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id="toc-Bethany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bethany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bethany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bethany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bethabara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bethabara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Bethabara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bethabara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Maghtas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Maghtas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Al-Maghtas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Maghtas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israelites'_crossing_of_the_Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israelites'_crossing_of_the_Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Israelites' crossing of the Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israelites'_crossing_of_the_Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophet_Elijah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophet_Elijah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prophet Elijah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophet_Elijah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Baptism of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Historicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History and archaeology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and archaeology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pre-Roman settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_Byzantine_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Roman and Byzantine periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_Byzantine_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_and_Ottoman_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_and_Ottoman_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Mamluk and Ottoman periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_and_Ottoman_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Rediscovery after 1994 and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tell_el-Kharrar_or_Elijah's_Hill_and_the_baptismal_pools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tell_el-Kharrar_or_Elijah's_Hill_and_the_baptismal_pools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tell el-Kharrar or Elijah's Hill and the baptismal pools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tell_el-Kharrar_or_Elijah's_Hill_and_the_baptismal_pools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bankside_area_(Zor)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bankside_area_(Zor)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bankside area (Zor)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankside_area_(Zor)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermitages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermitages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hermitages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermitages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>UNESCO involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Site_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Site management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Maghtas</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="المغطس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المغطس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="المغطس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="المغطس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8" title="अल-मगतस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल-मगतस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Magtas" title="Al Magtas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Al Magtas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בית עברה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית עברה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ალ-მაჰთასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალ-მაჰთასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magtasas" title="Magtasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magtasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="المغطس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المغطس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B9" title="アル＝マグタス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アル＝マグタス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਲ-ਮਾਘਤਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲ-ਮਾਘਤਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Эль-Махтас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эль-Махтас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maghtas" title="Al-Maghtas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Al-Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அல் மக்தாஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல் மக்தாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Ma%C4%9Ftas" title="El-Mağtas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El-Mağtas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ель-Магтас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ель-Магтас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="المغطس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="المغطس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Maghtas" title="Al Maghtas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Al Maghtas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Maghtas&params=31_50_14_N_35_33_01_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°50′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°33′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.83722°N 35.55028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.83722; 35.55028</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethabara&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Jordan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bethabara" redirects here. For the Moravian settlement in North Carolina, see <a href="/wiki/Bethabara_Historic_District" title="Bethabara Historic District">Bethabara Historic District</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Al-Maghtas<br />(Bethany Beyond the Jordan)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Native name</i><br /> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المغطس</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/250px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bethany_%285%29.JPG/500px-Bethany_%285%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Excavation of baptism site</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balqa_Governorate" title="Balqa Governorate">Balqa Governorate</a>, Jordan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Maghtas&params=31_50_14_N_35_33_01_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°50′14″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°33′01″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.83722°N 35.55028°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.83722; 35.55028</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptismsite.com">www<wbr />.baptismsite<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:235px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:235px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:235px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Maghtas is located in Jordan"><img alt="Al-Maghtas is located in Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/235px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/353px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Jordan_location_map.svg/470px-Jordan_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.79%;left:16.31%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Al-Maghtas"><img alt="Al-Maghtas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Al-Maghtas<br />(Bethany Beyond the Jordan) in Jordan</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" (Al-Maghtas)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: (iii)(vi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1446">1446</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data category">294.155 ha (1.13574 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Buffer zone</th><td class="infobox-data category">957.178 ha (3.69568 sq mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Al-Maghtas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المغطس</span>, al-Maġṭas, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">immersion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), officially known as <b>Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan"</b>, is an archaeological <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Jordan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan">World Heritage Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">east bank</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>, reputed to be the location of the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and venerated as such since at least the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place has also been referred to as <b>Bethabara</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית עברה</span>) and historically <b>Bethany</b> (<i>Beyond the Jordan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-SeeHL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeHL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Maghtas includes two principal archaeological areas: the remnants of a monastery on a mound known as Jabal Mar-Elias (<a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>'s Hill) and an area close to the river with remains of churches, baptism ponds and pilgrim and hermit dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two areas are connected by a stream called Wadi Kharrar.