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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient lighthouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lighting_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lighting improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Optical systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_lighthouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_lighthouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern lighthouses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_lighthouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_lighthouse_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_lighthouse_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Famous lighthouse builders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_lighthouse_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Light source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laser_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Laser light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Light characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Building</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Building-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Building subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Range lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maintenance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lighthouse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtoring" title="Vuurtoring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vuurtoring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="منارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faru" title="Faru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Faru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_tesapeha" title="Para tesapeha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para tesapeha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayak" title="Mayak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mayak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercusuar" title="Mercusuar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mercusuar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0" title="বাতিঘর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাতিঘর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teng-thah" title="Teng-thah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Teng-thah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola" title="Parola – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Parola" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Морски фар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морски фар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetionik" title="Svjetionik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetionik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour-tan" title="Tour-tan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tour-tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far" title="Far – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Far" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj%C3%A1k" title="Maják – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maják" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goleudy" title="Goleudy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goleudy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr_(navigation)" title="Fyr (navigation) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fyr (navigation)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuchtturm" title="Leuchtturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leuchtturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuletorn" title="Tuletorn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tuletorn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φάρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumturo" title="Lumturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lumturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasargi" title="Itsasargi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsasargi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فانوس دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فانوس دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phare" title="Phare – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phare" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjoertoer" title="Fjoertoer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fjoertoer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_solais" title="Teach solais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teach solais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigh-solais" title="Taigh-solais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taigh-solais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro_(construci%C3%B3n)" title="Faro (construción) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Faro (construción)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80" title="દીવાદાંડી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દીવાદાંડી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EB%8C%80" title="등대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Փարոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="प्रकाशस्तम्भ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशस्तम्भ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetionik" title="Svjetionik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetionik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercusuar" title="Mercusuar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mercusuar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharo" title="Pharo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pharo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Lighthouse" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viti" title="Viti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Viti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מגדלור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדלור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercusuar" title="Mercusuar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mercusuar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliza" title="Bliza – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bliza" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Шамшырақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шамшырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnara_wa_taa" title="Mnara wa taa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mnara wa taa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speidyns" title="Speidyns – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Speidyns" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharus" title="Pharus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pharus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81ka" title="Bāka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bāka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichttuerm" title="Liichttuerm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichttuerm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vyturys" title="Švyturys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švyturys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtore" title="Vuurtore – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vuurtore" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil%C3%A1g%C3%ADt%C3%B3torony" title="Világítótorony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Világítótorony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Светилник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светилник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="വിളക്കുമാടം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിളക്കുമാടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9" title="दीपगृह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दीपगृह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumah_api" title="Rumah api – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rumah api" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="မီးပြတိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးပြတိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuurtoren" title="Vuurtoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vuurtoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81" title="जःछेँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जःछेँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E5%8F%B0" title="灯台 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="灯台" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr" title="Fyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr" title="Fyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veue_(b%C3%A2tisse)" title="Veue (bâtisse) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Veue (bâtisse)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%B2t" title="Faròt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Faròt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%98%E0%AC%B0" title="ବତିଘର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବତିଘର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayoq" title="Mayoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mayoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚਾਨਣ ਮੁਨਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਨਣ ਮੁਨਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چانݨ گھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ گھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro" title="Faro – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Faro" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%DA%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="اوبيز څراغ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبيز څراغ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latarnia_morska" title="Latarnia morska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Latarnia morska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farol" title="Farol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Farol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far" title="Far – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Far" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharu" title="Pharu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pharu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кылбар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кылбар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faru" title="Faru – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Faru" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuchttouden" title="Ljuchttouden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ljuchttouden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fener_deti" title="Fener deti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fener deti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="ප්‍රදීපාගාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රදීපාගාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lighthouse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj%C3%A1k" title="Maják – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Maják" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetilnik" title="Svetilnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetilnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Светионик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светионик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetionik" title="Svjetionik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svjetionik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majakka" title="Majakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Majakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr" title="Fyr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fyr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola" title="Parola – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parola" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலங்கரை விளக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலங்கரை விளக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%82" title="దీపస్తంభం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దీపస్తంభం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="ประภาคาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประภาคาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deniz_feneri" title="Deniz feneri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deniz feneri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Маяк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маяк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روشنی کا مینار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روشنی کا مینار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daengdap" title="Daengdap – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daengdap" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%91%C4%83ng" title="Hải đăng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hải đăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viertorre" title="Viertorre – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Viertorre" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parola" title="Parola – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Parola" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E5%A1%94" title="灯塔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灯塔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%88%E5%A1%94" title="燈塔 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="燈塔" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%ABtor%C4%ABs" title="Švītorīs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švītorīs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E5%A1%94" title="灯塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="灯塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwu_utoon%CC%84" title="Uwu utoon̄ – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Uwu utoon̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39715#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structure designed to emit light to aid navigation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lighthouse (disambiguation)">Lighthouse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/300px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/450px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG/600px-NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barnegat_Lighthouse" title="Barnegat Lighthouse">Barnegat Lighthouse</a> at the coast of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean County">Ocean County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S., facing the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/220px--Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="107" data-mwtitle="Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c6/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Aerial drone footage of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Roman Rock Lighthouse">Roman Rock Lighthouse</a> off the southern coast of South Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>lighthouse</b> is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> and to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Navigational_aid" title="Navigational aid">navigational aid</a> for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">maritime pilots</a> at sea or on inland waterways. </p><p>Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a>, rocks, and safe entries to harbors; they also assist in <a href="/wiki/Aerial_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial navigation">aerial navigation</a>. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and the advent of much cheaper, more sophisticated, and more effective electronic navigational systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_lighthouses" title="History of lighthouses">History of lighthouses</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_lighthouses">Ancient lighthouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient lighthouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg/200px-A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg/300px-A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg/400px-A_coruna_torre_de_hercules_sunset_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Hercules" title="Tower of Hercules">Tower of Hercules</a> lighthouse in northwest Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the development of clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since elevating the fire would improve visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as an entrance marker to ports than as a warning signal for <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Promontory" title="Promontory">promontories</a>, unlike many modern lighthouses. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Pharos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, which collapsed following a series of earthquakes between 956 and 1323. </p><p>The intact <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Hercules" title="Tower of Hercules">Tower of Hercules</a> at <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, Spain gives insight into ancient lighthouse construction; other evidence about lighthouses exists in depictions on coins and mosaics, of which many represent the lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica_(archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostia Antica (archaeological site)">Ostia</a>. Coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Laodicea in Syria</a> also exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_construction">Modern construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, as the number of lighthouses being constructed increased significantly due to much higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">transatlantic</a> commerce. Advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses was gradually changed from indicating ports to the providing of a visible warning against shipping hazards, such as rocks or reefs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg/220px-Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg/330px-Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg/440px-Edystone_Winstanley_lighthouse_Smeaton_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Original <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse#Winstanley's_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Winstanley lighthouse</a>, Eddystone Rock, by Jaaziell Johnston, 1813.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Rocks" title="Eddystone Rocks">Eddystone Rocks</a> were a major shipwreck hazard for mariners sailing through the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse#Winstanley's_lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">first lighthouse built there</a> was an octagonal wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock, and was built by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Winstanley" title="Henry Winstanley">Henry Winstanley</a> from 1696 to 1698. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been fully exposed to the open sea.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Smeaton%27s_Tower" title="Smeaton's Tower">lighthouse</a> from 1756 to 1759;<sup id="cite_ref-MAJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his tower marked a major step forward in the design of lighthouses and remained in use until 1877. He modeled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an <a href="/wiki/Oak_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak tree">oak tree</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> blocks. He rediscovered and used "<a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_lime" title="Hydraulic lime">hydraulic lime</a>", a form of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> that will set under water used by the Romans, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using <a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">dovetail joints</a> and marble <a href="/wiki/Dowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Dowels">dowels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dovetailing feature served to improve the <a href="/wiki/Structural_stability" title="Structural stability">structural stability</a>, although Smeaton also had to taper the thickness of the tower towards the top, for which he curved the tower inwards on a gentle gradient. This profile had the added advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the modern lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg/240px-Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Smeaton%27s_Lighthouse00.