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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Campaign against corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiscal_responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiscal_responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fiscal responsibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiscal_responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Jewish refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morgenthau_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morgenthau_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Morgenthau Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morgenthau_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bretton_Woods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bretton_Woods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bretton Woods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bretton_Woods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Book sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%88" title="هنري مورغنثاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري مورغنثاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Morgentau_(ki%C3%A7ik)" title="Henri Morgentau (kiçik) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henri Morgentau (kiçik)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1." title="هنری مورجنتاو جر. – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هنری مورجنتاو جر." data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D1%8B)" title="Генры Маргентау (малодшы) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генры Маргентау (малодшы)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_noorem" title="Henry Morgenthau noorem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry Morgenthau noorem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_(hijo)" title="Henry Morgenthau (hijo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henry Morgenthau (hijo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_(la_juna)" title="Henry Morgenthau (la juna) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henry Morgenthau (la juna)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հենրի Մորգենթաու Կրտսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի Մորգենթաու Կրտսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry Morgenthau Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr. – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Morgenthau Jr." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95_(%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9F)" title="הנרי מורגנטאו (הבן) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי מורגנטאו (הבן)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3" title="ჰენრი მორგენთაუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი მორგენთაუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Morgenthau_Iunior" title="Henricus Morgenthau Iunior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Morgenthau Iunior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%88_(%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89)" title="هنرى مورجنثاو (اقتصادى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى مورجنثاو (اقتصادى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr. – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henry Morgenthau Jr." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_jr." title="Henry Morgenthau jr. – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henry Morgenthau jr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6)" title="ヘンリー・モーゲンソウ (政治家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・モーゲンソウ (政治家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau, Jr. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Morgenthau, Jr." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Моргентау, Генри (младший) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моргентау, Генри (младший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau, Jr. – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henry Morgenthau, Jr." data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau" title="Henry Morgenthau – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henry Morgenthau" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr. – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henry Morgenthau Jr." data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Генрі Моргентау (молодший) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрі Моргентау (молодший)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morgenthau,_Jr._(1944)(cropped)(b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/220px-Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/330px-Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg/440px-Henry_Morgenthau%2C_Jr._%281944%29%28cropped%29%28b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Morgenthau in 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">52nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1934 – July 22, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-05-11</span>)</span>May 11, 1891<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 6, 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-02-06)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Morgenthau" title="Elinor Morgenthau">Elinor Fatman</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1916; died 1949)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcelle_Puthon_Hirsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcelle Puthon Hirsch (page does not exist)">Marcelle Puthon Hirsch</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_III" title="Henry Morgenthau III">Henry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert</a></li><li>Joan</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr.">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a></li><li>Josephine Sykes</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Morgenthau_Fox" title="Helen Morgenthau Fox">Helen Morgenthau Fox</a> (sister)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a> (niece)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_W._Simon" title="Anne W. Simon">Anne W. Simon</a> (niece)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png/128px-Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png/192px-Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png/256px-Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="348" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_voice.ogg" title="File:Henry Morgenthau Jr voice.ogg">Henry Morgenthau Jr.'s voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="26" data-mwtitle="Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_voice.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f4/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_voice.ogg/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_voice.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr_voice.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Morgenthau describing the importance of <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a><br />Recorded November 22, 1944</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henry Morgenthau Jr.</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; May 11, 1891 – February 6, 1967) was the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> during most of the administration of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. He played a major role in designing and financing the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. After 1937, while still in charge of the Treasury, he played the central role in financing United States participation in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played an increasingly major role in shaping foreign policy, especially with respect to <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>, support for China, helping Jewish refugees, and proposing (in the "<a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a>") measures to deindustrialize Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morgenthau was the father of <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> for 35 years; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_III" title="Henry Morgenthau III">Henry Morgenthau III</a>, an American author and television producer; and noted pediatrician Dr. Joan Morganthau Hirschhorn. He continued as Treasury secretary through the first few months of <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s presidency, and from June 27, 1945, to July 3, 1945, following the resignation of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a>, was <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">next in line to the presidency</a>. Morgenthau was also the first <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jew</a> to be in the presidential line of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-H._Morgenthau_Jr._on_20_April_1915_-_LCCN2014700306_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="3941" /></a><figcaption>Young Morgenthau Jr. on April 20, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Morgenthau Jr. was born into a prominent Jewish family in New York City, the son of Josephine (Sykes) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Sr." title="Henry Morgenthau Sr.">Henry Morgenthau Sr.