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strategic location between Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a> is already evident from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> report about the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> crossing the Jordan there. Jabal Mar-Elias is traditionally identified as the site of the <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">ascension</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">prophet Elijah</a> to heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-Noack_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete area was abandoned after the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, when both banks of the Jordan became part of the frontline. The area was heavily mined then.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabiya_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a> in 1994, de-mining of the area soon took place at the initiative of Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ghazi_bin_Muhammad" title="Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad">Prince Ghazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site has since then seen several archaeological digs, visits by three <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a>) and by many heads of state,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, the site was designated as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, excluding the western side of the river. Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American, and Arab tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-no_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands flock to the site on January 6 to mark <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bethany">Bethany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bethany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two passages from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> indicate a place "beyond the Jordan" or "across the Jordan": </p> <dl><dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%201:28&version=nrsv">John 1:28</a>: <i>These things took place in <a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a> beyond the Jordan, where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John</a> was baptising</i>. This is the only mention of this “Bethany on the East bank of the Jordan” in the New Testament.</dd> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2010:40&version=nrsv">John 10:40</a>: <i>He [Jesus] went away again across the Jordan to the place where John had been baptizing earlier, and he remained there</i>.</dd></dl> <p>"Bethany" may come from <i>beth-ananiah</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> for "house of the poor/afflicted".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Bethany" is shared with <a href="/wiki/Al-Eizariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Eizariya">a different town</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a>, mentioned many times in the New Testament. Most English versions of the New Testament refer to "Bethany on the east bank of the Jordan River" (including the <a href="/wiki/Douay-Rheims_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Douay-Rheims Bible">Douay-Rheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">NLT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revised_Standard_Version" title="Revised Standard Version">RSV</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bible_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bible Society">IBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darby_Bible" title="Darby Bible">Darby</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bethabara">Bethabara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bethabara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/250px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg/500px-Sapsaphas_Madaba.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> section showing <i>Βέθαβαρά το τού άγίου Ιωάννου τού βαπτίσματος</i> ("Bethabara, the place of St. John's baptising") to the west of the Jordan River</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> was a 3rd-century Christian scholar from Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-SeeHL_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeHL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noticing that in his time there was no place called Bethany east of the Jordan, he suggested amending the name to Bethabara, an existing place at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-SeeHL_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeHL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His suggestion was picked up by some, and it was used in several translations, including the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SeeHL_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeeHL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Bethabara" (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">beth-<span style="font-size:90%">AB</span>-ər-ə</i></a>; בית עברה; <i>bēt ‛ăbārāh</i>; Βηθαβαρά; <i>Bēthabará</i>; "house of the ford", "place of crossing") is the name used by some versions of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> for the site "beyond (i.e. east of) the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a>" where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> preached and performed <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptisms</a>, where he met with a group of <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levites" class="mw-redirect" title="Levites">Levites</a> sent by the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> to investigate his ministry, and where he <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">baptised Jesus</a> (Yeshua) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+1:28–29&version=nkjv">John 1:28–29</a>). The name "Bethabara" also appears on the 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a> (though west of the Jordan River) and in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The name is used in a number of versions, including the King James Version (following the <i><a href="/wiki/Textus_Receptus" title="Textus Receptus">Textus Receptus</a></i> and in the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>) the place where <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> was <a href="/wiki/Baptized" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptized">baptizing</a> in John 1:28 was not called Bethany, but <a href="/wiki/Bethabara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara">Bethabara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It follows the New York and Moscow uncials, corrected forms of <a href="/wiki/Codex_Ephraemi_Rescriptus" title="Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus">Ephraemi</a> and Athos, along with uncial fragments from St Petersburg, Paris, minuscule 1, and family 13, backed up by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, Cyril, some <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_text-type" title="Byzantine text-type">Byzantine texts</a> and lectionaries, and the Curetonian Old Syriac, Aramaic Peshitta, Armenian, and Georgian manuscripts, among others,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ". The reading <i>Bethabara</i> became current owing to the advocacy of both <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (3rd century)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> (4th century),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that same Bethabara is attested in both the 6th-century Madaba Map<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Adam_Smith" title="George Adam Smith">G. A. Smith</a> suggests in his "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land" (HGHL; 1915) that Bethany (<i>house of the ship</i>) and Bethabara (<i>house of the ford</i>) are names for the same place. The second place may also refer to the more northerly territory of <a href="/wiki/Batanaea" title="Batanaea">Batanaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MillerRectorRPI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerRectorRPI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Maghtas">Al-Maghtas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Al-Maghtas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Maghtas is the Arabic word for a site of immersion, and implicitly of baptism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Maghtas is located on the eastern bank of the Jordan River, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>. The entire site, which is spread over an area of 533.7 hectares (5.337 km<sup>2</sup>; 1,319 acres), has two distinct zones – Tell al-Kharrar, also called Jabal Mar Elias (Elijah's Hill), and the area close to the river (2 km (1.2 mi) to the west), the Zor area, where the ancient Church of Saint John the Baptist is situated.