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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sifat fisik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sifat_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sifat kimia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sifat kimia </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senyawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Senyawa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keterjadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keterjadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Keterjadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keterjadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sejarah </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_historis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_historis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aplikasi historis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_historis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cat_bercahaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cat_bercahaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Cat bercahaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cat_bercahaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_medis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_medis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Penggunaan medis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_medis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Produksi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aplikasi modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bahaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Catatan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Referensi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bacaan lebih lanjut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Pranala luar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Radium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 153 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ራዲየም – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راديوم – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu_(elementu)" title="Radiu (elementu) – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="رادیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Радый – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Рад (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рад (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="রেডিয়াম – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རེ་ཌིམ། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རེ་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(element)" title="Radi (element) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radi (element)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2i_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lòi (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڕادیۆم – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕادیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiwm" title="Radiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Radiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ράδιο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="رادیم – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadium" title="Raadium – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidiam" title="Raidiam – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="રેડિયમ – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadjum" title="Raadjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Raadjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="רדיום – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%B2m" title="Radyòm – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ռադիում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumo" title="Radiumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radiumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C3%ADn" title="Radín – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Radín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Radio (elemento chimico) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="ラジウム – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dircyjinme" title="dircyjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dircyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="რადიუმი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Radɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Radɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%90" title="라듐 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rady%C3%BBm" title="Radyûm – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Radyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elemento)" title="Radio (elemento) – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Radio (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element_chimich)" title="Radio (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radis" title="Radis – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81dijs" title="Rādijs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rādijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konuruke" title="Konuruke – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konuruke" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="റേഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ради – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ради" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ရေဒီယမ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Calaqa(wahiyyoo)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରେଡ଼ିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad_(pierwiastek)" title="Rad (pierwiastek) – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rad (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(element)" title="Radio (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Radio (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ریڈیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="راډيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راډيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(elemento_qu%C3%ADmico)" title="Rádio (elemento químico) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio (elemento químico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratyu_q%27illay" title="Ratyu q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ratyu q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiu" title="Radiu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Radiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="रेडियम – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu_ch%C3%ACmicu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu) – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu chìmicu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0diu_(elementu)" title="Ràdiu (elementu) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ràdiu (elementu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijum" title="Radijum – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dium" title="Rádium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radij" title="Radij – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadhiyaam" title="Raadhiyaam – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Raadhiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumi" title="Radiumi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радијум – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi_(elementi)" title="Radi (elementi) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Radi (elementi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ரேடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரேடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="రేడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="เรเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyum" title="Radyum – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Радий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Радий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="رادىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="رادىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Радій – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ریڈیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiy" title="Radiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radii" title="Radii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radi" title="Radi – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Radi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiom" title="Radiom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_(elemento)" title="Radyo (elemento) – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Radyo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Радиум – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Радиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ראדיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiomu" title="Radiomu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Radiomu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Radium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%B3" title="鐳 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鐳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmSebembi" title="UmSebembi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmSebembi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Radium" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" 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[h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" 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id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Radium" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Radium" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&oldid=24510574" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Radium&id=24510574&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadium">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadium">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Radium">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Radium&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Radium" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1128" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel ini bukan mengenai <a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang unsur kimia. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Radium_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Radium (disambiguasi)">Radium (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r27002510">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;">88Ra</div>Radium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Radium226.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/220px-Radium226.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/330px-Radium226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Radium226.jpg/440px-Radium226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="522" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Radium yang dilapisi pada sampel foil tembaga yang sangat kecil</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Radium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/220px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/330px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/440px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum radium</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/radium/<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">metalik putih keperakan</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r27002510" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Radium dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 088 Radium.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg/50px-Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg/75px-Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg/100px-Electron_shell_088_Radium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"> 88Ra</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Berilium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">Oksigen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">Fluor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Natrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">Fosfor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)">Clor</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium">Potasium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Kalsium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Skandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mangan</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Besi</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Nikel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Tembaga</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Seng</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">Arsen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)">Selen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Bromin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kripton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> ↑ Ra ↓ (<a href="/wiki/Unbinilium" title="Unbinilium">Ubn</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">fransium</a> ← radium → <a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">aktinium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">88</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">golongan 2 (logam alkali tanah)</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode 7</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">  <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">logam alkali tanah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">Nomor massa</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[226]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s2 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0 °C dan 101,325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Padat" title="Padat">padat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">973 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (700 °C, 1292 °F) (diperdebatkan)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">2010 K (1737 °C, 3159 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kepadatan</a> mendekati <a href="/wiki/Suhu_kamar" title="Suhu kamar">s.k.