</a>, a real estate mogul and diplomat. His parents were born in Germany. He had three sisters. He attended <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a>, later transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Dwight_School" title="Dwight School">Dwight School</a>. And though he never earned a high school diploma, he studied architecture and agriculture at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. However, struggling to concentrate and read, he twice left school and also never received a college degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, he met and became friends with Franklin and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>. He operated a farm named <a href="/wiki/Fishkill_Farms" title="Fishkill Farms">Fishkill Farms</a> near the Roosevelt estate in upstate New York, specializing, like FDR, in growing Christmas trees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was concerned about distress among farmers, who comprised over a fourth of the population. In 1922, he took over the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Agriculturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="American Agriculturalist">American Agriculturalist</a></i> magazine, making it a voice for reclamation, conservation, and scientific farming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1929, Roosevelt, as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>, appointed him chair of the New York State Agricultural Advisory Committee and to the state Conservation Commission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg/260px-FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg/390px-FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg/520px-FDR-Morgenthau-Warm-Springs-1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Morgenthau, President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a> treasurer W. Forbes Morgan at <a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Warm Springs</a> (November 30, 1932)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Deal">New Deal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Deal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> <p>In 1933, Roosevelt became President and appointed Morgenthau governor of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a>. Morgenthau was nonetheless involved in monetary decisions. Roosevelt adopted the idea of raising the price of gold to inflate the currency and reverse the debilitating deflation of prices. The idea came from Professor George Warren of Cornell University. Morgenthau wrote in his diary: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>Saturday — Went to the White House and met Jones there. I said to the President that we did not buy any gold last night. He said, "That is right. Harrison called up and spoke to Jesse." I could not make out whether he also spoke to the President. Then Harrison urged that inasmuch as Saturday was only half a day that they should not buy any gold. Both the President and Jones said that they thought they made a mistake by agreeing with Harrison. I believe it was on Friday that we raised the price 21¢, and the President said, "It is a lucky number because it is three times seven." If anybody ever knew how we really set the gold price through a combination of lucky numbers, etc., I think that they really would be frightened. Saturday we increased the price 10¢. I stayed after Jones left and had a good half hour talk in which most of the time Louis Howe was present.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1934, when <a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a> resigned because of poor health, Roosevelt appointed Morgenthau <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>; even conservatives approved.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgenthau was a strict <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarist</a>. President Roosevelt, Morgenthau, and <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve Chairman</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriner_Stoddard_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriner Stoddard Eccles">Marriner Stoddard Eccles</a> jointly kept interest rates low during the depression to finance massive public spending, and then later to support rearmament, support for Britain, and U.S. participation in WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> asked Morgenthau to examine the taxes of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a> because FDR was "advised that Hearst was planning to use his newspapers to launch a major attack on the New Deal and its economic policies".<sup id="cite_ref-Thorndike_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorndike-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treasury Secretary Morgenthau explained that he examined the taxes of Hearst and actress <a href="/wiki/Marion_Davies" title="Marion Davies">Marion Davies</a> and "advised FDR to mount a preemptive attack on both her and Hearst".<sup id="cite_ref-Thorndike_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorndike-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_corruption">Campaign against corruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign against corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgenthau used his position as Treasury chief to investigate organized crime and government corruption. Treasury Intelligence and other agencies (the notoriously fragmented United States federal law enforcement system had five in the Treasury Department alone) were uncoordinated in their efforts; efforts to create a super-agency were stalled by <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, who feared his FBI would be overshadowed. Nevertheless, Morgenthau created a coordinator for the Treasury agencies; although the coordinator could not control them, he could move them to some cooperation. </p><p>Former head of IRS' criminal investigators <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lincoln_Irey" title="Elmer Lincoln Irey">Elmer Lincoln Irey</a>, who had directed major investigations including the successful prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a>, assumed the position in 1937. Investigations of official corruption caused the fall of political boss <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pendergast" title="Tom Pendergast">Thomas "Big Tom" Pendergast</a> of Kansas City. A Mafia-related shootout and massive official corruption led to successful investigations against Pendergast and the local Mafia head <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carrollo" title="Charles Carrollo">Charles Carrollo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERepetto2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERepetto2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other officials — as well as gangsters, in a few rare cases — were convicted as a result of Morgenthau's investigations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_responsibility">Fiscal responsibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fiscal responsibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgenthau believed in <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget" title="Balanced budget">balanced budgets</a>, stable currency, reduction of the <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">national debt</a>, and the need for more private investment. The <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Wagner Act</a> regarding labor unions met Morgenthau's requirement, because it strengthened the party's political base and involved no new spending. Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt's double budget as legitimate — that is, a balanced regular budget, and an "emergency" budget for agencies, like the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA), <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> (PWA) and <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC), that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand. He fought against the veterans' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936. In the 1937 "Depression within the Depression", Morgenthau was unable to persuade Roosevelt to desist from continued <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a>. Roosevelt continued to push for more spending, and Morgenthau promoted a balanced budget. In 1937, however, Morgenthau successfully convinced Roosevelt to focus on balancing the budget through major spending cuts and tax increases; Keynesian economists have argued that this new attempt by Roosevelt to balance the budget created the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%931938" title="Recession of 1937–1938">recession of 1937–1938</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 10, 1937, Morgenthau gave a speech to the Academy of Political Science at New York's <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Astor_(New_York_City)" title="Hotel Astor (New York City)">Hotel Astor</a>, in which he noted that the Depression had required deficit spending, but that the government needed to cut spending to revive the economy. In his speech, he said:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2007341–342_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2007341–342-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>We want to see private business expand. ... We believe that one of the most important ways of achieving these ends at this time is to continue progress toward a balance of the federal budget.</p></blockquote> <p>His biggest success was the new <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> program; he reversed the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees. Morgenthau insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZelizer2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelizer2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He questioned the value of the deficit spending that had not reduced unemployment and only added debt:<sup id="cite_ref-Blum1970_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blum1970-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>We have tried spending money. We are spending more than we have ever spent before and it does not work. And I have just one interest, and if I am wrong ... somebody else can have my job. I want to see this country prosperous. I want to see people get a job. I want to see people get enough to eat. We have never made good on our promises. ... I say after eight years of this Administration we have just as much unemployment as when we started. ... And an enormous debt to boot.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>To reduce the deficit he argued for increased taxes, particularly on the wealthy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>We have never begun to tax the people in this country the way they should be ... I don't pay what I should. People in my class don't. People who have it should pay.<sup id="cite_ref-diary_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diary-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_refugees">Jewish refugees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish refugees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once confronted by <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Powers</a> reacted slowly. In 1943, Morgenthau's Treasury Department approved the <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a>' plan to rescue Jews through the use of blocked accounts in Switzerland, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign Office</a> procrastinated further. Morgenthau and his staff persisted in bypassing State and ultimately confronting Roosevelt in January 1944 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_Secretary_on_the_Acquiescence_of_This_Government_in_the_Murder_of_the_Jews" title="Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews">Report to the Secretary on the Acquiescence of This Government in the Murder of the Jews</a></i>. </p><p>Due to incessant highly visible rescue activism by the <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Kook" title="Hillel Kook">Hillel Kook</a> (aka Peter Bergson) led <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Kook#Activism_in_America" title="Hillel Kook">Bergson Group</a> and pressure by Morgenthau and some of his staff, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a> finally acted and created the United States <a href="/wiki/War_Refugee_Board" title="War Refugee Board">War Refugee Board</a> (WRB) in January 1944. The board sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg" title="Raoul Wallenberg">Raoul Wallenberg</a> mission to Budapest and allowed an increasing number of Jews to enter the U.S. in 1944 and 1945; as many as 200,000 Jews were saved by the board.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenkower1980_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenkower1980-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="#References">Hurwitz (1991)</a> argues that in late 1943, the Treasury Department drafted a report calling for the creation of a special rescue agency for European Jewry. At the same time, several congressmen connected with the <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Kook#Bergson_Group" title="Hillel Kook">"Bergson Group"</a> introduced a resolution also calling for the creation of such an agency. On January 16, 1944, Morgenthau presented Roosevelt with the Treasury report, and the president agreed to create the War Refugee Board, the first major attempt of the United States to deal with the annihilation of European Jews. </p><p>Blum argues that by mid-1944, the War Refugee Board: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size: 100%;"><p>Had begun to fulfill Morgenthau's high expectations. His experience in getting the board established and in helping to oversee its operations constituted his signal wartime success to that date in nurturing humanitarian purpose in American foreign-policy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As for the top Germans, Morgenthau at one point in summer 1944 suggested to Roosevelt that the top 50 or 100 German "arch-criminals" should be shot upon capture. He changed his mind and by early 1945 proposed formal trials.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morgenthau_Plan">Morgenthau Plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Morgenthau Plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png/300px-Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png/450px-Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png/600px-Europe_under_the_Morgenthau_Plan_svg_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2021" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Europe under the Morgenthau Plan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></div> <p>In 1944, Morgenthau proposed the <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> for postwar Germany, calling for Germany to lose its heavy industry, and the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> "should not only be stripped of all presently existing industries, but so weakened and controlled that it can not in the foreseeable future become an industrial area".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany would keep its rich farmlands in the east. However Stalin insisted on the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse border">Oder-Neisse border</a>, which moved those farming areas out of Germany. Therefore, the original Morgenthau plan had to be dropped, Weinberg argues, because it was "too soft on the Germans, not too hard as some still imagine".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> on September 16, 1944, Roosevelt and Morgenthau persuaded the initially very reluctant British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to agree to the Morgenthau Plan, likely using a $6 billion <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> agreement to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill chose however to narrow the scope of Morgenthau's proposal by drafting a new version of the memorandum, which ended up being the version signed by the two statesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Chase_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gist of the signed memorandum was "This programme for eliminating the war-making industries in the Ruhr and the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar</a> is looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character." </p><p>The plan faced opposition in Roosevelt's cabinet, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, and when the plan was leaked to the press, there was public criticism of Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President's response to inquiries was to deny the press reports.