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site is close to the ancient road between <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and Transjordan, via <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, across a Jordan River ford and connecting to other biblical sites such as <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nebo" title="Mount Nebo">Mount Nebo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Highway_(ancient)" title="King's Highway (ancient)">King's Highway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arabiya_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arabiya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the initial site of veneration was on the eastern side of the River Jordan, the focus had shifted to the western side by the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliata_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliata-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Al-Maghtas itself has been used historically for the area stretching over both banks of the river. The western part, also known under the name <a href="/wiki/Qasr_el_Yahud" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr el Yahud">Qasr el-Yahud</a>, has been mentioned in the UNESCO proposal, but so far has not been declared as a World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChrPost_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrPost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2015, the site became available on <a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Street View in Jordan">Google Street View</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israelites'_crossing_of_the_Jordan"><span id="Israelites.27_crossing_of_the_Jordan"></span>Israelites' crossing of the Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israelites' crossing of the Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a> instructed the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> how to cross the Jordan by following the <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">priests</a> who were carrying the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> through the river, thus making its waters stop their flow (Joshua 3, mainly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joshua%203:14–17&version=nrsv">Joshua 3:14–17</a>). Ancient traditions identified Al-Maghtas, known in antiquity as <i>bet-'abarah</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Bethabara, "House of the Crossing" (see <a href="/wiki/Madaba_Map" title="Madaba Map">Madaba Map</a>), as the place where the people of Israel and later Prophet Elijah crossed the Jordan River and entered the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RamiKhouri_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamiKhouri-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NegevGibson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NegevGibson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophet_Elijah">Prophet Elijah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prophet Elijah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hebrew Bible also described how Prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, accompanied by Prophet <a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>, stopped the waters of the Jordan, crossing to the eastern side, and then went up by a whirlwind into the heavens. Elisha, now his heir, again separated the waters and crossed back (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%202:8–14&version=nrsv">2 Kings 2:8–14</a>). An ancient Jewish tradition identified the site of crossing with the same one used by Joshua, thus with Al-Maghtas, and the site of Elijah's ascension with Tell el-Kharrar, also known as Jabal Mar Elias, "Hill of Prophet Elijah".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism_of_Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baptism of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John probably baptised in springs and brooks at least as much as he did in the more dangerous Jordan River. The concrete example is "Aenon near Salim" of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:23&version=nrsv">John 3:23</a>, where "aenon" stands for spring. At Al-Maghtas there is a short brook, Wadi al-Kharrar, which flows to the Jordan, and is associated with the baptism activities of John.<sup id="cite_ref-Noack_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historicity">Historicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> states, "There is no archaeological evidence of Jesus ever having been baptized in these waters";<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the Jordanian, eastern side of the traditional baptism area of Al-Maghtas has been accepted by various Christian denominations as the authentic site of the baptism of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> in its consideration of "Bethany Beyond the Jordan" as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> notes that sites historically associated with Jesus' baptism also exist on the west bank across the river as well<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and puts forth that their investigation into the Al-Maghtas site for recognition as a World Heritage Center does not prove without doubt that the archaeological structures there actually relate historically to Jesus' baptism and further notes that other sites along the Jordan River have historically made similar claims.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baptism Site's official website shows 13 authentication testimonials from representatives of major international denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_archaeology">History and archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History and archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Al_Maghtas_in_the_1849_Lynch_Map_of_the_Jordan_River_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Al Maghtas in the 1849 Lynch Map of the Jordan River (cropped)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg/220px-Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg/330px-Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg/440px-Al_Maghtas_on_the_Survey_of_Palestine_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Al Maghtas on the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> map</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman_settlement">Pre-Roman settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The archaeological excavations have unearthed antiquities which attest to the conclusion that this site was first settled by a small group of agriculturists during the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic period</a>, around 3500 BC. There are again signs of settlement from the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_Byzantine_periods">Roman and Byzantine periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roman and Byzantine periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site contains buildings with both aspects of a Jewish <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> (ritual bath) resembling <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> pools from <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>, and later of Christian use, with large pools for baptism, linking both customs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possibly in the 2nd–3rd and certainly starting with the 5th–6th centuries, Christian religious structures were built at Tell al-Kharrar.<sup id="cite_ref-RamiKhouri2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RamiKhouri2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It must be remembered that in the 1st-4th centuries of the Christian Era, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was often persecuted by the Roman state, and only after it became first tolerated and then outright the state religion of the Roman, or now so-called Byzantine Empire, open Christian worship became possible. </p><p>Archaeological excavations also established that the hill of Tell al-Kharrar, known as Elijah's Hill, was venerated as the spot from which Prophet Elijah ascended to heaven. In the 5th century, in commemoration, a Byzantine monastery was erected here. The archaeologists have named it the "Monastery of Rhetorios" after a name from a Byzantine mosaic inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a> erected between 491 and 518 a first church dedicated to John the Baptist on the eastern banks of the River Jordan. However, due to two flood and earthquake events the church was destroyed. The church was reconstructed three times, until it crumbled, together with the chapel built over piers, during a major flood event in the 6th or 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pilgrimage sites have shifted throughout history. The main Christian archaeological finds from the Byzantine and possibly even Roman period indicated that the initial venerated pilgrimage site was on the east bank, but by the beginning of the 6th century the focus had moved onto the more accessible west bank of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliata_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliata-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Byzantine period, the site was a popular pilgrimage centre. The <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a> in 614, river floodings, earthquakes and the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">capture of Jerusalem in 637</a> put an end to Byzantine building activity on the east bank of the Jordan, particularly in the Wadi al-Kharrar area.