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">5,5 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">8,5 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">113 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap">Tekanan uap</a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada <abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>819 </td> <td>906 </td> <td>1037 </td> <td>1209 </td> <td>1446 </td> <td>1799 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">+2 (diperkirakan memiliki oksida <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a> kuat)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala Pauling: 0,9 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1: 509,3 kJ/mol ke-2: 979,0 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">221±2 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">283 pm </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">dari peluruhan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal kubus">kubus berpusat badan</a> (bcc)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Body-centered cubic untuk radium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="128" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">18,6 W/(m·K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Resistivitas_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivitas listrik">Resistivitas listrik</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1 µΩ·m (suhu 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">nonmagnetik </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">7440-14-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a> (1898)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Isolasi pertama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">M. Curie (1910)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_radium" title="Isotop radium">Isotop radium</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelimpahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> (t1/2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Produk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">223Ra </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">renik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,43 hri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-219" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-219">219Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">224Ra </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,6319 hri </td> <td>α </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-220" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-220">220Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">225Ra </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14,9 hri </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium-225" title="Aktinium-225">225Ac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">226Ra </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1600 thn </td> <td>α </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">228Ra </th> <td style="text-align:center;">renik </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,75 thn </td> <td>β− </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium-228" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinium-228">228Ac</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #ffdead; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_radium" title="Templat:Kotak info radium">lihat</a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_radium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info radium (halaman belum tersedia)">bicara</a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_radium&action=edit">sunting</a></li></ul></div>| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a> | <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128" class="extiw" title="d:Q1128">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Radium adalah sebuah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> Ra dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 88. Radium merupakan unsur <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">golongan 2</a> keenam dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a>, juga dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">logam alkali tanah</a>. Radium murni berwarna putih keperakan, tetapi mudah bereaksi dengan nitrogen (daripada oksigen) saat terpapar udara, membentuk radium nitrida (Ra3N2) dengan lapisan permukaan hitam. Semua <a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">isotop</a> radium bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a>, dengan yang paling stabil adalah <a href="/wiki/Radium-226" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium-226">radium-226</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 1.600 tahun. Ketika radium meluruh, ia memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_pengion" title="Radiasi pengion">radiasi pengion</a> sebagai produk sampingan, yang dapat menimbulkan bahan kimia <a href="/wiki/Fluoresensi" title="Fluoresensi">fluoresen</a> dan menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioluminesensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioluminesensi (halaman belum tersedia)">radioluminesen</a>. Radium, dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">radium klorida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">ditemukan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> pada tahun 1898 dari bijih yang ditambang di <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1chymov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jáchymov (halaman belum tersedia)">Jáchymov</a>. Mereka mengekstraksi senyawa radium dari <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">uraninit</a> dan menerbitkan penemuan tersebut di <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Prancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademi Sains Prancis">Akademi Sains Prancis</a> lima hari kemudian. Radium diisolasi dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logamnya</a> oleh Marie Curie dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Louis Debierne (halaman belum tersedia)">André-Louis Debierne</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a> radium klorida pada tahun 1911.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Di alam, radium ditemukan dalam bijih <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> dan (pada tingkat yang lebih rendah) <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a> dalam jumlah renik sekecil sepertujuh gram per ton uraninit. Radium tidak diperlukan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peran_biologis_unsur_kimia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peran biologis unsur kimia (halaman belum tersedia)">makhluk hidup</a>, dan efek kesehatan yang merugikan mungkin terjadi ketika dimasukkan ke dalam proses biokimia karena radioaktivitas dan reaktivitas kimianya. Sejak tahun 2014, selain penggunaannya dalam <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran_nuklir" title="Kedokteran nuklir">kedokteran nuklir</a>, radium tidak memiliki aplikasi komersial. Sebelumnya, sekitar tahun 1950-an, ia digunakan sebagai sumber radioaktif untuk perangkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radioluminesensi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radioluminesensi (halaman belum tersedia)">radioluminesen</a> dan juga dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdukunan_radioaktif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdukunan radioaktif (halaman belum tersedia)">perdukunan radioaktif</a> karena kekuatan penyembuhannya. Aplikasi ini tidak digunakan lagi karena toksisitas radium; hingga tahun 2020, isotop yang kurang berbahaya (dari unsur lain) malah digunakan dalam perangkat radioluminesen. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_fisik">Sifat fisik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat fisik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat fisik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Radium adalah <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">logam alkali tanah</a> terberat yang diketahui dan merupakan satu-satunya anggota yang bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a> dari golongannya. Sifat fisik dan kimianya paling mirip dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongener_(kimia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongener (kimia) (halaman belum tersedia)">kongenernya</a> yang lebih ringan, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood112-3">[3]</a> Radium murni adalah logam <a href="/wiki/Volatilitas_(kimia)" title="Volatilitas (kimia)">volatil</a> yang berwarna putih keperakan, meskipun kongenernya yang lebih ringan seperti <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">stronsium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> memiliki sedikit warna kuning.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood112-3">[3]</a> Rona ini dengan cepat menghilang saat terpapar udara, menghasilkan lapisan hitam yang mungkin merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_nitrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium nitrida (halaman belum tersedia)">radium nitrida</a> (Ra3N2).<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik leburnya</a> adalah 700 °C (1.292 °F) atau 960 °C (1.760 °F)<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">titik didihnya</a> adalah 1.737 °C (3.159 °F); namun, nilai ini belumlah mapan.<a href="#cite_note-brit-6">[5]</a> Kedua nilai ini sedikit lebih rendah daripada barium, membenarkan <a href="/wiki/Tren_periodik" title="Tren periodik">tren periodik</a> ke bawah unsur-unsur golongan 2.<a href="#cite_note-Lide2004-7">[6]</a> Seperti barium dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">logam alkali</a>, radium mengkristal dalam struktur <a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_kubik" title="Sistem kristal kubik">kubus berpusat-badan</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">temperatur dan tekanan standar</a>: jarak ikatan radium–radium adalah 514,8 <a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pikometer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Radium memiliki massa jenis sebesar 5,5 g/cm3, lebih tinggi dari barium, sekali lagi membenarkan tren periodik; rasio massa jenis radium–barium sebanding dengan rasio massa atom radium–barium,<a href="#cite_note-Young-9">[8]</a> karena struktur kristal kedua unsur tersebut yang mirip.<a href="#cite_note-Young-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Radium, seperti barium, adalah logam yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Reaktivitas_(kimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaktivitas (kimia)">reaktif</a> dan selalu menunjukkan keadaan oksidasi +2 seperti unsur golongan 2 lainnya.<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> Ia membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ion#Anion_dan_kation" title="Ion">kation</a> Ra2+ yang nirwarna dalam <a href="/wiki/Larutan_berair" title="Larutan berair">larutan berair</a>, yang sangat <a href="/wiki/Basa" title="Basa">basa</a> dan tidak mudah membentuk <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> Sebagian besar senyawa radium merupakan senyawa <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_ionik" title="Ikatan ionik">ionik</a> sederhana,<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> meskipun diperkirakan adanya partisipasi dari elektron 6s dan 6p (selain elektron valensi 7s) karena <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">efek relativistik</a> dan akan meningkatkan karakter <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kovalen" title="Ikatan kovalen">kovalen</a> senyawa radium seperti Ra<a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a>2 dan Ra<a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a>2.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-11">[10]</a> Untuk alasan ini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potensial_elektroda_standar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potensial elektroda standar (halaman belum tersedia)">potensial elektroda standar</a> untuk setengah reaksi Ra2+ (aq) + 2e− → Ra (s) adalah −2,916 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>, bahkan sedikit lebih rendah dari nilai −2,92 V untuk barium, sedangkan nilai sebelumnya naik dengan halus ke bawah golongan (Ca: −2,84 V; Sr: −2,89 V; Ba: −2,92 V).<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood111-12">[11]</a> Nilai barium dan radium hampir persis sama dengan logam alkali yang lebih berat, <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">kalium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">sesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood111-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa">Senyawa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Senyawa radium padat berwarna putih karena ion radium tidak memberikan pewarnaan khusus, tetapi secara bertahap berubah menjadi kuning dan kemudian menjadi gelap seiring waktu karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiolisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiolisis (halaman belum tersedia)">radiolisis</a> sendiri dari <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">peluruhan alfa</a> radium.<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> Senyawa radium yang tak larut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopresipitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopresipitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">berkopresipitasi</a> dengan semua senyawa barium, sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">stronsium</a>, dan sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">timbal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k8-13">[12]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_oksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Radium oksida</a> (RaO) belum dicirikan jauh melewati keberadaannya, meskipun oksida menjadi senyawa umum untuk logam alkali tanah lainnya. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Radium hidroksida</a> (Ra(OH)2) adalah yang paling mudah larut di antara hidroksida alkali tanah dan merupakan basa yang lebih kuat daripada kongener bariumnya, <a href="/wiki/Barium_hidroksida" title="Barium hidroksida">barium hidroksida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> Ia juga lebih mudah larut daripada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinium_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinium hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">aktinium hidroksida</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torium_hidroksida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torium hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">torium hidroksida</a>: ketiga hidroksida yang berdekatan ini dapat dipisahkan dengan mengendapkannya dengan <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">Radium klorida</a> (RaCl2) adalah senyawa nirwarna dan bercahaya. Ia menjadi kuning setelah beberapa waktu karena pengrusakan diri akibat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_alfa" title="Peluruhan alfa">radiasi alfa</a> yang dilepaskan oleh radium ketika meluruh. Sejumlah kecil pengotor barium memberikan warna mawar pada senyawa tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> Ia larut dalam air, meskipun kurang dari <a href="/wiki/Barium_klorida" title="Barium klorida">barium klorida</a>, dan kelarutannya menurun dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>. Kristalisasi dari larutan encer menghasilkan dihidrat RaCl2·2H2O, isomorf dengan analog bariumnya.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">Radium bromida</a> (RaBr2) juga merupakan senyawa nirwarna dan bercahaya.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> Dalam air, ia lebih larut daripada radium klorida. Seperti radium klorida, kristalisasi dari larutan encer menghasilkan dihidrat RaBr2·2H2O, isomorf dengan analog bariumnya. Radiasi pengion yang dipancarkan oleh radium bromida mengeksitasi molekul <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> di udara, membuatnya bercahaya. <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">Partikel alfa</a> yang dipancarkan oleh radium dengan cepat mendapatkan dua elektron untuk menjadi helium netral, yang menumpuk di dalam dan melemahkan kristal radium bromida. Efek ini terkadang menyebabkan kristal itu pecah atau bahkan meledak.