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the leak, Morgenthau was in bad favor with Roosevelt for a time. </p><p>German Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> used the leaked plan, with some success, to encourage the German people to persevere in their war efforts so that their country would not be turned into a "potato field".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> complained to Morgenthau that German resistance had strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoping to get Morgenthau to relent on his plan for Germany, Roosevelt's son-in-law, Lt. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Clarence_John_Boettiger" title="Clarence John Boettiger">John Boettiger</a>, who worked in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States Department of War</a>, explained to Morgenthau how the American troops had had to fight for five weeks against fierce German resistance to capture <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and complained to him that the Morgenthau Plan was "worth thirty divisions to the Germans". In late 1944, Roosevelt's election opponent, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, said it was worth "ten divisions". Morgenthau refused to relent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002172–173_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002172–173-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 10, 1945, Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#JCS_1067" title="Morgenthau Plan">JCS 1067</a>. Morgenthau told his staff that it was a big day for the Treasury, and that he hoped that "someone doesn't recognize it as the Morgenthau Plan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002233_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002233-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The directive, which was in effect for over two years directed the U.S. forces of occupation to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In occupied Germany Morgenthau left a direct legacy through what in <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States" title="Office of Military Government, United States">OMGUS</a> commonly were called "Morgenthau boys". These were U.S. Treasury officials whom General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> had "loaned" in to the Army of occupation. These people ensured that JCS 1067 was interpreted as strictly as possible. They were most active in the first crucial months of the occupation, but continued their activities for almost two years following the resignations of Morgenthau in mid-1945, and some time later, of their leader, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bernstein" title="Bernard Bernstein">Bernard Bernstein</a>, who was "the repository of the Morgenthau spirit in the army of occupation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrov1967228–229_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrov1967228–229-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They resigned when, in July 1947, JCS 1067 was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">JCS 1779</a>, which instead stressed that "An orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany." </p><p>Morgenthau's legacy was also seen in the plans for preserving German disarmament by significantly reducing German economic might.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">Allied plans for German industry after World War II</a>) </p><p>In October 1945, Morgenthau published a book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Germany_is_Our_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany is Our Problem">Germany is Our Problem</a></i>, in which he described and motivated the Morgenthau plan in great detail.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt had granted permission for the book the evening before his death, when dining with Morgenthau at <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs,_Georgia" title="Warm Springs, Georgia">Warm Springs</a>. Morgenthau had asked Churchill for permission to also include the text of the then still secret "pastoralization" memorandum signed by Churchill and FDR at <a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Quebec</a> but permission was denied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002250_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002250-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1945, General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, the Military Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">U.S. Occupation Zone</a>, approved the distribution of 1,000 free copies of the book to American military officials in occupied Germany. Historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen E. Ambrose</a> draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims that the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas on how Germany should be treated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his resignation in 1945, Morgenthau, along with other prominent liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, called for a "harsh peace" for Germany. Ultimately though, the policy was adopted of reintegrating a fully industrialized and <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">de-Nazified</a> modern Germany into Europe, as idealized in <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s influential 1945 short film "Here is Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bretton_Woods">Bretton Woods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bretton Woods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg/220px-Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg/330px-Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg/440px-Morgenthau_Bretton_Woods_opening_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Morgenthau addressing delegates on the opening day of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Morgenthau was first appointed by the U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> as temporary President of the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a>, which established the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>). During the inaugural plenary session on July 1, 1944, the head of the Mexican Delegation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Suarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Suarez (page does not exist)">Eduardo Suarez</a>, nominated him as Permanent President of the Conference. This motion was seconded by the Brazilian Head Delegate, Arthur de Souza Costa, and widely supported by several other delegations such as the Canadian and Soviet ones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, when Harry S. Truman became president, Morgenthau insisted on accompanying him to <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam</a> by threatening to quit if he was not allowed to; Truman accepted his resignation immediately,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after he privately said he would refuse to send "any of [FDR's advisor] "Jew boys" to Potsdam. Years later Truman also referred to him as a "block head, nut" who "didn't know shit from apple butter."