<sup id="cite_ref-Waheeb_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waheeb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early Muslim period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Muslim conquest</a> put an end to Byzantine building activity on the east bank of the Jordan River, but several of the Byzantine structures remained in use during the Early Islamic period. With time worship took place just across the river on the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">western</a> side at Qasr el-Yahud.<sup id="cite_ref-River_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 670 AD the commemoration of the baptism site moved to the western side.<sup id="cite_ref-Waheeb_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waheeb-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_and_Ottoman_periods">Mamluk and Ottoman periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mamluk and Ottoman periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structures were rebuilt many times but were finally deserted by end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> monastery was built over remnants of an earlier Byzantine predecessor,<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but how long it lasted is not known. However, pilgrimage to the site declined and according to one pilgrim, the site was in ruins in 1484. From the 15th to the 19th century there were hardly any visits by pilgrims to the site. A small chapel dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> from the Byzantine period, was built during the 19th century and was also destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1927_Jericho_earthquake" title="1927 Jericho earthquake">1927 earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YNet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YNet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waheeb2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waheeb2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Piccirillo_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piccirillo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early part of the twentieth century, a farming community had occupied the area east of the Jordan River.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism">Rediscovery after 1994 and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rediscovery after 1994 and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg/220px-Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg/330px-Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg/440px-Jesus_baptism_site_-_River_Jordan_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The newly built Greek Orthodox Church of John the Baptist</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG/250px-The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG/330px-The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG/500px-The_Baptism_Site_of_Jesus_Christ_8.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Mural inside the new Greek Orthodox church: the baptism of Jesus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_-_Elisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mural_-_Elisha.jpg/250px-Mural_-_Elisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mural_-_Elisha.jpg/330px-Mural_-_Elisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mural_-_Elisha.jpg/500px-Mural_-_Elisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mural inside the new Greek Orthodox church: Elijah's fiery ascent into heaven</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War in 1967</a>, the river became the <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> line and both banks became militarised and inaccessible to pilgrims. After 1982, while Qasr el-Yahud was still off-limits, Israel enabled Christian baptisms at the <a href="/wiki/Yardenit" title="Yardenit">Yardenit</a> site further north.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a> in 1994 access to Al-Maghtas was restored after <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ghazi_bin_Muhammad" title="Prince Ghazi bin Muhammad">Prince Ghazi of Jordan</a>, who is deeply interested in religious history, visited the area in the company of a Franciscan archaeologist who had convinced him to take a look at what was thought to be the baptism site. When they found evidence of Roman-period habitation, this was enough to encourage de-mining and further development.<sup id="cite_ref-Piccirillo_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piccirillo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, there were several archaeological digs<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by Dr. Mohammad Waheeb who rediscovered the ancient site in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990s marked the period of archaeological excavations of the site followed by primary conservation and restoration measures during the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan fully reopened al-Maghtas in 2002. This was then followed by the Israeli-run western side, known as Qasr el-Yahud, which was opened for daily visits in 2011 – the traditional <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> celebrations had already been allowed to take place since 1985, but only at the specific Catholic and Orthodox dates and under military supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-River_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorys_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorys-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a documentary film entitled <i>The Baptism of Jesus Christ – Uncovering Bethany Beyond the Jordan</i> was made about the site.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Watch_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watch-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The western side attracts larger tourist interest than its Jordanian counterpart, with half a million visitors compared to some ten thousand on the Jordanian side.<sup id="cite_ref-River_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates put the numbers as 300,000 on the Israeli side and 100,000 on the Jordanian side.<sup id="cite_ref-YNet_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YNet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To put that into perspective, Yardenit has more than 400,000 visitors per year.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> year 2000, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> to visit the site.<sup id="cite_ref-ammonnews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ammonnews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two successors, popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, also visited the site, as have a number of heads of state and other dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Christians commemorated the baptism of Christ at the site for the first time since its rediscovery. Since then, thousands of Christian pilgrims from around the world annually have marked <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> at Bethany Beyond the Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-JoTimes2_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoTimes2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2002, the Baptism Site opened for daily visits, attracting a constant influx of tourists and pilgrimage activity. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared the Al-Maghtas site in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, on the east bank of the River Jordan, as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, while Qasr el-Yahud was left out.<sup id="cite_ref-YNet_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YNet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological excavations at the site of the 1990s have revealed religious edifices of the Roman and Byzantine periods which include "churches and chapels, a monastery, caves used by hermits and pools", which were venues of baptisms.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavations have been supported by institutions from various countries, such as the US and Finland, and by the <a href="/wiki/German_Protestant_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Protestant Institute">German Protestant Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noack_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tell_el-Kharrar_or_Elijah's_Hill_and_the_baptismal_pools"><span id="Tell_el-Kharrar_or_Elijah.27s_Hill_and_the_baptismal_pools"></span>Tell el-Kharrar or Elijah's Hill and the baptismal pools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tell el-Kharrar or Elijah's Hill and the baptismal pools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digs unearthed three churches, three baptismal pools, a circular well and an external compound encircling the hill. The existence of water supply sourced from springs and conveyed to the baptism sites through ceramic pipes was revealed;<sup id="cite_ref-Noack_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noack-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this facility is available even now.