CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Kanishka - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"16bd7eb4-4721-425a-ba09-943cb3cc554d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kanishka","wgTitle":"Kanishka","wgCurRevisionId":1259527005,"wgRevisionId":1259527005,"wgArticleId":250887,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use British English from March 2013","Use dmy dates from July 2022","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Kanishka","Kushan emperors","2nd-century Indian monarchs","Indian Buddhist monarchs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kanishka","wgRelevantArticleId":250887,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q312544","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1158"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG/800px-KanishkaCoin3.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="772"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG/640px-KanishkaCoin3.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="618"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Kanishka - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kanishka rootpage-Kanishka skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kanishka" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kanishka" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kanishka" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kanishka" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquests_in_India_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquests_in_India_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conquests in India and Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquests_in_India_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanishka's_coins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanishka's_coins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kanishka's coins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kanishka's_coins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kanishka's coins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kanishka's_coins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hellenistic phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_/_Indic_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_/_Indic_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Iranian / Indic phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_/_Indic_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanishka_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanishka_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kanishka and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kanishka_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kanishka and Buddhism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kanishka_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhist coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standing_Buddha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standing_Buddha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Standing Buddha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standing_Buddha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Shakyamuni_Buddha"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Shakyamuni_Buddha""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>"Shakyamuni Buddha"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Shakyamuni_Buddha"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Maitreya_Buddha"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Maitreya_Buddha""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>"Maitreya Buddha"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Maitreya_Buddha"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_statuary_under_Kanishka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_statuary_under_Kanishka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhist statuary under Kanishka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_statuary_under_Kanishka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanishka_stupa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanishka_stupa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kanishka stupa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanishka_stupa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanishka_in_Buddhist_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanishka_in_Buddhist_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Kanishka in Buddhist tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanishka_in_Buddhist_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_of_Buddhism_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_of_Buddhism_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Transmission of Buddhism to China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_of_Buddhism_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanishka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7" title="كانيشكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كانيشكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kani%C5%9Fka" title="I Kanişka – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Kanişka" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کانیشکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانیشکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="কণিষ্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কণিষ্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanixka_I" title="Kanixka I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kanixka I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%C5%A1ka" title="Kaniška – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaniška" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanischka_I." title="Kanischka I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanischka I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%84" title="Κανίσκα Α΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανίσκα Α΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%C5%9Dka" title="Kaniŝka – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaniŝka" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کانیشکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانیشکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95" title="કનિષ્ક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કનિષ્ક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%88%EC%B9%B4" title="카니슈카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카니슈카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कनिष्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कनिष्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%E1%B9%A3ka" title="Kaniṣka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaniṣka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קנישקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנישקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95" title="ಕನಿಷ್ಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕನಿಷ್ಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%C5%A1ka" title="Kaniška – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaniška" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB" title="കനിഷ്കൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കനിഷ്കൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="सम्राट कनिष्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सम्राट कनिष्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%A7" title="كانيشكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كانيشكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="कनिष्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कनिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB1%E4%B8%96" title="カニシカ1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カニシカ1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_I" title="Kanishka I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanishka I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਨਿਸ਼ਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਨਿਸ਼ਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="کنشک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنشک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="کنیشکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کنیشکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaniszka" title="Kaniszka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaniszka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canisca_I" title="Canisca I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canisca I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_I" title="Канишка I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канишка I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%C5%A1ka" title="Kaniška – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaniška" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kani%C5%A1ka" title="Kaniška – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaniška" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிஷ்கர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிஷ்கர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="కనిష్కుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కనిష్కుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0" title="พระเจ้ากนิษกะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้ากนิษกะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Канишка – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Канишка" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_I" title="Канішка I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канішка I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="کنشک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنشک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kanishka" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%86%A9%E8%89%B2%E4%BC%BD%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="迦膩色伽一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迦膩色伽一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kanishka" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kanishka" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kanishka" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&oldid=1259527005" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Kanishka&id=1259527005&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKanishka"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKanishka"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kanishka&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kanishka_I" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312544" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Kushan emperor (c. 127–150)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanishka (disambiguation)">Kanishka (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Kaniṣka, Kanishka</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> emperor</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KanishkaCoin3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG/220px-KanishkaCoin3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG/330px-KanishkaCoin3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KanishkaCoin3.JPG/440px-KanishkaCoin3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">Gold coin</a> of Kanishka. <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> legend:<br />ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ<br /><i>Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano</i><br />"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">127–150 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang, China">Xinjiang, China</a> (per Chinese chronicles)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="backgroundcolor:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan emperors</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">30 CE–350 CE</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/177px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/266px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/354px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/82px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/123px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/164px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">1–30 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">50–90 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">90–113 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">113–127 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanishka I</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">127–151 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">151–190 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">190–230 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">230–247 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">247–267 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_III" title="Kanishka III">Kanishka III</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">267–270 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">270–300 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">300–305 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">305–335 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">335–350 