<sup id="cite_ref-Meier_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He devoted the remainder of his life to working with Jewish philanthropies, and also became a financial advisor to Israel. <a href="/wiki/Tal_Shahar" title="Tal Shahar">Tal Shahar</a>, an Israeli <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> (agricultural community) near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, created in 1948, was named in his honor (<i>Morgenthau</i> (modern spelling: <i>Morgentau</i>) means "morning dew" in German, as does "Tal Shahar" in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morgenthau donated his diary of 840 volumes to the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1950_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1950-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died of heart and kidney failure at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_Brothers_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassar Brothers Hospital">Vassar Brothers Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a>, in 1967, and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_New_York" title="Mount Pleasant, New York">Mount Pleasant, New York</a>. His son <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a> was the <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York County</a> from 1975 to 2009. </p><p>The 378-foot (115 m) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton-class_cutter" title="Hamilton-class cutter"><i>Hamilton</i>-class cutter</a> <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Morgenthau_(WHEC-722)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Morgenthau (WHEC-722)">USCGC <i>Morgenthau</i> (WHEC-722)</a> was named in his honor. The ship was sold to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Coast_Guard" title="Vietnam Coast Guard">Vietnam Coast Guard</a> as CSB-8020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg/330px-Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg/440px-Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Henry_Morgenthau_Jr._Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>The gravesite of Secretary Morgenthau and his wife Elinor</figcaption></figure> <p>He was married to <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Morgenthau" title="Elinor Morgenthau">Elinor Lehman Fatman</a>, granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Lehman" title="Mayer Lehman">Mayer Lehman</a>, a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a>; they had three children — Joan Elizabeth Morgenthau Hirschhorn, married to Fred Hirschhorn Jr.; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_III" title="Henry Morgenthau III">Henry Morgenthau III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JoanHirschObit_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JoanHirschObit-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, Morgenthau purchased a farm in <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Junction,_New_York" title="Hopewell Junction, New York">Hopewell Junction, New York</a>, naming it <a href="/wiki/Fishkill_Farms" title="Fishkill Farms">Fishkill Farms</a>. The farm still belongs to the Morgenthau family. And despite his nearly life-long political career, Morgenthau insisted on identifying himself, and listing his occupation on his passport and tax forms, as a "farmer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2022_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2022-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 30, 1931, along with then Gov. Franklin Roosevelt, Morgenthau became a member of Tri-Po-Bed Grotto in Poughkeespie, NY, an appendant body of Freemasonry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of Jewish United States Cabinet members">List of Jewish United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, Arthur. <i>Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</i>, pp. 9–11, 125–7, Random House, New York, NY, 2012. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4">978-1-4000-6964-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2000">May 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre1945092000"><i>Succession to the Presidency</i></a>. CQ Researcher Online. CQ Press. 1945. pp. 193–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Succession+to+the+Presidency&rft.series=CQ+Researcher+Online&rft.pages=193-211&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.cqpress.com%2Fcqresearcher%2Fcqresrre1945092000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugh_E._Evans2002" class="citation book cs1">Hugh E. Evans (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddencampaignfd00evan"><i>The Hidden Campaign: FDR's Health and the 1944 Election</i></a></span>. M.E. Sharpe. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddencampaignfd00evan/page/125">125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0855-0"><bdi>978-0-7656-0855-0</bdi></a>. <q>henry morgenthau first in line to presidency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Campaign%3A+FDR%27s+Health+and+the+1944+Election&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0855-0&rft.au=Hugh+E.+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddencampaignfd00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2014" class="citation book cs1">Franks, Lucinda (2014). <i>Timeless: Love, Morgenthau, and Me</i> (First ed.). New York: Sarah Crichton Books. pp. 520, 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374280802" title="Special:BookSources/9780374280802"><bdi>9780374280802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeless%3A+Love%2C+Morgenthau%2C+and+Me&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=520%2C+469&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Sarah+Crichton+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780374280802&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Lucinda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1981" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Richard Thayer (1981). <i>The making of Franklin D. Roosevelt: triumph over disability</i>. Abt Books. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89011-564-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89011-564-0"><bdi>978-0-89011-564-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/81017555">81017555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%3A+triumph+over+disability&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Abt+Books&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F81017555&rft.isbn=978-0-89011-564-0&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+Thayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/_resources/images/morg/md00.pdf">"Image – p.96"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image+%E2%80%93+p.96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2F_resources%2Fimages%2Fmorg%2Fmd00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Morton Blum, <i>From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of Crisis, 1928–1938. Vol. 1</i> (1959) p 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray N.</a> (July 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/journals/qjae/pdf/qjae2_3_1.pdf">"The Origins of the Federal Reserve"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Federal+Reserve&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mises.org%2Fjournals%2Fqjae%2Fpdf%2Fqjae2_3_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229174605/http://www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/student/centralbankhistory/">"A History of Central Banking in the United States"</a>. the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/student/centralbankhistory/">the original</a> on December 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Central+Banking+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=the+Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fcommunity_education%2Fstudent%2Fcentralbankhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-william-mcchesney-martin-1172986.html">"Obituary: William McChesney Martin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. August 21, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+William+McChesney+Martin&rft.date=1998-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-william-mcchesney-martin-1172986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorndike-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thorndike_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thorndike_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorndike2012" class="citation web cs1">Thorndike, Joseph J. (August 23, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxhistory.org/thp/readings.nsf/ArtWeb/939A4C4A516A862785257A8500470B5E">"Tax Troubles of the Rich and Famous, 1930s Edition – 2012 TNT 166-3"</a>. Tax Analysts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tax+Troubles+of+the+Rich+and+Famous%2C+1930s+Edition+%E2%80%93+2012+TNT+166-3&rft.pub=Tax+Analysts&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Thorndike&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxhistory.org%2Fthp%2Freadings.nsf%2FArtWeb%2F939A4C4A516A862785257A8500470B5E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Nasaw, David (September 6, 2001). <i>The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 704. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-15446-3"><bdi>978-0-618-15446-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chief%3A+The+Life+of+William+Randolph+Hearst&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=704&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2001-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-618-15446-3&rft.aulast=Nasaw&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERepetto2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERepetto2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRepetto2004">Repetto 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a> (November 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/08/new-deal-economics/">"New Deal economics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Deal+economics&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrugman.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F08%2Fnew-deal-economics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlaes2007341–342-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlaes2007341–342_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShlaes2007">Shlaes 2007</a>, p. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZelizer2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZelizer2000_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZelizer2000">Zelizer 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blum1970-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blum1970_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Blum" title="John Morton Blum">Blum, John Morton</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltmorgent0000blum"><i>Roosevelt and Morgenthau</i></a></span>. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltmorgent0000blum/page/256">256</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75096063">75096063</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68158">68158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+and+Morgenthau&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68158&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75096063&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=John+Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frooseveltmorgent0000blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diary-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diary_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diary_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1939" class="citation book cs1">Morgenthau, Henry Jr. (May 9, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burtfolsom.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/Morgenthau.pdf"><i>Henry Morgenthau Diary, Microfilm Roll #50f</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF, 1.9 MB)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Morgenthau+Diary%2C+Microfilm+Roll+%2350f&rft.date=1939-05-09&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burtfolsom.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2FMorgenthau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenkower1980-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenkower1980_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenkower1980">Penkower 1980</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Morton Blum, <i>From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War 1941–1945</i> (1967) p 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blum, <i>From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War 1941–1945</i> (1967) p 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau" class="citation web cs1">Morgenthau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531235410/http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box31/t297a01.html">"Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box31/t297a01.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suggested+Post-Surrender+Program+for+Germany&rft.au=Morgenthau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2Fpsf%2Fbox31%2Ft297a01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_L._Weinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard L. Weinberg (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein"><i>Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521852548" title="Special:BookSources/9780521852548"><bdi>9780521852548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Victory%3A+The+Hopes+of+Eight+World+War+II+Leaders&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521852548&rft.au=Gerhard+L.+Weinberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsofvictory00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1954" class="citation journal cs1">Chase, John L. 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October 2, 1944. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,933072-1,00.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Policy+of+Hate&rft.date=1944-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C933072-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113214940/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803331,00.html">"The Battle for Peace Terms"</a>. <i>Time</i>. October 9, 1944. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,803331,00.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Battle+for+Peace+Terms&rft.date=1944-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C803331%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box32/t298m06.html">"Office of Strategic Services — Official Dispatch, Ref. No. 250"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Strategic+Services+%E2%80%94+Official+Dispatch%2C+Ref.+No.+250&rft.pub=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+and+Museum%2C+Marist+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2Fpsf%2Fbox32%2Ft298m06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Report on the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 41<i>ff</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission.">title incomplete</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002172–173-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002172–173_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeschloss2002">Beschloss 2002</a>, p. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002233-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002233_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeschloss2002">Beschloss 2002</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014043427/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html">"Conferences: Pas de Pagaille!"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 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University of Utah: 517–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F443604">10.2307/443604</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/443604">443604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Morgenthau%27s+Plan+for+Industrial+Disarmament+in+Germany&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=517-534&rft.date=1961-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F443604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F443604%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gareau&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Germany Is Our Problem</i>. Harper and Brothers, 1945</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002250-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeschloss2002250_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeschloss2002">Beschloss 2002</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (1983). <i>Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect (1893–1952)</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44069-5"><bdi>978-0-671-44069-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/83009892">83009892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%3A+Soldier%2C+General+of+the+Army%2C+President-Elect+%281893%E2%80%931952%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F83009892&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44069-5&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2005" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Steven (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/736/1/Campaign_Harsh_Peace_History.pdf">"The campaign to sell a harsh peace for Germany to the American public, 1944–1948"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF, 0.4 MB)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_(journal)" title="History (journal)">History</a></i>. Volume 90, Issue 297, pages 62–92, January 2005. <b>90</b> (297): 62–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2005.00323.