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a>'s rebuilt version of the <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>, 1759. This represented a great step forward in lighthouse design.</figcaption></figure> <p>One such influence was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert Stevenson</a>, himself a seminal figure in the development of lighthouse design and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-NLB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His greatest achievement was the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Bell Rock Lighthouse">Bell Rock Lighthouse</a> in 1810, one of the most impressive feats of engineering of the age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This structure was based upon Smeaton's design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stevenson worked for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lighthouse_Board" title="Northern Lighthouse Board">Northern Lighthouse Board</a> for nearly fifty years<sup id="cite_ref-NLB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and later improvement of numerous lighthouses. He innovated in the choice of light sources, mountings, reflector design, the use of <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lenses</a>, and in rotation and shuttering systems providing lighthouses with individual signatures allowing them to be identified by seafarers. He also invented the movable jib and the balance-crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg/240px-Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg/360px-Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg/480px-Marjaniemen_majakka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1910" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marjaniemi_Lighthouse" title="Marjaniemi Lighthouse">Marjaniemi Lighthouse</a>, the 19th-century lighthouse in the <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a> island, neighbouring municipality of <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_(engineer)" title="Alexander Mitchell (engineer)">Alexander Mitchell</a> designed the first <a href="/wiki/Screw-pile_lighthouse" title="Screw-pile lighthouse">screw-pile lighthouse</a> – his lighthouse was built on piles that were <a href="/wiki/Screw" title="Screw">screwed</a> into the sandy or muddy seabed. Construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames">Thames</a> and was known as the <a href="/wiki/Maplin_Sands" title="Maplin Sands">Maplin Sands</a> lighthouse, and first lit in 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its construction began later, the <a href="/wiki/Wyre_Light_(Fleetwood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyre Light (Fleetwood)">Wyre Light</a> in Fleetwood, Lancashire, was the first to be lit (in 1840).<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlinson_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlinson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting_improvements">Lighting improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lighting improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1782 the source of illumination had generally been wood pyres or burning coal. The <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a>, invented in 1782 by the Swiss scientist <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Argand" class="mw-redirect" title="Aimé Argand">Aimé Argand</a> revolutionized lighthouse illumination with its steady smokeless flame. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick. Later models used a <a href="/wiki/Gas_mantle" title="Gas mantle">mantle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">thorium dioxide</a> suspended over the flame, creating a bright, steady light.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Argand lamp used <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colza" class="mw-redirect" title="Colza">colza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or other <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> as fuel, supplied by a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_feed" title="Gravity feed">gravity feed</a> from a reservoir mounted above the burner. The lamp was first produced by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>, in partnership with Argand, in 1784, and became the standard for lighthouses for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="South Foreland Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</a> was the first tower to successfully use an electric light in 1875. The lighthouse's carbon <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamps</a> were powered by a steam-driven <a href="/wiki/Magneto_(generator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto (generator)">magneto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_Wigham" title="John Richardson Wigham">John Richardson Wigham</a> was the first to develop a system for <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a> illumination of lighthouses. His improved gas 'crocus' burner at the <a href="/wiki/Baily_Lighthouse" title="Baily Lighthouse">Baily Lighthouse</a> near Dublin was 13 times more powerful than the most brilliant light then known.<sup id="cite_ref-cil_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cil-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg/220px-Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg/330px-Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg/440px-Sumburgh_Lighthouse_Lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="4132" /></a><figcaption>An 85 millimetres (3.3 in) Chance Brothers <i>Incandescent Petroleum Vapour Installation</i> which produced the light for the <a href="/wiki/Sumburgh_Head" title="Sumburgh Head">Sumburgh Head</a> lighthouse until 1976. The lamp (made in approx. 1914) burned vaporized <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> (paraffin); the vaporizer was heated by a <a href="/wiki/Denatured_alcohol" title="Denatured alcohol">denatured alcohol</a> (methylated spirit) burner to light. When lit, some of the vaporised fuel was diverted to a <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a> to keep the vaporizer warm and the fuel in vapor form. The fuel was forced up to the lamp by air; the keepers had to pump the air container up every hour or so, pressurizing the paraffin container to force the fuel to the lamp. The "white sock" pictured is an unburnt mantle on which the vapor burned.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vaporized oil burner was invented in 1901 by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kitson" title="Arthur Kitson">Arthur Kitson</a>, and improved by David Hood at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>. The fuel was vaporized at high pressure and burned to heat the mantle, giving an output of over six times the luminosity of traditional oil lights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The use of gas as illuminant became widely available with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A9n_light" title="Dalén light">Dalén light</a> by Swedish engineer <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a>. He used <a href="/wiki/Agamassan" title="Agamassan">Agamassan</a> (Aga), a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>, to absorb the gas, allowing the gas to be stored, and hence used, safely. Dalén also invented the '<a href="/wiki/Sun_valve" title="Sun valve">sun valve</a>', which automatically regulated the light and turned it off during the daytime.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> The technology was the predominant light source in lighthouses from the 1900s to the 1960s, when electric lighting had become dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_systems">Optical systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Optical systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/220px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/330px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png/440px-Fresnel_lighthouse_lens_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>Diagram depicting how a spherical <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a> collimates light</figcaption></figure> <p>With the development of the steady illumination of the Argand lamp, the application of optical lenses to increase and focus the light intensity became a practical possibility. <a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(privateer)" title="William Hutchinson (privateer)">William Hutchinson</a> developed the first practical optical system in 1777, known as a <a href="/wiki/Catoptrics" title="Catoptrics">catoptric</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rudimentary system effectively collimated the emitted light into a concentrated beam, thereby greatly increasing the light's visibility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ability to focus the light led to the first revolving lighthouse beams, where the light would appear to the mariners as a series of intermittent flashes. It also became possible to transmit complex signals using the light flashes. </p><p>French physicist and engineer <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a> developed the multi-part <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a> for use in lighthouses. His design allowed for the construction of lenses of large <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> and short <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>, without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can also capture more oblique light from a light source, thus allowing the light from a lighthouse equipped with one to be visible over greater distances. </p><p>The first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the <a href="/wiki/Cordouan_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordouan lighthouse">Cordouan lighthouse</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a>; its light could be seen from more than 20 miles (32 km) out.