic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_topic_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.1</span> <span>Cities and towns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.3</span> <span>Markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Markets_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10.2.5</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Significant people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1290s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1290" title="عقد 1290 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1290" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1290" title="Anyos 1290 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1290" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1290" title="Década del 1290 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1290" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-an" title="1290-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1290-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১২৯০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১২৯০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1290 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1290 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D1%8F" title="1290-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1290-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D1%8F" title="1290-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1290-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-e" title="1290-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1290-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1290" title="Bloavezhioù 1290 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1290" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1290" title="Dècada del 1290 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1290" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1290-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1290-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290au" title="1290au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1290au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%27erne" title="1290'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1290'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1290" title="عوام 1290 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1290" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290er" title="1290er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1290er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290._aastad" title="1290. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1290. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1290" title="An 1290 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1290" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1290 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1290 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1290" title="Años 1290 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1290" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-aj_jaroj" title="1290-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1290-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290eko_hamarkada" title="1290eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1290eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B2%DB%B9%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۲۹۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۲۹۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%C3%A1rini" title="1290-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1290-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1290" title="Années 1290 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1290" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290id%C3%AD" title="1290idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1290idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290an" title="1290an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1290an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1290" title="Década de 1290 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1290" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1290年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1290年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1290년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1290년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1290a" title="Yari 1290a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1290a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-an" title="1290-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1290-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1291-1300" title="1291-1300 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1291-1300" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1290" title="Anni 1290 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1290" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-90_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-13" title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-13 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-90 של המאה ה-13" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-an" title="1290-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1290-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1290-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1290-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1290" title="Miaka ya 1290 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1290" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1290-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1290-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_am%C5%BEiaus_10-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIII amžiaus 10-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIII amžiaus 10-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1290" title="Anni 1290 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1290" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1290-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1290-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1290-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1290-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२९० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२९० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1290-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1290-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1290" title="عقد 1290 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1290" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-an" title="1290-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1290-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1290 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1290 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-1299" title="1290-1299 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1290-1299" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1290年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1290年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%C3%A5rene" title="1290-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1290-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1290" title="Annaées 1290 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1290" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1290 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1290 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-lar" title="1290-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1290-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1290" title="Década de 1290 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1290" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1290" title="Anii 1290 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1290" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_watakuna" title="1290 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1290 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1290-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1290-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D1%81" title="1290-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1290-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290s" title="1290s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1290s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1290" title="Vitet 1290 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1290" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290ini" title="1290ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1290ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290s" title="1290s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1290s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/90._roky_13._storo%C4%8Dia" title="90. roky 13. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="90. roky 13. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290." title="1290. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1290." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D0%B5" title="1290-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1290-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-e" title="1290-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1290-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-an" title="1290-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1290-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-luku" title="1290-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1290-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-talet" title="1290-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1290-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1290-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1290-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1290" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1290 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1290" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1290_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1290 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1290 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%27lar" title="1290'lar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1290'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1290ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1290ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1290-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1290-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1290ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1290ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1290" title="Thập niên 1290 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1290" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1290" title="Anêyes 1290 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1290" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290_nga_dekada" title="1290 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1290 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1290年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1290年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1290年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1290年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1290年代 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1290年代" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1270s" title="1270s">1270s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1280s" title="1280s">1280s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1290s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300s_(decade)" title="1300s (decade)">1300s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1310s" title="1310s">1310s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1290" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1290">1290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1291" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1291">1291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1292" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1292">1292</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1293" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1293">1293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1294" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1294">1294</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1295" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1295">1295</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1296" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1296">1296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1297" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1297">1297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1298" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1298">1298</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1299" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1299">1299</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1290s_births" title="Category:1290s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1290s_deaths" title="Category:1290s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1290s_by_country" title="Category:1290s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1290s_establishments" title="Category:1290s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1290s_disestablishments" title="Category:1290s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1290s</b> was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1290, and ended on December 31, 1299. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1290">1290</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1290&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV of Hungary</a> ("the Cuman") is assassinated at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Toboliu" title="Toboliu">Körösszeg</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>). He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_III_of_Hungary" title="Andrew III of Hungary">Andrew III</a> ("the Venetian"), after an election by Hungarian nobles, who is crowned by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Lodomer" title="Lodomer">Lodomer</a> as new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Székesfehérvár</a> on <a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III of Sweden</a> ("Birgersson") dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger</a> ("Magnusson"). Although, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> is an elective monarchy, Birger had already been appointed heir to the throne in <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") orders all Jews (at this time probably numbering around 2,000) to leave the country by <a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, a day that commemorates many calamities). They are eventually allowed back in 1656.</li> <li>September – The 7-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a>, queen-designate and heir to the crown of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, dies en route to the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, leading to thirteen <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_crown_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitors for the crown of Scotland">competitors for the crown of Scotland</a>, a succession crisis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a>, wife of Edward I, dies while traveling in the North. She has been suffering from illness for some time, and the cold and dampness of the winter months probably aggravate her condition.</li> <li>December – Edward I travels with the body of Queen Eleanor from <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a> to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Remembering his wife, Edward erects a series of crosses at each location that the body rests overnight. These are known as the twelve <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_cross" title="Eleanor cross">Eleanor crosses</a>.</li> <li>Winter – The second of the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statutes of Mortmain</a> passed during the reign of Edward I prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a>, a statute passed by Edward I, puts an end to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudations</a>. The statute allows land to be sold according to royal approval, as long as the new owner answers directly to his lord or the king.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> concludes a new commercial treaty with the Mamluks; five galleys sent by King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> ("the Just") join the Venetian Crusader fleet (some 20 ships) on its way to <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. On board the fleet are Italian urban militias and mercenary forces under Seneschal <a href="/wiki/Jean_I_de_Grailly" title="Jean I de Grailly">Jean I de Grailly</a>, who have fought for the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in the so-called Italian Crusades.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August" title="August">August</a> – Italian Crusaders massacre Muslim merchants and peasants, and some local Christians in Acre. Some claim it began at a drunken party – others that a European husband found his wife making love to a Muslim. The barons and local knights try to rescue a few Muslims and take them to the safety of the castle, while some ringleaders are arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – Survivors and relatives of the massacre at Acre take bloodstained clothing to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> ("the Victorious") in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, who demands that the leaders of the riot be handed over for trial, but the nobles refuse to send them and Qalawun now obtains legal clearance from the religious authorities in Cairo to break the truce with <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – Qalawun orders a general mobilization of the Mamluk forces. In a council, it is decided that a peace delegation be sent to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> under <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Beaujeu" title="Guillaume de Beaujeu">Guillaume de Beaujeu</a>, Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>. However, Qalawun demands huge compensation for those killed in Acre, and sends a Syrian army to the coast of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – Qalawun ("the Victorious") dies as the Egyptian Mamluk army sets out for Acre. He is succeeded by his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a> as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>. Khalil orders his allies and tributaries in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to prepare for a campaign next spring. Governors and castle commanders are ordered to assemble siege equipment and armor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shamsuddin Kayumars</a>, Mamluk ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, is murdered and succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-din_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-ud-din Khalji">Jalal-ud-din Khalji</a> (or Firuz Shah I), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a>, ending Mamluk rule and instigating the Khalji Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – The 6.8 M<sub>s</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1290_Zhili_earthquake" title="1290 Zhili earthquake">Zhili earthquake</a> affects the province of <a href="/wiki/Zhili" title="Zhili">Zhili</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Mercalli_intensity_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercalli intensity scale">Mercalli intensity</a> of IX (<i>Violent</i>), killing 7,270–100,000 people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Art_and_Culture"> Art and Culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Art and Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice Portinari</a>, muse of the Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, dies in Florence. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> (La Divina Commedia)</i>, he transforms his memory of Beatrice into an allegory of divine love.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Climate_and_Weather"> Climate and Weather</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Climate and Weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Year without winter" – An exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition, from autumn to the following spring, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education"> Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> by Denis I ("the Poet King"). He decrees that Portuguese is the official language of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> in that capacity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwari" title="Dnyaneshwari">Dnyaneshwari</a></i> is written in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. This holy book is a commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagvad_Gita" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagvad Gita">Bhagvad Gita</a> and is narrated by <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1291">1291</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1291&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_2"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_2"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1291&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter of 1291</a>: The "three forest cantons" (<i><a href="/wiki/Waldst%C3%A4tte" title="Waldstätte">Waldstätte</a></i>) of Switzerland (<a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>) form a defensive alliance to protect themselves from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>; this is a starting point for <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. This year is also the traditional date of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a> (<i>Rütlischwur</i>), the swearing of an oath by the three cantonal representatives at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli" title="Rütli">Rütli</a> meadow.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – A combined Genoese-Sevillian fleet led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria" title="Benedetto I Zaccaria">Benedetto Zaccaria</a> wins a victory over 27 Marinid galleys at <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Seguir</a> –12 galleys are taken and the rest put to flight. The following day, Benedetto drags the captured vessels along the coast in view of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_Yusuf_an-Nasr" title="Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr">Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr</a>, Marinid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, who, "defeated and dishonored", withdraws his fleet to <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Late <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr crosses the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> from Alcácer Seguir to <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>. During the next three months, Marinid forces besiege <a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a>, and carry out daily raids around <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Ferez</a>. In the meantime, other Marinid raiding parties devastate the countryside as far north as <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Alcalá del Río">Alcalá del Río</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a>–<a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – The kings <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV of Castile</a> ("the Brave") and <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> ("the Just") agree to join the war against the Marinids and conclude a treaty of friendship. <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, gives his support to Sancho to take Tarifa from the Marinids. In the agreement, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> will respect their own boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a> confirms the independence of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1292">1292</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1292&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_3"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_2"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_County" title="Shanghai County">Shanghai County</a> is established.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> sends a Mongol expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. He collects an invasion fleet with some 500–1,000 ships and enough provisions for a year from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The fleet travels past <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Karimata_Islands" title="Karimata Islands">Karimata Islands</a>. The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kediri_(city)" title="Kediri (city)">Kediri</a>, but it proves impossible to hold.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> the Great of <a href="/wiki/Ngoenyang" title="Ngoenyang">Ngoenyang</a> conquers and annexes the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Hariphunchai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hariphunchai">Hariphunchai</a>, creating a political union in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> Kingdom.