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_nitrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium nitrat (halaman belum tersedia)">Radium nitrat</a> (Ra(NO3)2) adalah senyawa berwarna putih yang dapat dibuat dengan melarutkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">radium karbonat</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">asam nitrat</a>. Dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi asam nitrat, kelarutan radium nitrat menurun, suatu sifat penting untuk pemurnian radium secara kimia.<a href="#cite_note-k4to8-14">[13]</a> Radium membentuk garam tak larut yang hampir sama dengan barium, kongenernya yang lebih ringan: ia membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium sulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfat</a> (RaSO4, sulfat yang diketahui paling tak larut), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_kromat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium kromat (halaman belum tersedia)">kromat</a> (RaCrO4), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_karbonat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium karbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonat</a> (RaCO3), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_iodat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium iodat (halaman belum tersedia)">iodat</a> (Ra(IO3)2), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_tetrafluoroberilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium tetrafluoroberilat (halaman belum tersedia)">tetrafluoroberilat</a> (RaBeF4), dan nitrat (Ra(NO3)2). Dengan pengecualian karbonat, semua garam ini kurang larut dalam air dibandingkan dengan garam barium yang sesuai, tetapi semuanya bersifat isostruktural dibandingkan rekan bariumnya. Selain itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_fosfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium fosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">radium fosfat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_oksalat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium oksalat (halaman belum tersedia)">oksalat</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_sulfit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium sulfit (halaman belum tersedia)">sulfit</a> mungkin juga tak larut, karena mereka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kopresipitasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kopresipitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">berkopresipitasi</a> dengan garam barium tak larut yang sesuai.<a href="#cite_note-k8to9-15">[14]</a> Ketidaklarutan radium sulfat yang tinggi (pada suhu 20 °C, hanya 2,1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram#Kelipatan_SI" title="Kilogram">mg</a> yang akan larut dalam 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a> air) mengartikan bahwa ia adalah salah satu senyawa radium yang kurang berbahaya secara biologis.<a href="#cite_note-k12-16">[15]</a> Jari-jari ionik Ra2+ yang besar (148 pm) menghasilkan kompleksasi yang lemah dan ekstraksi radium yang buruk dari larutan berair ketika pH-nya tidak tinggi.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotop">Isotop</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_radium" title="Isotop radium">Isotop radium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Decay_chain(4n%2B2,_Uranium_series).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/280px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/420px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg/560px-Decay_chain%284n%2B2%2C_Uranium_series%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">Rantai peluruhan</a> 238U, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Progenitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progenitor (halaman belum tersedia)">nenek moyang</a> 226Ra yang primordial</figcaption></figure> Radium memiliki 33 isotop yang diketahui, dengan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_massa" title="Nomor massa">nomor massa</a> dari 202 hingga 234: semuanya bersifat <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">radioaktif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-18">[17]</a> Empat di antaranya – <a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">223Ra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> 11,4 hari), 224Ra (3,64 hari), 226Ra (1600 tahun), dan 228Ra (5,75 tahun) – terjadi secara alami dalam <a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif" title="Deret radioaktif">rantai peluruhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">torium</a>-232, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> yang primordial (223Ra dari uranium-235, 226Ra dari uranium-238, dan dua lainnya dari torium-232). Namun, isotop-isotop ini masih memiliki <a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">waktu paruh</a> yang terlalu pendek untuk menjadi <a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">radionuklida primordial</a> dan hanya ada di alam dari rantai peluruhan ini.<a href="#cite_note-k3-19">[18]</a> Bersama dengan 225Ra yang sebagian besar <a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_sintetis" title="Radioisotop sintetis">dibuat</a> oleh manusia (15 hari), yang terjadi di alam hanya sebagai produk peluruhan <a href="/wiki/Isotop_neptunium#Neptunium-237" title="Isotop neptunium">neptunium-237</a> dalam jumlah jejak,<a href="#cite_note-4n1-20">[19]</a> mereka adalah lima isotop radium yang paling stabil.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> Semua 27 isotop radium lainnya yang diketahui memiliki waktu paruh di bawah dua jam, dan sebagian besar memiliki waktu paruh di bawah satu menit.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-18">[17]</a> Setidaknya 12 <a href="/wiki/Isomer_nuklir" title="Isomer nuklir">isomer nuklir</a> telah dilaporkan; yang paling stabil adalah radium-205m, dengan waktu paruh antara 130 dan 230 milidetik; ini masih lebih pendek dari dua puluh empat isotop radium <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_dasar" title="Keadaan dasar">keadaan dasar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-18">[17]</a> Dalam sejarah awal studi radioaktivitas, berbagai isotop alami radium diberi nama yang berbeda. Dalam skema ini, 223Ra diberi nama aktinium X (AcX), 224Ra torium X (ThX), 226Ra radium (Ra), dan 228Ra mesotorium 1 (MsTh1).<a href="#cite_note-k3-19">[18]</a> Ketika diketahui bahwa semua ini adalah isotop dari unsur yang sama, banyak dari nama ini tidak digunakan lagi, dan "radium" merujuk pada semua isotop, bukan hanya 226Ra. Beberapa produk peluruhan radium-226 menerima nama historis termasuk "radium", mulai dari radium A hingga radium G, dengan huruf yang menunjukkan kira-kira seberapa jauh mereka menuruni rantai dari induknya 226Ra. Radium emanation = 222Rn, RaA = 218Po, RaB = 214Pb, RaC = 214Bi, RaC1 = 214Po, RaC2 = 210Tl, RaD = 210Pb, RaE = 210Bi, RaF = 210Po dan RaG = 206Pb.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> 226Ra adalah isotop radium yang paling stabil dan merupakan isotop terakhir dalam rantai peluruhan uranium-238 (4n + 2) dengan waktu paruh lebih dari satu milenium: ia membentuk hampir semua radium alami. Produk peluruhan langsungnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">gas mulia</a> radioaktif padat <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> (secara spesifik isotop <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">222Rn</a>), yang bertanggung jawab atas banyak bahaya radium lingkungan.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Ia 2,7 juta kali lebih radioaktif daripada <a href="/wiki/Jumlah_zat" title="Jumlah zat">jumlah molar</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> alami yang sama (kebanyakan uranium-238), karena waktu paruhnya yang secara proporsional lebih pendek.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Sampel logam radium mempertahankan dirinya pada <a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">suhu</a> yang lebih tinggi daripada lingkungannya karena radiasi yang dipancarkannya – <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">partikel alfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partikel_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel beta">partikel beta</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">sinar gama</a>. Lebih spesifik lagi, radium alami (yang sebagian besar adalah 226Ra) sebagian besar memancarkan partikel alfa, tetapi langkah-langkah lain dalam rantai peluruhannya (<a href="/wiki/Deret_radioaktif#Deret_uranium_(atau_deret_radium)" title="Deret radioaktif">deret uranium atau radium</a>) memancarkan partikel alfa atau beta, dan hampir semua emisi partikel disertai dengan sinar gama.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Pada tahun 2013 di <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>, ditemukan bahwa inti radium-224 berbentuk buah pir menggunakan teknik yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eksitasi_Coulomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eksitasi Coulomb (halaman belum tersedia)">eksitasi Coulomb</a>. Ini adalah penemuan pertama dari inti asimetris.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Ini adalah bukti kuat bahwa inti atom tertentu yang berat dan tidak stabil telah mengubah inti menjadi, dalam hal ini, berbentuk buah pir.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keterjadian">Keterjadian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Keterjadian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keterjadian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Semua isotop radium memiliki waktu paruh yang jauh lebih pendek daripada <a href="/wiki/Usia_Bumi" title="Usia Bumi">usia Bumi</a>, sehingga setiap radium primordial telah meluruh sejak lama. Meskipun demikian, radium masih terdapat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_dan_radon_di_lingkungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium dan radon di lingkungan (halaman belum tersedia)">di lingkungan</a>, karena isotop 223Ra, 224Ra, 226Ra, dan 228Ra merupakan bagian dari rantai peluruhan isotop torium dan uranium alami; karena torium dan uranium memiliki waktu paruh yang sangat panjang, <a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">produk-produk</a> ini terus-menerus diregenerasi dari peluruhannya.<a href="#cite_note-k3-19">[18]</a> Dari keempat isotop ini, yang berumur paling panjang adalah 226Ra (waktu paruh 1600 tahun), sebuah produk peluruhan uranium alami. Karena umurnya yang relatif panjang, 226Ra adalah isotop yang paling umum dari unsur tersebut, membentuk sekitar satu <a href="/wiki/Notasi_bagian_per#Bagian_per_triliun" title="Notasi bagian per">bagian per triliun</a> kerak Bumi; pada dasarnya semua radium alami adalah 226Ra.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood109-29">[28]</a> Dengan demikian, radium ditemukan dalam jumlah kecil dalam bijih uranium <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">uraninit</a> dan berbagai mineral uranium lainnya, dan bahkan dalam jumlah yang lebih kecil dalam <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> torium. Satu <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> uraninit biasanya menghasilkan sekitar sepertujuh <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> radium.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Satu kilogram <a href="/wiki/Kerak_Bumi" title="Kerak Bumi">kerak Bumi</a> mengandung sekitar 900 <a href="/wiki/Piko-" title="Piko-">pikogram</a> radium, dan satu <a href="/wiki/Liter" title="Liter">liter</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_laut" title="Air laut">air laut</a> mengandung sekitar 89 <a href="/wiki/Femto-" title="Femto-">femtogram</a> radium.<a href="#cite_note-Raabundance-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/220px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/330px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg/440px-Curie_and_radium_by_Castaigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Marie dan Pierre Curie bereksperimen dengan radium, sebuah lukisan karya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Castaigne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Castaigne (halaman belum tersedia)">André Castaigne</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/220px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/330px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/US_radium_standard_1927.jpg/440px-US_radium_standard_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Tabung kaca radium klorida, disimpan oleh US Bureau of Standards yang berfungsi sebagai standar utama radioaktivitas untuk Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1927.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie#Unsur_baru" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie § Unsur baru</a></div> Radium <a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">ditemukan</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a> dan suaminya <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> pada tanggal 21 Desember 1898, dalam sampel <a href="/wiki/Uraninit" title="Uraninit">uraninit</a> dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1chymov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jáchymov (halaman belum tersedia)">Jáchymov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crc-32">[31]</a> Saat mempelajari mineral sebelumnya, Curie mengeluarkan uranium darinya dan menemukan bahwa bahan yang tersisa masih bersifat radioaktif. Pada Juli 1898, saat mempelajari bijih-bijih uranium, mereka mengisolasi unsur yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">bismut</a> yang ternyata adalah <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>. Mereka kemudian mengisolasi campuran radioaktif yang terdiri dari dua komponen: senyawa <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, yang memberikan warna nyala api hijau cemerlang, dan senyawa radioaktif tak dikenal yang memberikan <a href="/wiki/Garis_spektrum" title="Garis spektrum">garis spektrum</a> berwarna <a href="/wiki/Merah_serah" title="Merah serah">merah serah</a> yang belum pernah didokumentasikan sebelumnya. Curie menemukan senyawa radioaktif yang sangat mirip dengan senyawa barium, hanya saja mereka kurang larut. Penemuan ini memungkinkan Curie mengisolasi senyawa radioaktif dan menemukan unsur baru di dalamnya. Curie mengumumkan penemuan mereka ke <a href="/wiki/Akademi_Sains_Prancis" class="mw-redirect" title="Akademi Sains Prancis">Akademi Sains Prancis</a> pada 26 Desember 1898.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Penamaan radium berasal dari sekitar tahun 1899, dari kata dalam bahasa Prancis radium, terbentuk dalam bahasa Latin Modern dari radius (sinar): ini sebagai pengakuan atas kekuatan radium dalam memancarkan energi dalam bentuk sinar.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carvalho2011-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks1933-37">[36]</a> Pada bulan September 1910, Marie Curie dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Louis Debierne (halaman belum tersedia)">André-Louis Debierne</a> mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah mengisolasi radium sebagai <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> murni melalui <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a> larutan radium <a href="/wiki/Klorida" title="Klorida">klorida</a> (RaCl2) murni menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Katode" title="Katode">katoda</a> <a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">raksa</a>, menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(kimia)" title="Amalgam (kimia)">amalgam</a> radium–raksa.