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushan_rulers" title="Template:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kushan_rulers" title="Template talk:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushan_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kanishka I</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Kanishka the Great</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan dynasty">Kushan dynasty</a>, under whose reign (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>–150 CE) the empire reached its zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is famous for his military, political, and spiritual achievements. A descendant of <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan empire</a>, Kanishka came to rule an empire extending from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a>. The main capital of his empire was located at <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peshawar" title="History of Peshawar"><i>Puruṣapura</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>) in Gandhara, with another major capital at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>. Coins of Kanishka were found in Tripuri (present-day <a href="/wiki/Jabalpur" title="Jabalpur">Jabalpur</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he never converted to the religion, his conquests and patronage of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> played an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">transmission of Mahayana Buddhism</a> from Gandhara across the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> range to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Around 127 CE, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> as the official language of administration in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier scholars believed that Kanishka ascended the Kushan throne in 78 CE, and that this date was used as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Saka_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka era">Saka calendar era</a>. However, historians no longer regard this date as that of Kanishka's accession. Falk estimates that Kanishka came to the throne in 127 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mathura statue of Kanishka</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:386px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/238px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/357px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/476px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="4954" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Kanishka statue in the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>. There is a dedicatory inscription along the bottom of the coat.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:43px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/238px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/357px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/476px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The inscription is in middle <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>:<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="532" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gupta_ashoka_d.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gupta_ashoka_d.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gupta_ashoka_d.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gupta_ashoka_v.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gupta_ashoka_v.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gupta_ashoka_v.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></sup><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/16px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/32px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></sub><br /><i>Mahārāja Rājadhirāja Devaputra Kāṇiṣka</i><br />"The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-IUK_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUK-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathura_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura art">Mathura art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>There are two theories about Kanisha's origins, both based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Sten_Konow" title="Sten Konow">Sten Konow</a>'s is that Kanishka came from <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a>, having been summoned as an ethnic ally at the time of troubles after <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima</a>'s reign.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King <i>Vijayakirti</i> along with a King <i>Kanika</i> and the king of <i>Guzan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Roman Ghirshman</a>'s similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cites the above-mentioned <a href="/wiki/Khalatse" title="Khalatse">Khalatse</a> epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the <a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a>, in which the list of Kushan kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, along with the names of <i>Hushka</i> and <i>Jushka</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> as his capital to be close to Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was of <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> ethnicity and his native language was probably <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanishka was the successor of <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a>, as demonstrated by an impressive genealogy of the Kushan kings, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection of Kanishka with other Kushan rulers is described in the Rabatak inscription as Kanishka makes the list of the kings who ruled up to his time: <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> as his great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Vima_Taktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vima Taktu">Vima Taktu</a> as his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> as his father, and himself Kanishka: "for King <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> (his) great grandfather, and for King <a href="/wiki/Vima_Taktu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vima Taktu">Vima Taktu</a> (his) grandfather, and for King <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> (his) father, and *also for himself, King Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquests_in_India_and_Central_Asia">Conquests in India and Central Asia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kanishka%27s_war_with_Parthia" title="Kanishka's war with Parthia">Kanishka's war with Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanishka%27s_Central_Asian_campaign" title="Kanishka's Central Asian campaign">Kanishka's Central Asian campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka%27s_conquest_of_Greater_Bactria" title="Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria">Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria</a></div> <p>Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, north of the Amu Darya (<a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>) in the north west to Northern India, as far as <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> in the south east (the <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a> even claims he held <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> and Sri Champa), and his territory also included <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, where there was a town Kanishkapur (modern day Kanispora), named after him not far from the <a href="/wiki/Baramula" class="mw-redirect" title="Baramula">Baramulla</a> Pass and which still contains the base of a large stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist text <i>Śrīdharmapiṭakanidānasūtra</i>—known via a Chinese translation made in AD 472—refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of his hold over Central Asia is less well established. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Hou Hanshu</a></i>, states that general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> fought battles near <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> with a Kushan army of 70,000 men led by an otherwise unknown Kushan viceroy named Xie (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">謝</span>) in 90 AD. Ban Chao claimed to be victorious, forcing the Kushans to retreat by use of a <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> policy. The territories of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkent County">Yarkand</a> were Chinese dependencies in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. Several coins of Kanishka have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kanishka possibly fought off <a href="/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Kushan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian–Kushan War">an invasion by the Parthian Empire</a> in his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghirshman_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghirshman-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war is attested in a single source, a Chinese translation of a lost Sanskrit original, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu_fazang_yinyuan_zhuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan (page does not exist)">A History of the Buddha's Successors</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushanmap.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the Rabatak inscription,[23] the northern expansion into the Tarim Basin is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.[24][25]"><img alt="Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the Rabatak inscription,[23] the northern expansion into the Tarim Basin is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.[24][25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kushanmap.jpg/93px-Kushanmap.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kushanmap.jpg/140px-Kushanmap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Kushanmap.jpg/186px-Kushanmap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan territories</a> (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under Kanishka (dotted line). The conquests in India are according to the <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the northern expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-SKK_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKK-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Probable_statue_of_Kanishka,_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_(2nd_century_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Probable statue of Kanishka, Surkh Kotal, 2nd century CE. Kabul Museum.[26]"><img alt="Probable statue of Kanishka, Surkh Kotal, 2nd century CE. Kabul Museum.[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg/86px-Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg/129px-Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg/172px-Probable_statue_of_Kanishka%2C_Surkh_Kotal._Kabul_Museum_%282nd_century_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="2501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Probable statue of Kanishka, <a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a>, 2nd century CE. <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Museum">Kabul Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in Khotan, modern China."><img alt="Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in Khotan, modern China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg/120px-Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg/180px-Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg/239px-Bronze_coin_of_Kanishka_found_in_Khotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze coin of Kanishka, found in <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samatata coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the Kushan coinage of Kanishka I. Bengal, c. 2nd–3rd century CE.[27]"><img alt="Samatata coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the Kushan coinage of Kanishka I. Bengal, c. 2nd–3rd century CE.