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vaghela_dynasty" title="Vaghela dynasty">Vaghela dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (located along the <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) is subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Seuna (Yadava) dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad,_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulatabad, Maharashtra">Daulatabad</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_2"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a> is selected by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> from among 13 <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">competitors for the Crown of Scotland</a>. Edward then treats John as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet ruler</a> and Scotland as a vassal state, provoking the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a>, commencing in <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>. John is crowned at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> on <a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a>). Scotland's castles are returned to the powerful magnates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – John Balliol is summoned by Edward I to <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> to answer an appeal by <a href="/wiki/Macduff_of_Fife" title="Macduff of Fife">Macduff of Fife</a> against a judgment imposed on him by the Scottish Parliament. John refuses to answer Macduff's appeal, 'without consulting the people of his realm'. Edward asks for compensation for the violation of English law and demands to hand him over three Scottish castles as repayment for the crime committed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_3"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – The College of Electors select <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf</a>, count of Nassau, as the new King of the Romans and successor of Habsburg <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> who had died the previous year. Adolf is forced to make wide-ranging concessions to the Electors to get elected. He is crowned king on June 24 in Aachen by the Archbishop of Cologne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – Castilian forces led by King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> ("the Brave") begin the siege of <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a>: eleven newly built engines bombard the city constantly by land and sea. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_of_Granada" title="Muhammad II of Granada">Muhammad II</a>, Nasrid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, provides the army of Sancho with men, arms and also aids the blockade in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>. Muhammad attacks Marinid outposts and his forces seize <a href="/wiki/Estepona" title="Estepona">Estepona</a> on the coast to the west of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>. Sancho conquers Tarifa after a siege of four months, on <a href="/wiki/October_13" title="October 13">October 13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – Muhammad II sends ambassadors to the Castilian court to ask Sancho IV to surrender Tarifa. Sancho refuses to yield the city to Granada and Muhammad, feeling betrayed, switches sides to form an alliance with the Marinids.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_2"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mamluk forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a> accompanied by his vizier <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sal%27us" title="Ibn al-Sal'us">Ibn al-Sal'us</a> arrive in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Khalil travels via <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> to besiege the castle of <a href="/wiki/Rumkale" title="Rumkale">Rumkale</a> (Qal'at ar-Rum, "Castle of the Romans"), the official seat of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_IV_of_Cilicia" title="Stephen IV of Cilicia">Stephen IV</a>, patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. The Mamluks besiege the castle with more than 30 catapults and capture it after 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Al-Ashraf Khalil returns to Damascus and assembles an army to attack <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Sis</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a>. An Armenian embassy arrives in Damascus, and reaches a settlement with Khalil. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Toprakkale,_Osmaniye" title="Toprakkale, Osmaniye">Til Hemdun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marash" class="mw-redirect" title="Marash">Marash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Besni" title="Besni">Behesni</a> are given to the Mamluks in order to maintain peace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November" title="November">November</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_of_Antioch" title="Michael II of Antioch">Michael II</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_2"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1292&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – The <i><a href="/wiki/Taxatio_Ecclesiastica" title="Taxatio Ecclesiastica">Taxatio Ecclesiastica</a></i>, compiled in 1291–1292, is completed under the order of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a>. It is a detailed database valuation for ecclesiastical taxation of English, Welsh and Irish churches.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – Nicholas IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The cardinals assemble at <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> to elect a new pope (<a href="/wiki/1292%E2%80%931294_papal_election" title="1292–1294 papal election">1292–1294 papal election</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1293">1293</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1293&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_area">By area</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Africa">Africa</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk</a> sultan of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Khalil</a> is assassinated by his regent <a href="/wiki/Baydara" title="Baydara">Baydara</a>, who briefly claims the sultanate, before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_3">Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – An <a href="/wiki/1293_Kamakura_earthquake" title="1293 Kamakura earthquake">earthquake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, Japan kills an estimated 23,000.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – The forces of <a href="/wiki/Raden_Wijaya" title="Raden Wijaya">Raden Wijaya</a> win a major victory in the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a>, which is considered to be the founding date of the city of <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era</a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D%C5%8D_(Kamakura_period)" title="Shōō (Kamakura period)">Shōō</a> ends, and the <a href="/wiki/Einin" title="Einin">Einin</a> era begins.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> sends a fleet to the islands of Southeast Asia, including <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Hindu <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Kertarajasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kertarajasa">Kertarajasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. It benefits from internal conflict and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> intervention, to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> Kingdom and establish the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_4">Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torkel_Knutsson" title="Torkel Knutsson">Torkel Knutsson</a> leads Sweden in beginning the <a href="/wiki/Third_Swedish_Crusade" title="Third Swedish Crusade">Third Swedish Crusade</a>, against unchristianized <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Karelia">Finnish Karelia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Castle" title="Vyborg Castle">Vyborg Castle</a> begins, by orders of Knutsson.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ordinances_of_Justice" title="Ordinances of Justice">Ordinances of Justice</a> are enacted, in the Commune of Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> is sold to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_de_Forz,_Countess_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon">Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon</a>, for 6,000 marks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_3">By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> completes the book of verse <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vita_Nuova" title="La Vita Nuova">La Vita Nuova</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Education_2">Education</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV of Castile</a> creates the <i>Studium General</i>, forerunner to the modern <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_2">Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1293&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_bar_Wahib" title="Ignatius bar Wahib">Ignatius bar Wahib</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> Patriarch of Mardin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1294">1294</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1294&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1294&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia_4">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1294&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> dies; by this time the separation of the four khanates of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> in Central Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> in Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> in Persia, and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a> in China) has deepened.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_5">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1294&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – A Novgorodian army led by Prince Roman Glebovich attempts a storm of <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Castle" title="Vyborg Castle">Vyborg</a>, but the attack fails.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulf0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulf0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spring – Following the arrival of a fleet from Sweden, an offensive takes place in which Sweden captures <a href="/wiki/Korela_Fortress" title="Korela Fortress">Kexholm</a> after an assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Ulf0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ulf0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – Following the <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1292%E2%80%9394" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1292–94">Papal election, 1292–94</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a>, becoming the 192nd pope.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Autumn – In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">Madog ap Llywelyn</a> leads <a href="/wiki/Welsh_revolt_of_1294%E2%80%9395" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh revolt of 1294–95">a revolt against his English overlords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> succeeds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a>, becoming the 193rd pope, after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on <a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a>, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>'s demands for support in a planned invasion of France, the result being the negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with France and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in the following year. These actions play a part in precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Wars_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Wars of Independence">Scottish Wars of Independence</a>, which begin in <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strata_Florida_Abbey" title="Strata Florida Abbey">Strata Florida Abbey</a> is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier, during King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>'s conquest of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Architect <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> designs <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (<i>Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore</i>, better known simply as <i>Il Duomo</i>); he also begins work on the Basilica of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce, Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> enter into the first iteration of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Portuguese Alliance">Anglo-Portuguese Alliance</a>, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a> of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> insists that kings gain papal consent for taxation of the clergy, and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1295">1295</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1295&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1295&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_4"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1295&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_6"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1295&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV of Castile</a> ("the Brave") dies of a fatal illness (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>), after a 11-year reign at <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV</a> ("the Summoned") as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a>. In the <i>Cortes</i> at <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Castile_the_Senator" title="Henry of Castile the Senator">Henry of Castile the Senator</a> is appointed guardian of Ferdinand, while Queen <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Molina" title="María de Molina">María de Molina</a> becomes his <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. During the summer, Ferdinand is betrothed to the 5-year-old Princess <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Portugal" title="Constance of Portugal">Constance of Portugal</a>. Hostilities between Castile and King <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis of Portugal</a> ("the Poet King") are ended by a peace agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anagni" title="Treaty of Anagni">Treaty of Anagni</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> arranges a peace treaty between King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> ("the Fair"), <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II of Naples</a> ("the Lame"), and <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Majorca" title="James II of Majorca">James II of Majorca</a>. James returns <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, seeking to bring peace between the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>; the effort is in vain.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boniface is determined to put an end to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a>, because he wants to declare a new Crusade for the reconquest of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a> is crowned king of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, the first coronation of a Polish ruler in 219 years. Przemysł travels to <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> where he confirms the privileges of the monasteries in <a href="/wiki/Oliwa" title="Oliwa">Oliwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBarnowiec" title="Żarnowiec">Żarnowiec</a>. He also visits other major cities: <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiecie" title="Świecie">Świecie</a>. In August, Przemysł returns to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> but in October he travels again to Gdańsk.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/War_of_Curzola" title="War of Curzola">War of Curzola</a>: Genoese raids on the Venetian quarter in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> lead to a formal declaration of war with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>. A Venetian fleet (some 40 war galleys) attacks <a href="/wiki/Galata" title="Galata">Galata</a>, the quarter of the Genoese merchants. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> arrests surviving Venetians in the capital and joins the war with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> after 24 years of travel in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. When the Polos arrive, Venice is engaged in a naval war with the rival city of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>. Marco joins the war and arms a galley equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – The first treaty forming the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> ("Old Alliance"), between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/France_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="France during the Middle Ages">France</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, is signed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> by Kings <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a> and Philip IV.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Britain_3"> Britain</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1295&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maes_Moydog" title="Battle of Maes Moydog">Battle of Maes Moydog</a>: English forces led by <a href="/wiki/William_de_Beauchamp,_9th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick">William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick</a> defeat the Welsh rebels (some 700 men), near the modern-day town of <a href="/wiki/Llanfair_Caereinion" title="Llanfair Caereinion">Llanfair Caereinion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. In a night attack on the Welsh infantry, William uses cavalry to drive them into compact formations, which are then shot up by his archers. <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">Madog ap Llywelyn</a>, proclaimed "<a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>", and the remnants of his army are routed and retreat across the <a href="/wiki/River_Banwy" title="River Banwy">Banwy River</a>, in which many drown.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") summons the <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, the composition of which serves as a model for later parliaments. The parliament agrees that a tax can be raised to allow him to launch campaigns against France and the rebellious Scots for the forthcoming year.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Construction begins on <a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/James_of_Saint_George" title="James of Saint George">James of Saint George</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales by Edward I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_5"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1295&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – Mongol leader <a href="/wiki/Baydu" title="Baydu">Baydu</a> Khan is executed after a 7-month reign at <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. He is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a>, who becomes ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>. He converts to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, ending a line of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> (Tantric Buddhist) leaders.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> is overthrown after a 52-year reign. He is succeeded by his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1296">1296</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1296&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1296&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–December"><span id="January.E2.80.93December"></span> January–December</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1296&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1296)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Berwick (1296)">Capture of Berwick</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> storms and captures <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>, sacking what is at this time a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scottish</a> border town, with much bloodshed. He slaughters most of the residents, including those who flee to the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> the Great of Ngoenyang establishes a new capital by founding <a href="/wiki/Chiangmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiangmai">Chiangmai</a>, and founds the Mangrai Dynasty, that will rule the <a href="/wiki/Lanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanna">Lanna</a> Kingdom of Chiangmai from 1296 to 1578 (the <a href="/wiki/700th_Anniversary_Stadium" title="700th Anniversary Stadium">700th Anniversary Stadium</a> will be built in remembrance of this foundation).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)" title="Battle of Dunbar (1296)">Battle of Dunbar</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>'s Scottish army is defeated by an English army commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ud_din_Firuz_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji">Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji</a> dies, and his nephew and son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Ala-Ud-Din-Khalji</a> comes to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>, becoming the most powerful ruler of his dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – The formal coronation of <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> as Sultan of Delhi takes place, and he takes the regnal name Muhammad Shah I.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown"> Date unknown</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1296&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Verona" title="Boniface of Verona">Boniface of Verona</a> expels the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> from their last remaining strongholds on <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chinese diplomat <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Daguan" title="Zhou Daguan">Zhou Daguan</a> spends a year at the court of <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> King <a href="/wiki/Indravarman_III" title="Indravarman III">Indravarman III</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a>, and pens a journal setting forth his observations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>approximate date</i> – <a href="/wiki/Tarabya_of_Pegu" title="Tarabya of Pegu">Tarabya</a>, self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Pegu" title="List of rulers of Pegu">king of Pegu</a>, is defeated in single combat on war elephants by <a href="/wiki/Wareru" title="Wareru">Wareru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1297">1297</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1297&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_5"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_7"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – Guelph forces, led by the Genoese leader <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grimaldi" title="François Grimaldi">François Grimaldi</a> (<i>il Malizia</i>), storm and capture the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Monaco" title="Rock of Monaco">Rock of Monaco</a>. François, disguised as a Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a>, gains entry to the city, and opens the gates for his soldiers. He seizes the castle with his stepson <a href="/wiki/Rainier_I_of_Monaco,_Lord_of_Cagnes" title="Rainier I of Monaco, Lord of Cagnes">Rainier I</a>, an event that is commemorated on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Monaco" title="Coat of arms of Monaco">coat of arms of Monaco</a>. Rainier becomes the first sovereign ruler of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Grimaldi" title="House of Grimaldi">House of Grimaldi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>; he rules initially until <a href="/wiki/1301" title="1301">1301</a>, but the family will be ruling there into the 21st century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alca%C3%B1ices" title="Treaty of Alcañices">Treaty of Alcañices</a>: Kings <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis of Portugal</a> ("the Poet King") and 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand IV of Castile">Ferdinand IV of Castile</a> ("the Summoned") (under the guidance of his mother, Queen-Regent <a href="/wiki/Maria_de_Molina" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria de Molina">Maria de Molina</a>) sign a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, which establishes an alliance of friendship and mutual defense, leading to a peace of 40 years between the two kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Furnes" title="Battle of Furnes">Battle of Furnes</a>: French forces under <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Artois" title="Robert II, Count of Artois">Robert II</a> defeat the Flemings at <a href="/wiki/Veurne" title="Veurne">Veurne</a>. During the battle, Robert's son <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Artois" title="Philip of Artois">Philip of Artois</a> is gravely wounded and dies a year later of his wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_14" title="April 14">April 14</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> makes an appeal outside <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster#Westminster_Hall" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster Hall</a> for support for the war against <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a>. He apologizes for the high tax demands he has previously levied. Edward asks the Barons (some 1,500 knights) to swear allegiance to his 12-year-old son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Caernarfon</a>. Aware of the dangers of the opposition to his power, Edward appears before a large crowd and receives total loyalty.