<a href="#cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-38">[37]</a> Amalgam ini kemudian dipanaskan dalam atmosfer gas <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> untuk menghilangkan raksa, meninggalkan logam radium murni.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Kemudian pada tahun yang sama, E. Eoler mengisolasi radium dengan <a href="/wiki/Dekomposisi_termal" title="Dekomposisi termal">dekomposisi termal</a> <a href="/wiki/Azida" title="Azida">azidanya</a>, Ra(N3)2.<a href="#cite_note-k3-19">[18]</a> Logam radium pertama kali diproduksi secara industri pada awal abad ke-20 oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biraco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biraco (halaman belum tersedia)">Biraco</a>, anak perusahaan dari <a href="/wiki/Union_Miniere" title="Union Miniere">Union Minière du Haut Katanga</a> (UMHK) di pabriknya yang berada di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olen,_Belgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olen, Belgia (halaman belum tersedia)">Olen</a>, Belgia.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Satuan historis umum untuk radioaktivitas, <a href="/wiki/Curie_(satuan)" title="Curie (satuan)">curie</a>, didasarkan pada radioaktivitas 226Ra: satuan ini awalnya didefinisikan sebagai radioaktivitas satu gram radium-226,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> tetapi definisi tersebut kemudian sedikit disempurnakan menjadi 3,7×1010 disintegrasi per detik. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aplikasi_historis">Aplikasi historis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi historis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi historis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cat_bercahaya">Cat bercahaya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Cat bercahaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cat bercahaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Radium_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/250px-Radium_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/330px-Radium_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Radium_2.jpg/500px-Radium_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Arloji radium di bawah sinar ultraungu</figcaption></figure> Radium sebelumnya digunakan dalam cat <a href="/wiki/Luminesensi" title="Luminesensi">bercahaya sendiri</a> untuk arloji, panel nuklir, saklar pesawat, jam, dan instrumen pelat jam. Arloji bercahaya sendiri biasa yang menggunakan cat radium mengandung sekitar 1 mikrogram radium.<a href="#cite_note-PMC2024184-42">[41]</a> Pada pertengahan 1920-an, gugatan diajukan terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Radium_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Radium Corporation (halaman belum tersedia)">United States Radium Corporation</a> oleh lima "<a href="/wiki/Gadis-gadis_Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadis-gadis Radium">Gadis Radium</a>" yang sekarat – pelukis pelat jam yang telah melukis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cat_bercahaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cat bercahaya (halaman belum tersedia)">cat bercahaya</a> berbasis radium pada pelat arloji dan jam. Para pelukis pelat jam diinstruksikan untuk menjilat kuas mereka untuk memberi mereka titik halus, sehingga mereka menelan radium.<a href="#cite_note-OakRidge-43">[42]</a> Paparan mereka terhadap radium menyebabkan efek kesehatan yang serius termasuk luka, <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kanker_tulang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanker tulang">kanker tulang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Selama litigasi, ditentukan bahwa para ilmuwan dan manajemen perusahaan telah mengambil tindakan pencegahan yang cukup untuk melindungi diri dari efek radiasi, tetapi tampaknya tidak melindungi karyawan mereka. Selain itu, selama beberapa tahun perusahaan telah berusaha menutupi efek dan menghindari tanggung jawab dengan bersikeras bahwa Gadis Radium menderita <a href="/wiki/Sifilis" title="Sifilis">sifilis</a>. Pengabaian total terhadap kesejahteraan karyawan ini berdampak signifikan pada perumusan <a href="/wiki/Hukum_perburuhan" title="Hukum perburuhan">UU ketenagakerjaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Penyakit_akibat_kerja" title="Penyakit akibat kerja">penyakit akibat pekerjaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Sebagai hasil dari gugatan tersebut, efek merugikan dari radioaktivitas diketahui secara luas, dan pelukis pelat jam radium diinstruksikan untuk melakukan tindakan pencegahan keselamatan yang tepat dan dilengkapi dengan alat pelindung. Secara khusus, pelukis pelat jam tidak lagi menjilat kuas cat untuk membentuknya (yang menyebabkan beberapa garam radium tertelan). Radium masih digunakan pada pelat jam hingga tahun 1960-an, tetapi tidak ada cedera lebih lanjut pada pelukis pelat jam. Hal ini menyoroti bahwa bahaya yang dialami Gadis Radium dapat dengan mudah dihindari.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Sejak tahun 1960-an penggunaan cat radium dihentikan. Dalam banyak kasus, pelat jam bercahaya diimplementasikan dengan bahan fluoresen nonradioaktif yang dieksitasi oleh cahaya; perangkat seperti itu bersinar dalam gelap setelah terpapar cahaya, tetapi cahayanya memudar.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Di mana dibutuhkan luminositas sendiri yang tahan lama dalam kegelapan, cat radioaktif <a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">prometium</a>-147 (waktu paruh 2,6 tahun) atau <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> (waktu paruh 12 tahun) lebih aman digunakan; keduanya terus digunakan hingga tahun 2004.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Keduanya memiliki keuntungan tambahan, yaitu tidak menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> dari waktu ke waktu, tidak seperti radium.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Tritium memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">radiasi beta</a> berenergi sangat rendah (bahkan berenergi lebih rendah daripada radiasi beta yang dipancarkan oleh prometium)<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-18">[17]</a> yang tidak dapat menembus kulit,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> dan bukan radiasi gama yang memenetrasi seperti radium, serta dianggap lebih aman.<a href="#cite_note-ieer-49">[48]</a> Jam, arloji, dan instrumen yang berasal dari paruh pertama abad ke-20, seringkali dalam aplikasi militer, mungkin dicat dengan cat bercahaya radioaktif. Mereka biasanya tidak lagi bercahaya; namun, ini bukan karena peluruhan radioaktif radium (yang memiliki waktu paruh 1600 tahun) tetapi karena fluoresensi dari media fluoresen, seng sulfida, yang aus oleh radiasi dari radium.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-50">[49]</a> Munculnya lapisan cat hijau atau coklat kekuningan yang seringkali tebal pada perangkat dari periode ini menunjukkan adanya bahaya radioaktif. Dosis radiasi dari perangkat yang utuh relatif rendah dan biasanya bukan merupakan risiko akut; namun cat tersebut akan menjadi berbahaya jika terlepas dan terhirup atau tertelan.<a href="#cite_note-brit-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penggunaan_medis">Penggunaan medis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan medis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan medis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/250px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/330px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg/500px-Radior_cosmetics_containing_radium_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1347" /></a><figcaption>Iklan kosmetik Radior tahun 1918, yang diklaim mengandung radium oleh pembuatnya.</figcaption></figure> Radium (biasanya dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_klorida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium klorida (halaman belum tersedia)">radium klorida</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium_bromida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radium bromida (halaman belum tersedia)">bromida</a>) digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">pengobatan</a> untuk menghasilkan gas radon, yang selanjutnya digunakan sebagai pengobatan <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a>; misalnya, beberapa sumber radon ini digunakan di Kanada pada tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an.<a href="#cite_note-brit-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Namun, banyak perawatan yang digunakan pada awal 1900-an tidak digunakan lagi karena efek berbahaya yang ditimbulkan oleh paparan radium bromida. Beberapa contoh efek ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, kanker, dan <a href="/wiki/Mutasi" title="Mutasi">mutasi genetik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Harvie-53">[52]</a> Hingga tahun 2011, pemancar gama yang lebih aman seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobalt-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobalt-60 (halaman belum tersedia)">60Co</a>, yang lebih murah dan tersedia dalam jumlah yang lebih besar, biasanya digunakan untuk menggantikan penggunaan radium dalam aplikasi ini.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> Di awal tahun 1900-an, ahli biologi menggunakan radium untuk menginduksi mutasi dan mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Genetika" title="Genetika">genetika</a>. Pada awal tahun 1904, Daniel MacDougal menggunakan radium dalam upaya untuk menentukan apakah radium dapat memicu mutasi besar secara tiba-tiba dan menyebabkan perubahan evolusi besar. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> menggunakan radium untuk menginduksi perubahan yang menghasilkan lalat buah bermata putih. Ahli biologi pemenang Nobel <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a> secara singkat mempelajari efek radium pada mutasi lalat buah sebelum beralih ke eksperimen sinar-X yang lebih terjangkau.<a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-54">[53]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_Atwood_Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard Atwood Kelly (halaman belum tersedia)">Howard Atwood Kelly</a>, salah satu dokter pendiri <a href="/wiki/Rumah_Sakit_Johns_Hopkins" title="Rumah Sakit Johns Hopkins">Rumah Sakit Johns Hopkins</a>, adalah pelopor utama dalam penggunaan medis radium untuk mengobati kanker.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Pasien pertamanya adalah bibinya sendiri pada tahun 1904, yang meninggal tak lama setelah operasi.<a href="#cite_note-DasturTank2011-56">[55]</a> Kelly diketahui menggunakan radium dalam jumlah berlebihan untuk mengobati berbagai jenis kanker dan tumor. Akibatnya, beberapa pasiennya meninggal akibat paparan radium.<a href="#cite_note-AronowitzRobison2010-57">[56]</a> Metode pengaplikasian radiumnya adalah memasukkan kapsul radium di dekat area yang terkena, lalu menjahit "titik" radium langsung ke <a href="/wiki/Neoplasma" title="Neoplasma">tumor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AronowitzRobison2010-57">[56]</a> Ini adalah metode yang sama yang digunakan untuk mengobati <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a>, inang dari <a href="/wiki/Sel_HeLa" title="Sel HeLa">sel HeLa</a> asli, untuk <a href="/wiki/Kanker_leher_rahim" title="Kanker leher rahim">kanker serviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skloot2010-58">[57]</a> Hingga tahun 2015, radioisotop yang lebih aman dan lebih tersedia digunakan sebagai gantinya.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/250px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/330px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg/500px-Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_objevu_radia_v_J%C3%A1chymov%C4%9B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Monumen Penemuan Radium di <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1chymov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jáchymov (halaman belum tersedia)">Jáchymov</a></figcaption></figure> Uranium tidak memiliki aplikasi skala besar pada akhir abad ke-19, dan oleh karena itu tidak ada tambang uranium besar. Pada awalnya, satu-satunya sumber bijih uranium yang besar adalah tambang <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">perak</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1chymov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jáchymov (halaman belum tersedia)">Jáchymov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungaria" title="Austria-Hungaria">Austria-Hungaria</a> (sekarang <a href="/wiki/Ceko" title="Ceko">Republik Ceko</a>).<a href="#cite_note-crc-32">[31]</a> Bijih uranium hanya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Produk_sampingan" title="Produk sampingan">produk sampingan</a> dari kegiatan penambangan.<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-59">[58]</a> Dalam ekstraksi radium pertama, Curie menggunakan residu setelah ekstraksi uranium dari bijih uranium. Uranium telah diekstraksi dengan pelarutan dalam <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> meninggalkan radium sulfat, yang mirip dengan <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfat" title="Barium sulfat">barium sulfat</a> tetapi bahkan kurang larut dalam residu. Residu itu juga mengandung sejumlah besar barium sulfat yang dengan demikian bertindak sebagai pembawa radium sulfat. Langkah pertama dari proses ekstraksi radium melibatkan perebusan dengan natrium hidroksida, diikuti dengan penambahan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a> untuk meminimalkan pengotor dari senyawa lain. Residu yang tersisa kemudian diolah dengan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_karbonat" title="Natrium karbonat">natrium karbonat</a> untuk mengubah barium sulfat menjadi barium karbonat (membawa radium), sehingga membuatnya larut dalam asam klorida. Setelah proses disolusi, barium dan radium diendapkan kembali sebagai sulfat; ini kemudian diulangi untuk lebih memurnikan campuran sulfat. Beberapa pengotor yang membentuk sulfida yang tidak larut dihilangkan dengan mengolah larutan klorida dengan hidrogen sulfida, diikuti dengan penyaringan. Ketika sulfat campuran itu cukup murni, mereka sekali lagi diubah menjadi klorida campuran; barium dan radium kemudian dipisahkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Kristalisasi_fraksional_(kimia)" title="Kristalisasi fraksional (kimia)">kristalisasi fraksional</a> sambil memantau perkembangannya menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektrometer_optis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektrometer optis (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskop</a> (radium memberikan garis merah yang khas, berbeda dengan garis barium yang berwarna hijau), dan <a href="/wiki/Elektroskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektroskop">elektroskop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Setelah isolasi radium oleh Marie dan Pierre Curie dari bijih uranium dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1chymov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jáchymov (halaman belum tersedia)">Jáchymov</a>, beberapa ilmuwan mulai mengisolasi radium dalam jumlah kecil. Kemudian, beberapa perusahaan kecil membeli tailing tambang dari tambang Jáchymov dan mulai mengisolasi radium. Pada tahun 1904, pemerintah Austria <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisasi" title="Nasionalisasi">menasionalisasi</a> tambang itu dan berhenti mengekspor bijih mentah. Hingga tahun 1912 ketika produksi radium meningkat, ketersediaan radium menjadi rendah.