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/120px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/180px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/240px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_coinage" title="Kushan coinage">Kushan coinage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd–3rd century CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Samatata_coin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samatata_coin-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanishka's_coins"><span id="Kanishka.27s_coins"></span>Kanishka's coins</h2></div> <p>Kanishka's coins portray images of <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iranian</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumero</a>-<a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> divinities, demonstrating the <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">religious syncretism</a> in his beliefs. Kanishka's coins from the beginning of his reign bear legends in Greek language and script and depict Greek divinities. Later coins bear legends in <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian language</a> that the Kushans evidently spoke, and Greek divinities were replaced by corresponding Iranian ones. All of Kanishka's coins – even ones with a legend in the Bactrian language – were written in a modified Greek script that had one additional glyph (Ϸ) to represent /š/ (<i>sh</i>), as in the word 'Ku<i>sh</i>an' and 'Kani<i>sh</i>ka'. </p><p>On his coins, the king is typically depicted as a bearded man in a long coat and trousers gathered at the ankle, with flames emanating from his shoulders. He wears large rounded boots, and is armed with a long sword as well as a lance. He is frequently seen to be making a sacrifice on a small altar. The lower half of a lifesize limestone relief of Kanishka similarly attired, with a stiff embroidered surplice beneath his coat and spurs attached to his boots under the light gathered folds of his trousers, survived in the Kabul Museum until it was destroyed by the Taliban.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_phase">Hellenistic phase</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/270px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/405px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/540px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 AD</span>).<br /><b>Obverse:</b> Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ</span></span> "[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings".<br /><b>Reverse:</b> Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΗΛΙΟΣ</span></span> <i>Helios</i>. Kanishka monogram (<i>tamgha</i>) to the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>A few coins at the beginning of his reign have a legend in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> and script: <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΟΥ</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">basileus basileon kaneshkou</i></span> "[coin] of Kanishka, king of kings." <br /> Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on these early coins: </p> <ul><li><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΗΛΙΟΣ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ēlios</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Hēlios</a>), <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΗΦΑΗΣΤΟΣ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ēphaēstos</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaistos">Hephaistos</a>), <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΣΑΛΗΝΗ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">salēnē</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a>), <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ΑΝΗΜΟΣ</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">anēmos</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Anemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemos">Anemos</a>)</li></ul> <p>The inscriptions in Greek are full of spelling and syntactical errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_/_Indic_phase"><span id="Iranian_.2F_Indic_phase"></span>Iranian / Indic phase</h3></div> <p>Following the transition to the Bactrian language on coins, Iranian and Indic divinities replace the Greek ones: </p> <ul><li>ΑΡΔΟΧ<i>Ϸ</i>Ο (<i>ardoxsho</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ashi_Vanghuhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashi Vanghuhi">Ashi Vanghuhi</a>)</li> <li>ΛΡΟΟΑΣΠΟ (<i>lrooaspo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Drvaspa" title="Drvaspa">Drvaspa</a>)</li> <li>ΑΘ<i>Ϸ</i>Ο (<i>adsho</i>, <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a>)</li> <li>ΦΑΡΡΟ (<i>pharro</i>, personified <a href="/wiki/Khwarenah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarenah">khwarenah</a>)</li> <li>ΜΑΟ (<i>mao</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mah" title="Mah">Mah</a>)</li> <li>ΜΙΘΡΟ, ΜΙΙΡΟ, ΜΙΟΡΟ, ΜΙΥΡΟ (<i>mithro</i>, <i>miiro</i>, <i>mioro</i>, <i>miuro</i>, variants of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>)</li> <li>ΜΟΖΔΟΟΑΝΟ (<i>mozdaooano</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Mazda</a> the victorious?")</li> <li>ΝΑΝΑ, ΝΑΝΑΙΑ, ΝΑΝΑ<i>Ϸ</i>ΑΟ (variants of pan-Asiatic <i>Nana</i>, Sogdian <i>nny</i>, in a Zoroastrian context <a href="/wiki/Aredvi_Sura_Anahita" class="mw-redirect" title="Aredvi Sura Anahita">Aredvi Sura Anahita</a>)</li> <li>ΜΑΝΑΟΒΑΓΟ (<i>manaobago</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a> )</li> <li>ΟΑΔΟ (<i>oado</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vata-Vayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vata-Vayu">Vata</a>)</li> <li>ΟΡΑΛΑΓΝΟ (<i>orlagno</i>, <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>)</li></ul> <p>Only a few <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> divinities were used as well: </p> <ul><li>ΒΟΔΔΟ (<i>boddo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>),</li> <li><i>Ϸ</i>ΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (<i>shakamano boddho</i>, <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a>)</li> <li>ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ (<i>metrago boddo</i>, the bodhisattava <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>)</li></ul> <p>Only a few <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> divinities were used as well: </p> <ul><li>ΟΗ<i>Ϸ</i>Ο (<i><a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">oesho</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>). A recent study indicate that <i>oesho</i> may be <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vayu</a> conflated with <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanishka_and_Buddhism">Kanishka and Buddhism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/300px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/450px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/600px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of <b>Kanishka I</b> with a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 120 AD</span>).<br /><b>Obv:</b> Kanishka standing.., clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Kushan-language legend in Greek script (with the addition of the Kushan Ϸ "sh" letter): ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ ("Shaonanoshao Kanishki Koshano"): "King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan".<br /><b>Rev:</b> Standing Buddha in Hellenistic style, forming the gesture of "no fear" (abhaya mudra) with his right hand, and holding a pleat of his robe in his left hand. Legend in Greek script: ΒΟΔΔΟ "Boddo", for the Buddha. Kanishka monogram (tamgha) to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Buddhist tradition Kanishka is regarded as of utmost importance. Although he never converted to Buddhism, he encouraged its teachings and provided royal sponsorship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 201">: 201 </span></sup> Notably, he administered the 4th Buddhist Council in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> as the head of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> It was presided by Vasumitra and Ashwaghosha. Images of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> based on 32 physical signs were made during his time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He encouraged both the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist Art">Greco-Buddhist Art</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> school of art (an inescapable religious syncretism pervades Kushana rule). Kanishka personally seems to have embraced both Buddhism and the Persian attributes but he favored Buddhism, proven by his devotion to Buddhist teachings and prayer styles depicted in various books related to kushan empire. </p><p>His greatest contribution to Buddhist architecture was the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a> at Purushapura, modern day <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Archaeologists who rediscovered the base of it in 1908–1909 estimated that this stupa had a diameter of 286 feet (87 metres). Reports of Chinese pilgrims such as <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> indicate that its height was 600 to 700 (Chinese) "feet" (= roughly 180–210 metres or 591–689 ft.) and it was covered with jewels.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kanishka is said to have been particularly close to the Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Ashvaghosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvaghosha">Ashvaghosha</a>, who became his religious advisor in his later years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_coinage">Buddhist coinage</h3></div> <p>The Buddhist coins of Kanishka are comparatively rare (well under one percent of all known coins of Kanishka). Several show Kanishka on the obverse and the Buddha standing on the reverse. A few also show the <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>. Like all coins of Kanishka, the design is rather rough and proportions tend to be imprecise; the image of the Buddha is often slightly overdone, with oversize ears and feet spread apart in the same fashion as the Kushan king. </p><p>Three types of Kanishka's Buddhist coins are known: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standing_Buddha">Standing Buddha</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/170px-Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/255px-Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/340px-Buddha_in_the_coinage_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> envelopped in a <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a> in Kanishka's coinage. The mandorla is normally considered as a late evolution in Gandhara art.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Only six Kushan coins of the Buddha are known in gold (the sixth one is the centerpiece of an ancient piece of jewellery, consisting of a Kanishka Buddha coin decorated with a ring of heart-shaped ruby stones). All these coins were minted in gold under Kanishka I, and are in two different denominations: a <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> of about 8 gm, roughly similar to a Roman <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a>, and a quarter dinar of about 2 gm. (about the size of an <a href="/wiki/Obol_(coin)" title="Obol (coin)">obol</a>). </p><p>The Buddha is represented wearing the monastic robe, the <i><a href="/wiki/Antaravasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Antaravasaka">antaravasaka</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Uttarasanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarasanga">uttarasanga</a></i>, and the overcoat <i><a href="/wiki/Sanghati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghati">sanghati</a></i>. </p><p>The ears are extremely large and long, a symbolic exaggeration possibly rendered necessary by the small size of the coins, but otherwise visible in some later Gandharan statues of the Buddha typically dated to the 3rd–4th century CE (<i>illustration, left</i>). He has an abundant topknot covering the <a href="/wiki/Usnisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Usnisha">usnisha</a>, often highly stylised in a curly or often globular manner, also visible on later Buddha statues of Gandhara. </p><p>In general, the representation of the Buddha on these coins is already highly symbolic, and quite distinct from the more naturalistic and Hellenistic images seen in early Gandhara sculptures. On several designs a mustache is apparent. The palm of his right hand bears the <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a> mark, and his brow bear the <a href="/wiki/Urna" title="Urna">urna</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Aureola" title="Aureola">aureola</a>, formed by one, two or three lines, surrounds him. </p><p>The full gown worn by the Buddha on the coins, covering both shoulders, suggests a Gandharan model rather than a Mathuran one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Shakyamuni_Buddha""><span id=".22Shakyamuni_Buddha.22"></span>"Shakyamuni Buddha"</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg/200px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg/300px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg/400px-Shakyamuni_Buddha_on_coins_of_Kanihska_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Depictions of the "<a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a>" (with legend ϷΑΚΑΜΑΝΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Shakamano Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> (with the legend "Sakamano Boudo", i.e. Shakamuni Buddha, another name for the historic Buddha <a href="/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharta Gautama">Siddharta Gautama</a>), standing to front, with left hand on hip and forming the abhaya mudra with the right hand. All these coins are in copper only, and usually rather worn. </p><p>The gown of the Shakyamuni Buddha is quite light compared to that on the coins in the name of Buddha, clearly showing the outline of the body, in a nearly transparent way. These are probably the first two layers of monastic clothing the <i><a href="/wiki/Antaravasaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Antaravasaka">antaravasaka</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Uttarasanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarasanga">uttarasanga</a></i>. Also, his gown is folded over the left arm (rather than being held in the left hand as above), a feature only otherwise known in the <a href="/wiki/Bimaran_casket" title="Bimaran casket">Bimaran casket</a> and suggestive of a scarf-like <i><a href="/wiki/Uttariya" title="Uttariya">uttariya</a></i>. He has an abundant topknot covering the <a href="/wiki/Ushnisha" title="Ushnisha">ushnisha</a>, and a simple or double <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, sometimes radiating, surrounds his head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Maitreya_Buddha""><span id=".22Maitreya_Buddha.22"></span>"Maitreya Buddha"</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg/200px-KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg/300px-KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg/400px-KushanMaitreyaTotal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Depictions of "<a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>" (with legend ΜΕΤΡΑΓΟ ΒΟΔΔΟ "Metrago Boddo") in Kanishka's coinage.