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankside_area_(Zor)"><span id="Bankside_area_.28Zor.29"></span>Bankside area (Zor)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bankside area (Zor)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Zor area of the site, the finds uncovered a church with a hall with columns, a basilica church known as the Church of St. John the Baptist, and the Lower Basilica Church with marble floors having geometrical designs. Also exposed were the Upper Basilica Church, the marble steps, the four piers of the Chapel of the Mantle, the Small Chapel, the Laura of St. Mary of Egypt, and a large pool. The stairway of marble steps was built in 570 AD. Twenty-two of the steps are made of black marble. The stairway leads to the Upper Basilica and a baptismal pool. This pool had once four piers that supported the Chapel of the Mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermitages">Hermitages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hermitages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quattara hills revealed a number of monk caves, also known as hermit cells, which are 300 metres (980 ft) away from the Jordan River. When the caves were in use access was through a rope way or by stairway or ladders from the western and south-western sides, but none of these are seen now. Each of these caves was carved with a semicircular niche on its eastern wall. Each cave has two chambers, one for prayer and another a living space for the monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tombs">Tombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tombs unearthed in and outside the churches are believed to be of monks of the churches. These tombs are of the Byzantine and early Islamic periods (5th–7th centuries). Numismatics finds of coins and ceramics at the site are epigraphic proofs of the site's history.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_involvement">UNESCO involvement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: UNESCO involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, UNESCO sponsored archaeological excavations in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially UNESCO had listed the site in the tentative list on 18 June 2001 and a new nomination was presented on 27 January 2014. <a href="/wiki/ICOMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="ICOMOS">ICOMOS</a> evaluated the report presented by Jordan from 21 to 25 September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Evaluation_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finds are closely associated with the commemoration of the baptism. Following this evaluation, the site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site under the title "Bethany Beyond the Jordan (Al-Maghtas)". It was inscribed as a cultural property under UNESCO Criteria (iii) and (vi).<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChrPost_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrPost-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinian Tourist agency deplores the UNESCO's decision to leave out the western baptismal site.<sup id="cite_ref-River_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-River-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the negotiations of the UNESCO listings, the original proposal to UNESCO stated the will to expand the site in the future in cooperation with "the neighboring country".<sup id="cite_ref-YNet_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YNet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Site_management">Site management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Site management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Baptism Site is operated by the Baptism Site Commission, an independent board of trustees appointed by <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Commission reported that approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, a 23% increase from 2015, by mostly European, American, and Arab tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-no_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jordan" title="Portal:Jordan">Jordan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86non" class="mw-redirect" title="Ænon">Ænon</a>, a baptism site mentioned in the Gospel of John</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_pilgrimage_sites" title="List of Christian pilgrimage sites">List of Christian pilgrimage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Jordan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan">List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus" title="New Testament places associated with Jesus">New Testament places associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasr_al-Yahud" title="Qasr al-Yahud">Qasr al-Yahud</a>, the West Bank side of al-Maghtas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Evaluation-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evaluation_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alghad.com/articles/1347432-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-81-%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7-%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A">the original</a> on 3 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Ghad&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%3A+81+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7+%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alghad.com%2Farticles%2F1347432-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA-81-%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25BA%25D8%25B7%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B6%25D9%258A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson_E._Mills2001" class="citation book cs1">Watson E. Mills, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA99"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Macon, GA, US: <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University_Press" title="Mercer University Press">Mercer University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829021305/https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Macon%2C+GA%2C+US&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sloyan, Gerard Stephen (1987). <i>John</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8042-3125-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8042-3125-7">0-8042-3125-7</a>. p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in <i>The Greek New Testament</i>, 4th ed. (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02532a.htm">Bethany Beyond the Jordan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126091025/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02532a.htm">Archived</a> 2020-01-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> article</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Metzger, <i>Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament</i>, 2nd ed. (1994), 171 and n. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harper's Bible Dictionary</i> (1985), 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Brown, <i>Gospel According to John I-XII</i>, Anchor Bible (1968), 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carson, D. A. (1991). <i>Gospel According to John</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851117492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851117492">978-0851117492</a>. pp. 146–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerRectorRPI-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MillerRectorRPI_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Miller,_S.M.2002" class="citation web cs1">Charles Miller, S.M. (January–February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=942&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">"Bethany Beyond the Jordan"</a>. <i>CNEWA WORLD</i>. Catholic Near East Welfare Association (CNEWA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235919/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=942&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNEWA+WORLD&rft.atitle=Bethany+Beyond+the+Jordan&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-02&rft.au=Charles+Miller%2C+S.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3D942%26pagetypeID%3D4%26sitecode%3DHQ%26pageno%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alliata-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alliata_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alliata_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alliata (1999), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChrPost-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChrPost_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChrPost_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/jesus-baptism-in-jordan-river-named-world-heritage-site-but-unesco-says-only-on-jordanian-side-not-israel-141448/">"Jesus' Baptism at Jordan River Named 'World Heritage Site;' but UNESCO Says Only on Jordanian Side, Not Israel"</a>. <i>Christian Post</i>. 