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Bonded leather - Wikipedia
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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Term for manufactured upholstery material which contains animal hide</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonded_leather.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bonded_leather.jpg/220px-Bonded_leather.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bonded_leather.jpg/330px-Bonded_leather.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bonded_leather.jpg/440px-Bonded_leather.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="1173" /></a><figcaption>An array of bonded leather swatches, in various colors and patterns.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bonded leather</b>, also called <b>reconstituted leather</b>, <b>composition leather</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>blended leather</b>, is a term used for a manufactured upholstery material which contains animal hide. It is made as a layered structure of a fiber or paper backer covered with a layer of shredded <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> fibers mixed with <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> binder that is embossed with a leather-like texture. </p><p>It differs from <a href="/wiki/Bicast_leather" title="Bicast leather">bicast leather</a>, which is made from solid leather pieces, usually from the <a href="/wiki/Leather#Grades" title="Leather">split</a>, which are given an artificial coating. Bonded leather may be made in a similar manner using casting paper. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg/220px-M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg/330px-M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg/440px-M%C3%BChlbach_T%C3%BCrkheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>"Salamander Industrieprodukte" in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkheim" title="Türkheim">Türkheim</a>, Bavaria, is the oldest and biggest manufacturer of bonded leather fibre material worldwide.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bonded leather is made by shredding leather scraps and leather fiber, then mixing it with bonding materials. The mixture is next extruded onto a cloth or paper backing, and the surface is usually embossed with a leather-like texture or grain. Color and patterning, if any, are a surface treatment that does not penetrate like a dyeing process would. The natural leather fiber content of bonded leather varies. The manufacturing process is somewhat similar to the <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">production of paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MyFurn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyFurn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower-quality materials may suffer flaking of the surface material in as little as a few years, while better varieties are considered very durable and retain their pattern and color even during commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-MyFurn_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyFurn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the composition of bonded leathers and related products varies considerably, and is sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secret</a>, it may be difficult to predict how a given product will perform over the course of time. There is a wide range in the longevity of bonded leathers and related products; some better-quality bonded leathers are claimed to be superior in durability over low-quality genuine leather.<sup id="cite_ref-IsItLeather_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsItLeather-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bonded leather can be found in furniture, <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, and various fashion accessories. Products that are commonly constructed with different varieties of bonded leather include book covers, cases and covers for personal electronics, shoe components, textile and accessory linings, portfolios and briefcases, handbags, belts, chairs, and <a href="/wiki/Couch" title="Couch">sofas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more fragile paper-backed bonded leather is typically used to cover books such as diaries and Bibles, and various types of desk accessories. These bonded leathers might contain a smaller proportion of leather than those used in the furniture industry, and have some leather exposed in the product's surface, producing the characteristic odor associated with leather. </p><p>These same applications can alternately use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">artificial leather</a> constructed in a similar appearance to bonded leather. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possible advantages of bonded leather include: </p> <ul><li>Environmentally friendly – reuses leftover leather without need for extra farming and use of resources<sup id="cite_ref-Sloan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Product consistency – no natural defects and minimal batch to batch variation</li> <li>High cutting yield – cost efficient and reducing waste</li></ul> <p>Possible drawbacks include:<sup id="cite_ref-MyFurn_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MyFurn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Difficult or impossible to repair or recondition after wear or damage<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Outgassing and "sweating" of <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> and other chemicals from poorly formulated products</li> <li>Typically not as durable as genuine leather<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labeling">Labeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual leather content of bonded leather varies depending on the manufacturer and the quality level. </p><p>There is some debate and controversy over the ethics of using the term "bonded leather" to describe an upholstery product, which is actually a reconstituted leather, specifically in the home furnishings industry. A Leather Research Laboratory commented calling a product "bonded leather" is "deceptive because it does not represent its true nature. It's a <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl</a>, or a polyurethane laminate or a composite, but it's not leather".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a> published EN 15987:2011 'Leather - Terminology - Key definitions for the leather trade' to stop confusion about bonded leather, according to which the minimum amount of 50% in weight of dry leather is needed to use the term "bonded leather". </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> recommends giving a percentage of leather included.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Trade Commission has said that "The guidelines caution against misrepresentations about the leather content in products containing ground, reconstituted, or bonded leather, and state that such products, when they appear to be made of leather, should be accompanied by a disclosure as to the percentage of leather or other fiber content. The guidelines also state that these disclosures should be included in any product advertising that might otherwise mislead consumers as to the composition of the product."<sup id="cite_ref-FTCStreamline_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTCStreamline-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/classifying-leather#leather">"Classifying leather for import and export"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Progressive Business Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furniture+Today&rft.atitle=Is+it+leather+or+something+else%3F&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furnituretoday.com%2Farticle%2F427599-is-it-leather-or-something-else&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232751/http://www.leathersofasale.co.uk/blog/leather-sofa-buying-tips">"Leather Sofa"</a>. <i>www.leathersofasale.co.