<a href="#cite_note-Ceranski-59">[58]</a> Pembentukan monopoli Austria dan desakan kuat dari negara lain untuk memiliki akses ke radium menyebabkan pencarian bijih uranium di seluruh dunia. Amerika Serikat mengambil alih sebagai produsen utama pada awal 1910-an. Pasir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carnotit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carnotit (halaman belum tersedia)">Carnotit</a> di <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> menyediakan beberapa uranium dan radium, tetapi bijih yang lebih kaya ditemukan di <a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Kongo" title="Republik Demokratik Kongo">Kongo</a> serta area <a href="/wiki/Danau_Beruang_Besar" title="Danau Beruang Besar">Danau Beruang Besar</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Danau_Great_Slave" title="Danau Great Slave">Danau Budak Besar</a> di barat laut Kanada. Tak satu pun dari deposit tersebut ditambang untuk radium, tetapi kandungan uraniumnya membuat penambangan itu menjadi menguntungkan.<a href="#cite_note-crc-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Proses Curie masih digunakan untuk ekstraksi radium industri pada tahun 1940, tetapi campuran bromida kemudian digunakan untuk fraksionasi. Jika kandungan barium dari bijih uranium tidak cukup tinggi, maka mudah untuk menambahkan barium untuk membawa radium. Proses ini diterapkan pada bijih uranium tingkat tinggi tetapi mungkin tidak bekerja dengan baik dengan bijih tingkat rendah.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Sejumlah kecil radium masih diekstraksi dari bijih uranium dengan metode pengendapan campuran dan pertukaran ion hingga akhir tahun 1990-an,<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood109-29">[28]</a> tetapi pada tahun 2011, radium diekstraksi hanya dari bahan bakar nuklir bekas.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-63">[62]</a> Pada tahun 1954, total pasokan radium murni di seluruh dunia berjumlah sekitar 5 pon (2,3 kg)<a href="#cite_note-PMC2024184-42">[41]</a> dan masih dalam kisaran ini pada tahun 2015, sedangkan produksi tahunan senyawa radium murni hanya sekitar 100 g secara total pada tahun 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood109-29">[28]</a> Negara penghasil radium utama adalah Belgia, Kanada, Republik Ceko, Slowakia, Britania Raya, dan Rusia.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood109-29">[28]</a> Jumlah radium yang dihasilkan selalu relatif kecil; misalnya, pada tahun 1918, 13,6 g radium diproduksi di Amerika Serikat.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Logam radium diisolasi dengan mereduksi radium oksida dengan logam aluminium dalam ruang hampa pada suhu 1.200 °C.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi_modern">Aplikasi modern</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi modern">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:King_Plot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Plot.png/220px-King_Plot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Plot.png/330px-King_Plot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/King_Plot.png/440px-King_Plot.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Ini adalah contoh plot King yang memperbesar poin-poin penting untuk menunjukkan detailnya.</figcaption></figure> Penggunaan radium mengalami peningkatan di bidang <a href="/wiki/Fisika_atomik,_molekul,_dan_optik" title="Fisika atomik, molekul, dan optik">fisika atomik, molekul, dan optik</a>. Skala gaya pemecah simetri sebanding dengan <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z^{3}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>Z</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z^{3}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/456af6dd074780aadcc2ef296fa0c1dbe523fd75" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.763ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z^{3}}" />,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> yang membuat radium, unsur alkali tanah terberat, cocok untuk membatasi fisika baru di luar <a href="/wiki/Model_Standar" title="Model Standar">model standar</a>. Beberapa isotop radium, seperti radium-225, memiliki doublet paritas terdeformasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspansi_multikutub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspansi multikutub (halaman belum tersedia)">oktupol</a> yang meningkatkan sensitivitas terhadap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelanggaran_CP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelanggaran CP (halaman belum tersedia)">pelanggaran paritas muatan</a> fisika baru dengan dua hingga tiga kali lipat dibandingkan dengan 199Hg.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Radium juga merupakan kandidat yang menjanjikan untuk <a href="/wiki/Jam_atom#Jam_optis" title="Jam atom">jam optis</a> ion terperangkap. Ion radium memiliki dua transisi lebargaris-subhertz (subhertz-linewidth) dari keadaan dasar <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>7</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/11d8b69faf92665d47e80173bc9da5d3b71b3a2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.43ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}" /> yang dapat berfungsi sebagai transisi jam dalam jam optis.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Jam atom ion 226Ra+ terperangkap telah didemonstrasikan pada transisi <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>7</mn> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/11d8b69faf92665d47e80173bc9da5d3b71b3a2f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:7.43ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 7s^{2}S_{1/2}}" /> ke <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 6d^{2}D_{5/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>6</mn> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 6d^{2}D_{5/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e2f0a38bdcc0880317ab99c1ce679590e7d69ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:8.057ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 6d^{2}D_{5/2}}" />.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Selain itu, radium sangat cocok untuk jam optis yang dapat dipindahkan karena semua transisi yang diperlukan untuk pengoperasian jam dapat diatasi dengan laser dioda langsung pada panjang gelombang yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Meskipun radium tidak memiliki isotop stabil, ada sebelas isotop radium dengan waktu paruh lebih dari satu menit yang dapat dibandingkan dengan presisi tinggi pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plot_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plot King (halaman belum tersedia)">plot King</a>. Pergeseran isotop dapat diukur dengan presisi tinggi pada transisi ion radium lebargaris-subhertz dari keadaan dasar, atau pada <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{1}S_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{1}S_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e378f7b82ab312c3ff11a3ae281980bef1c74675" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.533ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{1}S_{0}}" /> ke garis interkombinasi <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ^{3}P_{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ^{3}P_{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3b19d22b9d91192388d8ff26c048f1bde350471" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.601ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ^{3}P_{0}}" /> dalam radium netral.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Tingkat nonlinear potensial apa pun dalam plot King semacam itu dapat membatasi fisika baru di luar model standar.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Beberapa penggunaan praktis radium berasal dari sifat radioaktifnya. <a href="/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida">Radioisotop</a> yang baru ditemukan, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobalt-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobalt-60 (halaman belum tersedia)">kobalt-60</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sesium-137" title="Sesium-137">sesium-137</a>, menggantikan radium bahkan dalam penggunaan terbatas, karena isotop-isotop ini merupakan penghasil emisi yang lebih kuat, lebih aman untuk ditangani, dan tersedia dalam bentuk yang lebih terkonsentrasi.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Pada tahun 2013, isotop 223Ra (kloridanya berada di bawah nama dagang <a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">Xofigo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> disetujui oleh <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pengawas_Obat_dan_Makanan_Amerika_Serikat" title="Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Amerika Serikat">BPOM A.S.</a> untuk digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Kedokteran" title="Kedokteran">kedokteran</a> sebagai pengobatan <a href="/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker">kanker</a> <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a> tulang.<a href="#cite_note-FBT-FDA2013-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Indikasi utama pengobatan dengan Xofigo adalah terapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metastasis_tulang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metastasis tulang (halaman belum tersedia)">metastasis tulang</a> dari kanker prostat yang resistan terhadap pengebirian karena karakteristik yang menguntungkan dari radiofarmasi pemancar alfa ini.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> 225Ra juga telah digunakan dalam eksperimen mengenai iradiasi terapeutik, karena ia merupakan satu-satunya isotop radium yang berumur panjang yang tidak memiliki radon sebagai salah satu turunannya.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Radium masih digunakan pada tahun 2007 sebagai sumber radiasi di beberapa perangkat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiografi_industri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiografi industri (halaman belum tersedia)">radiografi industri</a> untuk memeriksa bagian logam yang cacat, serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Radiografi" title="Radiografi">pencitraan sinar-X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Ketika dicampur dengan <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a>, radium bertindak sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sumber_neutron" title="Sumber neutron">sumber neutron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Pada tahun 2004, sumber neutron radium-berilium kadang-kadang masih digunakan,<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> tetapi bahan lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> lebih umum: sekitar 1.500 sumber neutron polonium-berilium, dengan aktivitas individual sebesar 1.850 Ci (68 TBq), telah digunakan setiap tahun di <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. Sumber neutron berbasis RaBeF4 (α, n) ini telah ditinggalkan meskipun jumlah neutron yang dipancarkannya tinggi (1,84×106 neutron per detik) dan mendukung sumber <a href="/wiki/Amerisium-241" title="Amerisium-241">241Am</a>–Be.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> Pada tahun 2011, isotop 226Ra digunakan terutama untuk membentuk 227<a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Pengaktifan_neutron" title="Pengaktifan neutron">iradiasi neutron</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahaya">Bahaya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Bahaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bahaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Radium sangatlah radioaktif, dan turunan langsungnya, gas <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, juga radioaktif. Saat tertelan, 80% radium yang tertelan keluar dari tubuh melalui <a href="/wiki/Tinja" title="Tinja">feses</a>, sedangkan 20% lainnya masuk ke dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_peredaran_darah" title="Sistem peredaran darah">aliran darah</a>, sebagian besar terakumulasi di tulang. Hal ini dikarenakan tubuh memperlakukan radium sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pencari_tulang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pencari tulang (halaman belum tersedia)">menyimpannya di tulang</a>, di mana radioaktivitas menurunkan <a href="/wiki/Sumsum_tulang" title="Sumsum tulang">sumsum</a> dan dapat memutasi <a href="/wiki/Osteosit" title="Osteosit">sel tulang</a>. Paparan radium, internal atau eksternal, dapat menyebabkan kanker dan gangguan lainnya, karena radium dan radon memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Partikel_alfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel alfa">sinar alfa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_gama" title="Sinar gama">gama</a> setelah peluruhannya, yang membunuh dan memutasi sel.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Pada saat <a href="/wiki/Proyek_Manhattan" title="Proyek Manhattan">Proyek Manhattan</a> pada tahun 1944, "dosis toleransi" untuk pekerja ditetapkan sebesar 0,1 mikrogram radium yang tertelan.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Beberapa efek biologis radium ialah kasus pertama "dermatitis-radium", yang dilaporkan pada tahun 1900, dua tahun setelah penemuan unsur tersebut. Fisikawan Prancis <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Antoine Becquerel</a> membawa ampul kecil radium di saku rompinya selama enam jam dan melaporkan bahwa kulitnya mengalami <a href="/wiki/Borok" title="Borok">borok</a>. Pierre dan Marie Curie begitu tertarik dengan radiasi sehingga mereka mengorbankan kesehatan mereka sendiri untuk mempelajarinya lebih lanjut. Pierre Curie menempelkan tabung berisi radium ke lengannya selama sepuluh jam, yang mengakibatkan munculnya lesi kulit, memperkirakan penggunaan radium untuk menyerang jaringan kanker karena telah menyerang jaringan sehat.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Penanganan radium dituding sebagai penyebab kematian Marie Curie akibat <a href="/wiki/Anemia_aplastik" title="Anemia aplastik">anemia aplastik</a>. Sejumlah besar bahaya radium berasal dari turunannya, radon: sebagai gas, ia dapat memasuki tubuh jauh lebih mudah daripada induknya, radium.<a href="#cite_note-epa-23">[22]</a> Pada tahun 2015, 226Ra dianggap sebagai unsur radioaktif yang paling beracun, dan harus ditangani dalam kotak sarung tangan ketat dengan sirkulasi aliran udara yang signifikan yang kemudian dirawat untuk menghindari lepasnya turunannya, 222Rn ke lingkungan. Ampul lama yang mengandung larutan radium harus dibuka dengan hati-hati karena dekomposisi radiolitis air dapat menghasilkan gas hidrogen dan oksigen bertekanan berlebih.