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> (with the legend "Metrago Boudo") cross-legged on a throne, holding a water pot, and also forming the Abhaya mudra. These coins are only known in copper and are quite worn out . On the clearest coins, Maitreya seems to be wearing the armbands of an Indian prince, a feature often seen on the statuary of Maitreya. The throne is decorated with small columns, suggesting that the coin representation of Maitreya was directly copied from pre-existing statuary with such well-known features. </p><p>The qualification of "Buddha" for Maitreya is inaccurate, as he is instead a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> (he is the Buddha of the future). </p><p>The iconography of these three types is very different from that of the other deities depicted in Kanishka's coinage. Whether Kanishka's deities are all shown from the side, the Buddhas only are shown frontally, indicating that they were copied from contemporary frontal representations of the standing and seated Buddhas in statuary.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both representations of the Buddha and Shakyamuni have both shoulders covered by their monastic gown, indicating that the statues used as models were from the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> school of art, rather than <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_statuary_under_Kanishka">Buddhist statuary under Kanishka</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan art</a></div> <p>Several Buddhist statues are directly connected to the reign of Kanishka, such as several Bodhisattva statues from the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Art">Art of Mathura</a>, while a few other from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> are inscribed with a date in an era which is now thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Yavana_era" title="Yavana era">Yavana era</a>, starting in 186 to 175 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0; font-size: 100%;"><b>Dated statuary under Kanishka</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kosambi Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka".[37]"><img alt="Kosambi Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka".[37]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/144px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/216px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/288px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a> Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bala Bodhisattva, Sarnath, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka".[38]"><img alt="Bala Bodhisattva, Sarnath, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka".[38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/188px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/282px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/376px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Bala_Bodhisattva" title="Bala Bodhisattva">Bala Bodhisattva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants,_Mathura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Kimbell seated Buddha", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE).[39][40] Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".[41]"><img alt=""Kimbell seated Buddha", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE).[39][40] Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/283px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/425px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/567px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="3740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<i><a href="/wiki/Kimbell_seated_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbell seated Buddha">Kimbell seated Buddha</a></i>", with inscription "year 4 of Kanishka" (131 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Kimbell_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimbell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPK_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPK-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 192.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara Buddhist Triad from Sahr-i-Bahlol, c. 132 CE, similar to the dated Brussels Buddha.[42] Peshawar Museum.[43][44]"><img alt="Gandhara Buddhist Triad from Sahr-i-Bahlol, c. 132 CE, similar to the dated Brussels Buddha.[42] Peshawar Museum.[43][44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg/286px-Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg/429px-Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg/572px-Buddhist_Triad_Peshawar_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandhara Buddhist Triad from <a href="/wiki/Sahr-i-Bahlol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahr-i-Bahlol">Sahr-i-Bahlol</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 132 CE</span>, similar to the dated <i><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Buddha" title="Brussels Buddha">Brussels Buddha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-GF_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Museum" title="Peshawar Museum">Peshawar Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs,_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of a Nāga between two Nāgīs, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE.[45][46][47]"><img alt="Image of a Nāga between two Nāgīs, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE.[45][46][47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg/179px-N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg/269px-N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg/358px-N%C4%81ga_between_two_N%C4%81g%C4%ABs%2C_inscribed_in_the_year_8_of_Emperor_Kanishka_135_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> between two <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81g%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāgī">Nāgīs</a>, inscribed in "the year 8 of Emperor Kanishka". 135 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha from Loriyan Tangai with inscription mentionning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.[36]"><img alt="Buddha from Loriyan Tangai with inscription mentionning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/146px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/218px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/291px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a> with inscription mentionning the "year 318", thought to be 143 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Buddha from Loriyan Tangai from the same period.[36]"><img alt="A Buddha from Loriyan Tangai from the same period.[36]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg/147px-Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg/220px-Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg/294px-Loriya_Tangai_standing_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a> from the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-PC_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanishka_stupa">Kanishka stupa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Kanishka casket</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_casket,_Asia,_G33_South_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg/87px-Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg/131px-Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg/174px-Kanishka_casket%2C_Asia%2C_G33_South_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="4154" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg/197px-ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg/296px-ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg/394px-ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="616" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KanishkaDetail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/KanishkaDetail.JPG/127px-KanishkaDetail.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/KanishkaDetail.JPG/191px-KanishkaDetail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/KanishkaDetail.JPG/254px-KanishkaDetail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="679" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kanishka, surrounded by the Iranian Sun-God and Moon-God (detail)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_relics.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/157px-Buddha_relics.JPG" decoding="async" width="157" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/236px-Buddha_relics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Buddha_relics.JPG/314px-Buddha_relics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="993" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Relics from Kanishka's stupa in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, sent by the British to <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, Burma in 1910.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The "<a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a>", dated to 127 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, with the Buddha surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, and Kanishka standing at the center of the lower part, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Kanishka_casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka casket">Kanishka casket</a>" or "Kanishka reliquary", dated to the first year of Kanishka's reign in 127 CE, was discovered in a deposit chamber under <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka stupa">Kanishka stupa</a>, during the archaeological excavations in 1908–1909 in Shah-Ji-Ki-Dheri, just outside the present-day Ganj Gate of the old city of Peshawar.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is today at the Peshawar Museum, and a copy is in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. It is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha, which are now housed in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, Burma. </p><p>The casket is dedicated in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a>. The inscription reads: </p> <dl><dd>"(*mahara)jasa kanishkasa kanishka-pure nagare aya gadha-karae deya-dharme sarva-satvana hita-suhartha bhavatu mahasenasa sagharaki dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kanishkasa vihare mahasenasa sangharame"</dd></dl> <p>The text is signed by the maker, a Greek artist named <i>Agesilas</i>, who oversaw work at Kanishka's <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a> (caitya), confirming the direct involvement of Greeks with Buddhist realisations at such a late date: "The servant Agisalaos, the superintendent of works at the vihara of Kanishka in the monastery of Mahasena" ("dasa agisala nava-karmi ana*kaniskasa vihara mahasenasa sangharame"). </p><p>The lid of the casket shows the Buddha on a lotus pedestal, and worshipped by <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>. The edge of the lid is decorated by a frieze of flying geese. The body of the casket represents a Kushan monarch, probably Kanishka in person, with the Iranian sun and moon gods on his side. On the sides are two images of a seated Buddha, worshiped by royal figures, can be assumed as Kanishka. A garland, supported by <a href="/wiki/Cherubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherubs">cherubs</a> goes around the scene in typical Hellenistic style. </p><p>The attribution of the casket to Kanishka has been recently disputed, essentially on stylistic ground (for example the ruler shown on the casket is not bearded, to the contrary of Kanishka). Instead, the casket is often attributed to Kanishka's successor <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanishka_in_Buddhist_tradition">Kanishka in Buddhist tradition</h3></div> <p>In Buddhist tradition, Kanishka is often described as an aggressive, hot tempered, rigid, strict, and a bit harsh kind of King before he got converted to Buddhism of which he was very fond, and after his conversion to Buddhism, he became an openhearted, benevolent, and faithful ruler. As in the Sri-dharma-pitaka-nidana sutra: </p> <dl><dd>"At this time the King of Ngan-si (Pahlava) was very aggressive and of a violent nature....There was a bhikshu (monk) arhat who seeing the harsh deeds done by the king wished to make him repent. So by his supernatural force he caused the king to see the torments of hell. The king was terrified and repented and cried terribly and hence dissolved all his negatives within him and got self realised for the first time in life ." <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śri-dharma-piṭaka-nidāna sūtra</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Additionally, the arrival of Kanishka was reportedly foretold or was predicted by the Buddha, as well as the construction of his stupa: </p> <dl><dd>". . . the Buddha, pointing to a small boy making a mud tope....