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leathersofasale.co.uk&rft.atitle=Leather+Sofa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leathersofasale.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fleather-sofa-buying-tips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sloan_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan2012" class="citation web cs1">Sloan, Carole (November 8, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/370142-new-guides-will-affect-marketing-of-bonded-leather">"New guides will affect marketing of bonded leather"</a>. <i>Furniture Today</i>. Progressive Business Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bonded+Leather+Sofas+vs.+Genuine+Leather+-+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumeraffairs.com%2Fnews04%2F2012%2F08%2Fbonded-leather-sofas-vs-genuine-leather-whats-the-difference.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2017" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Mick (September 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKk5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP4"><i>Leather Bags for Women: An Overview from 3,000 Designs</i></a>. 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Furniture Today. July 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Cory says calling these products bonded leather "is deceptive because it does not represent its true nature. It's a vinyl, or a polyurethane laminate or a composite, but it's not leather. If you tar and feather someone, does that make them a chicken?" Obviously not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.furnituretoday.com&rft.atitle=For+consumers%27+sake%2C+let%27s+not+call+it+%27bonded+leather%27&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furnituretoday.com%2Farticle%2F41918-For_consumers_sake_let_s_not_call_it_bonded_leather_.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309040208/http://www.ftc.gov/os/statutes/textile/gd-leath.shtm">"Guides for select leather and imitation leather products"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Trade+Commission&rft.atitle=FTC+Announces+Streamlined+Guidelines+for+the+Marketer+of+Leather%2C+Imitation+Leather+Goods&rft.date=1996-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-releases%2F1996%2F10%2Fftc-announces-streamlined-guidelines-marketer-leather-imitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2013" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Larry (July 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/381015-ftc-says-material-makeup-should-be-disclosed">"FTC says material makeup 'should be disclosed'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Furniture Today</i>. Progressive Business Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Furniture+Today&rft.atitle=FTC+says+material+makeup+%27should+be+disclosed%27&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.furnituretoday.com%2Farticle%2F381015-ftc-says-material-makeup-should-be-disclosed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABonded+leather" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonded_leather&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/435462-bonded-leather-making-headway/">Bonded leather making headway</a>, <i>Furniture/Today</i>, February 2008</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leather" title="Template:Leather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leather" title="Template talk:Leather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leather" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniline_leather" title="Aniline leather">Aniline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicast_leather" title="Bicast leather">Bicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_leather" title="Boiled leather">Boiled</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bonded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Buckskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buff_leather" title="Buff leather">Buff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">Chamois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_leather" title="Corinthian leather">Corinthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidskin" title="Kidskin">Kidskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_leather" title="Law leather">Law leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_leather" title="Morocco leather">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_leather" title="Napa leather">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubuck" title="Nubuck">Nubuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_leather" title="Patent leather">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_leather" title="Russia leather">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Shagreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearling" title="Shearling">Shearling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_cordovan" title="Shell cordovan">Shell cordovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suede" title="Suede">Suede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_leather" title="Alligator leather">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calfskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slunk" title="Slunk">Slunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_skin" title="Crocodile skin">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_hagfish" title="Pacific hagfish">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_production_processes" title="Leather production processes">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">Deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bating_(leather)" title="Bating (leather)">Bating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">Oiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Crafting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuir_de_Cordoue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuir de Cordoue">Cuir de Cordoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_carving" title="Leather carving">Leather carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather / Leatherette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirza" title="Kirza">Kirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naugahyde" title="Naugahyde">Naugahyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presstoff" title="Presstoff">Presstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcantara_(material)" title="Alcantara (material)">Alcantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarino" title="Clarino">Clarino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leather museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Leather_Museum" title="German Leather Museum">German Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igualada_Leather_Museum" title="Igualada Leather Museum">Igualada Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Leather_Museum" title="Walsall Leather Museum">Walsall Leather Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_Archives_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Leather Archives and Museum">Leather Archives and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_leather_dressing" title="British Museum leather dressing">British Museum leather dressing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">History of hide materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leather subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawhide_(material)" title="Rawhide (material)">Rawhide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐n7vn7 Cached time: 20241122151951 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.333 seconds Real time usage: 0.382 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1045/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 37366/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 961/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 60794/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.222/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4973049/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 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