13 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163525/https://www.christianpost.com/news/jesus-baptism-in-jordan-river-named-world-heritage-site-but-unesco-says-only-on-jordanian-side-not-israel-141448/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Post&rft.atitle=Jesus%27+Baptism+at+Jordan+River+Named+%27World+Heritage+Site%3B%27+but+UNESCO+Says+Only+on+Jordanian+Side%2C+Not+Israel&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Fjesus-baptism-in-jordan-river-named-world-heritage-site-but-unesco-says-only-on-jordanian-side-not-israel-141448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/maps/streetview/#jordan-highlights/the-baptismal-site">"Google Street View – Explore natural wonders and world landmarks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804072022/https://www.google.com/maps/streetview/#jordan-highlights/the-baptismal-site">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Street+View+%E2%80%93+Explore+natural+wonders+and+world+landmarks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fstreetview%2F%23jordan-highlights%2Fthe-baptismal-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeelKüchlerUehlinger1982" class="citation book cs1">Keel, Othmar; Küchler, Max; Uehlinger, Christoph (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3jsKqzuP5YC&q=%22Bet+Abarah%22&pg=PA975"><i>Othmar Keel, Max Küchler and Christoph Uehlinger, </i>Orte und Landschaften der Bibel<i> Volume 2, p. 530</i></a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783545230422" title="Special:BookSources/9783545230422"><bdi>9783545230422</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Othmar+Keel%2C+Max+K%C3%BCchler+and+Christoph+Uehlinger%2C+Orte+und+Landschaften+der+Bibel+Volume+2%2C+p.+530&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9783545230422&rft.aulast=Keel&rft.aufirst=Othmar&rft.au=K%C3%BCchler%2C+Max&rft.au=Uehlinger%2C+Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3jsKqzuP5YC%26q%3D%2522Bet%2BAbarah%2522%26pg%3DPA975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RamiKhouri-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RamiKhouri_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRami_G._Khouri1999" class="citation web cs1">Rami G. Khouri (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040217212511/http://www.asor.org/outreach/Features/bethany.htm">"Bethany beyond the Jordan: John the Baptist's settlement at "Bethany beyond the Jordan" sheds new light on baptism tradition in Jordan"</a>. The American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asor.org/outreach/Features/bethany.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bethany+beyond+the+Jordan%3A+John+the+Baptist%27s+settlement+at+%22Bethany+beyond+the+Jordan%22+sheds+new+light+on+baptism+tradition+in+Jordan&rft.pub=The+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research+%28ASOR%29&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Rami+G.+Khouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Foutreach%2FFeatures%2Fbethany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NegevGibson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NegevGibson_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvraham_Negev_and_Shimon_Gibson2001" class="citation book cs1">Avraham Negev and Shimon Gibson (2001). <i>Beth Abara</i>. New York and London: Continuum. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1316-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-1316-1"><bdi>0-8264-1316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beth+Abara&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8264-1316-1&rft.au=Avraham+Negev+and+Shimon+Gibson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/05/24/pope_meets_refugees,_disabled_youth_near_jordans_banks/1100933">"News from the Vatican - News about the Church - Vatican News"</a>. En.radiovaticana.va. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095418/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/05/24/pope_meets_refugees,_disabled_youth_near_jordans_banks/1100933">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+from+the+Vatican+-+News+about+the+Church+-+Vatican+News&rft.pub=En.radiovaticana.va&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.radiovaticana.va%2Fnews%2F2014%2F05%2F24%2Fpope_meets_refugees%2C_disabled_youth_near_jordans_banks%2F1100933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTharoor2015" class="citation news cs1">Tharoor, Ishaan (July 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/07/13/u-n-backs-jordans-claim-on-site-where-jesus-was-baptized/">"U.N. backs Jordan's claim on site where Jesus was baptized"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225355/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/07/13/u-n-backs-jordans-claim-on-site-where-jesus-was-baptized/">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2015</span>. <q>There is no archaeological evidence of Jesus ever having been baptized in these waters, but there's a long tradition -- dating back at least to Byzantine times -- of mass baptisms taking place near the site.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.N.+backs+Jordan%27s+claim+on+site+where+Jesus+was+baptized&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.aulast=Tharoor&rft.aufirst=Ishaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F13%2Fu-n-backs-jordans-claim-on-site-where-jesus-was-baptized%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"2015 ICOMOS report for the World Heritage Committee". 39th ordinary session, Bonn, June–July 2015 (WHC-15/39.COM/INF.8B1). UNESCO: 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2015+ICOMOS+report+for+the+World+Heritage+Committee&rft.volume=39th+ordinary+session%2C+Bonn%2C+June%E2%80%93July+2015&rft.issue=WHC-15%2F39.COM%2FINF.8B1&rft.pages=50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"2015 ICOMOS report for the World Heritage Committee". 39th ordinary session, Bonn, June–July 2015 (WHC-15/39.COM/INF.8B1). UNESCO: 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2015+ICOMOS+report+for+the+World+Heritage+Committee&rft.volume=39th+ordinary+session%2C+Bonn%2C+June%E2%80%93July+2015&rft.issue=WHC-15%2F39.COM%2FINF.8B1&rft.pages=51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptismsite.com/authentication/">"Letters of Authentication"</a>. <i>Baptism Site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228031756/http://www.baptismsite.com/authentication/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baptism+Site&rft.atitle=Letters+of+Authentication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baptismsite.com%2Fauthentication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Jonathan David (2006-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jGRdFVnP74C"><i>Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Society of Biblical Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589831995" title="Special:BookSources/9781589831995"><bdi>9781589831995</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washing+in+Water%3A+Trajectories+of+Ritual+Bathing+in+the+Hebrew+Bible+and+Second+Temple+Literature&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9781589831995&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jGRdFVnP74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RamiKhouri2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RamiKhouri2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRami_G._Khouri1999" class="citation web cs1">Rami G. Khouri (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040217212511/http://www.asor.org/outreach/Features/bethany.htm">"Bethany beyond the Jordan: John the Baptist's settlement at "Bethany beyond the Jordan" sheds new light on baptism tradition in Jordan"</a>. The American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asor.org/outreach/Features/bethany.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2004</span>. <q>In this same area, south of the main tell, the excavators identified another rectangular building made of undressed field stones, measuring nearly 12 x 8 metres in size. The simple white mosaic floor of the building was slightly disfigured by the remains of ashes from the structure's final destruction - probably burnt roof beams. Dr Waheeb interprets this as a Christian pilgrims' 'prayer hall', rather than a church or chapel, on the basis of its location and style of construction. The evidence from the excavations suggests a slightly earlier date for this structure than the other parts of the monastery, probably in the Late Roman period (2nd-3rd Century AD?) when Christians were known to be active in this region. If so, it could be the earliest church or Christian prayer hall yet discovered in Jordan and the whole world. [...] Dr Waheeb tends to think that the three pools and the churches on the tell were built in the Late Byzantine period (5th-6th Century AD)....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bethany+beyond+the+Jordan%3A+John+the+Baptist%27s+settlement+at+%22Bethany+beyond+the+Jordan%22+sheds+new+light+on+baptism+tradition+in+Jordan&rft.pub=The+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research+%28ASOR%29&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Rami+G.+Khouri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asor.org%2Foutreach%2FFeatures%2Fbethany.