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresnel's invention increased the <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> of the lighthouse lamp by a factor of four and his system is still in common use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_lighthouses">Modern lighthouses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern lighthouses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of electrification and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_lamp_changer" title="Automatic lamp changer">automatic lamp changers</a> began to make <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper" title="Lighthouse keeper">lighthouse keepers</a> obsolete. For many years, lighthouses still had keepers, partly because lighthouse keepers could serve as a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">rescue service</a>, if necessary. Improvements in maritime navigation and safety, such <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), led to the phasing out of non-automated lighthouses across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although several closed due to safety concerns, Canada still maintains 49 staffed lighthouses, split roughly evenly across east and west coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining modern lighthouses are usually illuminated by a single stationary flashing light powered by solar-charged batteries and mounted on a steel skeleton tower.<sup id="cite_ref-Crompton_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crompton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the power requirement is too great for solar power alone, <i>cycle charging</i> of the battery by a Diesel generator is provided. The generator only comes into use when the battery needs charging, saving fuel and increasing periods between maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_lighthouse_builders">Famous lighthouse builders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Famous lighthouse builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">John Smeaton</a> is noteworthy for having designed the third and most famous <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a>, but some builders are well known for their work in building multiple lighthouses. The Stevenson family (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Stevenson_(civil_engineer)" title="Robert Stevenson (civil engineer)">Robert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Stevenson" title="Alan Stevenson">Alan</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(engineer)" title="David Stevenson (engineer)">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stevenson" title="Thomas Stevenson">Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alan_Stevenson" title="David Alan Stevenson">David Alan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexander_Stevenson" title="Charles Alexander Stevenson">Charles</a>) made lighthouse building a three-generation profession in Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Brunton" title="Richard Henry Brunton">Richard Henry Brunton</a> designed and built 26 <a href="/wiki/Template:Lighthouses_of_Japan" title="Template:Lighthouses of Japan">Japanese lighthouses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">Meiji Era</a> Japan, which became known as Brunton's "children".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blind Irishman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_(engineer)" title="Alexander Mitchell (engineer)">Alexander Mitchell</a> invented and built a number of screw-pile lighthouses. Englishman <a href="/wiki/James_Nicholas_Douglass" title="James Nicholas Douglass">James Douglass</a> was knighted for his work on the fourth Eddystone Lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a> built numerous lighthouses along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts before gaining wider fame as the winning general at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Orlando_M._Poe" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando M. Poe">Orlando M. Poe</a>, engineer to <a href="/wiki/General_William_Tecumseh_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="General William Tecumseh Sherman">General William Tecumseh Sherman</a> in the siege of Atlanta, designed and built some of the most exotic lighthouses in the most difficult locations on the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French merchant navy officer <a href="/wiki/Marius_Michel_Pasha" title="Marius Michel Pasha">Marius Michel Pasha</a> built almost a hundred lighthouses along the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in a period of twenty years after the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856).<sup id="cite_ref-hnet_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnet-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a lighthouse, the source of light is called the "lamp" (whether electric or fuelled by oil) and the light is concentrated, if needed, by the "lens" or "optic". Power sources for lighthouses in the 20th–21st centuries vary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power">Power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally lit by open fires and later candles, the <a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand hollow wick lamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic reflector</a> were introduced in the late 18th century. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a> was also used with wicks as the source of light. <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a> became popular in the 1870s and electricity and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> gas derived on-site from <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a> began replacing kerosene around the turn of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Crompton_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crompton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbide was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A9n_light" title="Dalén light">Dalén light</a>, which automatically lit the lamp at nightfall and extinguished it at dawn. </p><p>In the second half of the 20th century, many remote lighthouses in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) were powered by <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> (RTGs). These had the advantage of providing power day or night and did not need refuelling or maintenance. However, after the collapse of the Soviet government in 1990s, most of the official records on the locations, and condition, of these lighthouses were reportedly lost.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the condition of RTGs in Russia degraded; many of them fell victim to vandalism and scrap metal thieves, who may not have been aware of the dangerous radioactive contents.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Energy-efficient LED lights can be powered by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, with batteries instead of a Diesel generator for backup.<sup id="cite_ref-baraniuk_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baraniuk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_source">Light source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Light source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Fresnel lens installations have been replaced by rotating <a href="/wiki/Aerobeacon" title="Aerobeacon">aerobeacons</a>, which require less maintenance. </p><p>In modern automated lighthouses, the system of rotating lenses is often replaced by a high intensity light that emits brief omnidirectional flashes, concentrating the light in time rather than direction. These lights are similar to obstruction lights used to warn aircraft of tall structures. Later innovations were "Vega Lights", and experiments with <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) panels.<sup id="cite_ref-Crompton_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crompton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LED lights, which use less energy and are easier to maintain, had come into widespread use by 2020. In the United Kingdom and Ireland about a third of lighthouses had been converted from filament light sources to use LEDs, and conversion continued with about three per year. The light sources are designed to replicate the colour and character of the traditional light as closely as possible. The change is often not noticed by people in the region, but sometimes a proposed change leads to calls to preserve the traditional light, including in some cases a rotating beam. A typical LED system designed to fit into the traditional 19th century Fresnel lens enclosure was developed by Trinity House and two other lighthouse authorities and costs about <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>20,000, depending on configuration, according to a supplier; it has large fins to dissipate heat. Lifetime of the LED light source is 50,000 to 100,000 hours, compared to about 1,000 hours for a filament source.<sup id="cite_ref-baraniuk_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baraniuk-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laser_light">Laser light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Laser light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg/130px-Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg/195px-Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg/260px-Point_Danger_lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Point_Danger_Light" title="Point Danger Light">Point Danger lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>Experimental installations of <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> lights, either at high power to provide a "line of light" in the sky or, utilising low power, aimed towards mariners have identified problems of increased complexity in installation and maintenance, and high power requirements. The first practical installation, in 1971 at <a href="/wiki/Point_Danger_Light" title="Point Danger Light">Point Danger lighthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, was replaced by a conventional light after four years, because the beam was too narrow to be seen easily.