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.2005.00323.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+campaign+to+sell+a+harsh+peace+for+Germany+to+the+American+public%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=297&rft.pages=62-92&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.2005.00323.x&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F736%2F1%2FCampaign_Harsh_Peace_History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansohn2013" class="citation web cs1">Jansohn, Col(GS) Uwe F. (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a584192.pdf">"PRESIDENT TRUMAN AND (THE CHALLENGE OF)THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE 1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225182634/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a584192.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRESIDENT+TRUMAN+AND+%28THE+CHALLENGE+OF%29THE+POTSDAM+CONFERENCE+1945&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Jansohn&rft.aufirst=Col%28GS%29+Uwe+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa584192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1950-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gunther1950_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther,_John1950" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt"><i>Roosevelt in Retrospect</i></a></span>. Harper & Brothers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt/page/102">102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+in+Retrospect&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Gunther%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frooseveltinretro00gunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JoanHirschObit-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JoanHirschObit_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?pid=160306872">"Joan Morgenthau Hirschhorn"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 7, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeier2022-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeier2022_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeier2022">Meier 2022</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_sources">Book sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Book sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepetto2004" class="citation book cs1">Repetto, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanmafiahis00repp"><i>The American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power</i></a>. Henry Holt & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7210-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-7210-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2003056736">2003056736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Mafia%3A+A+History+of+Its+Rise+to+Power&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003056736&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7210-5&rft.aulast=Repetto&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanmafiahis00repp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenkower1980" class="citation journal cs1">Penkower, Monty Noam (1980). "Jewish Organizations and the Creation of the U.S. War Refugee Board". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science#The_Annals" title="American Academy of Political and Social Science">Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. <b>450</b> (1): 122–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271628045000111">10.1177/000271628045000111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145103156">145103156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Jewish+Organizations+and+the+Creation+of+the+U.S.+War+Refugee+Board&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-139&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271628045000111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145103156%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Penkower&rft.aufirst=Monty+Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeschloss2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Beschloss, Michael</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquerorsroosev0000besc"><i>The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81027-0"><bdi>978-0-684-81027-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2002030331">2002030331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquerors%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Truman+and+the+Destruction+of+Hitler%27s+Germany%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2002030331&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81027-0&rft.aulast=Beschloss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquerorsroosev0000besc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelizer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Zelizer, Julian E. (June 2000). "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933–1938". <i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Studies_Quarterly" title="Presidential Studies Quarterly">Presidential Studies Quarterly</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): 331–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0360-4918.2000.00115.x">10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00115.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552097">27552097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Legacy+of+the+New+Deal%3A+Fiscal+Conservatism+and+the+Roosevelt+Administration%2C+1933%E2%80%931938&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=331-358&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0360-4918.2000.00115.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27552097%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zelizer&rft.aufirst=Julian+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaes2007" class="citation book cs1">Shlaes, Amity (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJX_sJL343cC"><i>The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression</i></a>. Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06312-8"><bdi>978-0-224-06312-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Man%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Great+Depression&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06312-8&rft.aulast=Shlaes&rft.aufirst=Amity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOJX_sJL343cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrov1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nikolayevich_Petrov" title="Vladimir Nikolayevich Petrov">Petrov, Vladimir Nikolayevich</a> (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moneyconquestall0000petr"><i>Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II</i></a></span>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0530-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-0530-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66026685">66026685</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186795">186795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Money+and+Conquest%3A+Allied+Occupation+Currencies+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186795&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66026685&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-0530-1&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+Nikolayevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoneyconquestall0000petr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2022" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Andrew (2022). <i>Morganthau: Power, Privilege and the Rise of an American Family</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400068852" title="Special:BookSources/9781400068852"><bdi>9781400068852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morganthau%3A+Power%2C+Privilege+and+the+Rise+of+an+American+Family&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781400068852&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2000" class="citation book cs1">May, Dean L. (2000). "Morgenthau, Henry Jr". <i>American National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morgenthau%2C+Henry+Jr&rft.btitle=American+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Dean+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/06/06-00452.html">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blum, John Morton, ed. <i>From the Morgenthau Diaries</i>, a three-volume narrative of Morgenthau's New Deal years (1928–1945) based very closely on his diary; abridged edition: <i>Roosevelt and Morgenthau: A Revision and Condensation of From the Morgenthau Diaries</i> (1970)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurwitz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hurwitz, Ariel (1991). "The Struggle over the Creation of the War Refugee Board (WRB)". <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>6</b> (1): 17–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F6.1.17">10.1093/hgs/6.1.