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waheeb-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waheeb_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waheeb_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad Waheeb: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ju.edu.jo/DirasatHum/article/viewFile/1449/1439">The Discovery of Bethany Beyond the Jordan River (Wadi Al- Kharrar)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140833/http://journals.ju.edu.jo/DirasatHum/article/viewFile/1449/1439">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dirasat Human and Social Sciences, Volume 35, No.1, 2008– 115 -</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-River-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-River_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-River_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/no-evidence-but-un-declares-jesus-baptised-on-jordan-side-of-river/">"No evidence, but UN says Jesus baptized on Jordan's side of river, not Israel's"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>. Associated Press. 13 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151214145941/http://www.timesofisrael.com/no-evidence-but-un-declares-jesus-baptised-on-jordan-side-of-river/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=No+evidence%2C+but+UN+says+Jesus+baptized+on+Jordan%27s+side+of+river%2C+not+Israel%27s&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fno-evidence-but-un-declares-jesus-baptised-on-jordan-side-of-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YNet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YNet_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YNet_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YNet_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YNet_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaisEichner2015" class="citation news cs1">Kais, Roi; Eichner, Itamar (6 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4676695,00.html">"UNESCO settles Jesus baptism site controversy, says Jordan"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428173443/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4676695,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=UNESCO+settles+Jesus+baptism+site+controversy%2C+says+Jordan&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft.aulast=Kais&rft.aufirst=Roi&rft.au=Eichner%2C+Itamar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4676695%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waheeb2004-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waheeb2004_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Waheeb" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Waheeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040402095449/http://www.elmaghtas.com/bethany/bethany.html">"Historical Background"</a>. <i>Bethany (the project website of the chief archaeologist at Al-Maghtas, Dr. Mohammad Waheeb)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmaghtas.com/bethany/bethany.html">the original</a> on 2004-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2004</span>. <q>After 670, gradually, baptism was gradually practiced in the western side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bethany+%28the+project+website+of+the+chief+archaeologist+at+Al-Maghtas%2C+Dr.+Mohammad+Waheeb%29&rft.atitle=Historical+Background&rft.au=Mohammad+Waheeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmaghtas.com%2Fbethany%2Fbethany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piccirillo-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piccirillo_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piccirillo_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Piccirillo (1999), pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8250071.stm">"Baptism battles on River Jordan"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 2009-09-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425215910/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8250071.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Baptism+battles+on+River+Jordan&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F8250071.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorys-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorys_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErhard_Gorys1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erhard Gorys (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=E_aSVoqiC6WI8Qfn3Z7ADw&gws_rd=ssl#q=%221933+bauten+die+Franziskaner+s%C3%BCdlich%22"><i>Heiliges Land Kunst-Reiseführer (Holy Land: A culture guide)</i></a> (in German). Cologne: DuMont. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-3860-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7701-3860-0"><bdi>3-7701-3860-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131182646/https://www.google.com/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=E_aSVoqiC6WI8Qfn3Z7ADw&gws_rd=ssl#q=%221933+bauten+die+Franziskaner+s%C3%BCdlich%22">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>1933 bauten die Franziskaner südlich vom Johanneskloster eine Kapelle. Es folgen eine Kirche der Syrer und eine Kapelle der Kopten. (Translation: In 1933 the Franciscans built a chapel south of the St John Monastery. The Syriacs followed with a church and the Copts with a chapel.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heiliges+Land+Kunst-Reisef%C3%BChrer+%28Holy+Land%3A+A+culture+guide%29&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=DuMont&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-7701-3860-0&rft.au=Erhard+Gorys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%3Fgfe_rd%3Dcr%26ei%3DE_aSVoqiC6WI8Qfn3Z7ADw%26gws_rd%3Dssl%23q%3D%25221933%2Bbauten%2Bdie%2BFranziskaner%2Bs%25C3%25BCdlich%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723223716/http://www.tenthousandfilms.com/Baptism-of-Christ-film.html">"Baptism of Jesus Christ film"</a>. <i>Ten Thousand Films</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenthousandfilms.com/Baptism-of-Christ-film.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ten+Thousand+Films&rft.atitle=Baptism+of+Jesus+Christ+film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tenthousandfilms.com%2FBaptism-of-Christ-film.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watch-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watch_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208175432/http://www.catholicsentinel.org/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=34&ArticleID=30303">"Watch: Where Jesus was baptized"</a>. Catholic Sentinel Organization. 23 October 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicsentinel.org/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=34&ArticleID=30303">the original</a> on 8 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch%3A+Where+Jesus+was+baptized&rft.pub=Catholic+Sentinel+Organization&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicsentinel.org%2Fmain.asp%3FSectionID%3D2%26SubSectionID%3D34%26ArticleID%3D30303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/culture/77411-150706-unesco-naming-of-jesus-baptism-site-settles-controversy-jordan-claims">"World Heritage status confirms Jesus was not baptized in Israeli territory, Jordanian media reports say"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426222205/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/culture/77411-150706-unesco-naming-of-jesus-baptism-site-settles-controversy-jordan-claims">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+status+confirms+Jesus+was+not+baptized+in+Israeli+territory%2C+Jordanian+media+reports+say&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F77411-150706-unesco-naming-of-jesus-baptism-site-settles-controversy-jordan-claims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ammonnews-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ammonnews_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleno=1844#.VntSmJN97fY">"Bethany-beyond-the-Jordan Takes Centre Stage for Papal Visit"</a>. <i>Ammon News</i>. Amman, Jordon. April 22, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926205631/http://en.ammonnews.net/article.aspx?articleno=1844#.VntSmJN97fY">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ammon+News&rft.atitle=Bethany-beyond-the-Jordan+Takes+Centre+Stage+for+Papal+Visit&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ammonnews.net%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleno%3D1844%23.VntSmJN97fY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baptismsite.com/index.php/about-us.html">History and Info: About us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114220119/http://baptismsite.com/index.php/about-us.html">Archived</a> 2016-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 10 February 2016</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlliata,_Eugeniode_Luca,_Stefano2000" class="citation web cs1">Alliata, Eugenio; de Luca, Stefano (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414203937/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/">"Jordan: The Madaba Mosaic Map (VI century A.D.)"</a>. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a> (SBF), posted at Franciscan Cyberspot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/">the original</a> on 2016-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+The+Madaba+Mosaic+Map+%28VI+century+A.D.