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_characteristics">Light characteristics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Light characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">Light characteristic</a></div> <p>In any of these designs an observer, rather than seeing a continuous weak light, sees a brighter light during short time intervals. These instants of bright light are arranged to create a <a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">light characteristic</a> or pattern specific to a lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen_Lighthouse" title="Scheveningen Lighthouse">Scheveningen Lighthouse</a> flashes are alternately 2.5 and 7.5 seconds. Some lights have sectors of a particular color (usually formed by colored panes in the lantern) to distinguish safe water areas from dangerous shoals. Modern lighthouses often have unique reflectors or <a href="/wiki/Radar_beacon" title="Radar beacon">racon transponders</a> so the radar signature of the light is also unique. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lens">Lens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg/220px-Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg/330px-Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Cape_Meares_Lighthouse_lens_-_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Meares_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Meares Lighthouse">Cape Meares Lighthouse</a> in Oregon; first-order Fresnel lens</figcaption></figure> <p>Before modern <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe lights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> were used to concentrate the light from a continuous source. Vertical light rays of the lamp are redirected into a horizontal plane, and horizontally the light is focused into one or a few directions at a time, with the <a href="/wiki/Light_beam" title="Light beam">light beam</a> swept around. As a result, in addition to seeing the side of the light beam, the light is directly visible from greater distances, and with an identifying <a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">light characteristic</a>. </p><p>This concentration of light is accomplished with a rotating lens assembly. In early lighthouses, the light source was a <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamp</a> or, earlier, an animal or vegetable oil Argand lamp, and the lenses rotated by a weight driven clockwork assembly wound by lighthouse keepers, sometimes as often as every two hours. The lens assembly sometimes floated in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">liquid mercury</a> to reduce friction. In more modern lighthouses, electric lights and motor drives were used, generally powered by diesel electric generators. These also supplied electricity for the lighthouse keepers.<sup id="cite_ref-Crompton_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crompton-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efficiently concentrating the light from a large omnidirectional light source requires a very large diameter lens. This would require a very thick and heavy lens if a conventional lens were used. The <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a> (pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) focused 85% of a lamp's light versus the 20% focused with the parabolic reflectors of the time. Its design enabled construction of lenses of large size and short focal length without the weight and volume of material in conventional lens designs.<sup id="cite_ref-mhp_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mhp-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fresnel lighthouse lenses are ranked by <i>order</i>, a measure of refracting power, with a first order lens being the largest, most powerful and expensive; and a sixth order lens being the smallest. The order is based on the focal length of the lens. A first order lens has the longest focal length, with the sixth being the shortest. Coastal lighthouses generally use first, second, or third order lenses, while harbor lights and beacons use fourth, fifth, or sixth order lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some lighthouses, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Race_Lighthouse" title="Cape Race Lighthouse">Cape Race</a>, Newfoundland, and <a href="/wiki/Makapuu_Point_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Makapuu Point Light">Makapuu Point</a>, Hawaii, used a more powerful <a href="/wiki/Hyperradiant_Fresnel_lens" title="Hyperradiant Fresnel lens">hyperradiant Fresnel lens</a> manufactured by the firm of <a href="/wiki/Chance_Brothers" title="Chance Brothers">Chance Brothers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Building">Building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/220px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/330px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png/440px-Lighthouse_lantern_room_with_Fresnel_lens.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse lantern room from mid-1800s</figcaption></figure> <p>While lighthouse buildings differ depending on the location and purpose, they tend to have common components. </p><p>A light station comprises the lighthouse tower and all outbuildings, such as the keeper's living quarters, fuel house, boathouse, and <a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">fog-signaling</a> building. The Lighthouse itself consists of a tower structure supporting the lantern room where the light operates. </p><p>The lantern room is the glassed-in housing at the top of a lighthouse tower containing the lamp and lens. Its glass storm panes are supported by metal <a href="/wiki/Muntin" title="Muntin">muntins</a> (glazing bars) running vertically or diagonally. At the top of the lantern room is a stormproof ventilator designed to remove the smoke of the lamps and the heat that builds in the glass enclosure. A <a href="/wiki/Lightning_rod" title="Lightning rod">lightning rod</a> and grounding system connected to the metal cupola roof provides a safe conduit for any lightning strikes. </p><p>Immediately beneath the lantern room is usually a Watch Room or Service Room where fuel and other supplies were kept and where the keeper prepared the lanterns for the night and often stood watch. The clockworks (for rotating the lenses) were also located there. On a lighthouse tower, an open platform called the gallery is often located outside the watch room (called the Main Gallery) or Lantern Room (Lantern Gallery). This was mainly used for cleaning the outside of the windows of the Lantern Room.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lighthouses near to each other that are similar in shape are often painted in a unique pattern so they can easily be recognized during daylight, a marking known as a <a href="/wiki/Daymark" title="Daymark">daymark</a>. The black and white barber pole spiral pattern of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras_Lighthouse" title="Cape Hatteras Lighthouse">Cape Hatteras Lighthouse</a> is one example. <a href="/wiki/Race_Rocks_Light" title="Race Rocks Light">Race Rocks Light</a> in western Canada is painted in horizontal black and white bands to stand out against the horizon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For effectiveness, the lamp must be high enough to be seen before the danger is reached by a mariner. The minimum height is calculated by trigonometry (see <a href="/wiki/Horizon#Distance_to_the_horizon" title="Horizon">Distance to the horizon</a>) as <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D=1.22{\sqrt {H}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.22</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mi>H</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D=1.22{\sqrt {H}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95ca927aa17ed514998820cf13e1eff3ba2fb13a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.156ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D=1.22{\sqrt {H}}}"></span>, where <i>H</i> is the height above water in feet, and <i>D</i> is the distance from the lighthouse to the horizon in nautical miles, the <b>lighthouse range</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where dangerous shoals are located far off a flat sandy beach, the prototypical tall masonry coastal lighthouse is constructed to assist the navigator making a landfall after an ocean crossing. Often these are cylindrical to reduce the effect of wind on a tall structure, such as <a href="/wiki/Cape_May_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape May Light">Cape May Light</a>. Smaller versions of this design are often used as harbor lights to mark the entrance into a harbor, such as <a href="/wiki/New_London_Harbor_Light" title="New London Harbor Light">New London Harbor Light</a>. </p><p>Where a tall cliff exists, a smaller structure may be placed on top such as at <a href="/wiki/Horton_Point_Light" title="Horton Point Light">Horton Point Light</a>. Sometimes, such a location can be too high, for example along the west coast of the United States, where frequent low clouds can obscure the light. In these cases, lighthouses are placed below the clifftop to ensure that they can still be seen at the surface during periods of fog or low clouds, as at <a href="/wiki/Point_Reyes_Lighthouse" title="Point Reyes Lighthouse">Point Reyes Lighthouse</a>. Another example is in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Old_Point_Loma_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Point Loma lighthouse">Old Point Loma lighthouse</a> was too high up and often obscured by fog, so it was replaced in 1891 with a lower lighthouse, <a href="/wiki/New_Point_Loma_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="New Point Loma lighthouse">New Point Loma lighthouse</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">This paragraph needs citation(s)</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As technology advanced, prefabricated skeletal iron or steel structures tended to be used for lighthouses constructed in the 20th century. These often have a narrow cylindrical core surrounded by an open lattice work bracing, such as <a href="/wiki/Finns_Point_Range_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Finns Point Range Light">Finns Point Range Light</a>. </p><p>Sometimes a lighthouse needs to be constructed in the water itself. Wave-washed lighthouses are masonry structures constructed to withstand water impact, such as <a href="/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse" title="Eddystone Lighthouse">Eddystone Lighthouse</a> in Britain and the <a href="/wiki/St._George_Reef_Light" title="St. George Reef Light">St. George Reef Light</a> of California. In shallower bays, <a href="/wiki/Screw-pile_lighthouse" title="Screw-pile lighthouse">Screw-pile lighthouse</a> ironwork structures are screwed into the seabed and a low wooden structure is placed above the open framework, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Point_Shoal_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse">Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse</a>. As screw piles can be disrupted by ice, steel caisson lighthouses such as <a href="/wiki/Orient_Point_Light" title="Orient Point Light">Orient Point Light</a> are used in cold climates. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Long_Beach_Bar_Light" title="Orient Long Beach Bar Light">Orient Long Beach Bar Light</a> (Bug Light) is a blend of a screw pile light that was converted to a caisson light because of the threat of ice damage.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeletal iron towers with screw-pile foundations were built on the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef#Shipwrecks_and_lighthouses" title="Florida Reef">Florida Reef</a> along the Florida Keys, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Carysfort_Reef_Light" title="Carysfort Reef Light">Carysfort Reef Light</a> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In waters too deep for a conventional structure, a <a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">lightship</a> might be used instead of a lighthouse, such as the former <a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Columbia_(WLV-604)" title="United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604)">lightship <i>Columbia</i></a>. Most of these have now been replaced by fixed light platforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light" title="Ambrose Light">Ambrose Light</a>) similar to those used for offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_lights">Range lights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Range lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Range_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Range lights">Range lights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg/220px-Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg/330px-Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg/440px-Margaree_Harbour_Range_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Range Lights in <a href="/wiki/Margaree_Harbour,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaree Harbour, Nova Scotia">Margaree Harbour, Nova Scotia</a>. When a vessel is on the correct course, the two lights align one above the other.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aligning two fixed points on land provides a navigator with a <a href="/wiki/Line_of_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of position">line of position</a> called a range in North America and a <a href="/wiki/Navigational_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Navigational transit">transit</a> in Britain. Ranges can be used to precisely align a vessel within a narrow channel such as a river. With landmarks of a range illuminated with a set of fixed lighthouses, nighttime navigation is possible. </p><p>Such paired lighthouses are called <a href="/wiki/Leading_lights" title="Leading lights">range lights</a> in North America and <a href="/wiki/Leading_lights" title="Leading lights">leading lights</a> in the United Kingdom. The closer light is referred to as the beacon or front range; the further light is called the rear range. The rear range light is almost always taller than the front. </p><p>When a vessel is on the correct course, the two lights align vertically, but when the observer is out of position, the difference in alignment indicates the direction of travel to correct the course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs,_Ushuaia_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG/220px-Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG/330px-Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG/440px-Faro_Les_%C3%89claireurs%2C_Ushuaia_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Les_Eclaireurs_Lighthouse" title="Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse">Les Eclaireurs Lighthouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ushuaia" title="Ushuaia">Ushuaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg/220px-Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg/330px-Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg/440px-Kapu_Beach_Lighthouse_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kapu,_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapu, Karnataka">Lighthouse</a> located on a higher mound in India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg/220px-Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg/330px-Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg/440px-Europa_Point_Lighthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3114" /></a><figcaption>Lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Europa_Point" title="Europa Point">Europa Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of lighthouses: ones that are located on land, and ones that are offshore. </p><p><i>Offshore Lighthouses</i> are lighthouses that are not close to land.<sup id="cite_ref-SeaGirt_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeaGirt-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There can be a number of reasons for these lighthouses to be built. There can be a <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">shoal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a> or submerged <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> several miles from land. </p><p>The current <a href="/wiki/Cordouan_Lighthouse" title="Cordouan Lighthouse">Cordouan Lighthouse</a> was completed in 1611, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the shore on a small islet, but was built on a previous lighthouse that can be traced back to the 880s and is the oldest surviving lighthouse in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It is connected to the mainland by a causeway. The oldest surviving oceanic offshore lighthouse is <a href="/wiki/Bell_Rock_Lighthouse" title="Bell Rock Lighthouse">Bell Rock Lighthouse</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cadbury2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadbury2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper" title="Lighthouse keeper">Lighthouse keeper</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, lighthouses are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Maritime_Safety_Authority" title="Australian Maritime Safety Authority">Australian Maritime Safety Authority</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, lighthouses are maintained by the Directorate General of Lighthouses and Lightships, an office of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ports,_Shipping_and_Waterways" title="Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways">Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The former Soviet government built a number of automated lighthouses powered by <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a> in remote locations in northern Russia. They operated for long periods without external support with great reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, numerous installations deteriorated, were stolen, or vandalized. Some cannot be found due to poor record-keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> together have three bodies: lighthouses around the coasts of England and Wales are looked after by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>, those around Scotland and the Isle of Man by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lighthouse_Board" title="Northern Lighthouse Board">Northern Lighthouse Board</a> and those around Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Irish_Lights" title="Commissioners of Irish Lights">Commissioners of Irish Lights</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, lighthouses are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard" title="Canadian Coast Guard">Canadian Coast Guard</a>. </p><p>In the United States, lighthouses are maintained by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a>, into which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Service" title="United States Lighthouse Service">United States Lighthouse Service</a> was merged in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As lighthouses became less essential to navigation, many of their historic structures faced demolition or neglect. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Lighthouse_Preservation_Act" title="National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act">National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act</a> of 2000 provides for the transfer of lighthouse structures to local governments and private non-profit groups, while the USCG continues to maintain the lamps and lenses. In Canada, the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Lighthouse_Preservation_Society" title="Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society">Nova Scotia Lighthouse Preservation Society</a> won heritage status for <a href="/wiki/Sambro_Island_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambro Island Lighthouse">Sambro Island Lighthouse</a>, and sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lighthouse_Protection_Act" title="Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act">Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act</a> to change Canadian federal laws to protect lighthouses.