</li> <li>May – <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a>, Scottish rebel leader, leads an uprising against the English at <a href="/wiki/Lanark" title="Lanark">Lanark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Action_at_Lanark" title="Action at Lanark">kills Sheriff William Hesselrig</a>. He joins with <a href="/wiki/William_the_Hardy,_Lord_of_Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="William the Hardy, Lord of Douglas">William Douglas the Hardy</a>, the first Scottish nobleman in rebellion – combining forces at <a href="/wiki/Sanquhar" title="Sanquhar">Sanquhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durisdeer" title="Durisdeer">Durisdeer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Scone" title="Raid on Scone">Raid on Scone</a>) in June. Later, Wallace captures the English treasury at <a href="/wiki/Scone,_Scotland" title="Scone, Scotland">Scone</a> to finance the rebellion against Edward I of England.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Summer – Edward I of England orders a punitive expedition against the rebellious Scots. At <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh" title="Roxburgh">Roxburgh</a>, an army of some 9,000 men (including 2,000 cavalry) led by <a href="/wiki/John_de_Warenne,_6th_Earl_of_Surrey" title="John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey">John de Warenne</a> is assembled. Meanwhile, William Wallace leaves the forest of <a href="/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders" title="Selkirk, Scottish Borders">Selkirk</a> with reinforcements and turns his attention north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Forth" title="River Forth">River Forth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>July – In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, a group of nobles forms a confederacy (organized by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wishart" title="Robert Wishart">Robert Wishart</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Glasgow_and_Galloway" title="Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway">Glasgow</a>), but are defeated by English troops at <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_North_Ayrshire" title="Irvine, North Ayrshire">Irvine</a>. An agreement of submission to Edward I of England is signed by the future Scottish king <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> and other Scottish leaders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – Edward I of England leads an <a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Flanders_(1297%E2%80%931298)" title="English expedition to Flanders (1297–1298)">expedition to Flanders</a>. He moves with an army (some 8,000 men) supported by 800 knights to <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> and makes the city his base of operations in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge" title="Battle of Stirling Bridge">Battle of Stirling Bridge</a>: Scottish forces (some 6,000 men) led by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a> and William Wallace defeat an English army under John de Warenne at <a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a> on the Forth.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>October–November – Scottish forces led by William Wallace begin raids in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>. During a ceremony at Selkirk, Wallace is knighted and appointed <a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Guardian of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Contradicts <a href="/wiki/First_Scottish_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="First Scottish War of Independence">First Scottish War of Independence</a> that cites William Wallace as having been made a knight and Guardian of Scotland in March, 1298)</li> <li>Winter – Edward I of England accepts a truce proposed by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> ("the Fair") and leaves Flanders. He returns to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and prepares a campaign against William Wallace in Scotland.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_4"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_3"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1297&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Colonna" title="Stefano Colonna">Stefano Colonna</a>, Italian chief magistrate and papal official, captures the treasure of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Caecilia_Metella" title="Tomb of Caecilia Metella">tomb of Caecilia Metella</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, which is sent by the rival <a href="/wiki/Caetani" title="Caetani">Caetani</a> family to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vigueur_2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vigueur_2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>) is canonized by Boniface VIII. Louis a devout Christian of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, banned during his reign prostitution, gambling, <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> and judicial duels.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Boniface VIII attempts to end the rivalry between <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> over the Tyrrhenian islands of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, naming King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a> ("the Just") as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of the islands.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Water_Dog" title="Portuguese Water Dog">Portuguese Water Dog</a> is first described in a monk's report of a drowning sailor, who has been pulled from the sea by a dog.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1298">1298</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1298&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_6"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_8"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rindfleisch massacres</a>: The Jews of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ttingen" title="Röttingen">Röttingen</a> are <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at the stake">burned</a> en masse. The <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a> Dominican Rudolph (refers to him in Latin as a <i>carnifex</i>, i.e. butcher or executioner) goes from town to town and kills all the Jews that fall under his control. He destroys the Jewish communities at <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinkelsb%C3%BChl" title="Dinkelsbühl">Dinkelsbühl</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forchheim" title="Forchheim">Forchheim</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Nuremberg" title="Free Imperial City of Nuremberg">Free Imperial City of Nuremberg</a>, the Jews thought to seek refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Castle" title="Nuremberg Castle">Nuremberg Castle</a>, which are assisted by Christian citizens. But Rindfleisch overcomes the defenders and massacres the Jews, on <a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a>. Spreading from <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> to Bavaria and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, Rindfleisch and his persecutors destroy 146 communities, and some 20,000 Jews are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turaida" title="Battle of Turaida">Battle of Turaida</a>: Forces of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> are decisively defeated near <a href="/wiki/Turaida_Castle" title="Turaida Castle">Turaida Castle</a> by the residents of <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a>. After their defeat, the Livonians receive reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> and defeat the residents of Riga and Lithuanians near <a href="/wiki/%C4%80da%C5%BEi" title="Ādaži">Neuermühlen</a>, on <a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a>. The knights proceed with their campaign, and besiege and capture Riga. In response, King <a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI of Denmark</a> ("Menved") threatens to invade <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, but a truce is reached and the conflict is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%B6llheim" title="Battle of Göllheim">Battle of Göllheim</a>: German forces of Duke <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Germany" title="Albert I of Germany">Albert I</a> defeat King <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf of Nassau</a> at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6llheim" title="Göllheim">Göllheim</a> over the prince electors' decision, without electoral act – to dethrone Adolf and proclaim Albert the new ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, on <a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a>. During the battle, Adolf is killed and his army is destroyed with the loss of 3,000 horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curzola" title="Battle of Curzola">Battle of Curzola</a>: The Genoese fleet (some 80 galleys) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lamba_Doria" title="Lamba Doria">Lamba Doria</a> defeats the Venetian fleet at <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Curzola</a>. The disaster is almost complete for <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>: 83 of the 95 galleys are destroyed and some 7,000 men are killed. During the battle, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, commanding one of the Venetian ships, is captured.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After a year's siege, the revolting Italian commune of <a href="/wiki/Palestrina" title="Palestrina">Palestrina</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> surrenders to the Papal forces, razed to the ground and <a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">salted</a> by order of Boniface VIII, in an act of <i><a href="/wiki/Debellatio" title="Debellatio">debellatio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles_2"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Summer – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") marches from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> with his household to <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a> and then by way of <a href="/wiki/Chillingham,_Northumberland" title="Chillingham, Northumberland">Chillingham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh" title="Roxburgh">Roxburgh</a> in Scotland, where he joins the army in July. He proceeds to Lauderdale and encamps at <a href="/wiki/Kirkliston" title="Kirkliston">Kirkliston</a>, to the west of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, where he remains from <a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> to <a href="/wiki/July_20" title="July 20">July 20</a>. The army is accompanied by a long train of supply wagons. Meanwhile, English supply ships, delayed by bad weather, bring food to <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk" title="Battle of Falkirk">Battle of Falkirk</a>: English forces (some 15,000 men) led by Edward I defeat a Scottish army led by <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Falkirk" title="Falkirk">Falkirk</a>. During the battle, the English knights drive off the Scottish horse and archers, but cannot break the pikemen in the center. The Scottish pikemen are formed in four great "hedgehogs" (known as <a href="/wiki/Schiltron" title="Schiltron">schiltron</a>) but are destroyed by English <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> archers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_6"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_India_(1297%E2%80%931298)" title="Mongol invasion of India (1297–1298)">Mongol invasion of India</a>: Mongol forces led by <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_Khwaja" title="Qutlugh Khwaja">Qutlugh Khwaja</a> invade the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and occupy the castle of <a href="/wiki/Sehwan" title="Sehwan">Sivistan</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>). Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> sends an army under <a href="/wiki/Zafar_Khan_(Indian_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zafar Khan (Indian general)">Zafar Khan</a>, who defeats the Mongols, on <a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a>. Some 20,000 Mongols are killed in the ensuing battle. The survivors are put into chains and brought to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, where they are <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_elephant" title="Execution by elephant">trampled to death</a> by elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Fushimi" title="Emperor Fushimi">Emperor Fushimi</a> abdicates the throne after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Fushimi" title="Emperor Go-Fushimi">Go-Fushimi</a> as the 93rd <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor of Japan</a> (until <a href="/wiki/1301" title="1301">1301</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_5"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cities_and_towns"> Cities and towns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – The "ideal city" of <a href="/wiki/Marciac" title="Marciac">Marciac</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is founded by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> ("the Fair") and his Seneschal Guichard de Marzé (or Marciac).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The foreign creditors of the Sienese <a href="/wiki/Gran_Tavola" title="Gran Tavola">Gran Tavola</a> Bank start demanding their deposits back, thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.<sup id="cite_ref-biografico_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biografico-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_4"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> are named the first <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>. They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Technology"> Technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1298&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(inventor)" title="Wang Zhen (inventor)">Wang Zhen</a>, Chinese inventor and politician, invents a wooden <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1299">1299</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1299&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_place_7"> By place</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: By place"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Europe_9"> Europe</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_4" title="July 4">July 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Orlando" title="Battle of Cape Orlando">Battle of Cape Orlando</a>: An Aragonese-Angevin fleet (some 60 galleys) led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Lauria" title="Roger of Lauria">Roger of Lauria</a> defeats a Sicilian fleet near <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>. During the battle, the larger Aragonese fleet is trapped on a <a href="/wiki/Lee_shore" title="Lee shore">lee shore</a>, but can exploit the situation with the intervention of its 6 reserve galleys. The Sicilians flee when the flagship, with King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick III of Sicily</a> on board, pulls back after he collapses from heat exhaustion. Lauria captures 18 Sicilian ships, and orders the massacre of their crews to avenge the death of his nephew at the hands of Frederick.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> agree to a thirty-year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan military support to Genoa's enemies in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Holland" title="John I, Count of Holland">John I</a>, count of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">Holland</a>, dies and is succeeded by his uncle <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_of_Holland" title="John II, Count of Holland">John II</a>. He establishes a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">County of Hainaut</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falconaria" title="Battle of Falconaria">Battle of Falconaria</a>: Sicilian forces under King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Sicily" title="Frederick III of Sicily">Frederick II</a> defeat <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Taranto">Philip I of Taranto</a>. During the battle, Philip is taken prisoner.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="British_Isles_3"> British Isles</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> ("Longshanks") marries the 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a>, the half-sister of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> ("the Fair").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> accompanied by a Scottish retinue goes abroad to <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> on a diplomatic mission, evidently to canvas support for the kingship of <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Old_Bowling_Green" title="Southampton Old Bowling Green">Southampton Old Bowling Green</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>. It is the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Bowling_green" title="Bowling green">bowling green</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Levant_3"> Levant</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>December – Mongol forces (some 10,000 men) led by <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan Khan</a> cross the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates River</a> and invade <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. They continue south, and successfully take <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>. There, Ghazan is joined by forces from his vassal state of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Hethum_II_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hethum II of Armenia">Hethum II</a> leads the Armenian army (which includes <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Templar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> knights). He participates during the Mongol offensive and regains all the Armenian territories which have previously been lost to the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a>–<a href="/wiki/December_23" title="December 23">23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khaznadar" title="Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar">Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar</a>: Mongol forces under Ghazan Khan defeat a Mamluk army (some 30,000 men) north of <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir_Muhammad" title="Al-Nasir Muhammad">Al-Nasir Muhammad</a> flees with the remnants of his army to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Ghazan splits his forces, one part sacks Damascus and besieges the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">citadel</a>. Another part pursues the retreating Mamluks as far as <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, pushing them back to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Asia_7"> Asia</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spring – <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol invasion of India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, sends his sons <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_Khwaja" title="Qutlugh Khwaja">Qutlugh Khwaja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duwa_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Duwa Temür">Duwa Temür</a> with an army of some 50,000 horsemen over the border. The Mongols bypass villages to maximize speed, intending to strike directly at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> itself. At the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Jumna River</a>, Mongol forces under Qutlugh defeated <a href="/wiki/Zafar_Khan_(Indian_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zafar Khan (Indian general)">Zafar Khan</a>, and are forced to retreat to Delhi. News of the defeat causes thousands to abandon their homes, the capital is soon flooded with refugees. The streets, the markets and the mosques become overcrowded. Meanwhile, the merchant caravans headed for Delhi are interrupted by the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a> orders the army (some 35,000 men) to prepare for the march to <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. One part of the army under <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan</a> starts its march from Delhi. Another part, led by <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a>, marches from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and attacks <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a> along the way. When the army returns from raiding Gujarat, Mongol soldiers stage a mutiny over payment of <i><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">khums</a></i> (one-fifth of the share of loot). The mutiny is crushed, the mutineer families in Delhi are punished and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mongol invasion of India: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kili" title="Battle of Kili">Battle of Kili</a>: Alauddin Khalji raises forces (some 70,000 men with 700 elephants) and attacks the Mongols under Qutlugh Khwaja north of Delhi. Zafar Khan, looking to avenge his defeat on the River Jumna, leads the first charge, attacking the Mongol left flank, which breaks before him. Zafar gives chase to drive them from the field – but he is ambushed by a feigned retreat. He is captured and executed with all his men. Qutlugh is wounded in battle and dies during the return journey.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_of_Pagan" title="Kyawswa of Pagan">Kyawswa of Pagan</a> and his son, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Theingapati" title="Theingapati">Theingapati</a>, are executed at <a href="/wiki/Kyaukse_District" title="Kyaukse District">Myinsaing</a>, by the three brothers of the <a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a> (nominally Kyawswa's viceroys), for submitting and being a vassal to the Mongol-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (since <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a> (or Othman) declares the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beylik</a> (principality) to be independent of the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, originating the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Osman becomes the founder and the first ruler, with <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a> as the capital, which will last until the <a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Sang_Nila_Utama" title="Sang Nila Utama">Sang Nila Utama</a>, a Srivijaya prince. Upon his coronation, he adopts the official title <i>Sri Tri Buana</i> (translated as "Lord of Three Worlds").<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_topic_6"> By topic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: By topic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Cities_and_towns_2"> Cities and towns</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-7" title="Edit section: Cities and towns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_1" title="April 1">April 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> is granted city status in England by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> of Edward I.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Literature_2"> Literature</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Approximate date – <a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a> completes taking down <i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a></i> from Marco while they are both imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Markets_2"> Markets</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-9" title="Edit section: Markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> is recorded as borrowing from Italian merchants. He obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks, from agents of the <a href="/wiki/Frescobaldi" title="Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a> Firm in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Religion_5"> Religion</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> issues the papal bull "Scimus, Fili" condemning Edward I of England's invasion and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Science_and_technology"> Science and technology</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1299&action=edit&section=T-11" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> is now in widespread use in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> for manufacturing woolen yarn.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_people">Significant people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Significant people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1290s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>, <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>, <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>, <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>, <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>, <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>, <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>, <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>, <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a></div> <p><b>1290</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Portugal" title="Constance of Portugal">Constance of Portugal</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1313" title="1313">1313</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Bodrugan" title="Otto Bodrugan">Otto Bodrugan</a>, English landowner and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakushitsu_Genk%C5%8D" title="Jakushitsu Genkō">Jakushitsu Genkō</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> master and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1367" title="1367">1367</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold I, Duke of Austria">Leopold I, Duke of Austria</a> ("the Glorious"), German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_(1290%E2%80%931313)" title="Anne of Bohemia (1290–1313)">Anne of Bohemia</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (d. 1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Khwaju_Kermani" title="Khwaju Kermani">Khwaju Kermani</a>, Persian poet and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Haakonsdatter" title="Agnes Haakonsdatter">Agnes Haakonsdatter</a>, Norwegian noblewoman and princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1319" title="1319">1319</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a> (or Pontedera), Italian sculptor and architect (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a>, Italian cleric, scholar and theologian (d. 1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Silesia" title="Beatrice of Silesia">Beatrice of Silesia</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">House of Piast</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buton_Rinchen_Drub" title="Buton Rinchen Drub">Buton Rinchen Drub</a>, Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daichi_Sokei" title="Daichi Sokei">Daichi Sokei</a>, Japanese Buddhist monk, disciple and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1366" title="1366">1366</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Giovanni Visconti (archbishop of Milan)">Giovanni Visconti</a>, Italian cardinal, archbishop and co-ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Gonzaga" title="Guido Gonzaga">Guido Gonzaga</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Qui%C3%A9ret" title="Hugues Quiéret">Hugues Quiéret</a>, French nobleman, admiral and advisor (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Artevelde" title="Jacob van Artevelde">Jacob van Artevelde</a>, Flemish merchant and statesman (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Dondi_dell%27Orologio" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio">Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio</a>, Italian doctor and polymath (d. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a>, French mathematician and astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maltravers,_1st_Baron_Maltravers" title="John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers">John Maltravers</a>, English nobleman, knight and governor (d. 1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parricida" title="John Parricida">John Parricida</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirishwar_Thakur" title="Jyotirishwar Thakur">Jyotirishwar Thakur</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Jiusi" title="Ke Jiusi">Ke Jiusi</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">landscape painter</a> and calligrapher (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabatake_Tomoyuki" title="Kitabatake Tomoyuki">Kitabatake Tomoyuki</a>, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuj%C5%8D_Fusazane" title="Kujō Fusazane">Kujō Fusazane</a>, Japanese nobleman, official and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Cameros" title="Peter of Castile, Lord of Cameros">Peter of Castile, Lord of Cameros</a>, Spanish nobleman and prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (d. 1319)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bersuire" title="Pierre Bersuire">Pierre Bersuire</a> (or Bercheure), French translator and encyclopaedist (d. <a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Yerucham" title="Rabbenu Yerucham">Rabbenu Yerucham</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> and scholar (<i><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">posek</a></i>) (d. 1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Willoughby" title="Richard de Willoughby">Richard de Willoughby</a>, English landowner and politician (d. 1362)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hesso,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Rudolf Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">House of Zähringen</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesson_Y%C5%ABbai" title="Sesson Yūbai">Sesson Yūbai</a>, Japanese Buddhist monk, priest and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I,_Marquis_of_Montferrat" title="Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat">Theodore I, Marquis of Montferrat</a> ("Palaiologos"), Byzantine nobleman and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Duvenvoorde" title="Willem van Duvenvoorde">Willem van Duvenvoorde</a>, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1291</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Afonso_IV_of_Portugal" title="Afonso IV of Portugal">Afonso IV</a> ("the Brave"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cangrande_I_della_Scala" title="Cangrande I della Scala">Cangrande I della Scala</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_8th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%8D_Uchitsune" title="Ichijō Uchitsune">Ichijō Uchitsune</a>, Japanese nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_the_Generous" title="Bolesław III the Generous">Bolesław III</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Vitry" title="Philippe de Vitry">Philippe de Vitry</a>, French musician and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aymon,_Count_of_Savoy" title="Aymon, Count of Savoy">Aymon</a> ("the Peaceful"), Savoyan nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Ebner" title="Margareta Ebner">Margareta Ebner</a>, German nun and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Audley,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Hugh de Audley, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Hugh de Audley</a>, English nobleman, knight and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Cerda" title="Luis de la Cerda">Luis de la Cerda</a>, French nobleman, prince and admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitgard_of_Wittichen" title="Luitgard of Wittichen">Luitgard of Wittichen</a>, German nun, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> and mystic (d. 1348)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Artois" title="Marie of Artois">Marie of Artois</a>, French noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Artois" title="House of Artois">House of Artois</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1365" title="1365">1365</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Kamal_Quhafah" title="Shah Kamal Quhafah">Shah Kamal Quhafah</a>, Arab philanthropist and mystic (d. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Din_Kinkata" title="Tōin Kinkata">Tōin Kinkata</a>, Japanese official, historian and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1292</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia_(1292%E2%80%931330)" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330)">Elizabeth of Bohemia</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>, Syrian polymath (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Cabrera_and_Ribera" title="Philip of Castile, Lord of Cabrera and Ribera">Philip of Castile</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Mild" title="Otto the Mild">Otto the Mild</a>, German nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chu_V%C4%83n_An" title="Chu Văn An">Chu Văn An</a>, Vietnamese physician and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarin</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_de_Clare" title="Eleanor de Clare">Eleanor de Clare</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a>, Tibetan religious leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisenda_of_Montcada" title="Elisenda of Montcada">Elisenda of Montcada</a>, queen consort and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evrard_d%27Orleans" title="Evrard d'Orleans">Evrard d'Orleans</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> sculptor and painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_III,_Count_of_Holstein-Rendsburg" title="Gerhard III, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg">Gerhard III</a> ("the Great"), German nobleman and prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_the_Faithful" title="Henry IV the Faithful">Henry IV the Faithful</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Burghersh" title="Henry Burghersh">Henry Burghersh</a>, English bishop and statesman (d. 1340)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a>, Byzantine emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grandisson" title="John Grandisson">John Grandisson</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marmion,_4th_Baron_Marmion_of_Winteringham" title="John Marmion, 4th Baron Marmion of Winteringham">John Marmion</a>, Norman nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Wallingford" title="Richard of Wallingford">Richard of Wallingford</a>, English mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Robert de Stratford</a>, English bishop and chancellor (d. <a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saionji_Neishi" title="Saionji Neishi">Saionji Neishi</a> (or Yasuko), Japanese court lady (d. 1337)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit_of_Bytom" title="Siemowit of Bytom">Siemowit of Bytom</a>, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1342)</li></ul> <p><b>1293</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Ruysbroeck">John of Ruysbroeck</a>, Brabantian mystic (approximate date; d. <a href="/wiki/1381" title="1381">1381</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_de_Clare" title="Margaret de Clare">Margaret de Clare</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felim_McHugh_O%27Connor" title="Felim McHugh O'Connor">Fedlim Ó Conchobair</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Stewart,_6th_High_Steward_of_Scotland" title="Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland">Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>1294</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> or <a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Durazzo" title="John, Duke of Durazzo">John, Duke of Durazzo</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> – <a href="/wiki/Kusunoki_Masashige" title="Kusunoki Masashige">Kusunoki Masashige</a>, Japanese samurai (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois,_Countess_of_Hainaut" title="Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut">Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1295</b> <i>some dates approximate</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Henry Suso</a>, German priest, mystic and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1366" title="1366">1366</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Clare" title="Elizabeth de Clare">Elizabeth de Clare</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Austria,_Duchess_of_Calabria" title="Catherine of Austria, Duchess of Calabria">Catherine of Austria</a>, German noblewoman and princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Eyj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Egill Eyjólfsson">Egill Eyjólfsson</a>, Icelandic deacon, scholar and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Colonna_(cardinal,_1295%E2%80%931348)" title="Giovanni Colonna (cardinal, 1295–1348)">Giovanni Colonna</a>, Italian cardinal (<a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">House of Colonna</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_Moritoki" title="Hōjō Moritoki">Hōjō Moritoki</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shikken" title="Shikken">shikken</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Flanders,_Countess_of_Montfort" title="Joan of Flanders, Countess of Montfort">Joanna of Flanders</a>, Flemish noblewoman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III,_Count_of_Dreux" title="John III, Count of Dreux">John III</a>, French nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Dreux" title="House of Dreux">House of Dreux</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Montfort" title="House of Montfort">House of Montfort</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alfonso_de_la_Cerda" title="Juan Alfonso de la Cerda">Juan Alfonso de la Cerda</a>, French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois,_Countess_of_Blois" title="Margaret of Valois, Countess of Blois">Margaret of Valois</a>, French noblewoman and princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_Gregoras" title="Nicephorus Gregoras">Nicephorus Gregoras</a>, Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1360)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Tameakira" title="Nijō Tameakira">Nijō Tameakira</a>, Japanese nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)"><i>waka</i></a> poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_IV,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy">Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy</a> (or Eudes), French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_II,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Reginald II, Duke of Guelders">Reginald II, Duke of Guelders</a> ("the Black"), Dutch nobleman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynold_Cobham,_1st_Baron_Cobham_of_Sterborough" title="Reynold Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough">Reynold Cobham</a>, English nobleman and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Eglesfield" title="Robert de Eglesfield">Robert de Eglesfield</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> (d. 1349)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takatsukasa_Fuyunori" title="Takatsukasa Fuyunori">Takatsukasa Fuyunori</a>, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalis_of_Assisi" title="Vitalis of Assisi">Vitalis of Assisi</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> monk and <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1296</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – "Blind" King <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John I of Bohemia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bruce" title="Marjorie Bruce">Marjorie Bruce</a>, Scottish princess, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland (d. <a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Taranto" title="Charles of Taranto">Charles of Taranto</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>, Archbishop of Thessalonica (d. <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roland of Sicily">Roland of Sicily</a>, Italian nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>probable</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a>, ruler of Lithuania (d. <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Burgundy" title="Blanche of Burgundy">Blanche of Burgundy</a>, queen consort of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Naian" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Naian">Shi Naian</a>, Chinese author (d. <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamagusuku" title="Tamagusuku">Tamagusuku</a>, ruler of Chuzan<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1297</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a>, Byzantine emperor (d. <a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno%C5%A1t_of_Pardubice" title="Arnošt of Pardubice">Arnošt of Pardubice</a>, Czech archbishop and advisor (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_8" title="July 8">July 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tarabya_I_of_Sagaing" title="Tarabya I of Sagaing">Tarabya I of Sagaing</a>, Burmese ruler (<a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hanazono" title="Emperor Hanazono">Hanazono</a>, Japanese emperor and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Othman" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman">Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman</a>, Marinid ruler of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Canaccio" title="Bernardo Canaccio">Bernardo Canaccio</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a>, poet and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles II, Count of Alençon">Charles II, Count of Alençon</a> ("Magnanimous"), French nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-Grubenhagen" title="Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen">Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen</a>, German nobleman and prince (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Eriksdottir_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway">Ingeborg Eriksdottir</a>, Norwegian princess and co-<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Sabran" title="Isabella of Sabran">Isabella of Sabran</a>, Spanish noblewoman and princess (d. <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a>, Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">House of Gediminids</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Monthermer" title="Mary de Monthermer">Mary de Monthermer</a> (or MacDuff), English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1371" title="1371">1371</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wake,_2nd_Baron_Wake_of_Liddell" title="Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell">Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell</a>, English nobleman, governor and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanagiwara_Sukeakira" title="Yanagiwara Sukeakira">Yanagiwara Sukeakira</a>, Japanese nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Kugy%C5%8D" title="Kugyō">kugyō</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1298</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ufford,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Robert Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk">Robert Ufford</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Gongwon" title="Queen Gongwon">Gongwon</a>, Korean queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Albert II, Duke of Austria">Albert II, Duke of Austria</a> ("the Lame"), German nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Murray_(soldier)" title="Andrew Murray (soldier)">Andrew Murray</a>, Scottish nobleman, knight and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Acciaioli_(bishop)" title="Angelo Acciaioli (bishop)">Angelo Acciaioli</a>, Italian nobleman, cleric, friar and bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernat_II_de_Cabrera" title="Bernat II de Cabrera">Bernat II de Cabrera</a>, Aragonese nobleman and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Charles, Duke of Calabria">Charles of Calabria</a>, Italian nobleman and Vicar-General (d. <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Burgh" title="Edmond de Burgh">Edmond de Burgh</a>, Norman nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgh" title="House of Burgh">House of Burgh</a>) (d. 1338)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Carinthia,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily">Elizabeth of Carinthia</a>, Sicilian queen consort and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everhard_II_van_Limburg_Hohenlimburg" title="Everhard II van Limburg Hohenlimburg">Everhard II of Limburg</a>, German nobleman and co-ruler (d. <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Poland" title="Kunigunde of Poland">Kunigunde of Poland</a>, Polish princess (<a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">House of Piast</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter,_Count_of_Dreux" title="Peter, Count of Dreux">Peter I of Dreux</a>, French nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Dreux" title="House of Dreux">House of Dreux</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qvarqvare_I_Jaqeli" title="Qvarqvare I Jaqeli">Qvarqvare I</a>, Georgian nobleman and prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Mtavari" title="Mtavari">mtavari</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Boqi" title="Zhou Boqi">Zhou Boqi</a>, Chinese magistrate, calligrapher and poet (d. 1369)</li></ul> <p><b>1299</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Friendly" title="Henry the Friendly">Henry the Friendly</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_de_Verdon,_1st_Baron_Verdon" title="John de Verdon, 1st Baron Verdon">John de Verdon</a>, English nobleman and knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1376" title="1376">1376</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Greystoke,_1st_Baron_Greystoke" title="Ralph de Greystoke, 1st Baron Greystoke">Ralph de Greystoke</a>, English landowner (d. <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Comyn" title="Elizabeth de Comyn">Elizabeth de Comyn</a>, English noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1372" title="1372">1372</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso IV of Aragon">Alfonso IV</a> ("the Gentle"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a>)</li> <li><i>unknown dates</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kakuichi" title="Akashi Kakuichi">Akashi Kakuichi</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Buddhist</a> monk and musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1371" title="1371">1371</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry of Tver</a>, Russian nobleman and Grand Prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeotto_I_Malatesta" title="Galeotto I Malatesta">Galeotto I Malatesta</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (<i><a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a></i>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" title="Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse">Henry II, Landgrave of Hesse</a> ("the Iron"), German nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (d. 1376)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1290" title="1290">1290</a>, <a href="/wiki/1291" title="1291">1291</a>, <a href="/wiki/1292" title="1292">1292</a>, <a href="/wiki/1293" title="1293">1293</a>, <a href="/wiki/1294" title="1294">1294</a>, <a href="/wiki/1295" title="1295">1295</a>, <a href="/wiki/1296" title="1296">1296</a>, <a href="/wiki/1297" title="1297">1297</a>, <a href="/wiki/1298" title="1298">1298</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1299" title="1299">1299</a></div> <p><b>1290</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dervorguilla_of_Galloway" title="Dervorguilla of Galloway">Dervorguilla of Galloway</a>, Scottish noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_3" title="February 3">February 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_XIII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria</a>, German nobleman, co-ruler and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_dal_Bastone" title="John dal Bastone">John dal Bastone</a>, Italian monk, priest and preacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Kirkby_(bishop_of_Ely)" title="John Kirkby (bishop of Ely)">John Kirkby</a>, English bishop, vice-chancellor and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaston_VII,_Viscount_of_B%C3%A9arn" title="Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn">Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn</a> ("Froissard"), French nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf II, Duke of Austria">Rudolf II, Duke of Austria</a>, German nobleman (House of Habsburg) (b. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice Portinari</a>, Italian muse of Dante (b. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shamsuddin II</a>, Mamluk ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a> ("the Righteous"), High Duke of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary" title="Ladislaus IV of Hungary">Ladislaus IV</a> ("the Cuman"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Croatia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1283" title="1283">1283</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Qalawun" title="Qalawun">Qalawun</a> ("the Victorious"), Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1222" title="1222">1222</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1241" title="1241">1241</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_I,_Count_of_Henneberg" title="Herman I, Count of Henneberg">Herman I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Henneberg" title="House of Henneberg">House of Henneberg</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III</a> (or I) ("Birgersson"), king of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_I,_Count_of_Holstein-Itzehoe" title="Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe">Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe</a>, German nobleman, knight and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_Countess_of_Auxerre" title="Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre">Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre</a>, French noblewoman and ruler (<i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_de_Lusignan,_Countess_of_Gloucester" title="Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Gloucester">Alice de Lusignan, Countess of Gloucester</a>, French noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">House of Lusignan</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Cesarini" title="Cecilia Cesarini">Cecilia Cesarini</a> (or Caecilia), Italian noblewoman and nun (b. <a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist scholar-monk</a>, disciple and priest (b. <a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_the_Cuman" title="Elizabeth the Cuman">Elizabeth the Cuman</a>, queen of Hungary (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">House of Arpad</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_Mustawfi" title="Fakhr al-Din Mustawfi">Fakhr al-Din Mustawfi</a>, Persian finance minister, advisor and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a></li></ul> <p><b>1291</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_5" title="March 5">March 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a>, Persian physician and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun Khan</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Sabir_Kaliyari" title="Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari">Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> preacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ingoldsthorpe" title="Thomas Ingoldsthorpe">Thomas Ingoldsthorpe</a>, English archdeacon and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Clermont" title="Matthew of Clermont">Matthew of Clermont</a>, French nobleman and Marshal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bengt_Birgersson" title="Bengt Birgersson">Bengt Birgersson</a>, Swedish duke and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Bernburg" title="John I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg">John I</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso III of Aragon">Alfonso III</a> (or II; "the Liberal"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tanhum_of_Jerusalem" title="Tanhum of Jerusalem">Tanhum of Jerusalem</a>, Outremer lexicographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_al-Din_Hajjaj" title="Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj">Muzaffar al-Din Hajjaj</a>, Qutlughkhanid prince and co-ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1247" title="1247">1247</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_VII,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Herman VII, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> ("the Rouser"), German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1266" title="1266">1266</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1218" title="1218">1218</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Tuta" title="Frederick Tuta">Frederick Tuta</a>, German nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Werle" title="Henry I of Werle">Henry I of Werle</a>, German nobleman, prince and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Lippi" title="Francesco Lippi">Francesco Lippi</a>, Italian monk and <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1211" title="1211">1211</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Castilla_y_Molina" title="Alfonso de Castilla y Molina">Alfonso de Castilla y Molina</a>, Castilian nobleman and prince (<i><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">infante</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1286" title="1286">1286</a>)</li> <li>Badr al-Din <a href="/wiki/Solamish" title="Solamish">Solamish</a>, Mamluk ruler of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Montfort,_Count_of_Nola" title="Guy de Montfort, Count of Nola">Guy de Montfort</a>, English nobleman and <a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar-General</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1244" title="1244">1244</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Ta-gu" title="Hong Ta-gu">Hong Ta-gu</a> (or Jun-gi), Korean ruler and military leader (b. 1244)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Culanach_O%27Neill" title="Niall Culanach O'Neill">Niall Culanach O'Neill</a> (or Culanagh), Irish king of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a>, killed (b. <a href="/wiki/1231" title="1231">1231</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara_(died_1291)" title="Nuño González de Lara (died 1291)">Nuño González II</a>, Castilian nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Lara" title="House of Lara">House of Lara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Marmion,_5th_Baron_Marmion_of_Tamworth" title="Philip Marmion, 5th Baron Marmion of Tamworth">Philip Marmion, 5th Baron Marmion of Tamworth</a>, Norman <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Champion">King's Champion</a>, High Sheriff and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_1st_Baron_Braose" title="William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose">William de Braose, 1st Baron Braose</a>, Norman nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Braose" title="House of Braose">House of Braose</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Beaujeu" title="Guillaume de Beaujeu">Guillaume de Beaujeu</a>, French nobleman and Grand Master (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1292</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_VII,_Marquis_of_Montferrat" title="William VII, Marquis of Montferrat">William VII</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_10" title="February 10">February 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice_VI_de_Craon" title="Maurice VI de Craon">Maurice VI de Craon</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Courtenay" title="Hugh de Courtenay">Hugh de Courtenay</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1251" title="1251">1251</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a>, Italian pope of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thibaud_Gaudin" title="Thibaud Gaudin">Thibaud Gaudin</a>, French nobleman and Grand Master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Teck" title="Conrad II of Teck">Conrad II</a>, German nobleman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">House of Teck</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amato_Ronconi" title="Amato Ronconi">Amato Ronconi</a>, Italian monk, <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1226" title="1226">1226</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rhys_ap_Maredudd" title="Rhys ap Maredudd">Rhys ap Maredudd</a>, Welsh nobleman and prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kinga_of_Poland" title="Kinga of Poland">Kinga of Poland</a>, Hungarian princess and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1224" title="1224">1224</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_of_Saluzzo,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Alice of Saluzzo, Countess of Arundel">Alice of Saluzzo, Countess of Arundel</a>, Savoyan noblewoman and co-ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="William I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">William I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, German nobleman and co-ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1270" title="1270">1270</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benvenuta_Bojani" title="Benvenuta Bojani">Benvenuta Bojani</a>, Italian nun, mystic and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_Flanders" title="John of Flanders">John of Flanders</a>, Flemish nobleman and prince-bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kisshi" title="Saionji Kisshi">Saionji Kisshi</a> (or Ōmiya-in), empress of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burnell" title="Robert Burnell">Robert Burnell</a>, English bishop and chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1239" title="1239">1239</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Opole" title="Euphrosyne of Opole">Euphrosyne of Opole</a>, Polish noblewoman and regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a>, English archbishop and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Abraham Abulafia</a>, Spanish scholar, philosopher and writer (b. 1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Suwaydi_(physician)" title="As-Suwaydi (physician)">As-Suwaydi</a>, Syrian physician, pharmacologist and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy,_Lady_of_Villena" title="Beatrice of Savoy, Lady of Villena">Beatrice of Savoy, Lady of Villena</a>, Savoyan noblewoman (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>) (b. 1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Trilia" title="Bernard of Trilia">Bernard of Trilia</a>, French monk, theologian and philosopher (b. 1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmabala" title="Darmabala">Darmabala</a> ("Protector of the Law"), Mongolian nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1264" title="1264">1264</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hackeborn" title="Gertrude of Hackeborn">Gertrude of Hackeborn</a>, German noblewoman and abbess (b. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiraut_Riquier" title="Guiraut Riquier">Guiraut Riquier de Narbona</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> and writer (b. 1230)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_of_Sweden_(1263%E2%80%931292)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingeborg of Sweden (1263–1292)">Ingeborg of Sweden</a>, Swedish princess (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">House of Bjälbo</a>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1263" title="1263">1263</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie,_Countess_of_Carrick" title="Marjorie, Countess of Carrick">Marjorie, Countess of Carrick</a> (or Margaret), Scottish noblewoman (<i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>) (b. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, English monk, philosopher and scientist (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1293</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Meir_of_Rothenburg" title="Meir of Rothenburg">Meir of Rothenburg</a>, German rabbi (b. c.<a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a>, philosopher (b. c.<a href="/wiki/1217" title="1217">1217</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Forz,_suo_jure_8th_Countess_of_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel de Forz, suo jure 8th Countess of Devon">Isabella de Forz, Countess of Devon</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Khalil" title="Al-Ashraf Khalil">Al-Ashraf Khalil</a>, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (assassinated)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_VI_Narin" class="mw-redirect" title="David VI Narin">David VI Narin</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1225" title="1225">1225</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, Flemish <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> missionary (approximate date; b. c.<a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1294</b> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/250px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/330px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/500px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> of the Mongol Empire (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John I, Duke of Brabant">John I, Duke of Brabant</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Brienne,_Count_of_Eu" title="John I of Brienne, Count of Eu">John I of Brienne, Count of Eu</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mestwin_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania">Mestwin II, Duke of Pomerania</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia">Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Latini" title="Brunetto Latini">Brunetto Latini</a>, Florentine philosopher (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_of_Pereslavl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri of Pereslavl">Dmitri of Pereslavl</a>, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1295</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Baden,_Duchess_of_Carinthia" title="Agnes of Baden, Duchess of Carinthia">Agnes of Baden, Duchess of Carinthia</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan of the Baarin</a>, Mongol general (b. <a href="/wiki/1236" title="1236">1236</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a>, Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Brus,_5th_Lord_of_Annandale" title="Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale">Robert V de Brus</a>, Scottish nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Avesnes" title="Baldwin of Avesnes">Baldwin of Avesnes</a>, French nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1219" title="1219">1219</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile" title="Sancho IV of Castile">Sancho IV</a> ("the Brave"), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barnim_II,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnim II, Duke of Pomerania">Barnim II</a>, Polish nobleman and co-ruler (b. <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Peregrosso" title="Pietro Peregrosso">Pietro Peregrosso</a>, Italian scholar and cardinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ottone_Visconti" title="Ottone Visconti">Ottone Visconti</a>, Italian canon and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_of_Anjou" title="Charles Martel of Anjou">Charles Martel</a>, titular king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Hungary</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ruggieri_degli_Ubaldini" title="Ruggieri degli Ubaldini">Ruggieri degli Ubaldini</a>, Italian archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Baydu" title="Baydu">Baydu</a>, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Segrave,_1st_Baron_Segrave" title="Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave">Nicholas Segrave, 1st Baron Segrave</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1243" title="1243">1243</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Meyland" title="Roger de Meyland">Roger de Meyland</a>, English sheriff and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence" title="Margaret of Provence">Margaret of Provence</a>, queen consort of <a href="/wiki/France_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="France during the Middle Ages">France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1221" title="1221">1221</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Greater_Poland" title="Anna of Greater Poland">Anna of Greater Poland</a>, Polish princess and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1253" title="1253">1253</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Navarre,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Beatrice of Navarre, Duchess of Burgundy">Beatrice of Navarre</a>, French noblewoman and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1242" title="1242">1242</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenenna_of_Kuyavia" title="Fenenna of Kuyavia">Fenenna of Kuyavia</a> (or Kujawska), queen consort of Hungary (b. <a href="/wiki/1276" title="1276">1276</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Gorran" title="Nicholas of Gorran">Nicholas of Gorran</a>, French preacher and theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1232" title="1232">1232</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah_Khatun" title="Padishah Khatun">Padishah Khatun</a>, Mongol female ruler and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1256" title="1256">1256</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1296</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II of Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1257" title="1257">1257</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_le_Romeyn" title="John le Romeyn">John le Romeyn</a>, Archbishop of York<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odon_de_Pins" title="Odon de Pins">Odon de Pins</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller">Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_de_Valence,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William de Valence, 1st Earl of Pembroke</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Pope Celestine V</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1215" title="1215">1215</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>, 1st Earl of Lancaster, son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1245" title="1245">1245</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Floris_V,_Count_of_Holland" title="Floris V, Count of Holland">Floris V, Count of Holland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_II_von_Rotteneck" title="Heinrich II von Rotteneck">Heinrich II von Rotteneck</a>, prince-bishop of Regensburg<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_9" title="August 9">August 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Brienne" title="Hugh, Count of Brienne">Hugh, Count of Brienne</a>, French crusader<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Louis III, Duke of Bavaria">Louis III, Duke of Bavaria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Durand" title="Guillaume Durand">Guillaume Durand</a>, French canonist and writer<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Mar" title="Isabella of Mar">Isabella of Mar</a>, Scottish countess, spouse of <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert I of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Darlington" title="Adam de Darlington">Adam de Darlington</a>, Bishop of Caithness (approximate date)<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>date unknown</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1296)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1296)">Philippe de Rémi</a>, French lawyer and royal official (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1247" title="1247">1247</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanus_of_Novara" title="Campanus of Novara">Campanus of Novara</a>, Italian astronomer and mathematician (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Dnyaneshwar</a>, Hindu saint and poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1275" title="1275">1275</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_ud_din_Firuz_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji">Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> in India<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarabya_of_Pegu" title="Tarabya of Pegu">Tarabya of Pegu</a>, self-proclaimed ruler<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_5th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford">Robert de Vere, 5th Earl of Oxford</a> (b. c.1240)<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1297</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Florent_of_Hainaut" title="Florent of Hainaut">Florent of Hainaut</a>, Latin prince of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Achaea" title="Principality of Achaea">Achaea</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1255" title="1255">1255</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Cortona" title="Margaret of Cortona">Margaret of Cortona</a>, Italian nun and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1247" title="1247">1247</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_II_of_Westerburg" title="Siegfried II of Westerburg">Siegfried II of Westerburg</a>, German nobleman and archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1258" title="1258">1258</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Habsburg" title="Judith of Habsburg">Judith of Habsburg</a>, Bohemian queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Jeguk" title="Princess Jeguk">Jeguk</a> (Jangmok), Korean princess and queen consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1259" title="1259">1259</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9rard_de_Got" title="Bérard de Got">Bérard de Got</a>, French cardinal, bishop and diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_13" title="August 13">August 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Aldenberg" title="Gertrude of Aldenberg">Gertrude of Aldenberg</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1227" title="1227">1227</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_Burgrave_of_Nuremberg" title="Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg">Frederick III, Burgrave of Nuremberg</a>, German nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1220" title="1220">1220</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John II</a>, Byzantine emperor of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1262" title="1262">1262</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Beaulieu" title="Simon de Beaulieu">Simon de Beaulieu</a>, French nobleman and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Toulouse" title="Louis of Toulouse">Louis of Toulouse</a>, Neapolitan archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1274" title="1274">1274</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_(bishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="William Fraser (bishop of St Andrews)">William Fraser</a>, Scottish monk, chancellor and bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Cressingham" title="Hugh de Cressingham">Hugh de Cressingham</a>, English advisor and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Mowbray,_1st_Baron_Mowbray" title="Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray">Roger de Mowbray</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1254" title="1254">1254</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Aycelin" title="Hugh Aycelin">Hugh Aycelin</a>, French priest and cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray" title="Andrew Moray">Andrew Moray</a> (or de Moray), Scottish nobleman and rebel leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesso,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Hesso, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a>, German nobleman, co-ruler and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Brienne" title="Louis of Brienne">Louis of Brienne</a>, French nobleman and knight (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Brienne" title="County of Brienne">County of Brienne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktabai" title="Muktabai">Muktabai</a> (or Mukta), Indian religious leader and mystic (b. <a href="/wiki/1279" title="1279">1279</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_Komnenos_Doukas" title="Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas">Nikephoros I Komnenos Doukas</a>, Latin ruler (<a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despot</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radulphus_de_Canaberiis" title="Radulphus de Canaberiis">Radulphus de Canaberiis</a>, French nobleman, teacher and canon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzJohn" title="Richard FitzJohn">Richard FitzJohn</a>, English nobleman, judge, constable and knight</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_Montalt,_1st_Baron_Montalt" title="Roger de Montalt, 1st Baron Montalt">Roger de Montalt</a>, Norman nobleman and rebel leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1265" title="1265">1265</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>1298</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lodomer" title="Lodomer">Lodomer</a>, Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_John_Olivi" title="Peter John Olivi">Peter John Olivi</a>, French theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1248" title="1248">1248</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_I,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">Siegfried I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a>, German prince (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>)</li> <li>March 25 or <a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_of_Louth" title="William of Louth">William of Louth</a> (or de Luda), English bishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Moray_(justiciar)" title="Andrew Moray (justiciar)">Andrew Moray</a>, Scottish nobleman and justiciar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_II,_Count_of_Hohenberg-Rotenburg" title="Albrecht II, Count of Hohenberg-Rotenburg">Albrecht II, Count of Hohenberg-Rotenburg</a>, German nobleman and governor (b. <a href="/wiki/1235" title="1235">1235</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rni_%C3%9Eorl%C3%A1ksson" title="Árni Þorláksson">Árni Þorláksson</a>, Icelandic cleric and bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1237" title="1237">1237</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI,_Count_of_Zollern" title="Frederick VI, Count of Zollern">Frederick VI, Count of Zollern</a>, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_22" title="May 22">May 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Tiptoft" title="Robert de Tiptoft">Robert de Tiptoft</a>, Norman landowner and governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_of_Poland" title="Yolanda of Poland">Yolanda of Poland</a>, Hungarian princess (b. 1235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolf,_King_of_the_Romans" title="Adolf, King of the Romans">Adolf of Nassau</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">House of Nassau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> or <a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>, Italian archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Graham" title="John de Graham">John de Graham</a>, Scottish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Clan_Graham" title="Clan Graham">Clan Graham</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_(knight,_died_1298)" title="John Stewart (knight, died 1298)">John Stewart</a>, Scottish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Clan_Stewart" title="Clan Stewart">Clan Stewart</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macduff_of_Fife" title="Macduff of Fife">Macduff of Fife</a>, Scottish nobleman (<a href="/wiki/Clan_MacDuff" title="Clan MacDuff">Clan MacDuff</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thoros_III" title="Thoros III">Thoros III</a> (or Toros), king of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1271" title="1271">1271</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a>, German Jewish <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_II,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Albert II, Duke of Saxony">Albert II, Duke of Saxony</a>, German nobleman and co-ruler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Houghton_(bishop)" title="William Houghton (bishop)">William Houghton</a>, English diplomat and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_29" title="August 29">August 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Bar" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar">Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1269" title="1269">1269</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dandolo_(admiral)" title="Andrea Dandolo (admiral)">Andrea Dandolo</a>, Venetian nobleman and admiral</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guido_I_da_Montefeltro" title="Guido I da Montefeltro">Guido I da Montefeltro</a>, Italian military strategist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_3rd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford">Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford</a>, English nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1249" title="1249">1249</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimery_IV_of_Narbonne" title="Aimery IV of Narbonne">Aimery IV of Narbonne</a>, Italian nobleman and knight (<i><a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Wetzikon" title="Elisabeth of Wetzikon">Elisabeth of Wetzikon</a>, Swiss noblewoman