%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Studium+Biblicum+Franciscanum+%28SBF%29%2C+posted+at+Franciscan+Cyberspot&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Alliata%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=de+Luca%2C+Stefano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fmad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span> It is an expanded version of the book:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiccirillo,_MicheleAlliata,_Eugenio1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Piccirillo_(archaeologist)" title="Michele Piccirillo (archaeologist)">Piccirillo, Michele</a>; Alliata, Eugenio (1999). <i>The Madaba Map Centenary 1897-1997. Travelling through the Byzantine Umayyad Period. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Amman, 7-9 April 1997</i>. Collectio Maior. Vol. 40. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Madaba+Map+Centenary+1897-1997.+Travelling+through+the+Byzantine+Umayyad+Period.+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+Held+in+Amman%2C+7-9+April+1997.&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.series=Collectio+Maior&rft.pub=Franciscan+Printing+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Piccirillo%2C+Michele&rft.au=Alliata%2C+Eugenio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlliata,_Eugenio1999" class="citation book cs1">Alliata, Eugenio (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023071858/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/articles/AlliataRoutes.html"><i>The Pilgrimage Route During Byzantine Period in Transjordan</i></a>. p. 122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/articles/AlliataRoutes.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>. <q>... the construction of a new church on the more accessible west bank of the river succeeded in attracting the toponym as it appears also in the Madaba map. The new church of the "Prodromos" was built by the Emperor Anastasius (AD 491–518) as the pilgrim and archdeacon Theodosius [518–530] reports. Starting from the sixth century a major festival took place there on the feast of Epiphany (January 6). It is well described by <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_pilgrim_of_Piacenza" title="Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza">the pilgrim of Piacenza</a> [570s] and, without a doubt, many people also from the eastern side of the Jordan took part in this annual event.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pilgrimage+Route+During+Byzantine+Period+in+Transjordan&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Alliata%2C+Eugenio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fmad%2Farticles%2FAlliataRoutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiccirillo,_Michele1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michele_Piccirillo" title="Michele Piccirillo">Piccirillo, Michele</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031225163656/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/017discuss.html"><i>Aenon, where now is Sapsaphas - (Wadi Kharrar)</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">219–</span>220. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/mad/discussion/017discuss.html">the original</a> on 25 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>In 1106 Abbot Daniel a Russian pilgrim was well impressed by the place.... The place was later abandoned for security reasons. However, the memory of the place was not lost;.... in the year 1400 AD....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aenon%2C+where+now+is+Sapsaphas+-+%28Wadi+Kharrar%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Piccirillo%2C+Michele&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fmad%2Fdiscussion%2F017discuss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAl-Maghtas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Maghtas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baptism_place" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baptism place">Baptism place</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peaceriver-jo.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej45jLP1itw">Documentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1446.pdf">UNESCO report</a></li> <li>The baptism site of Jesus in Jordan. Religious and political building of a Christian pilgrimage site (PhD thesis) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/13250830/_PhD_thesis_first_draft_The_baptism_site_of_Jesus_in_Jordan._Religious_and_political_construction_of_a_Christian_pilgrimage_site">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tenthousandfilms.com/">The Baptism of Christ - Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan - 47 min Documentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515043842/http://www.baptismsite.com/index.php/watch-the-documentary.html">The Baptism of Jesus Christ: Uncovering Bethany beyond the Jordan. Full film (Authorized by content owners.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acor.digitalrelab.com/index.php?s=filter=place_name:Al%20Maghtas%20(Jordan),%20Baptism%20Site%20(Jordan)">Photos of Al Maghtas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Center_of_Research" title="American Center of Research">American Center of Research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="background-color:#EEE8AA"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epiphany207" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epiphany" title="Template:Epiphany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epiphany" title="Template talk:Epiphany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epiphany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epiphany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epiphany207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_season" title="Epiphany season">Epiphany season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_Time" title="Ordinary Time">Ordinary Time</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week_of_Prayer_for_Christian_Unity" title="Week of Prayer for Christian Unity">Week of Prayer for Christian Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation of Jesus at the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity#Great_Blessing_of_Waters_at_Theophany" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Great Blessing of Waters at Theophany</a> (Eastern Orthodox)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year#Epiphany_(Denha)" title="Liturgical year">Epiphany feast days</a> (East Syriac Rite)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timkat" title="Timkat">Timkat</a> (Ethiopian Orthodox Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Christmas" title="Little Christmas">Little Christmas</a> (Julian Calendar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Transfiguration" title="Feast of the Transfiguration">Feast of the Transfiguration</a> (Certain Protestants)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthazar_(magus)" title="Balthazar (magus)">Balthazar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Baltasar" title="San Baltasar">San Baltasar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_(magus)" title="Caspar (magus)">Caspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_(magus)" title="Melchior (magus)">Melchior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">King cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Epiphany Eve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalking_the_door" title="Chalking the door">Chalking the door</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rediscovery_after_1994_and_tourism">Pilgrimage to Al-Maghtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">La Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Knut%27s_Day" title="Saint Knut's Day">Saint Knut's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_singers" title="Star singers">Star singers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hymns<br />and carols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_with_Gladness_Men_of_Old" title="As with Gladness Men of Old">As with Gladness Men of Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_and_Best" title="Brightest and Best">Brightest and Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_%C3%BCber_Bethlehem" title="Stern über Bethlehem">Stern über Bethlehem</a> (Star above Bethlehem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Kings" title="The Three Kings">The Three Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Three_Kings" title="We Three Kings">We Three Kings of Orient Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wie_sch%C3%B6n_leuchtet_der_Morgenstern" title="Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern">Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern</a> (How Lovely Shines the Morning Star)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noted works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christus_(Mendelssohn)" title="Christus (Mendelssohn)"><i>Christus</i> (Mendelssohn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_church_cantatas_by_liturgical_occasion#Epiphany_(6_January)" title="List of church cantatas by liturgical occasion">Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany</a> (and following)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgelb%C3%BCchlein#Epiphany_BWV_616–617" title="Orgelbüchlein"><i>Orgelbüchlein</i> § Epiphany BWV 616–617</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_Brown_King" title="The Ballad of the Brown King">The Ballad of the Brown King</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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