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many groups formed to restore and save lighthouses around the world, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Lighthouse_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Lighthouse Society (page does not exist)">World Lighthouse Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Lighthouse_Society" title="United States Lighthouse Society">United States Lighthouse Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_Radio_Lighthouse_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society (page does not exist)">Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society</a>, which sends amateur radio operators to publicize the preservation of remote lighthouses throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crib_lighthouse" title="Crib lighthouse">Crib lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_beacon" title="Day beacon">Day beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">Foghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens#Lighthouse_lens_sizes" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens sizes (orders)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_lantern" title="Lens lantern">Lens lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper" title="Lighthouse keeper">Lighthouse keeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses" title="Lists of lighthouses">Lists of lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lightvessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of lightvessels">Lists of lightvessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharology" title="Pharology">Pharology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pintsch_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintsch gas">Pintsch gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_mark" title="Sea mark">Sea mark</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trethewey, K. R.:Ancient Lighthouses, Jazz-Fusion Books (2018), 326pp. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-99265-736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-99265-736-9">978-0-99265-736-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1861" class="citation cs2">Smiles, Samuel (1861), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/livesofengineers02smil#page/16/mode/2up"><i>The Lives of the Engineers</i></a>, vol. 2, p. 16</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Engineers&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Smiles&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flivesofengineers02smil%23page%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/340721/lighthouse/72148/The-beginning-of-the-modern-era">"lighthouse"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=lighthouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F340721%2Flighthouse%2F72148%2FThe-beginning-of-the-modern-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAJ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAJ_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majdalany, Fred: <i>The Eddystone Light</i>. 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TRI_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909043743/http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/eddystone.html">"Eddystone – Gallery"</a>. Trinity House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/eddystone.html">the original</a> on 9 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eddystone+%E2%80%93+Gallery&rft.pub=Trinity+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinityhouse.co.uk%2Finteractive%2Fgallery%2Feddystone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass,_James_Nicholas1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Douglass, James Nicholas (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cx4AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA247">"Note on the Eddystone Lighthouse"</a>. <i>Minutes of proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers</i>. Vol. 53, part 3. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. pp. <span class="nowrap">247–</span>248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Note+on+the+Eddystone+Lighthouse&rft.btitle=Minutes+of+proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Institution+of+Civil+Engineers&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Douglass%2C+James+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcx4AAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlb.org.uk/HistoricalInformation/StevensonEngineers/Robert-Stevenson/">"NLB – Robert Stevenson"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NLB+%E2%80%93+Robert+Stevenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.org.uk%2FHistoricalInformation%2FStevensonEngineers%2FRobert-Stevenson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher1963" class="citation cs2">Boucher, Cyril Thomas Goodman (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wu8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA59"><i>John Rennie, 1761–1821: The Life and Work of a Great Engineer</i></a>, p. 61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Rennie%2C+1761%E2%80%931821%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+a+Great+Engineer&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Cyril+Thomas+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wu8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomlinson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tomlinson_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tomlinson_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinson1852–1854" class="citation book cs1">Tomlinson, ed. 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London: Virtue & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyclopdiaofuse02tomlrich/page/177">177</a>. <q>[Maplin Sands] was not, however, the first screw-pile lighthouse actually erected, for during the long preparation process which was carried on at Maplin Sands, a structure of the same principle had been begun and completed at Port Fleetwood...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomlinson%27s+Cyclopaedia+of+Useful+Arts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Virtue+%26+Co.&rft.date=1852%2F1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyclopdiaofuse02tomlrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106160403/http://www.johnmoncrieff.co.uk/shop-2/products.php?cat=32">"Lamp Glass Replacement Glass Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Shades, Oil Lamp Chimneys, Oil Lamp Spares"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Heritage+Program+-+National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fmaritime%2Fconstype%2Fconstype.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1982" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Love (1982). <i>Reef Lights</i>. 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Canadian Heritage Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagecanada.org/eng/featured/current.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Featured+Heritage+Buildings&rft.atitle=Lighthouse+Bill+Protecting+Our+Lighthouses+%E2%80%93+The+Icons+of+Canada%27s+Maritime+Heritage&rft.au=Douglas+Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagecanada.org%2Feng%2Ffeatured%2Fcurrent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslhs.org/">"Home | United States Lighthouse Society"</a>. <i>uslhs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uslhs.org&rft.atitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+United+States+Lighthouse+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuslhs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arlhs.com/">"Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society – Contacting the Light Beacons of the World"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amateur+Radio+Lighthouse+Society+%E2%80%93+Contacting+the+Light+Beacons+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farlhs.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bathurst, Bella. <i>The lighthouse Stevensons</i>. New York: Perennial, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-093226-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-093226-0">0-06-093226-0</a></li> <li>Beaver, Patrick. <i>A History of Lighthouses</i>. London: Peter Davies Ltd, 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-432-01290-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-432-01290-7">0-432-01290-7</a>.</li> <li>Crompton, Samuel, W; Rhein, Michael, J. <i>The Ultimate Book of Lighthouses</i>. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59223-102-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59223-102-0">1-59223-102-0</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Ray; Roberts, Bruce. <i>American Lighthouses</i>. Globe Pequot, 1998. 1st ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7627-0324-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7627-0324-5">0-7627-0324-5</a>.</li> <li>Stevenson, D. Alan. <i>The world's lighthouses before 1820</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1959.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Noble, Dennis. <i>Lighthouses & Keepers: U. S. Lighthouse Service and Its Legacy</i>. Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-638-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-638-8">1-55750-638-8</a>.</li> <li>Putnam, George R. <i>Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1933.</li> <li>Rawlings, William. 2021. <i>Lighthouses of the Georgia Coast.</i> Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.</li> <li>Weiss, George. <i>The Lighthouse Service, Its History, Activities and Organization</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1926.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Lighthouses#Q39715" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unitedstateslighthouses.com">United States Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sygDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1931+plane&pg=PA66">"Lighthouses Of Strange Designs, December 1930, Popular Science</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlett" class="citation web cs1">Rowlett, Russ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/lighthouse/index.htm">"The Lighthouse Directory"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lighthouse+Directory&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Flighthouse%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span> Research tool with details of over 14,700 lighthouses and navigation lights around the world with photos and links.</li> <li>Pharology Website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pharology.eu">Pharology: The Study of Lighthouses</a> . Reference source for the history and development of lighthouses of the world.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglassGedye1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Douglass, W. T.; Gedye, N. G. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lighthouse"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lighthouse">"Lighthouse" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">627–</span>651.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lighthouse&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E627-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=W.+T.&rft.au=Gedye%2C+N.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALighthouse" class="Z3988"></span> Includes 54 diagrams and photographs.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial lighthouse">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caisson_lighthouse" title="Caisson lighthouse">Caisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crib_lighthouse" title="Crib lighthouse">Crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_lighthouse" title="Integral lighthouse">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_lighthouse" title="Pile lighthouse">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw-pile_lighthouse" title="Screw-pile lighthouse">Screw-pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_tower" title="Skeletal tower">Skeletal tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">Vessel</a> (acting)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigational purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daymark" title="Daymark">Daymark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_lights" title="Leading lights">Leading lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_mark" title="Sea mark">Sea mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_light" title="Sector light">Sector light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brier_Island_Lighthouse_(3)_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/70px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/105px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg/140px-Brier_Island_Lighthouse_%283%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixtures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobeacon" title="Aerobeacon">Aerobeacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_lamp_changer" title="Automatic lamp changer">Automatic lamp changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-cage_lantern" title="Bird-cage lantern">Bird-cage lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal%C3%A9n_light" title="Dalén light">Dalén light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foghorn" title="Foghorn">Foghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_lantern" title="Lens lantern">Lens lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_lamp" title="Lewis lamp">Lewis lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_characteristic" title="Light characteristic">Light characteristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VRB-25" title="VRB-25">VRB-25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_keeper" title="Lighthouse keeper">Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_dues" title="Light dues">Light dues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharology" title="Pharology">Pharologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_tender" title="Lighthouse tender">Tender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Africa" title="Lists of lighthouses">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Antarctica" title="Lists of lighthouses">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Asia" title="Lists of lighthouses">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Europe" title="Lists of lighthouses">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#North_America" title="Lists of lighthouses">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#Oceania" title="Lists of lighthouses">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lighthouses#South_America" title="Lists of lighthouses">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouse_builders" title="Category:Lighthouse builders">Lighthouse builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_heritage_register" title="Category:Lighthouses by heritage register">Lighthouses by heritage register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_century_of_completion" title="Category:Lighthouses by century of completion">Lighthouses by century of completion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lighthouses_by_year_of_completion" title="Category:Lighthouses by year of completion">Lighthouses by year of completion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_lighthouse_authority" title="General lighthouse authority">General lighthouse authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Marine_Aids_to_Navigation_and_Lighthouse_Authorities" title="International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities">International Association of Lighthouse Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lighthouse_and_Lightship_Weekend" title="International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend">International Lighthouse and Lightship Weekend</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Digest" title="Lighthouse Digest">Lighthouse Digest</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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title="commons:Category:Lighthouses">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lighthouse" class="extiw" title="wikt:lighthouse">Wiktionary</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lightvessels" title="Template:Lightvessels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lightvessels" title="Template talk:Lightvessels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lightvessels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lightvessels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lightvessels295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessel">Lightvessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_lightvessels" title="List of lightvessels">List of lightvessels</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Fathom_Bank_light_station" title="Five Fathom Bank light station">Five Fathom Bank light station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightship_Ambrose" title="Lightship Ambrose">Lightship Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightship_Nantucket" title="Lightship Nantucket">Lightship Nantucket</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LightshipColumbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LightshipColumbia.jpg/120px-LightshipColumbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LightshipColumbia.jpg/180px-LightshipColumbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/LightshipColumbia.jpg/240px-LightshipColumbia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessels_in_Ireland" title="Lightvessels in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessels_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightvessels in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lightships_of_the_United_States" title="List of lightships of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Ambrose_(LV-87)" title="United States lightship Ambrose (LV-87)"><i>Ambrose</i></a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Barnegat_(LV-79)" title="United States lightship Barnegat (LV-79)"><i>Barnegat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS4_Carpentaria" title="CLS4 Carpentaria"><i>Carpentaria</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Chesapeake_(LV-116)" title="United States lightship Chesapeake (LV-116)"><i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Columbia_(WLV-604)" title="United States lightship Columbia (WLV-604)"><i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightship_Finngrundet_(1903)" title="Lightship Finngrundet (1903)"><i>Finngrundet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fladen" title="Fladen"><i>Fladen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightvessel_Gedser_Rev" title="Lightvessel Gedser Rev"><i>Gedser Rev</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Huron_(LV-103)" title="United States lightship Huron (LV-103)"><i>Huron</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightship_2000" title="Lightship 2000">Lightship 2000</a> (Helwick)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Nantucket_(LV-112)" title="United States lightship Nantucket (LV-112)"><i>Nantucket</i></a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Overfalls_(LV-118)" title="United States lightship Overfalls (LV-118)"><i>Overfalls</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Portsmouth_(LV-101)" title="United States lightship Portsmouth (LV-101)"><i>Portsmouth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Relief_(WLV-605)" title="United States lightship Relief (WLV-605)"><i>Relief</i></a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spurn_Lightship" title="Spurn Lightship"><i>Spurn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_lightship_Swiftsure_(LV-83)" title="United States lightship Swiftsure (LV-83)"><i>Swiftsure</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanby" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanby">Lanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_float" title="Light float">Light float</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men_of_the_Lightship" title="Men of the Lightship">Men of the Lightship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Relief_(1904)" title="USS Relief (1904)"><i>Relief</i> (1904)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>110 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6c87d47487-2kkgr","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.923","walltime":"1.273","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6494,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":133475,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6113,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":196403,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1045.486 1 -total"," 32.72% 342.038 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.38% 213.096 3 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-10T19:26:34Z","dateModified":"2024-12-24T03:01:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/NJ_LBI_Lighthouse_04.JPG","headline":"structure designed to emit light to aid navigation"}</script> </body> </html>