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+over+the+Creation+of+the+War+Refugee+Board+%28WRB%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-31&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F6.1.17&rft.aulast=Hurwitz&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrey1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lincoln_Irey" title="Elmer Lincoln Irey">Irey, Elmer Lincoln</a> (1948). <i>The Tax Dodgers: The Insider Story of the T-Men's War with America's Political and Underworld Hoodlums</i>. Greenburg. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002DIUAAW">B002DIUAAW</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tax+Dodgers%3A+The+Insider+Story+of+the+T-Men%27s+War+with+America%27s+Political+and+Underworld+Hoodlums&rft.pub=Greenburg&rft.date=1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002DIUAAW%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Irey&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Lincoln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levine, Rabbi Menachem (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/henry-morgenthaus-queen-esther-moment/"><b>Henry Morgenthau's Queen Esther Moment</b></a>, Aish.com</li> <li>Levy, Herbert. <i>Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: The Remarkable Life of FDR's Secretary of the Treasury</i> (Simon and Schuster, 2010).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dean_L._May" title="Dean L. May">May, Dean L.</a> (1981). <i>From New Deal to New Economics: The American Liberal Response to the Recession of 1937</i>. Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4862-4"><bdi>978-0-8240-4862-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/80008466">80008466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+New+Deal+to+New+Economics%3A+The+American+Liberal+Response+to+the+Recession+of+1937&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F80008466&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4862-4&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Dean+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morgenthau III, Henry. <i>Mostly Morgenthaus: a family history</i> (1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreira2014" class="citation book cs1">Moreira, Peter (2014). <i>The Jew Who Defeated Hitler: Henry Morgenthau Jr., FDR, and How We Won the War</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-958-1"><bdi>978-1-61614-958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jew+Who+Defeated+Hitler%3A+Henry+Morgenthau+Jr.%2C+FDR%2C+and+How+We+Won+the+War&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-958-1&rft.aulast=Moreira&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, H. W.</a> (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IweU12jH0C&q=It%27s+a+lucky+number,+because+it%27s+three+times+seven&pg=PA54"><i>Greenback Planet: How the Dollar Conquered the World and Threatened Civilization as We Know It</i></a>. Discovering America. pp. 54, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72341-2"><bdi>978-0-292-72341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenback+Planet%3A+How+the+Dollar+Conquered+the+World+and+Threatened+Civilization+as+We+Know+It&rft.pages=54%2C+55&rft.pub=Discovering+America&rft.date=2011-10&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72341-2&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3IweU12jH0C%26q%3DIt%2527s%2Ba%2Blucky%2Bnumber%2C%2Bbecause%2Bit%2527s%2Bthree%2Btimes%2Bseven%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1957–1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.</a> (1957–1960). <i>The Age of Roosevelt, vol. I–III</i>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/56010293">56010293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Roosevelt%2C+vol.+I%E2%80%93III&rft.date=1957%2F1960&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F56010293&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Morgenthau+Jr." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Henry_Morgenthau,_Jr." class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Henry Morgenthau, Jr.">Henry Morgenthau, Jr.</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113214255/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792411,00.html">"Morgenthau's Hope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. October 15, 1945. Reaction to the publication of Morgenthau's book <i>Germany is Our Problem</i> where he promotes the Morgenthau Plan.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113222601/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837352,00.html">"Vengeance v. Vision"</a>. <i>Time</i>. September 22, 1967. Review of <i>Years of War, 1941–1945; From the Morgenthau Diaries</i> by John Morton Blum.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/hmorgenthaujr.aspx">U.S. Treasury – Biography of Secretary Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061011154024/http://www.crimesofwar.org/tribun-mag/garybass_print.html">"Stay the Hand of Vengeance"</a> by Gary Bass</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/012496">Newspaper clippings about Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a><br /><small>Served under: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></small> </b><br />1934–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. 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href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/100px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> (1933–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a> (1933)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1934–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a> (1933–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Harry Hines Woodring</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Homer Stille Cummings</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1941–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Daniel C. Roper</a> (1933–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truman_cabinet" title="Template talk:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/100px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/150px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/200px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="447" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">John Wesley Snyder</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Kenneth Claiborne Royall</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James P. McGranery</a> (1952–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Jesse M. Donaldson</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1945–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Julius Albert Krug</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Oscar L. Chapman</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Deal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450751#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450751#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450751#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083423201">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24627659">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1555/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwtpX3b9gRkvTPT7RMQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118736930">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50006116">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12088477q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12088477q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35362619">Australia</a></span></li><li><span 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class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/067046002">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581613">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r60hqb">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vt2264">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&oldid=1258376930">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Morgenthau_Jr.&oldid=1258376930</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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