and <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbess</a> (b. 1235)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne_of_Greater_Poland" title="Euphrosyne of Greater Poland">Euphrosyne of Greater Poland</a>, Polish princess (House of Piast)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wasil" title="Ibn Wasil">Ibn Wasil</a>, Ayyubid scholar, judge, diplomat and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1208" title="1208">1208</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_del_Cassero" title="Jacopo del Cassero">Jacopo del Cassero</a>, Italian nobleman and magistrate (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Genoa" title="John of Genoa">John of Genoa</a> (Johannes Balbus), Italian priest, grammarian and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Procida" title="John of Procida">John of Procida</a>, Italian scholar, physician and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1210" title="1210">1210</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Soares_de_Valadares" title="Lourenço Soares de Valadares">Lourenço Soares de Valadares</a>, Portuguese nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1230" title="1230">1230</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugai_Nyodai" title="Mugai Nyodai">Mugai Nyodai</a>, Japanese nun, abbess and <a href="/wiki/Zen_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Zen Master">Zen Master</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_V,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Salzwedel" title="Otto V, Margrave of Brandenburg-Salzwedel">Otto V</a> ("the Tall"), German nobleman, knight and regent (b. <a href="/wiki/1246" title="1246">1246</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilets_of_Bulgaria" title="Smilets of Bulgaria">Smilets of Bulgaria</a>, Bulgarian emperor (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a></i>) (<a href="/wiki/Smilets_dynasty" title="Smilets dynasty">House of Smilets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Rhymer" title="Thomas the Rhymer">Thomas the Rhymer</a>, Scottish nobleman (<i><a href="/wiki/Laird" title="Laird">laird</a></i>), knight and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weyland" title="Thomas Weyland">Thomas Weyland</a>, English landowner, lawyer and administrator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Beauchamp,_9th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick">William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick</a>, English nobleman and knight (b. <a href="/wiki/1238" title="1238">1238</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_le_Hardi,_Lord_of_Douglas" title="William le Hardi, Lord of Douglas">William le Hardi, Lord of Douglas</a> ("the Bold"), Scottish nobleman and warlord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Hui" title="Yang Hui">Yang Hui</a> (or Qianguang), Chinese mathematician and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Musta%27simi" title="Yaqut al-Musta'simi">Yaqut al-Musta'simi</a>, Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>, calligrapher and writer</li></ul> <p><b>1299</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lajin" title="Lajin">Lajin</a>, Egyptian ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_10" title="April 10">April 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_al-Murahhal" title="Malik ibn al-Murahhal">Malik ibn al-Murahhal</a>, Moroccan poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_10" title="May 10">May 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyawswa_of_Pagan" title="Kyawswa of Pagan">Kyawswa</a>, Burmese ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1260" title="1260">1260</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theingapati" title="Theingapati">Theingapati</a>, Burmese prince and heir (Pagan Kingdom)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Pskov" title="Daumantas of Pskov">Daumantas of Pskov</a>, Lithuanian prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eric_II_of_Norway" title="Eric II of Norway">Eric II</a> (Magnusson), king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Norway</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1268" title="1268">1268</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Lichtenberg" title="Conrad of Lichtenberg">Conrad of Lichtenberg</a>, German bishop (b. 1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfert_I_van_Borselen" title="Wolfert I van Borselen">Wolfert I van Borselen</a>, Dutch nobleman and regent</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Newark" title="Henry of Newark">Henry of Newark</a>, English clerk and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Nonancourt" title="Nicolas de Nonancourt">Nicolas de Nonancourt</a>, French chancellor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakuen" title="Jakuen">Jakuen</a>, Japanese disciple and scholar (b. 1207)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Lord_of_Mecklenburg" title="John II, Lord of Mecklenburg">John II</a>, German nobleman, knight and regent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Holland" title="John I, Count of Holland">John I of Holland</a>, Dutch nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1284" title="1284">1284</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mechthild_of_Hackeborn" title="Mechthild of Hackeborn">Mechtilde</a>, German noblewoman and mystic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bohemond_I_(archbishop_of_Trier)" title="Bohemond I (archbishop of Trier)">Bohemond I</a>, German knight and archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Anjou" title="Margaret, Countess of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a>, French noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1272" title="1272">1272</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Basset,_1st_Lord_Basset_of_Drayton" title="Ralph Basset, 1st Lord Basset of Drayton">Ralph Basset</a>, English nobleman and governor</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1290s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngel2001" class="citation book cs1">Engel, Pál (2001). <i>The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526</i>. I.B. Tauris Publishers. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"><bdi>1-86064-061-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+St+Stephen%3A+A+History+of+Medieval+Hungary%2C+895%E2%80%931526&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86064-061-3&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A1l&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlČičajKohútovaLetz2002" class="citation book cs1">Bartl, Július; Čičaj, Viliam; Kohútova, Mária; Letz, Róbert; Segeš, Vladimír; Škvarna, Dušan (2002). <i>Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon</i>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Slovenské Pedegogické Nakladatel'stvo. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86516-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86516-444-4"><bdi>0-86516-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovak+History%3A+Chronology+%26+Lexicon&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers%2C+Slovensk%C3%A9+Pedegogick%C3%A9+Nakladatel%27stvo&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-86516-444-4&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlius&rft.au=%C4%8Ci%C4%8Daj%2C+Viliam&rft.au=Koh%C3%BAtova%2C+M%C3%A1ria&rft.au=Letz%2C+R%C3%B3bert&rft.au=Sege%C5%A1%2C+Vladim%C3%ADr&rft.au=%C5%A0kvarna%2C+Du%C5%A1an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mundill, Robin R. (2002). <i>England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290.</i> Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-52026-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-52026-6">0-521-52026-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">David Nicolle</a> (2005). Osprey: <i>Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states</i>, p. 49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5">978-1-84176-862-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 343. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nicolle (2005). Osprey: <i>Acre 1291 - Bloody sunset of the Crusader states</i>, p. 52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-862-5">978-1-84176-862-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 343. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Runciman (1952). <i>A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre</i>, p. 344. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-29877-0">978-0-241-29877-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>, p. 80. Primus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4">978-9-38060-734-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kington, J. <i>Climate and Weather</i>. HarperCollins Publishers, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>White Book of <a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></i> (15th century).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 96. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 97. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 97–98. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641941&type=-1">"行政区划 (in Chinese)"</a>. Government of Shanghai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505092811/https://www.shtong.gov.cn/difangzhi-front/book/detailNew?oneId=2&bookId=344775&parentNodeId=344806&nodeId=641940&type=-1%2A">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92+%28in+Chinese%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Shanghai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shtong.gov.cn%2Fdifangzhi-front%2Fbook%2FdetailNew%3FoneId%3D2%26bookId%3D344775%26parentNodeId%3D344806%26nodeId%3D641941%26type%3D-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Man, John (2007). <i>Kublai Khan: The Mongol king who remade China</i>, p. 281. London: Bantam Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8">978-0-553-81718-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunbar, Sir Archibald H.,Bt, <i>Scottish Kings – A Revised Chronology of Scottish History 1005–1625</i>, p. 115. Edinburgh, 1899.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynch2011" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael, ed. (February 24, 2011). <i>The Oxford Companion to Scottish history</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">281–</span>282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199693054" title="Special:BookSources/9780199693054"><bdi>9780199693054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Scottish+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.isbn=9780199693054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: <i>Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98</i> , p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4">1-84176-510-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, pp. 100–101. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 102. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Hugh (2014). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of Al-Andalus</i>, pp. 284–285. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87041-8">978-1-317-87041-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Templar_of_Tyre" title="Templar of Tyre">Templar of Tyre</a>, Chronicle (Getes des Chiprois). Published by Crawford, P., Ashgate Publishing. Ltd, Cyprus 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84014-618-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84014-618-4">1-84014-618-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2018" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Thomas A. (2018). <i>Christianity in Fifteenth-Century Iraq</i>. 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Leiden, New York, Köln: BRILL. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004101241" title="Special:BookSources/9789004101241"><bdi>9789004101241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citadel+of+Cairo%3A+A+New+Interpretation+of+Royal+Mameluk+Architecture&rft.place=Leiden%2C+New+York%2C+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789004101241&rft.aulast=Rabbat&rft.aufirst=Nasser+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Ep8I5jCD8QC%26dq%3DKhalil%2B1293%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHattori1878" class="citation news cs1">Hattori, J. (April 4, 1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhJCAQAAMAAJ&dq=1293+kamakura&pg=PA208">"Destructive Earthquakes of Japan"</a>. <i>The Japan Mail: A fortnightly summary of intelligence from Japan, for transmission to Europe and the United States, via Suez and San Francisco</i>. p. 178<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Mail%3A+A+fortnightly+summary+of+intelligence+from+Japan%2C+for+transmission+to+Europe+and+the+United+States%2C+via+Suez+and+San+Francisco&rft.atitle=Destructive+Earthquakes+of+Japan&rft.pages=178&rft.date=1878-04-04&rft.aulast=Hattori&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhJCAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3D1293%2Bkamakura%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagayama1997" class="citation book cs1">Nagayama, Kōkan (1997) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPyswmGDBFkC&dq=1293+shoo+einin&pg=PA164"><i>The Connoisseur's Book of Japanese Swords</i></a>. Tokyo, New York, London: Kodansha International. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784770020710" title="Special:BookSources/9784770020710"><bdi>9784770020710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Connoisseur%27s+Book+of+Japanese+Swords&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9784770020710&rft.aulast=Nagayama&rft.aufirst=K%C5%8Dkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPyswmGDBFkC%26dq%3D1293%2Bshoo%2Beinin%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2012" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&dq=1293+Kublai+Khan+fleet+java&pg=PA109"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598846591" title="Special:BookSources/9781598846591"><bdi>9781598846591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781598846591&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabNDLZQ6quYC%26dq%3D1293%2BKublai%2BKhan%2Bfleet%2Bjava%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&dq=1293+Majapahit&pg=PA824"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">822–</span>824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077702" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077702"><bdi>9781576077702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E822-%3C%2Fspan%3E824&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576077702&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26dq%3D1293%2BMajapahit%26pg%3DPA824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoss2009" class="citation book cs1">Goss, Glenda Dawn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=929lNk1fqXoC&dq=1293+Torkel+Knutsson&pg=PA152"><i>Sibelius: A Composer's Life and the Awakening of Finland</i></a>. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226304793" title="Special:BookSources/9780226304793"><bdi>9780226304793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sibelius%3A+A+Composer%27s+Life+and+the+Awakening+of+Finland&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780226304793&rft.aulast=Goss&rft.aufirst=Glenda+Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D929lNk1fqXoC%26dq%3D1293%2BTorkel%2BKnutsson%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/1355/vyborg-castle/">Vyborg Castle, Vyborg, Russia – Spotting History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPugh_Rupp2008" class="citation book cs1">Pugh Rupp, Teresa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqCYBvufYj0C&dq=1293+Ordinances+of+Justice&pg=PA323">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"If You Want Peace, Work for Justice": Dino Compagni's Cronica and the Ordinances of Justice"</a>. In Peterson, David S.; Bornstein, Daniel E. (eds.). <i>Florence and Beyond: Culture, Society and Politics in Renaissance Italy : Essays in Honour of John M. Najemy</i>. Toronto: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780772720382" title="Special:BookSources/9780772720382"><bdi>9780772720382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22If+You+Want+Peace%2C+Work+for+Justice%22%3A+Dino+Compagni%27s+Cronica+and+the+Ordinances+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Florence+and+Beyond%3A+Culture%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+Renaissance+Italy+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+M.+Najemy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Centre+for+Reformation+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780772720382&rft.aulast=Pugh+Rupp&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqCYBvufYj0C%26dq%3D1293%2BOrdinances%2Bof%2BJustice%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams1856" class="citation book cs1">Adams, William Henry Davenport (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ARJbAAAAcAAJ&dq=1293+isle+of+wight&pg=PA18"><i>The History, Topography, and Antiquities of the Isle of Wight. Described and Illustrated. [With Plates and a Map.]</i></a>. London: Smith, Elder & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History%2C+Topography%2C+and+Antiquities+of+the+Isle+of+Wight.+Described+and+Illustrated.+%5BWith+Plates+and+a+Map.%5D&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Company&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=William+Henry+Davenport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DARJbAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3D1293%2Bisle%2Bof%2Bwight%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpinozzi2009" class="citation book cs1">Spinozzi, Paola (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6er3ig5jGakC&dq=1293+La+Vita+Nuova&pg=PA77">"Journeying Through Translation: Dante among the Victorians, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in Medieval Italy"</a>. In Orestano, Francesca; Frigerio, Francesca (eds.). <i>Strange Sisters: Literature and Aesthetics in the Nineteenth Century</i>. Oxford, Bern: Peter Lang. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039118403" title="Special:BookSources/9783039118403"><bdi>9783039118403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journeying+Through+Translation%3A+Dante+among+the+Victorians%2C+Dante+Gabriel+Rossetti+in+Medieval+Italy&rft.btitle=Strange+Sisters%3A+Literature+and+Aesthetics+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Bern&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783039118403&rft.aulast=Spinozzi&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6er3ig5jGakC%26dq%3D1293%2BLa%2BVita%2BNuova%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRashdall2010" class="citation book cs1">Rashdall, Hastings (2010) [1895]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW7E7LQiu8kC&dq=1293+Studium+General+Madrid&pg=PA99"><i>The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 2, Part 1, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Scotland, Etc</i></a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108018111" title="Special:BookSources/9781108018111"><bdi>9781108018111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universities+of+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Volume+2%2C+Part+1%2C+Italy%2C+Spain%2C+France%2C+Germany%2C+Scotland%2C+Etc.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108018111&rft.aulast=Rashdall&rft.aufirst=Hastings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW7E7LQiu8kC%26dq%3D1293%2BStudium%2BGeneral%2BMadrid%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarsoum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_I_Barsoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Aphrem I Barsoum">Barsoum, Ephrem</a> (2008). <i>History of the Za'faran Monastery</i>. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Za%27faran+Monastery&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Barsoum&rft.aufirst=Ephrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSan2014" class="citation book cs1">San, Tan Koon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&q=kublai+khan+1294+for+khanates&pg=PA316"><i>Dynastic China: An Elementary History</i></a>. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: The Other Press. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839541885" title="Special:BookSources/9789839541885"><bdi>9789839541885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+China%3A+An+Elementary+History&rft.place=Petaling+Jaya%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=The+Other+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789839541885&rft.aulast=San&rft.aufirst=Tan+Koon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnCMBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkublai%2Bkhan%2B1294%2Bfor%2Bkhanates%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ulf0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ulf0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ulf0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundberg1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sundberg, Ulf (1999). <i>Medeltidens svenska krig</i> (in Swedish) (1st ed.). Stockholm: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hjalmarson_%26_H%C3%B6gberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hjalmarson & Högberg (page does not exist)">Hjalmarson & Högberg</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9189080262" title="Special:BookSources/9189080262"><bdi>9189080262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medeltidens+svenska+krig&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=100&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hjalmarson+%26+H%C3%B6gberg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9189080262&rft.aulast=Sundberg&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelton2014" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&q=1294+pope+celestine+V&pg=PA870"><i>Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History</i></a>. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 870. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690263" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690263"><bdi>9781610690263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History+%5B4+Volumes%5D%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=870&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610690263&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbI9_AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1294%2Bpope%2Bcelestine%2BV%26pg%3DPA870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreverton2014" class="citation book cs1">Breverton, Terry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqulBAAAQBAJ&q=1294+Madog+ap+Llywelyn&pg=PT18"><i>Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask</i></a>. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445638454" title="Special:BookSources/9781445638454"><bdi>9781445638454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+You+Ever+Wanted+to+Know+About+the+Tudors+but+Were+Afraid+to+Ask&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781445638454&rft.aulast=Breverton&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPqulBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D1294%2BMadog%2Bap%2BLlywelyn%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schaff, Philip (1998) [1882]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgC-yRJ5bo0C&q=1294+Boniface+VIII&pg=PT18"><i>History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517</i></a>. Vol. VI: The Middle Ages. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610250450" title="Special:BookSources/9781610250450"><bdi>9781610250450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+VI%3A+The+Middle+Ages.+A.D.+1294-1517.&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781610250450&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgC-yRJ5bo0C%26q%3D1294%2BBoniface%2BVIII%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich1988" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2r3xyaDaEC&q=1294+John+Balliol&pg=PA372"><i>Edward I</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520062665" title="Special:BookSources/9780520062665"><bdi>9780520062665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+I&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780520062665&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVp2r3xyaDaEC%26q%3D1294%2BJohn%2BBalliol%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpaltroBridge2005" class="citation book cs1">Spaltro, Kathleen; Bridge, Noeline (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUOzgLiyd54C&q=1294+Auld+Alliance&pg=PA59"><i>Royals of England: A Guide for Readers, Travelers, and Genealogists</i></a>. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai: iUniverse. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595373123" title="Special:BookSources/9780595373123"><bdi>9780595373123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royals+of+England%3A+A+Guide+for+Readers%2C+Travelers%2C+and+Genealogists&rft.place=New+York%2C+Lincoln%2C+Shanghai&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595373123&rft.aulast=Spaltro&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft.au=Bridge%2C+Noeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUOzgLiyd54C%26q%3D1294%2BAuld%2BAlliance%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSymonds1872" class="citation book cs1">Symonds, William Samuel (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordsofrocksor00symoiala"><i>Records of the Rocks; or, notes on the geology, natural history, and antiquities of North & South Wales, Devon, & Corne̱ll</i></a>. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordsofrocksor00symoiala/page/124">124</a>. <q>1294 Strata Florida Abbey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Rocks%3B+or%2C+notes+on+the+geology%2C+natural+history%2C+and+antiquities+of+North+%26+South+Wales%2C+Devon%2C+%26+Corne%CC%B1ll&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+Albemarle+Street&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=William+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordsofrocksor00symoiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurant2014" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfGPAgAAQBAJ&q=1294+Arnolfo+di+Cambio&pg=PT3952"><i>The Complete Story of Civilization: Our Oriental Heritage, Life of Greece, Caesar and Christ, Age of Faith, Renaissance, Age of Reason Begins, Age of Louis XIV, Age of Voltaire, Rousseau and Revolution, Age of Napoleon, Reformation</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476779713" title="Special:BookSources/9781476779713"><bdi>9781476779713</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Story+of+Civilization%3A+Our+Oriental+Heritage%2C+Life+of+Greece%2C+Caesar+and+Christ%2C+Age+of+Faith%2C+Renaissance%2C+Age+of+Reason+Begins%2C+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+Age+of+Voltaire%2C+Rousseau+and+Revolution%2C+Age+of+Napoleon%2C+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476779713&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfGPAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1294%2BArnolfo%2Bdi%2BCambio%26pg%3DPT3952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFossiReicheBussagli2004" class="citation book cs1">Fossi, Gloria; Reiche, Mattia; Bussagli, Marco (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTOQ2A5_j1EC&q=1294+Arnolfo+di+Cambio+cathedral&pg=PA44"><i>Italian Art. Painting, Sculpture, Architecture from the Origins to the Present Day</i></a>. Giunti Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788809037267" title="Special:BookSources/9788809037267"><bdi>9788809037267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Art.+Painting%2C+Sculpture%2C+Architecture+from+the+Origins+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Giunti+Editore&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788809037267&rft.aulast=Fossi&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft.au=Reiche%2C+Mattia&rft.au=Bussagli%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTOQ2A5_j1EC%26q%3D1294%2BArnolfo%2Bdi%2BCambio%2Bcathedral%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxTaylorTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Taylor, Professor Richard; Taylor, Richard (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3vFv2QssdgC&q=1294+Anglo-Portuguese+Alliance&pg=PA139"><i>European Integration and Disintegration: East and West</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134775217" title="Special:BookSources/9781134775217"><bdi>9781134775217</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Integration+and+Disintegration%3A+East+and+West&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781134775217&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Professor+Richard&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3vFv2QssdgC%26q%3D1294%2BAnglo-Portuguese%2BAlliance%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritzeRobison2002" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald H.; Robison, William Baxter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=INmdwCSkvIgC&q=1294+war+with+France&pg=PA215"><i>Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272-1485</i></a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313291241" title="Special:BookSources/9780313291241"><bdi>9780313291241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Late+Medieval+England%2C+1272-1485&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313291241&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft.au=Robison%2C+William+Baxter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DINmdwCSkvIgC%26q%3D1294%2Bwar%2Bwith%2BFrance%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (2011). <i>The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait</i>, p. 111. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2302-6">978-0-8122-2302-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Hywel (2005). <i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i>, p. 151. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8">0-304-35730-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Housley, Norman (1982). <i>The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades against Christian Lay Powers, 1254–1343</i>, p. 93. Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821925-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821925-3">0-19-821925-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brzezinski, Richard (1998). <i>History of Poland – Poland Divided</i>, p. 23. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7212-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-7212-019-6">83-7212-019-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, Thomas (2012). <i>Venice: A New History</i>, p. 181. Penguin Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780147509802" title="Special:BookSources/9780147509802">9780147509802</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicol, Donald M (1992). <i> Byzantium and Venice: a study in diplomatic and cultural relations</i>, p. 219. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42894-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42894-1">978-0-521-42894-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, Pete (2003). Osprey: <i>Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98</i>, p. 15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4">1-84176-510-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Craig Owen (2008). <i>Compact History of Welsh Heroes: The Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn</i>, p. 166. Publisher: Llygad Gwalch Cyf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845240752" title="Special:BookSources/9781845240752">9781845240752</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/150"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/150">150–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8"><bdi>0-304-35730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Chronology+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-304-35730-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Hywel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcassellschronolo0000will%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pounds, N. J. G. (1994). <i>The Medieval Castle in England and Wales: A Social and Political History</i>, p. 147. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45099-7">978-0-521-45099-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Andrew (4 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190223074354/https://www.berwickshirenews.co.uk/news/andrew-marshall-berwick-massacre-must-be-remembered-too-1-2877970">"Andrew Marshall: Berwick Massacre must be remembered too"</a>. <i>The Berwickshire News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berwickshirenews.co.uk/news/andrew-marshall-berwick-massacre-must-be-remembered-too-1-2877970">the original</a> on February 23, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berwickshire+News&rft.atitle=Andrew+Marshall%3A+Berwick+Massacre+must+be+remembered+too&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berwickshirenews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fandrew-marshall-berwick-massacre-must-be-remembered-too-1-2877970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6003/">"Monuments, Sites and Cultural Landscape of Chiang Mai, Capital of Lanna"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. 2 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Monuments%2C+Sites+and+Cultural+Landscape+of+Chiang+Mai%2C+Capital+of+Lanna&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_Environment_ScotlandBTL31" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/BTL31">"Battle of Dunbar I (BTL31)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Dunbar+I+%28BTL31%29&rft.au=Historic+Environment+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.historicenvironment.scot%2Fdesignation%2FBTL31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1859" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=czN1Upfa8PIC&q=battle+of+dunbar+1296&pg=PA28"><i>The History of Dunbar: From the Earliest Records to the Present Time: with a Description of the Ancient Castles and Picturesque Scenery on the Borders of East Lothian</i></a>. London: James Downie. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Dunbar%3A+From+the+Earliest+Records+to+the+Present+Time%3A+with+a+Description+of+the+Ancient+Castles+and+Picturesque+Scenery+on+the+Borders+of+East+Lothian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=James+Downie&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DczN1Upfa8PIC%26q%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Bdunbar%2B1296%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=Alauddin+Khilji&pg=PA43"><i>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126901234" title="Special:BookSources/9788126901234"><bdi>9788126901234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788126901234&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC%26q%3DAlauddin%2BKhilji%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. B. Bhattacherje, <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates</i> (Sterling Publishers, 2009) p.A34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine2006" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John Van Antwerp (2006) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC&q=1296"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472082605" title="Special:BookSources/9780472082605"><bdi>9780472082605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780472082605&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh0Bu8C66TsC%26q%3D1296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward2012" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Michael C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&q=Zhou+Daguan+1296&pg=PA197"><i>Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</i></a>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490332" title="Special:BookSources/9780786490332"><bdi>9780786490332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786490332&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26q%3DZhou%2BDaguan%2B1296%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1925" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, G. 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London, New York, Bombay: Asian Educational Services. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120613652" title="Special:BookSources/9788120613652"><bdi>9788120613652</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Burma%3A+From+the+Earliest+Time+to+1824+A.D.%2C+the+Beginning+of+English+Conquest&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+Bombay&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=9788120613652&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmIVhKXwrFcC%26q%3DWareru%2BTarabya%2Belephant%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheila R. Ackerlind (1990). <i>King Dinis of Portugal and the Alfonsine heritage</i>, pp. 10–11. Peter Lang Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-0921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-0921-4">978-0-8204-0921-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles T. Wood (1966). <i>The French Apanages and the Capetian Monarchy, 1224–1328</i>, p. 59. Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, Pete (2003). 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Osprey: <i>Stirling Bridge & Falkirk 1297–98</i>, p. 33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-510-4">1-84176-510-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cowan, Edward J. (2007). <i>The Wallace Book</i>, p. 69. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-652-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85976-652-4">978-0-85976-652-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Crome (1999). <i>Scotland's First War of Independence</i>, p. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536316-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536316-0-5">978-0-9536316-0-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vigueur_2010-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vigueur_2010_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaire_Vigueur2010" class="citation book cs1">Maire Vigueur, Jean-Claude (2010). <i>L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'époque communale (XIIe-XIVe siècle)</i>. Paris: Tallandier. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84734-719-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84734-719-7"><bdi>978-2-84734-719-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27autre+Rome.+Une+histoire+des+Romains+a+l%27%C3%A9poque+communale+%28XIIe-XIVe+si%C3%A8cle%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-84734-719-7&rft.aulast=Maire+Vigueur&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&pg=RA2-PA452"><i>Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor</i></a>. 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London: Longmans, Green and co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1599888">1599888</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cassell's_Chronology_no_page_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Hywel (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will"><i>Cassell's Chronology of World History</i></a></span>. 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Naval Institute Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCancelleri" class="citation web cs1">Cancelleri, J.-A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/sinucello-della-rocca_(Dizionario-Biografico)/">"Sinucello della Rocca"</a>. <i>Dizionario biografico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Southampton Old Bowling Green was established during the reign of Richard I, and first used for a game of bowls in 1299," said Margaret, who has played at the Lower Canal Walk and Platform Road club.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader&rft.atitle=720+years+on+Southampton+Old+Bowling+Green+rolls+on%21&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheleader.info%2F2019%2F10%2F23%2F720-years-on-southampton-old-bowling-green-rolls-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/on-the-worlds-oldest-bowling-green"><i>On The World's Oldest Bowling Green</i></a> (Motion picture). 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Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780750901543" title="Special:BookSources/9780750901543"><bdi>9780750901543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+peerage%2C+or+a+history+of+the+House+of+Lords+and+all+its+members+from+the+earliest+times+by+G.E.C.%2C+revised+and+much+enlarged+%3A+addenda+%26+corrigenda&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780750901543&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Cokayne%2C+George+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUpmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrne2003" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Vincent (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=je4RSV6f95oC&q=fedlim"><i>The Hidden Annals: A Thousand Years of the Kingdom of Connaught 366-1385</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581125689" title="Special:BookSources/9781581125689"><bdi>9781581125689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Annals%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+the+Kingdom+of+Connaught+366-1385&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781581125689&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dje4RSV6f95oC%26q%3Dfedlim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2016" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Cindy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X_YyDAAAQBAJ&dq=Philip+V+1293&pg=PA58"><i>Studying Late Medieval History: A Thematic Approach</i></a>. London and New York: Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317211204" title="Special:BookSources/9781317211204"><bdi>9781317211204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Late+Medieval+History%3A+A+Thematic+Approach&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781317211204&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX_YyDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPhilip%2BV%2B1293%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC&dq=Philip+VI+1293&pg=PA893"><i>The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization</i></a>. Vol. 2. Westport, CN and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 893. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313337345" title="Special:BookSources/9780313337345"><bdi>9780313337345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1000-1650%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN+and+London&rft.pages=893&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313337345&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBHJ1eK_tcoC%26dq%3DPhilip%2BVI%2B1293%26pg%3DPA893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1998" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Charles Henry (1998) [1883]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eyik0rO0HlsC&dq=1293+Walter+Stewart&pg=PA261">"Pedigree LX"</a>. <i>Americans of Royal Descent: Collection of Genealogies Showing the Lineal Descent from Kings of Some American Families. Reproduced from Recognized Authorative Genealogical Works, From Printed Family Histories, and Verified Information Supplied in Manuscript Pedigrees</i> (Seventh ed.). Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806300542" title="Special:BookSources/9780806300542"><bdi>9780806300542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pedigree+LX&rft.btitle=Americans+of+Royal+Descent%3A+Collection+of+Genealogies+Showing+the+Lineal+Descent+from+Kings+of+Some+American+Families.+Reproduced+from+Recognized+Authorative+Genealogical+Works%2C+From+Printed+Family+Histories%2C+and+Verified+Information+Supplied+in+Manuscript+Pedigrees&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Com&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780806300542&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deyik0rO0HlsC%26dq%3D1293%2BWalter%2BStewart%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCossCossLloyd1988" class="citation book cs1">Coss, Peter R.; Coss, P. R.; Lloyd, Simon D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFhOA1a0jnkC&q=1294+charles+IV+france&pg=PA175"><i>Thirteenth Century England II: Proceedings of the Newcastle Upon Tyne Conference 1987</i></a>. Suffolk and Wolfeboro, NH: Boydell & Brewer. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851155135" title="Special:BookSources/9780851155135"><bdi>9780851155135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteenth+Century+England+II%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Newcastle+Upon+Tyne+Conference+1987&rft.place=Suffolk+and+Wolfeboro%2C+NH&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780851155135&rft.aulast=Coss&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft.au=Coss%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Simon+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFhOA1a0jnkC%26q%3D1294%2Bcharles%2BIV%2Bfrance%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1893" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Oscar (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guelphsghibelli00browgoog"><i>Guelphs & Ghibellines: A Short History of Mediaeval Italy from 1250-1409</i></a>. London: Methuen & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guelphsghibelli00browgoog/page/n215">199</a>. <q>1294 john duke of durazzo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guelphs+%26+Ghibellines%3A+A+Short+History+of+Mediaeval+Italy+from+1250-1409&rft.place=London&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguelphsghibelli00browgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2005" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen R. (2005) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMBdoimD2kIC&q=1294+Kusunoki+Masashige%2C&pg=PA90"><i>The Samurai: A Military History</i></a>. London and New York: Psychology Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873410387" title="Special:BookSources/9781873410387"><bdi>9781873410387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781873410387&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMBdoimD2kIC%26q%3D1294%2BKusunoki%2BMasashige%252C%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWold2002" class="citation book cs1">Wold, Carol Lee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4M7AAAAMAAJ&q=1294+Joan+of+Valois"><i>Ancestral families of John W. Clark of Deerfield, Massachusetts: Clark-Keyes & allied families including: Alcock, Allen, Allis, Anderson, Beardsley, Belden, Bigod, Blandford, Brown, Chester, Comstock, Copeland, de Clare, de Lacy, de Mowbray, de Quincy, de Ros, de Saye, de Vere, Dudley, FitzRobert, Goodrich, Gregory, Harlakenden, Hawks, Haynes, Hobart, Holden, Hooker, Howard, Hubbard, Kimball, Lamb, Lamberton, Marshall, Moore, Neville, Newcomb, Parmenter, Patterson, Plantagenet, Pynchon, Rice, Scott, Smead, Stoughton, Talcott, Townsend, Trowbridge, Welles, Wells, Woodbridge, Wyllys, Yorke</i></a>. Louisville, KY: Gateway Press. p. 97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancestral+families+of+John+W.+Clark+of+Deerfield%2C+Massachusetts%3A+Clark-Keyes+%26+allied+families+including%3A+Alcock%2C+Allen%2C+Allis%2C+Anderson%2C+Beardsley%2C+Belden%2C+Bigod%2C+Blandford%2C+Brown%2C+Chester%2C+Comstock%2C+Copeland%2C+de+Clare%2C+de+Lacy%2C+de+Mowbray%2C+de+Quincy%2C+de+Ros%2C+de+Saye%2C+de+Vere%2C+Dudley%2C+FitzRobert%2C+Goodrich%2C+Gregory%2C+Harlakenden%2C+Hawks%2C+Haynes%2C+Hobart%2C+Holden%2C+Hooker%2C+Howard%2C+Hubbard%2C+Kimball%2C+Lamb%2C+Lamberton%2C+Marshall%2C+Moore%2C+Neville%2C+Newcomb%2C+Parmenter%2C+Patterson%2C+Plantagenet%2C+Pynchon%2C+Rice%2C+Scott%2C+Smead%2C+Stoughton%2C+Talcott%2C+Townsend%2C+Trowbridge%2C+Welles%2C+Wells%2C+Woodbridge%2C+Wyllys%2C+Yorke&rft.place=Louisville%2C+KY&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Gateway+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wold&rft.aufirst=Carol+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4M7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D1294%2BJoan%2Bof%2BValois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPéporté2011" class="citation book cs1">Péporté, Pit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdUIO_fYRxQC&q=John+of+Bohemia+1296&pg=PA161"><i>Constructing the Middle Ages: Historiography, Collective Memory and Nation-Building in Luxembourg</i></a>. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004210677" title="Special:BookSources/9789004210677"><bdi>9789004210677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Historiography%2C+Collective+Memory+and+Nation-Building+in+Luxembourg&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004210677&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9port%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdUIO_fYRxQC%26q%3DJohn%2Bof%2BBohemia%2B1296%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2017" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, Lyle (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpyDDwAAQBAJ&q=Marjorie+Bruce+1296&pg=PT104"><i>House of Dunbar, Part II: After the Fall of the Earldom of Dunbar: The Rise and Fall of a Scottish Noble Family</i></a>. BookBaby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781543917383" title="Special:BookSources/9781543917383"><bdi>9781543917383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=House+of+Dunbar%2C+Part+II%3A+After+the+Fall+of+the+Earldom+of+Dunbar%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Scottish+Noble+Family&rft.pub=BookBaby&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781543917383&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpyDDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMarjorie%2BBruce%2B1296%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourfamtree.org/descend.php/Philip-I-of-Taranto-Prince-of-Achaea/109546">"Descendants of Philip I of Taranto, Prince of Achaea, 10 NOV 1278 - 26 DEC 1331; Outline Format"</a>. <i>www.ourfamtree.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourfamtree.org&rft.atitle=Descendants+of+Philip+I+of+Taranto%2C+Prince+of+Achaea%2C+10+NOV+1278+-+26+DEC+1331%3B+Outline+Format&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourfamtree.org%2Fdescend.php%2FPhilip-I-of-Taranto-Prince-of-Achaea%2F109546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKurianIII2010" class="citation book cs1">Kurian, George Thomas; III, James D. Smith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4G-52QT-8C&q=Gregory+Palamas+1296&pg=PA508"><i>The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature</i></a>. Vol. I. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810872837" title="Special:BookSources/9780810872837"><bdi>9780810872837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Toronto%2C+Plymouth&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810872837&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George+Thomas&rft.au=III%2C+James+D.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk4G-52QT-8C%26q%3DGregory%2BPalamas%2B1296%26pg%3DPA508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiunta1961" class="citation book cs1">Giunta, Francesco (1961). "Aragona, Orlando d'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Ghisalberti, Alberto M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/orlando-d-aragona_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"><i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i></a>. Vol. 3. Rome.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aragona%2C+Orlando+d%27&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.place=Rome&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Giunta&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Forlando-d-aragona_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuziedelis2011" class="citation book cs1">Suziedelis, Saulius A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkGB1CSfIlEC&q=Algirdas+1296&pg=PA42"><i>Historical Dictionary of Lithuania</i></a> (Second ed.). Lanham, Plymouth: Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810875364" title="Special:BookSources/9780810875364"><bdi>9780810875364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Lithuania&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Plymouth&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780810875364&rft.aulast=Suziedelis&rft.aufirst=Saulius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkGB1CSfIlEC%26q%3DAlgirdas%2B1296%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Elizabeth A .R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DsGjmShjAeEC&q=Blanche+of+Burgundy+1296&pg=PA223">"Chapter Eleven. Blanche Of Artois And Burgundy, Château-Gaillard, And The Baron De Joursanvault"</a>. In Smith, Katherine Allen; Wells, Scott (eds.). <i>Negotiating Community and Difference in Medieval Europe: Gender, Power, Patronage, and the Authority of Religion in Latin Christendom</i>. Studies in the History of Christian Traditions. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004171251" title="Special:BookSources/9789004171251"><bdi>9789004171251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Eleven.+Blanche+Of+Artois+And+Burgundy%2C+Ch%C3%A2teau-Gaillard%2C+And+The+Baron+De+Joursanvault&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Community+and+Difference+in+Medieval+Europe%3A+Gender%2C+Power%2C+Patronage%2C+and+the+Authority+of+Religion+in+Latin+Christendom&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004171251&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A+.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsGjmShjAeEC%26q%3DBlanche%2Bof%2BBurgundy%2B1296%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrance2001" class="citation book cs1">France, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmNoS2dndKsC&q=Shi+Nai%27an+1296&pg=PA232"><i>The Oxford Guide to Literature in English Translation</i></a>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199247844" title="Special:BookSources/9780199247844"><bdi>9780199247844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Literature+in+English+Translation&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780199247844&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmNoS2dndKsC%26q%3DShi%2BNai%2527an%2B1296%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Japan.htm">"Japan"</a>. <i>www.worldstatesmen.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814325315" title="Special:BookSources/9780814325315"><bdi>9780814325315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peering+Through+the+Lattices%3A+Mystical%2C+Magical%2C+and+Pietistic+Dimensions+in+the+Tosafist+Period&rft.place=Detroit%2C+MI&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780814325315&rft.aulast=Kanarfogel&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DanAUUroT4N4C%26dq%3D1293%2BMeir%2Bof%2BRothenburg%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2003" class="citation book cs1">Stone, M. W. F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bwuXbEFL5cC&dq=1293+Henry+of+Ghent&pg=PA201">"Henry of Ghent on Freedom and Human Action"</a>. In Decorte, Jos; Guldentops, Guy; Steel, Carlos G. (eds.). <i>Henry of Ghent and the Transformation of Scholastic Thought: Studies in Memory of Jos Decorte</i>. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789058673299" title="Special:BookSources/9789058673299"><bdi>9789058673299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+of+Ghent+on+Freedom+and+Human+Action&rft.btitle=Henry+of+Ghent+and+the+Transformation+of+Scholastic+Thought%3A+Studies+in+Memory+of+Jos+Decorte&rft.place=Leuven%2C+Belgium&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789058673299&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=M.+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bwuXbEFL5cC%26dq%3D1293%2BHenry%2Bof%2BGhent%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLegg2004" class="citation book cs1">Legg, Katrina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d6GtVT1kBEC&dq=1293+Isabel+de+Forz&pg=PA11"><i>Bolton Priory: Its Patrons and Benefactors 1120-1293</i></a>. Borthwick Papers. Vol. 106. York: Borthwick Publications. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904497134" title="Special:BookSources/9781904497134"><bdi>9781904497134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolton+Priory%3A+Its+Patrons+and+Benefactors+1120-1293&rft.place=York&rft.series=Borthwick+Papers&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Borthwick+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781904497134&rft.aulast=Legg&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7d6GtVT1kBEC%26dq%3D1293%2BIsabel%2Bde%2BForz%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaag2012" class="citation book cs1">Haag, Michael (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyoftemplar00haag"><i>The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States</i></a></span>. Suffolk: Profile. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyoftemplar00haag/page/241">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847658548" title="Special:BookSources/9781847658548"><bdi>9781847658548</bdi></a>. <q>1293 Al-Ashraf Khalil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+the+Templars%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Crusader+States&rft.place=Suffolk&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Profile&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781847658548&rft.aulast=Haag&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftragedyoftemplar00haag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontpéreux1839" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montpéreux, Frédéric Dubois de (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDwEAAAAYAAJ&dq=1293+David+VI+Narin&pg=PA164"><i>Voyage autour du Caucase, chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases, en Colchide, en Géorgie, en Arménie et en Crimée</i></a> (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Librairie de Gide. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyage+autour+du+Caucase%2C+chez+les+Tcherkesses+et+les+Abkhases%2C+en+Colchide%2C+en+G%C3%A9orgie%2C+en+Arm%C3%A9nie+et+en+Crim%C3%A9e&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Librairie+de+Gide&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Montp%C3%A9reux&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Dubois+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDwEAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3D1293%2BDavid%2BVI%2BNarin%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRuysbroeckPian_de_Carpine1998" class="citation book cs1">Ruysbroeck, Willem van; Pian de Carpine, John of (1998) [1900]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELmBrO-ipYIC&q=+1293"><i>The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253-55: As Narrated by Himself with Two Accounts of the Earlier Journey of John of Pian de Carpine</i></a>. Translated by Woodville Rockhill, William. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120613386" title="Special:BookSources/9788120613386"><bdi>9788120613386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+the+Eastern+Parts+of+the+World%2C+1253-55%3A+As+Narrated+by+Himself+with+Two+Accounts+of+the+Earlier+Journey+of+John+of+Pian+de+Carpine&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+Madras&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788120613386&rft.aulast=Ruysbroeck&rft.aufirst=Willem+van&rft.au=Pian+de+Carpine%2C+John+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELmBrO-ipYIC%26q%3D%2B1293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeeseGoetzmann2006" class="citation book cs1">McNeese, Tim; Goetzmann, William H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qIcWikw1ofgC&q=1295+kublai+khan+dies&pg=PA142"><i>Marco Polo and the Realm of Kublai Khan</i></a>. Explorers of New Lands. Philadelphia, PA: Infobase Publishing. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438102467" title="Special:BookSources/9781438102467"><bdi>9781438102467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+and+the+Realm+of+Kublai+Khan&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.series=Explorers+of+New+Lands&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781438102467&rft.aulast=McNeese&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Goetzmann%2C+William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqIcWikw1ofgC%26q%3D1295%2Bkublai%2Bkhan%2Bdies%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeep2001" class="citation book cs1">Jeep, John M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PzorDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+John+I%2C+Duke+of+Brabant&pg=PA72"><i>Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001): An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Abingdon & New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351665407" title="Special:BookSources/9781351665407"><bdi>9781351665407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Germany+%282001%29%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Abingdon+%26+New+York&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781351665407&rft.aulast=Jeep&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPzorDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1294%2BJohn%2BI%252C%2BDuke%2Bof%2BBrabant%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerry2018" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Guy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WFjDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+John+I+of+Brienne%2C+Count+of+Eu&pg=PR23"><i>The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356</i></a>. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107196902" title="Special:BookSources/9781107196902"><bdi>9781107196902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Briennes%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Champenois+Dynasty+in+the+Age+of+the+Crusades%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931356&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107196902&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WFjDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1294%2BJohn%2BI%2Bof%2BBrienne%252C%2BCount%2Bof%2BEu%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMożejko2017" class="citation book cs1">Możejko, Beata (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiUlDwAAQBAJ&q=1294+Mestwin+II%2C+Duke+of+Pomerania&pg=PA14"><i>New Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Gdańsk, Poland and Prussia</i></a>. 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London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/criticalhistori01barlgoog/page/n452">423</a>. <q>1294 Brunetto Latini.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Philosophical+Contributions+to+the+Study+of+the+Divina+Commedia&rft.place=London+and+Edinburgh&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Henry+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalhistori01barlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rusmania.com/central/yaroslavl-region/pereslavl-zalessky/history-of-pereslavl-zalessky">"History of Pereslavl-Zalessky | Rusmania"</a>. <i>rusmania.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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East Central and Eastern European in the Middle Ages, 450 - 1450. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004182745" title="Special:BookSources/9789004182745"><bdi>9789004182745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Slippery+Memory+of+Men%27%3A+The+Place+of+Pomerania+in+the+Medieval+Kingdom+of+Poland&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=East+Central+and+Eastern+European+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+450+-+1450&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004182745&rft.aulast=Milliman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiLnEYpw_puIC%26q%3DPrzemys%25C5%2582%2BII%2B1296%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David Michael (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LaYN9S6q6YC&q=John+le+Romeyn+1296&pg=PA7"><i>A Guide to the Archive Collections in the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research</i></a>. Borthwick Texts and Calendars: Records of the Northern Province. Vol. I. York: Borthwick Publications. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903857024" title="Special:BookSources/9780903857024"><bdi>9780903857024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Archive+Collections+in+the+Borthwick+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.place=York&rft.series=Borthwick+Texts+and+Calendars%3A+Records+of+the+Northern+Province&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Borthwick+Publications&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780903857024&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LaYN9S6q6YC%26q%3DJohn%2Ble%2BRomeyn%2B1296%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Saint-Allais1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Saint-Allais, M. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobiliaireunive01pongoog"><i>Nobiliaire universel de France: ou Recueil général des généalogies historiques des maisons nobles de ce royaume</i></a> (in French). Paris: Au bureau du Nobiliaire universel de France, Réimprimé à la Librairie Bachelin-Deflorenne. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobiliaireunive01pongoog/page/n193">177</a>. <q>Odon de Pins 1296.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobiliaire+universel+de+France%3A+ou+Recueil+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+des+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogies+historiques+des+maisons+nobles+de+ce+royaume&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Au+bureau+du+Nobiliaire+universel+de+France%2C+R%C3%A9imprim%C3%A9+%C3%A0+la+Librairie+Bachelin-Deflorenne&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=de+Saint-Allais&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnobiliaireunive01pongoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1972" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, J. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198223597" title="Special:BookSources/9780198223597"><bdi>9780198223597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aymer+de+Valence%2C+Earl+of+Pembroke%2C+1307-1324%3A+Baronial+Politics+in+the+Reign+of+Edward+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780198223597&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFjjDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DWilliam%2Bde%2BValence%2B1296%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation book cs1">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=Pope+Celestine+V+1296&pg=PA168"><i>Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA, Denver, CO, Oxford: ABC-CLIO. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576073551" title="Special:BookSources/9781576073551"><bdi>9781576073551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+People+of+the+World%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA%2C+Denver%2C+CO%2C+Oxford&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576073551&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26q%3DPope%2BCelestine%2BV%2B1296%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1855" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, John (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientarmouran00blaigoog"><i>Ancient Armour and Weapons in Europe from the Iron Period of the Northern Nations to the End of the Thirteenth Century</i></a>. Oxford: John Henry and James Parker. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientarmouran00blaigoog/page/n377">347</a>. <q>Edmund Crouchback 1296.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Armour+and+Weapons+in+Europe+from+the+Iron+Period+of+the+Northern+Nations+to+the+End+of+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=John+Henry+and+James+Parker&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientarmouran00blaigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrouwer2016" class="citation book cs1">Brouwer, Maria (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=52PUDAAAQBAJ&q=Floris+V+1296&pg=PA188"><i>Governmental Forms and Economic Development: From Medieval to Modern Times</i></a>. Amsterdam: Springer. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319420400" title="Special:BookSources/9783319420400"><bdi>9783319420400</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governmental+Forms+and+Economic+Development%3A+From+Medieval+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319420400&rft.aulast=Brouwer&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D52PUDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DFloris%2BV%2B1296%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpindlerKraus1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spindler, Max; Kraus, Andreas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qapdkLDD2vkC&q=Heinrich+II+von+Rotteneck+1296&pg=PA344"><i>Geschichte der Oberpfalz und des bayerischen Reichskreises bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts</i></a>. Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte (in German). Vol. III. Munich: C.H.Beck. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783406394539" title="Special:BookSources/9783406394539"><bdi>9783406394539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Oberpfalz+und+des+bayerischen+Reichskreises+bis+zum+Ausgang+des+18.+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=Munich&rft.series=Handbuch+der+bayerischen+Geschichte&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783406394539&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Kraus%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqapdkLDD2vkC%26q%3DHeinrich%2BII%2Bvon%2BRotteneck%2B1296%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerry2018" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Guy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WFjDwAAQBAJ&q=Hugh%2C+Count+of+Brienne+1296&pg=PR21"><i>The Briennes: The Rise and Fall of a Champenois Dynasty in the Age of the Crusades, c. 950–1356</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107196902" title="Special:BookSources/9781107196902"><bdi>9781107196902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Briennes%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Champenois+Dynasty+in+the+Age+of+the+Crusades%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931356&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781107196902&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WFjDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHugh%252C%2BCount%2Bof%2BBrienne%2B1296%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoudSchenk2017" class="citation book cs1">Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkwrDwAAQBAJ&q=Louis+III%2C+Duke+of+Bavaria+1296&pg=PR25"><i>The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians</i></a>. London and New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. xxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317022008" title="Special:BookSources/9781317022008"><bdi>9781317022008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+German+Principalities%2C+1100-1350%3A+Essays+by+German+Historians&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317022008&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft.au=Schenk%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkwrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DLouis%2BIII%252C%2BDuke%2Bof%2BBavaria%2B1296%26pg%3DPR25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulman2008" class="citation book cs1">Bulman, Jan K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOJErmnEfhgC&q=Guillaume+Durand+1296&pg=PT81"><i>The Court Book of Mende and the Secular Lordship of the Bishop: Recollecting the Past in Thirteenth-Century Gévaudan</i></a>. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442691971" title="Special:BookSources/9781442691971"><bdi>9781442691971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Court+Book+of+Mende+and+the+Secular+Lordship+of+the+Bishop%3A+Recollecting+the+Past+in+Thirteenth-Century+G%C3%A9vaudan&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Buffalo%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781442691971&rft.aulast=Bulman&rft.aufirst=Jan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOJErmnEfhgC%26q%3DGuillaume%2BDurand%2B1296%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMason2012" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Laird David Elsworth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7O8IBAAAQBAJ&q=Isabella+of+Mar+1296&pg=PA133"><i>My McCurdy Family and Collateral Lines Including Native American and Some Royal Family</i></a>. Maumee, OH: Lulu.com. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781300356011" title="Special:BookSources/9781300356011"><bdi>9781300356011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+McCurdy+Family+and+Collateral+Lines+Including+Native+American+and+Some+Royal+Family&rft.place=Maumee%2C+OH&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781300356011&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Laird+David+Elsworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7O8IBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DIsabella%2Bof%2BMar%2B1296%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatt1969" class="citation book cs1">Watt, D. E. R. (1969) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISUbAAAAYAAJ&q=Adam+de+Darlington+1296"><i>Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae medii aevi ad annum 1638</i></a>. Edinburgh: Printed for the Scottish Record Society by Smith and Ritchie Ltd. p. 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasti+Ecclesiae+Scoticanae+medii+aevi+ad+annum+1638&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Scottish+Record+Society+by+Smith+and+Ritchie+Ltd.&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=D.+E.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISUbAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAdam%2Bde%2BDarlington%2B1296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellerReichert2001" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Sarah-Grace; Reichert, Michelle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-xcAAAAMAAJ&q=Philippe+de+R%C3%A9mi+1296"><i>Essays on the Poetic and Legal Writings of Philippe de Remy and His Son Philippe de Beaumanoir of Thirteenth-century France</i></a>. Vol. 21. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773473836" title="Special:BookSources/9780773473836"><bdi>9780773473836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Poetic+and+Legal+Writings+of+Philippe+de+Remy+and+His+Son+Philippe+de+Beaumanoir+of+Thirteenth-century+France&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=E.+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780773473836&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Grace&rft.au=Reichert%2C+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-xcAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DPhilippe%2Bde%2BR%25C3%25A9mi%2B1296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAgarwalSen2014" class="citation book cs1">Agarwal, Ravi P.; Sen, Syamal K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bENTBQAAQBAJ&q=Campanus+of+Novara+1296&pg=PA122"><i>Creators of Mathematical and Computational Sciences</i></a>. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319108704" title="Special:BookSources/9783319108704"><bdi>9783319108704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creators+of+Mathematical+and+Computational+Sciences&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783319108704&rft.aulast=Agarwal&rft.aufirst=Ravi+P.&rft.au=Sen%2C+Syamal+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbENTBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DCampanus%2Bof%2BNovara%2B1296%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandit2007" class="citation book cs1">Pandit, Shrinivas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyqljCZkO-oC&q=Dnyaneshwar+1296&pg=PA95"><i>Dabawalas: Lessons for Building Lasting Success Based on Values</i></a>. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780070621510" title="Special:BookSources/9780070621510"><bdi>9780070621510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dabawalas%3A+Lessons+for+Building+Lasting+Success+Based+on+Values&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780070621510&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Shrinivas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhyqljCZkO-oC%26q%3DDnyaneshwar%2B1296%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThorpeThorpe2012" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick (2012) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HC-zALzDp_oC&q=Jalal-ud-din+Khalji+1296&pg=PA37"><i>The Pearson Concise General Knowledge Manual 2012</i></a>. Chandigarh, Delhi, Chennai: Pearson Education India. p. 2.14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131761915" title="Special:BookSources/9788131761915"><bdi>9788131761915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+Concise+General+Knowledge+Manual+2012&rft.place=Chandigarh%2C+Delhi%2C+Chennai&rft.pages=2.14&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788131761915&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.au=Thorpe%2C+Showick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHC-zALzDp_oC%26q%3DJalal-ud-din%2BKhalji%2B1296%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickard2002" class="citation book cs1">Rickard, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GgTBxtdwzk8C&q=Robert+de+Vere+1296&pg=PA117"><i>The Castle Community: The Personnel of English and Welsh Castles, 1272-1422</i></a>. Suffolk and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851159133" title="Special:BookSources/9780851159133"><bdi>9780851159133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Castle+Community%3A+The+Personnel+of+English+and+Welsh+Castles%2C+1272-1422&rft.place=Suffolk+and+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780851159133&rft.aulast=Rickard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGgTBxtdwzk8C%26q%3DRobert%2Bde%2BVere%2B1296%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1290s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox416" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82968#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/14fb6ebc-7faf-4c3c-b2c6-c87241423d50">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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