[said] that on that spot <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇiṣka</i></span> would erect a tope by his name." <i>Vinaya sutra</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/220px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/330px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/440px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution,_Simpson_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/220px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/330px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/440px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a> stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE and contained coins of Kaniska</figcaption></figure> <p>The same story is repeated in a <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotanese</a> scroll found at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, which first described how Kanishka would arrive 400 years after the death of the Buddha. The account also describes how Kanishka came to raise his stupa: </p> <dl><dd>"A desire thus arose in [Kanishka to build a vast stupa]....at that time the four world-regents learnt the mind of the king. So for his sake they took the form of young boys....[and] began a stūpa of mud....the boys said to [Kanishka] 'We are making the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇiṣka-stūpa</i></span>.'....At that time the boys changed their form....[and] said to him, 'Great king, by you according to the Buddha's prophecy is a <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṅghārāma</i></span> to be built wholly (?) with a large stūpa and hither relics must be invited which the meritorious good beings...will bring."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Chinese pilgrims to India, such as <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, who travelled there around 630 CE also relays the story: </p> <dl><dd>"<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaṇiṣka</i></span> became sovereign of all Jambudvīpa (Indian subcontinent) but he did not believe in Karma, but he treated Buddhism with honor and respect as he himself converted to Buddhism intrigued by the teachings and scriptures of it. When he was hunting in the wild country a white hare appeared; the king gave a chase and the hare suddenly disappeared at [the site of the future stupa]....[when the construction of the stūpa was not going as planned] the king lost his patience and took the matter in his own hands and started resurrecting the plans precisely, thus completing the stupas with utmost perfection and perseverance. These two stupas are still in existence and were resorted to for cures by people afflicted with diseases."</dd></dl> <p>King Kanishka because of his deeds was highly respected, regarded, honored by all the people he ruled and governed and was regarded the greatest king who ever lived because of his kindness, humbleness and sense of equality and self-righteousness among all aspects. Thus such great deeds and character of the king Kanishka made his name immortal and thus he was regarded "THE KING OF KINGS"<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission_of_Buddhism_to_China">Transmission of Buddhism to China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></div> <p>Buddhist monks from the region of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> played a key role in the development and the transmission of Buddhist ideas in the direction of northern Asia from the middle of the 2nd century CE. The <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> monk, <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 178 CE</span>), became the first translator of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and established a translation bureau at the Chinese capital <a href="/wiki/Loyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyang">Loyang</a>. Central Asian and East Asian Buddhist monks appear to have maintained strong exchanges for the following centuries. </p><p>Kanishka was probably succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a>. How and when this came about is still uncertain. The inscription on The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Rock_of_Hunza" title="Sacred Rock of Hunza">Sacred Rock of Hunza</a> also shows the signs of Kanishka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGakkai2009" class="citation book cs1">Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKMvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA328"><i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3334-0"><bdi>978-81-208-3334-0</bdi></a>. <q>According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3334-0&rft.aulast=Gakkai&rft.aufirst=Soka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKMvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT109"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfield1967" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfield, John M. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA40"><i>The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 40–41. <q>There are two unconfirmed theories about Kanisha's having ruled in the periphery of the Kushan Empire before assuming power as the Shaonanoshao. Both are based on the supposition of a separate Kanishka dynasty. The earlier-Sten Konow's-is that Kanishka came from Khotan, having been summoned as an ethnic ally at the time of troubles after Vima's reign. Konow supports this theory by citing a Tibetan tradition that a Khotanese expedition to India of about A.D. 120 was commanded by a King Vijayakirti along with a King Kanika and the king of Guzan. Ghirshman's similar theory is that Kanishka was originally king of Kashmir before becoming suzerain of the dynasty as a whole. He cites the above mentioned Khalatse epigraph, which may allude to Kushan power reaching the northeast corner of Kashmir, and also the Rajatarangini, in which the list of [Kushan] kings of Kashmir gave Kanishka's name as the third of a sequence, suggesting that he had predecessors there (Hushka and Jushka). Finally, testimony of Kanishka's activity in Kashmir in favor of the Buddhist faith suggests that he favored the region above others and that he founded Peshawar as his capital to be close to Kashmir.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynasty+Arts+of+the+Kushans&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Rosenfield&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudnBkQhzHH4C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B.N. Mukhjerjee, <i>Shāh-jī-kī-ḍherī Casket Inscription</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Museum_Quarterly" title="British Museum Quarterly">The British Museum Quarterly</a></i>, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (Summer, 1964), pp. 39–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas". Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bracey, Robert (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32448882">"The Date of Kanishka since 1960 (Indian Historical Review, 2017, 44(1), 1–41)"</a></span>. <i>Indian Historical Review</i>. <b>44</b>: 1–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Kanishka+since+1960+%28Indian+Historical+Review%2C+2017%2C+44%281%29%2C+1%E2%80%9341%29&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bracey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32448882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahiya2017" class="citation book cs1">Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ"><i>ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 278–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5260-673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5260-673-3"><bdi>978-93-5260-673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ANCIENT+AND+MEDIEVAL+INDIA+EBOOK&rft.pages=278-281&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5260-673-3&rft.aulast=Dahiya&rft.aufirst=Poonam+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbU6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kushans at first retained the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a> (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127 AD</span>), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Falk (2001), pp. 121–136. Falk (2004), pp. 167–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUK-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUK_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1965" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>India under the Kushāṇas</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+the+Kush%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGakkai2009" class="citation book cs1">Gakkai, Soka (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKMvEAAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+born+khotan&pg=PA328"><i>Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3334-0"><bdi>978-81-208-3334-0</bdi></a>. <q>According to one influential account, he was born in Khotan and came from a family line different from that of Kushan dynasty founder Kujūla Kadphises and his successor, Vīma Kadphises.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3334-0&rft.aulast=Gakkai&rft.aufirst=Soka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKMvEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkanishka%2Bborn%2Bkhotan%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+died+khotan&pg=PT109"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to the Chinese sources, Kanishka came originally from Khotan and belonged to one of the smaller Yueh Chi tribes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkanishka%2Bdied%2Bkhotan%26pg%3DPT109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindeisenIsayKatz-Goehr2009" class="citation book cs1">Findeisen, Raoul David; Isay, Gad C.; Katz-Goehr, Amira (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Esz2vwNkzNMC&pg=PA138"><i>At Home in Many Worlds: Reading, Writing and Translating from Chinese and Jewish Cultures : Essays in Honour of Irene Eber</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06135-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06135-3"><bdi>978-3-447-06135-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Home+in+Many+Worlds%3A+Reading%2C+Writing+and+Translating+from+Chinese+and+Jewish+Cultures+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Irene+Eber&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06135-3&rft.aulast=Findeisen&rft.aufirst=Raoul+David&rft.au=Isay%2C+Gad+C.&rft.au=Katz-Goehr%2C+Amira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEsz2vwNkzNMC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), pp. 75–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams (1998), pp. 79–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams and Cribb (1995/6), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&pg=PA301"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Allied Publishers. 1988. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8424-568-4"><bdi>978-81-8424-568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-8424-568-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMazdaWXQFuQC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParashar2004" class="citation book cs1">Parashar, Parmanand (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gylNFls7xxoC&pg=PA260"><i>Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-518-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-518-9"><bdi>978-81-7625-518-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+The+Paradise+Of+Asia&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-518-9&rft.aulast=Parashar&rft.aufirst=Parmanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgylNFls7xxoC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1999">Puri 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA258">258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2009), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghirshman-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghirshman_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhirshman1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Ghirshman, Roman</a> (1965) [1954]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranfromearliest0000ghir/page/261/mode/1up"><i>Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Penguin Books. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+From+the+earliest+times+to+the+Islamic+conquest&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ghirshman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanfromearliest0000ghir%2Fpage%2F261%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2021" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Craig (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6GkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA339">"The Kushan Empire"</a>. In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). <i>The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 325–346 (at 339). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197532768.003.0011">10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753278-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-753278-2"><bdi>978-0-19-753278-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kushan+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+World+History+of+Empire%3A+Volume+Two%3A+The+History+of+Empires&rft.pages=325-346+%28at+339%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197532768.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-753278-2&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6GkLEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a> claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (<a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo (<a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>), Palabotro (<a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself." <i>Ancient Indian Inscriptions</i>, <a href="/wiki/S._R._Goyal" title="S. R. Goyal">S. R. Goyal</a>, p. 93. See also the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Sims-Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Sims-Williams">Sims-Williams</a> and J. Cribb, who had a central role in the decipherment: "A new Bactrian inscription of Kanishka the Great", in <i>Silk Road Art and Archaeology</i> No. 4, 1995–1996. Also see, Mukherjee, B. N. "The Great Kushanan Testament", Indian Museum Bulletin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKK-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SKK_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Cribb, Joe (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33275660">"The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2"</a>. <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i>. pp. 129–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Kharosthi+coins+of+Khotan+part+2&rft.pages=129-152&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33275660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1(g). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1%28g%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Muzio2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lo Muzio, Ciro (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3586155">"Remarks on the Paintings from the Buddhist Monastery of Fayaz Tepe (Southern Uzbekistan)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>22</b>: 189–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Paintings+from+the+Buddhist+Monastery+of+Fayaz+Tepe+%28Southern+Uzbekistan%29&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=189-206&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lo+Muzio&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3586155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samatata_coin-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samatata_coin_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3412701&page=1&partId=1">"Samatata coin"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Samatata+coin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D3412701%26page%3D1%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood (2002), illus. p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sims-Williams (online) <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Humbach, 1975, pp. 402–408. K. Tanabe, 1997, p. 277, M. Carter, 1995, p. 152. J. Cribb, 1997, p. 40. References cited in <i>De l'Indus à l'Oxus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhodadad_Rezakhani2017" class="citation book cs1">Khodadad Rezakhani (2017). "From the Kushans to the Western Turks". In Touraj Daryaee (ed.). <i>King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE)</i>. Ancient Iran Series. Vol. 4. Brill. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004460645_010">10.1163/9789004460645_010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46064-5"><bdi>978-90-04-46064-5</bdi></a>. <q>Kanishka, known as the Great (....) He is also known through mentions of him in many Indian epic and religious sources, where he is associated with the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia (Bivar 1983: 190f; Staviskij 1986: 201-215). Despite this concentration on his support of Buddhism, however, he appears to have been a ruler more akin to Constantine the Great than Theodosius the Great, in that he did not himself convert to Buddhism, rather rendering his support to the religion (Stavinskij 1986: 215-229; Grenet 2006).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Kushans+to+the+Western+Turks&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Seven+Climes%3A+A+History+of+the+Ancient+Iranian+World+%283000+BCE+-+651+CE%29&rft.series=Ancient+Iran+Series&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004460645_010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46064-5&rft.au=Khodadad+Rezakhani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Saleem_Beg2020" class="citation journal cs1">M. Saleem Beg (2020). "Sacred Architecture of Kashmir: Language of Identity". <i>Social Scientist</i>. <b>48</b> (7/8): 75–80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0293">0970-0293</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26978888">26978888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Sacred+Architecture+of+Kashmir%3A+Language+of+Identity&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7%2F8&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26978888%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-0293&rft.au=M.+Saleem+Beg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobbins (1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Gandhara the appearance of a halo surrounding an entire figure occurs only in the latest phases of artistic production, in the fifth and sixth centuries. By this time in Afghanistan the halo/mandorla had become quite common and is the format that took hold at Central Asian Buddhist sites." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38782">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F38782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Crossroads of Asia</i>, p. 201. (Full <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> here.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhi2017" class="citation book cs1">Rhi, Juhyung (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf"><i>Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positionning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 35–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Chronology+in+Gandharan.+Positionning+Gandharan+Buddhas+in+Chronology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=35-51&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rhi&rft.aufirst=Juhyung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carc.ox.ac.uk%2FPublicFiles%2Fmedia%2FFinal%2520e-version%2520Problems%2520of%2520Chronology%2520in%2520Gandharan%2520Art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early History of Kausambi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofka035153mbp#page/n25/mode/2up/search/Bhikkhuni">p.xxi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica#page/n235/mode/2up">Epigraphia Indica 8 p. 179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimbell-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kimbell_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seated Buddha with inscription starting with <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/10px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/19px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/38px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></sup><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/16px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/32px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="510" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/19px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/29px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/38px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></sup><b><big><big>𑁕</big></big></b> <i>Maharajasya Kanishkasya Sam 4</i> "Year 4 of the Great King Kanishka" in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/ap-198606">"Seated Buddha with Two Attendants"</a>. <i>kimbellart.org</i>. Kimbell Art Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kimbellart.org&rft.atitle=Seated+Buddha+with+Two+Attendants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kimbellart.org%2Fcollection%2Fap-198606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPK-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPK_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Buddhist Triad, from Haryana or Mathura, Year 4 of Kaniska (ad 82). Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum_(Singapore)Krishnan2007" class="citation book cs1">Museum (Singapore), Asian Civilisations; Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ny6Kmvu6cC"><i>The Divine Within: Art & Living Culture of India & South Asia</i></a>. World Scientific Pub. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810567057" title="Special:BookSources/9789810567057"><bdi>9789810567057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Within%3A+Art+%26+Living+Culture+of+India+%26+South+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789810567057&rft.aulast=Museum+%28Singapore%29&rft.aufirst=Asian+Civilisations&rft.au=Krishnan%2C+Gauri+Parimoo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-ny6Kmvu6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrendt2007" class="citation book cs1">Behrendt, Kurt A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C"><i>The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48, Fig. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-224-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-224-4"><bdi>978-1-58839-224-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Gandhara+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pages=48%2C+Fig.+18&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-224-4&rft.aulast=Behrendt&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ3eCZVlT48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GF-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GF_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFUSSMAN1974" class="citation journal cs1">FUSSMAN, Gérard (1974). "Documents Epigraphiques Kouchans". <i>Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient</i>. <b>61</b>: 54–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.1974.5193">10.3406/befeo.1974.5193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0336-1519">0336-1519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43732476">43732476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.atitle=Documents+Epigraphiques+Kouchans&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=54-57&rft.date=1974&rft.issn=0336-1519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43732476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbefeo.1974.5193&rft.aulast=FUSSMAN&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhi" class="citation book cs1">Rhi, Juhyung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7976078"><i>Identifying Several Visual Types of Gandharan Buddha Images. Archives of Asian Art 58 (2008)</i></a>. pp. 53–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identifying+Several+Visual+Types+of+Gandharan+Buddha+Images.+Archives+of+Asian+Art+58+%282008%29.&rft.pages=53-56&rft.aulast=Rhi&rft.aufirst=Juhyung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7976078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Classical_Art_Research_Centre2018" class="citation book cs1">The Classical Art Research Centre, University of Oxford (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt"><i>Problems of Chronology in Gandhāran Art: Proceedings of the First International Workshop of the Gandhāra Connections Project, University of Oxford, 23rd-24th March, 2017</i></a>. Archaeopress. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt/page/n52">45</a>, notes 28, 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Chronology+in+Gandh%C4%81ran+Art%3A+Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Workshop+of+the+Gandh%C4%81ra+Connections+Project%2C+University+of+Oxford%2C+23rd-24th+March%2C+2017&rft.pages=45%2C+notes+28%2C+29&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=The+Classical+Art+Research+Centre&rft.aufirst=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FProblemsOfChronologyInGandharanArt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, Dineschandra (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&pg=PA134"><i>Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2790-5"><bdi>978-81-208-2790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Religious+Life+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2790-5&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineschandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh1y1eMgGBMC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1923" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, H. krishna (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170"><i>Epigraphia Indica Vol-17</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70170/page/n31">11</a>–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Vol-17&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=H.+krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.70170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuders1961" class="citation book cs1">Luders, Heinrich (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093"><i>Mathura Inscriptions</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201093/page/n148">148</a>–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathura+Inscriptions&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Luders&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.201093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hargreaves (1910–11), pp. 25–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spooner, (1908–9), pp. 38–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar (1973), p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar (1973), p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar (1973). p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, quoted in: Kumar (1973), p. 93.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कनिष्क</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kaniṣka</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian script">Greco-Bactrian</a>:Κανηϸκε <i>Kaniške</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a>: <b>𐨐𐨞𐨁𐨮𐨿𐨐</b> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ka-ṇi-ṣka</i></span></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi</a>: 𑀓𑀸𑀡𑀺𑀱𑁆𑀓 <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kā-ṇi-ṣka</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a> (2003). <i>De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale</i> (in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9516679-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9516679-2-1"><bdi>978-2-9516679-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27Indus+%C3%A0+l%27Oxus%2C+Arch%C3%A9ologie+de+l%27Asie+Centrale&rft.place=Lattes&rft.pub=Association+imago-mus%C3%A9e+de+Lattes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-9516679-2-1&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chavannes, Édouard. (1906) "Trois Généraux Chinois de la dynastie des Han Orientaux. Pan Tch'ao (32–102 p. C.); – son fils Pan Yong; – Leang K'in (112 p. C.). Chapitre LXXVII du <i>Heou Han chou</i>." <i>T'oung pao</i> 7, (1906) p. 232 and note 3.</li> <li>Dobbins, K. Walton. (1971). <i>The Stūpa and Vihāra of Kanishka I</i>. The Asiatic Society of Bengal Monograph Series, Vol. XVIII. Calcutta.</li> <li>Falk, Harry (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." In: <i>Silk Road Art and Archaeology</i> VII, pp. 121–136.</li> <li>Falk, Harry (2004): "The Kaniṣka era in Gupta records." In: <i>Silk Road Art and Archaeology</i> X (2004), pp. 167–176.</li> <li>Foucher, M. A. 1901. "Notes sur la geographie ancienne du Gandhâra (commentaire à un chapitre de Hiuen-Tsang)." <i>BEFEO</i> No. 4, Oct. 1901, pp. 322–369.</li> <li>Gnoli, Gherardo (2002). "The "Aryan" Language." <i>JSAI</i> 26 (2002).</li> <li>Hargreaves, H. (1910–11): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī"; <i>Archaeological Survey of India, 1910–11</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmattaPuriEtemadi1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F., eds. (1999) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Volume II The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B.C. to A.D. 250</i></a>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1408-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1208-1408-0"><bdi>978-8-1208-1408-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia.+Volume+II+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+250&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8-1208-1408-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDguGWP0vGY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFPuri1999" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Baij_Nath_Puri" title="Baij Nath Puri">Puri, Baij Nath</a>. "The Kushans". In <a href="#CITEREFHarmattaPuriEtemadi1999">Harmatta, Puri & Etemadi (1999)</a>, pp. 247–264.</span></li></ul></li> <li>Hill, John E. (2009) <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd centuries CE</i>. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1">978-1-4392-2134-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund,_Dietmar1998" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (1998). <i>A history of India</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15481-9"><bdi>978-0-415-15481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+India&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15481-9&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kumar, Baldev. 1973. <i>The Early <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kuṣāṇas</i></span></i>. New Delhi, Sterling Publishers.</li> <li>Sims-Williams, Nicholas and Joe Cribb (1995/6): "A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great." <i>Silk Road Art and Archaeology</i> 4 (1996), pp. 75–142.</li> <li>Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1998): "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." <i>Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies</i>. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp. 79–93.</li> <li>Sims-Williams, Nicholas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams" class="citation book cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicolas. "Bactrian Language". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 3. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bactrian+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bactrian-language">Accessed: 20/12/2010</a></li> <li>Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; <i>Archaeological Survey of India, 1908-9</i>.</li> <li>Wood, Frances (2003). <i>The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia</i>. University of California Press. Hbk (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23786-5">978-0-520-23786-5</a>; pbk. (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24340-8">978-0-520-24340-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kanishka_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kushan.org/">A rough guide to Kushana history.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-kanishka.html">Online Catalogue of Kanishka's Coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=200&search=Kanishka&Thumb=1">Coins of Kanishka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kushan.org/essays/chronology/kanishka.htm">Controversy regarding the beginning of the Kanishka Era.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090817052335/http://www.bpmurphy.com/COTW/week2.htm">Kanishka Buddhist coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109171953/http://www.trincoll.edu/classes/relg254pics/relg254pics/class3/if000000.htm">Photograph of the Kanishka casket</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kushan_EmpireEmperors,_territories_and_chronology" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fcc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushans" title="Template:Kushans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kushans" title="Template talk:Kushans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kushan_EmpireEmperors,_territories_and_chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a><br /><small>Emperors, territories and chronology</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; margin:2px 0 0 0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th>Western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th> <th>Western <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bajaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaur">Bajaur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Western Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Eastern Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#cdcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">INDO-GREEK KINGDOM</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">INDO-SCYTHIAN Northern Satraps</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 BCE – 10 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">Indo-Scythian dynasty of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Apracharajas" title="Apracharajas">APRACHARAJAS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vijayamitra" title="Vijayamitra">Vijayamitra</a><br />(ruled 12 BCE – 15 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Liaka_Kusulaka" title="Liaka Kusulaka">Liaka Kusulaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Patika_Kusulaka" title="Patika Kusulaka">Patika Kusulaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeionises" title="Zeionises">Zeionises</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Kharahostes" title="Kharahostes">Kharahostes</a><br />(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mujatria" title="Mujatria">Mujatria</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#cdcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Hagana_(Satrap)" title="Hagana (Satrap)">Hagana</a> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">10-20CE </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Indravasu" title="Indravasu">Indravasu</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Rajuvula" title="Rajuvula">Rajuvula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">20–30 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubouzanes" title="Ubouzanes">Ubouzanes</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Pakores" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakores">Pakores</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Vispavarma" title="Vispavarma">Vispavarma</a><br />(ruled <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 0</span>–20 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Sarpedones" title="Sarpedones">Sarpedones</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhadayasa" title="Bhadayasa">Bhadayasa</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">30-40 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"><b><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">KUSHAN EMPIRE</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span>–90)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Indravarma" title="Indravarma">Indravarma</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Abdagases" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdagases">Abdagases</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">40–45 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Aspavarma" title="Aspavarma">Aspavarma</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Gadana" title="Gadana">Gadana</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">45–50 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Sasan_(Apraca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasan (Apraca)">Sasan</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Sases" title="Sases">Sases</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">50–75 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">75–100 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">Indo-Scythian dynasty of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">WESTERN SATRAPS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chashtana" title="Chashtana">Chastana</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90</span>–113)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">100–120 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Abhiraka" title="Abhiraka">Abhiraka</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113</span>–127)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">120 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhumaka" title="Bhumaka">Bhumaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">PARATARAJAS</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yolamira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yolamira (page does not exist)">Yolamira</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanishka I</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>–151)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc">Great Satrap <a href="/wiki/Kharapallana" title="Kharapallana">Kharapallana</a><br />and Satrap <a href="/wiki/Vanaspara" title="Vanaspara">Vanaspara</a><br />for <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanishka I</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">130–230 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Jayadaman" title="Jayadaman">Jayadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damajadasri_I" title="Damajadasri I">Damajadasri I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_I" title="Rudrasimha I">Rudrasimha I</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isvaradatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isvaradatta (page does not exist)">Isvaradatta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_I" title="Rudrasimha I">Rudrasimha I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasena_I_(Saka_king)" title="Rudrasena I (Saka king)">Rudrasena I</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagamira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagamira (page does not exist)">Bagamira</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas#Rulers" title="Paratarajas">Arjuna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hvaramira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hvaramira (page does not exist)">Hvaramira</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirahvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirahvara (page does not exist)">Mirahvara</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – 230)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">230–250 CE </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samghadaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samghadaman (page does not exist)">Samghadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damasena" title="Damasena">Damasena</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damajadasri_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damajadasri II (page does not exist)">Damajadasri II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viradaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viradaman (page does not exist)">Viradaman</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasodaman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasodaman I (page does not exist)">Yasodaman I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vijayasena" title="Vijayasena">Vijayasena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damajadasri_III" title="Damajadasri III">Damajadasri III</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasena_II" title="Rudrasena II">Rudrasena II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visvasimha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visvasimha (page does not exist)">Visvasimha</a> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miratakhma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miratakhma (page does not exist)">Miratakhma</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kozana" title="Kozana">Kozana</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhimarjuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhimarjuna (page does not exist)">Bhimarjuna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koziya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koziya (page does not exist)">Koziya</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datarvharna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datarvharna (page does not exist)">Datarvharna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datarvharna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datarvharna (page does not exist)">Datarvharna</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">KUSHANO-SASANIANS</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span> – 250)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II_Kushanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardashir II Kushanshah">Ardashir II</a> (?-245)<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span> – 247)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">250–280 </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – 265)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 265</span> – 295)<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 247</span> – 267)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_III" title="Kanishka III">Kanishka III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span> – 270)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">280–300 </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhratadarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhratadarman">Bhratadarman</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datayola_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datayola II (page does not exist)">Datayola II</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 295</span> – 300) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span> – 300)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#fc3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">GUPTA EMPIRE</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">300–320 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Visvasena" title="Visvasena">Visvasena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_II" title="Rudrasimha II">Rudrasimha II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span> – 325) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>–305)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span> – 335)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">320–388 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yasodaman_II" title="Yasodaman II">Yasodaman II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudradaman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudradaman II (page does not exist)">Rudradaman II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrasena_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrasena III (page does not exist)">Rudrasena III</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Simhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Simhasena">Simhasena</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrasena_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrasena IV (page does not exist)">Rudrasena IV</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Varahran_I_Kushanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahran I Kushanshah">Varahran I</a> (325–350)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335</span> – 350)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_58-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">388–396 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_III" title="Rudrasimha III">Rudrasimha III</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">KIDARITES invasion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:left"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the dated inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Rukhana_reliquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukhana reliquary">Rukhana reliquary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>116</b> (3): 418–452 [442]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605147">605147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+Inscribed+Silver+Buddhist+Reliquary+of+the+Time+of+King+Kharaosta+and+Prince+Indravarman&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-452+442&rft.date=1996-07%2F1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Salomon (1995) [Published online: 9 Aug 2010]. "A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma". <i>South Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.1995.9628492">10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Kharosth%C4%AB+Reliquary+Inscription+of+the+Time+of+the+Apraca+Prince+Visnuvarma&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-32&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.1995.9628492&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KKSK-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_58-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongewardCribb2014" class="citation book cs1">Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11049999"><i>Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan</i></a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kushan%2C+Kushano-Sasanian%2C+and+Kidarite+Coins+A+Catalogue+of+Coins+From+the+American+Numismatic+Society+by+David+Jongeward+and+Joe+Cribb+with+Peter+Donovan&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jongeward&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11049999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKanishka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312544#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18115901">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122841123">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/122841123">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&oldid=1259527005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&oldid=1259527005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kanishka" title="Category:Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kushan_emperors" title="Category:Kushan emperors">Kushan emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Indian_monarchs" title="Category:2nd-century Indian monarchs">2nd-century Indian monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Buddhist_monarchs" title="Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs">Indian Buddhist monarchs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2013" title="Category:Use British English from March 2013">Use British English from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_December_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 17:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanishka&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-68775984f6-zfw7z","wgBackendResponseTime":112,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.368","walltime":"1.762","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7686,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":203618,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6638,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":217877,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1464.815 1 -total"," 23.30% 341.298 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.31% 238.868 27 Template:Cite_book"," 13.83% 202.638 1 Template:Efn"," 12.81% 187.683 1 Template:Langx"," 8.11% 118.746 1 Template:Kushan_rulers"," 7.93% 116.135 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.19% 105.346 1 Template:Kushans"," 5.77% 84.551 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.20% 76.184 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.774","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18095522,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBehrendt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBopearachchi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBracey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCribb1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahiya2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFUSSMAN1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindeisenIsayKatz-Goehr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGakkai2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGhirshman1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarmattaPuriEtemadi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhodadad_Rezakhani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeRothermund,_Dietmar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo_Muzio2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuders1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Saleem_Beg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuseum_(Singapore)Krishnan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParashar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfield1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSastri1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSims-Williams\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSircar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Classical_Art_Research_Centre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 8,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Kushan rulers\"] = 1,\n [\"Kushans\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-8qdx2","timestamp":"20241125173439","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kanishka","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kanishka","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312544","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312544","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-06-22T00:37:15Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T17:34:35Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a6\/KanishkaCoin3.JPG","headline":"1st-century CE emperor of the Kushan dynasty in South Asia"}</script> </body> </html>