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann97-17">[16]</a> Konsentrasi 226Ra 226Ra terbesar di dunia disimpan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekerjaan_Persenjataan_Danau_Ontario&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekerjaan Persenjataan Danau Ontario (halaman belum tersedia)">Struktur Penahanan Limbah Sementara</a>, sekitar 96 mi (154 km) di utara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niagara_Falls,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niagara Falls, New York (halaman belum tersedia)">Kota Niagara Falls, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Level Kontaminan Maksimum (MCL) untuk radium adalah 5pCi/L untuk air minum, namun OSHA tidak menetapkan batas paparan, karena ada batas radiasi yang telah ditetapkan.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2>[<a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/18px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/28px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/37px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kedokteran" title="Portal:Kedokteran">Portal Kedokteran </a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Kedua nilai tersebut ditemukan dalam beberapa sumber dan tidak ada kesepakatan di antara para ilmuwan mengenai nilai sebenarnya dari titik lebur radium.<a href="#cite_note-k4-4">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> (Indonesia) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/radium">"Radium"</a>. KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBBI+Daring&rft.atitle=Radium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fradium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324185543/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/88/Radium">"Radium"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/88/radium">versi asli</a> tanggal 24 Maret 2016. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radium&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F88%2Fradium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood112-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood112_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood112_3-1">b</a> Greenwood dan Earnshaw, hlm. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-k4-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4_4-5">f</a> Kirby dkk., hlm. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_6-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615033023/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/489270/radium-Ra">Radium</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-Lide2004-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lide2004_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lide, D. R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche81lide">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a> (edisi ke-84). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0484-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0484-2">978-0-8493-0484-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.edition=84&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0484-2&rft.aulast=Lide&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weigel, F.; Trinkl, A. (1968). "Zur Kristallchemie des Radiums". Radiochim. Acta. 10 (1–2): 78. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fract.1968.10.12.78">10.1524/ract.1968.10.12.78</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiochim.+Acta&rft.atitle=Zur+Kristallchemie+des+Radiums&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=78&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fract.1968.10.12.78&rft.aulast=Weigel&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Trinkl%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Young-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_9-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Young, David A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2HVYh6wLBcC&pg=PA85">"Radium"</a>. Phase Diagrams of the Elements. University of California Press. hlm. 85. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-520-91148-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-520-91148-2">978-0-520-91148-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radium&rft.btitle=Phase+Diagrams+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91148-2&rft.au=Young%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2HVYh6wLBcC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ele_structures.html">"Crystal Structures of the Chemical Elements at 1 bar"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161012/http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ele_structures.html">Diarsipkan</a> 26 Agustus 2014 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. uni-bielefeld.de. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thayer-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Thayer_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation">Thayer, John S. (2010), "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements", Relativistic Methods for Chemists, Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics, 10, hlm. 81, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-9974-8">978-1-4020-9974-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Methods+for+Chemists&rft.series=Challenges+and+Advances+in+Computational+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.pages=81&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood111-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood111_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood111_12-1">b</a> Greenwood dan Earnshaw, hlm. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-k8-13"><a href="#cite_ref-k8_13-0">^</a> Kirby dkk., hlm. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-k4to8-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k4to8_14-6">g</a> Kirby dkk., hlm. 4–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-k8to9-15"><a href="#cite_ref-k8to9_15-0">^</a> Kirby dkk., hlm. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-k12-16"><a href="#cite_ref-k12_16-0">^</a> Kirby dkk., hlm. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann97-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann97_17-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani2005" class="citation">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam (2005), "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides", <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, hlm. 97–98, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2016-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2016_18-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2016/NUBASE2016.pdf">"The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ChPhC..41c0001A">2017ChPhC..41c0001A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001">10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2016+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2F41%2F3%2F030001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ChPhC..41c0001A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kondev%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2016%2FNUBASE2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-k3-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k3_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k3_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k3_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-k3_19-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1027502/">Salutsky, M.L. & Kirby, H.W. THE RADIOCHEMISTRY OF RADIUM, report, 1 Desember 1964</a>; Amerika Serikat, Perpustakaan Universitas North Texas, UNT Digital Library; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department. Halaman 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-4n1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-4n1_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728065436/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc172698/">"Occurrence of the (4n + 1) series in nature"</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (23): 6081–6084. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01143a074">10.1021/ja01143a074</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc172698/">versi asli</a> tanggal 28 Juli 2019. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Occurrence+of+the+%284n+%2B+1%29+series+in+nature&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=6081-6084&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01143a074&rft.aulast=Peppard&rft.aufirst=D.+F.&rft.au=Mason%2C+G.+W.&rft.au=Gray%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Mech%2C+J.+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc172698%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFRopp2013" class="citation">Ropp, R.C. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780444595508000016">"The Alkaline Earths as Metals"</a>, Encyclopedia of the Alkaline Earth Compounds (dalam bahasa Inggris), Elsevier, hlm. 1–23, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-59550-8.00001-6">10.1016/b978-0-444-59550-8.00001-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-59550-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-59550-8">978-0-444-59550-8</a>, diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alkaline+Earths+as+Metals&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Alkaline+Earth+Compounds&rft.pages=1-23&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-444-59550-8.00001-6&rft.isbn=978-0-444-59550-8&rft.aulast=Ropp&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FB9780444595508000016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kuhn, W. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14786441108564923">"LXVIII. Scattering of thorium C" γ-radiation by radium G and ordinary lead"</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 8 (52): 628. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441108564923">10.1080/14786441108564923</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982">1941-5982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=LXVIII.+Scattering+of+thorium+C%22+%CE%B3-radiation+by+radium+G+and+ordinary+lead&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=628&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441108564923&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F14786441108564923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-epa-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-epa_23-7">h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211154556/http://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclides/radium.html">Radium: Radiation Protection</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Soddy, Frederick (25 Agustus 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905172755/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojaelt2o7AQC&pg=PA139">The Interpretation of Radium</a>. hlm. 139–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-43877-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-486-43877-1">978-0-486-43877-1</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojaelt2o7AQC&pg=PA139">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+Radium&rft.pages=139-&rft.date=2004-08-25&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43877-1&rft.aulast=Soddy&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dojaelt2o7AQC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Malley, Marjorie C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivityhis0000mall">Radioactivity<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivityhis0000mall/page/115">115</a>–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-983178-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-983178-4">978-0-19-983178-4</a>. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radioactivity&rft.pages=115-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983178-4&rft.aulast=Malley&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradioactivityhis0000mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Strutt, R. J. (7 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905174214/https://books.google.com/books?id=alC0vvE-ZUwC&pg=PA133">The Becquerel Rays and the Properties of Radium</a>. hlm. 133–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-486-43875-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-486-43875-7">978-0-486-43875-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alC0vvE-ZUwC&pg=PA133">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Becquerel+Rays+and+the+Properties+of+Radium&rft.pages=133-&rft.date=2004-09-07&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43875-7&rft.aulast=Strutt&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalC0vvE-ZUwC%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145136/https://home.cern/about/updates/2013/05/first-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei">"First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei – CERN"</a>. home.cern. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/about/updates/2013/05/first-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei">versi asli</a> tanggal 12 Juni 2018. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=home.cern&rft.atitle=First+observations+of+short-lived+pear-shaped+atomic+nuclei+%E2%80%93+CERN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fabout%2Fupdates%2F2013%2F05%2Ffirst-observations-short-lived-pear-shaped-atomic-nuclei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gaffney, L. P.; Butler, P. A.; Scheck, M.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/400663">"Studies of pear-shaped nuclei using accelerated radioactive beams"</a>. Nature. 497 (7448): 199–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.497..199G">2013Natur.497..199G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12073">10.1038/nature12073</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23657348">23657348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Studies+of+pear-shaped+nuclei+using+accelerated+radioactive+beams&rft.volume=497&rft.issue=7448&rft.pages=199-204&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23657348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature12073&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.497..199G&rft.aulast=Gaffney&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.au=Butler%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Scheck%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F400663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood109-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood109_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood109_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood109_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood109_29-3">d</a> Greenwood dan Earnshaw, hlm. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">"Radium"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115182006/http://periodic.lanl.gov/88.shtml">Diarsipkan</a> 15 November 2012 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Raabundance-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Raabundance_31-0">^</a> Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea, in Lide, David R. (ed.), <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>, Edisi ke-85. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-crc-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crc_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crc_32-2">c</a> Hammond, C. R. "Radium" dalam <cite class="citation book">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (edisi ke-92). Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1439855110" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1439855110">1439855110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.edition=92&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=1439855110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie; Bémont, Gustave (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806083923/http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)"</a>. Comptes Rendus. 127: 1215–1217. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 6 Agustus 2009. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+une+nouvelle+substance+fortement+radio-active%2C+contenue+dans+la+pechblende+%28On+a+new%2C+strongly+radioactive+substance+contained+in+pitchblende%29&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=1215-1217&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Curie%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Curie%2C+Marie&rft.au=B%C3%A9mont%2C+Gustave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fcurie%2Fdiscover.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 10 (2): 79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933JChEd..10...79W">1933JChEd..10...79W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed010p79">10.1021/ed010p79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+XIX.+The+radioactive+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed010p79&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933JChEd..10...79W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ball, David W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1985-09_62_9/page/787">"Elemental etymology: What's in a name?"</a>. Journal of Chemical Education. 62 (9): 787–788. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JChEd..62..787B">1985JChEd..62..787B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed062p787">10.1021/ed062p787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Elemental+etymology%3A+What%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=787-788&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed062p787&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985JChEd..62..787B&rft.au=Ball%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1985-09_62_9%2Fpage%2F787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Carvalho2011-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Carvalho2011_36-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2011" class="citation">Carvalho, Fernando P. (2011), "Marie Curie and the Discovery of Radium", The New Uranium Mining Boom, Springer Geology, hlm. 3–13, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-22122-4_1">10.1007/978-3-642-22122-4_1</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-22121-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-642-22121-7">978-3-642-22121-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+and+the+Discovery+of+Radium&rft.btitle=The+New+Uranium+Mining+Boom&rft.series=Springer+Geology&rft.pages=3-13&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-22122-4_1&rft.isbn=978-3-642-22121-7&rft.aulast=Carvalho&rft.aufirst=Fernando+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks1933-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Weeks1933_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weeks, Mary Elvira (1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements". Journal of Chemical Education. 10 (2): 79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933JChEd..10...79W">1933JChEd..10...79W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed010p79">10.1021/ed010p79</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+XIX.+The+radioactive+elements&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed010p79&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933JChEd..10...79W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ColbyChurchill1911-38"><a href="#cite_ref-ColbyChurchill1911_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Frank Moore Colby; Allen Leon Churchill (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ">New International Yearbook: A Compendium of the World's Progress</a>. Dodd, Mead and Co. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ/page/n176">152</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+International+Yearbook%3A+A+Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Progress&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Frank+Moore+Colby&rft.au=Allen+Leon+Churchill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_KWEMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Curie, Marie; Debierne, André (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720205637/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm">"Sur le radium métallique" (On metallic radium)"</a>. Comptes Rendus (dalam bahasa Prancis). 151: 523–525. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/CadresFenetre?O=NUMM-3104&I=523&M=tdm">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Juli 2011. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus&rft.atitle=Sur+le+radium+m%C3%A9tallique%22+%28On+metallic+radium%29&rft.volume=151&rft.pages=523-525&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Curie%2C+Marie&rft.au=Debierne%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FCadresFenetre%3FO%3DNUMM-3104%26I%3D523%26M%3Dtdm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ronneau, C.; Bitchaeva, O. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905180624/https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkJgKwyAVoC&pg=PA206">Biotechnology for waste management and site restoration: Technological, educational, business, political aspects</a>. Scientific Affairs Division, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. hlm. 206. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7923-4769-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7923-4769-9">978-0-7923-4769-9</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkJgKwyAVoC&pg=PA206">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+for+waste+management+and+site+restoration%3A+Technological%2C+educational%2C+business%2C+political+aspects&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Scientific+Affairs+Division%2C+North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4769-9&rft.au=Ronneau%2C+C.&rft.au=Bitchaeva%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkJgKwyAVoC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Frame, Paul W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320124750/http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm">"How the Curie Came to Be"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orau.org/ptp/articlesstories/thecurie.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 20 Maret 2012. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Curie+Came+to+Be&rft.au=Frame%2C+Paul+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orau.org%2Fptp%2Farticlesstories%2Fthecurie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-PMC2024184-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMC2024184_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMC2024184_42-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Terrill, J. G. Jr.; Ingraham Sc, 2nd; Moeller, D. W. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024184">"Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States"</a>. Public Health Reports. 69 (3): 255–62. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4588736">10.2307/4588736</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/4588736">4588736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2024184">2024184</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13134440">13134440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Radium+in+the+healing+arts+and+in+industry%3A+Radiation+exposure+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-62&rft.date=1954&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2024184&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13134440&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4588736&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4588736&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=J.+G.+Jr.&rft.au=Ingraham+Sc%2C+2nd&rft.au=Moeller%2C+D.+W.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2024184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OakRidge-43"><a href="#cite_ref-OakRidge_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Frame, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731220027/http://www.orau.org/ptp/collection/radioluminescent/radioluminescentinfo.htm">"Radioluminescent Paint"</a>. Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities (halaman belum tersedia)">Oak Ridge Associated Universities</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/radioluminescent/index.html#section-heading-main">versi asli</a> tanggal 31 Juli 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Radiation+and+Radioactivity&rft.atitle=Radioluminescent+Paint&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Frame%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orau.org%2Fhealth-physics-museum%2Fcollection%2Fradioluminescent%2Findex.html%23section-heading-main&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084212/http://environmentalhistory.org/people/radiumgirls/">"Environmental history timeline – Radium Girls"</a>. 20 Juli 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalhistory.org/people/radiumgirls/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+history+timeline+%E2%80%93+Radium+Girls&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironmentalhistory.org%2Fpeople%2Fradiumgirls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Rowland, R. E. (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf">Radium in humans: a review of U.S. studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109003623/http://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/documents/fullText/ACC0029.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 9 November 2011 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Argonne National Laboratory. hlm. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tykva, Richard; Berg, Dieter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse">Man-made and natural radioactivity in environmental pollution and radiochronology</a>. Springer. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manmadenaturalra0000unse/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-1860-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-1860-2">978-1-4020-1860-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man-made+and+natural+radioactivity+in+environmental+pollution+and+radiochronology&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1860-2&rft.aulast=Tykva&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Berg%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanmadenaturalra0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1966). <bdi lang="ru">Аналитическая химия технеция, прометия, астатина и франция</bdi> [Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium] (dalam bahasa Rusia). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka_(penerbit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka (penerbit) (halaman belum tersedia)">Nauka</a>. hlm. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C+%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Nauka&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lavrukhina&rft.aufirst=Avgusta+Konstantinovna&rft.au=Pozdnyakov%2C+Aleksandr+Aleksandrovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520184942/http://www.ehso.emory.edu/content-forms/3anuclidedatasafetysheets.pdf">Nuclide safety data sheet: Hydrogen-3</a>. ehso.emory.edu </li> <li id="cite_note-ieer-49"><a href="#cite_ref-ieer_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Zerriffi, Hisham (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713051055/http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)">"Tritium: The environmental, health, budgetary, and strategic effects of the Department of Energy's decision to produce tritium"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Energy_and_Environmental_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (halaman belum tersedia)">Institute for Energy and Environmental Research</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieer.org/reports/tritium.html#(11)">versi asli</a> tanggal 13 Juli 2010. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tritium%3A+The+environmental%2C+health%2C+budgetary%2C+and+strategic+effects+of+the+Department+of+Energy%27s+decision+to+produce+tritium&rft.pub=Institute+for+Energy+and+Environmental+Research&rft.date=1996-01&rft.au=Zerriffi%2C+Hisham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieer.org%2Freports%2Ftritium.html%23%2811%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_50-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl">Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/351">351</a>–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-850340-8">978-0-19-850340-8</a>. Diakses tanggal 13 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=351-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.au=Emsley%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm">Luminous Radium Paint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304002823/http://www.vintagewatchstraps.com/luminous.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 4 Maret 2013 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. vintagewatchstraps.com </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hayter, Charles (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NtKUdnjaCxMC&pg=PA135">"The Politics of Radon Therapy in the 1930s"</a>. An Element of Hope: Radium and the Response to Cancer in Canada, 1900–1940. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7735-2869-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7735-2869-7">978-0-7735-2869-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Radon+Therapy+in+the+1930s&rft.btitle=An+Element+of+Hope%3A+Radium+and+the+Response+to+Cancer+in+Canada%2C+1900%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2869-7&rft.aulast=Hayter&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNtKUdnjaCxMC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvie-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvie_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Harvie, David I. (1999). "The radium century". Endeavour. 23 (3): 100–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0160-9327%2899%2901201-6">10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01201-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10589294">10589294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=The+radium+century&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=100-5&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0160-9327%2899%2901201-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10589294&rft.aulast=Harvie&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hamilton, Vivien (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323154857/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-secrets-of-life">"The Secrets of Life: Historian Luis Campos resurrects radium's role in early genetics research"</a>. Distillations. 2 (2): 44–45. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/the-secrets-of-life">versi asli</a> tanggal 23 Maret 2018. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=The+Secrets+of+Life%3A+Historian+Luis+Campos+resurrects+radium%27s+role+in+early+genetics+research&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-secrets-of-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310220741/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html">"The Four Founding Physicians"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 Maret 2015. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Four+Founding+Physicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hopkinsmedicine.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-DasturTank2011-56"><a href="#cite_ref-DasturTank2011_56-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dastur, Adi E.; Tank, P. D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394615">"Howard Atwood Kelly: much beyond the stitch"</a>. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India. 60 (5): 392–394. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13224-010-0064-6">10.1007/s13224-010-0064-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3394615">3394615</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynecology+of+India&rft.atitle=Howard+Atwood+Kelly%3A+much+beyond+the+stitch&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=392-394&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3394615&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13224-010-0064-6&rft.aulast=Dastur&rft.aufirst=Adi+E.&rft.au=Tank%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3394615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AronowitzRobison2010-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AronowitzRobison2010_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AronowitzRobison2010_57-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aronowitz, Jesse N.; Robison, Roger F. (2010). "Howard Kelly establishes gynecologic brachytherapy in the United States". Brachytherapy. 9 (2): 178–184. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2009.10.001">10.1016/j.brachy.2009.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20022564">20022564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brachytherapy&rft.atitle=Howard+Kelly+establishes+gynecologic+brachytherapy+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-184&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brachy.2009.10.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20022564&rft.aulast=Aronowitz&rft.aufirst=Jesse+N.&rft.au=Robison%2C+Roger+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Skloot2010-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Skloot2010_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Rebecca Skloot (2 Februari 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617115412/http://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC">The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-307-58938-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-307-58938-5">978-0-307-58938-5</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBhikJpLjwC">versi asli</a> tanggal 17 Juni 2013. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Immortal+Life+of+Henrietta+Lacks&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.isbn=978-0-307-58938-5&rft.au=Rebecca+Skloot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBBhikJpLjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceranski-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ceranski_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ceranski_59-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ceranski, Beate (2008). "Tauschwirtschaft, Reputationsökonomie, Bürokratie". 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Financial Analysts Journal. 8 (1): 85–93. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2469%2Ffaj.v8.n1.85">10.2469/faj.v8.n1.85</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40796935">40796935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Analysts+Journal&rft.atitle=Peacet%C3%ADme+Impact+of+Atom%C3%ADc+Energy&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-93&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2469%2Ffaj.v8.n1.85&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40796935&rft.au=Just%2C+Evan&rft.au=Swain%2C+Philip+W.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kuebel, A. 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Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (9): 417. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1940JChEd..17..417K">1940JChEd..17..417K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed017p417">10.1021/ed017p417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+radium+from+Canadian+pitchblende&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=417&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed017p417&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1940JChEd..17..417K&rft.aulast=Kuebel&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-63"><a href="#cite_ref-nbb_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4">Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements</a>. Oxford University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/437">437</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780199605637" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780199605637">9780199605637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+building+blocks%3A+an+A-Z+guide+to+the+elements&rft.pages=437&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199605637&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Viol, C. H. 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Science. 49 (1262): 227–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1919Sci....49..227V">1919Sci....49..227V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.49.1262.227">10.1126/science.49.1262.227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17809659">17809659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Radium+Production&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1262&rft.pages=227-8&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17809659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.49.1262.227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1919Sci....49..227V&rft.aulast=Viol&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1448223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bouchiat, Marie-Anne; Bouchiat, Claude (28 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/60/11/004">"Parity violation in atoms"</a>. Reports on Progress in Physics. 60 (11): 1351–1396. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RPPh...60.1351B">1997RPPh...60.1351B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F60%2F11%2F004">10.1088/0034-4885/60/11/004</a> – via Institute of Physics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reports+on+Progress+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Parity+violation+in+atoms&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1351-1396&rft.date=1997-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F60%2F11%2F004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997RPPh...60.1351B&rft.aulast=Bouchiat&rft.aufirst=Marie-Anne&rft.au=Bouchiat%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F60%2F11%2F004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Commins, Eugene D.; Jackson, J. 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American Journal of Physics. 75 (6): 532–536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AmJPh..75..532C">2007AmJPh..75..532C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.2710486">10.1119/1.2710486</a> – via aapt.scitation.org (Atypon).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+electric+dipole+moment+of+the+electron%3A+An+intuitive+explanation+for+the+evasion+of+Schiff%27s+theorem&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=532-536&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2710486&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AmJPh..75..532C&rft.aulast=Commins&rft.aufirst=Eugene+D.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=DeMille%2C+David+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faapt.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2710486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dobaczewski, J.; Engel, J. 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Physical Review Letters. 94 (23): 232502. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0503057">nucl-th/0503057</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.94.232502">10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.232502</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16090465">16090465</a> – via APS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Time-Reversal+Violation+and+the+Schiff+Moment+of+%24%5E%7B225%7D%5Cmathrm%7BRa%7D%24&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=232502&rft.date=2005-06-13&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fnucl-th%2F0503057&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16090465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.94.232502&rft.aulast=Dobaczewski&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Engel%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.94.232502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Graner, B.; Chen, Y.; Lindahl, E. G.; Heckel, B. R. (18 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.161601">"Reduced Limit on the Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of $^{199}\mathrm{Hg}$"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 116 (16): 161601. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1601.04339">1601.04339</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.161601">10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.161601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27152789">27152789</a> – via APS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Reduced+Limit+on+the+Permanent+Electric+Dipole+Moment+of+%24%5E%7B199%7D%5Cmathrm%7BHg%7D%24&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=161601&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1601.04339&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27152789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.161601&rft.aulast=Graner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y.&rft.au=Lindahl%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Heckel%2C+B.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.161601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parker, R. H.; Dietrich, M. R.; Kalita, M. R.; Lemke, N. D.; Bailey, K. G.; Bishof, M.; Greene, J. P.; Holt, R. J.; Korsch, W.; Lu, Z.-T.; Mueller, P.; O’Connor, T. P.; Singh, J. T. (9 Juni 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.233002">"First Measurement of the Atomic Electric Dipole Moment of $^{225}\mathrm{Ra}$"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 114 (23): 233002. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1504.07477">1504.07477</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.114.233002">10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.233002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26196797">26196797</a> – via APS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=First+Measurement+of+the+Atomic+Electric+Dipole+Moment+of+%24%5E%7B225%7D%5Cmathrm%7BRa%7D%24&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=233002&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1504.07477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26196797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.114.233002&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.au=Dietrich%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Kalita%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Lemke%2C+N.+D.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+K.+G.&rft.au=Bishof%2C+M.&rft.au=Greene%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Holt%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Korsch%2C+W.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Z.-T.&rft.au=Mueller%2C+P.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+T.+P.&rft.au=Singh%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.aps.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.114.233002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nuñez Portela, M.; Dijck, E. 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Applied Physics B. 114 (1): 173–182. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApPhB.114..173N">2014ApPhB.114..173N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00340-013-5603-2">10.1007/s00340-013-5603-2</a> – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Ra%2B+ion+trapping%3A+toward+an+atomic+parity+violation+measurement+and+an+optical+clock&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-182&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00340-013-5603-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014ApPhB.114..173N&rft.aulast=Nu%C3%B1ez+Portela&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Dijck%2C+E.+A.&rft.au=Mohanty%2C+A.&rft.au=Bekker%2C+H.&rft.au=van+den+Berg%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Giri%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+S.&rft.au=Onderwater%2C+C.+J.+G.&rft.au=Schlesser%2C+S.&rft.au=Timmermans%2C+R.+G.+E.&rft.au=Versolato%2C+O.+O.&rft.au=Willmann%2C+L.&rft.au=Wilschut%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Jungmann%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00340-013-5603-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Holliman, C. A.; Fan, M.; Contractor, A.; Brewer, S. M.; Jayich, A. M. (20 Januari 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.033202">"Radium Ion Optical Clock"</a>. Physical Review Letters. 128 (3): 033202. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2201.07330">2201.07330</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.128.033202">10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.033202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35119894">35119894</a> Periksa nilai <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|pmid=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_pmid" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) – via APS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Radium+Ion+Optical+Clock&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=033202&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2201.07330&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35119894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.128.033202&rft.aulast=Holliman&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft.au=Fan%2C+M.&rft.au=Contractor%2C+A.&rft.au=Brewer%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Jayich%2C+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aps.org%2Fprl%2Fabstract%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.128.033202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Handbook/Tables/radiumtable6.htm">"Energy Levels of Singly Ionized Radium (Ra II)"</a>. physics.nist.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=physics.nist.gov&rft.atitle=Energy+Levels+of+Singly+Ionized+Radium+%28Ra+II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPhysRefData%2FHandbook%2FTables%2Fradiumtable6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bieroń, J.; Indelicato, P.; Jönsson, P. 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The European Physical Journal Special Topics. 144 (1): 75–84. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/physics/0701239">physics/0701239</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EPJST.144...75B">2007EPJST.144...75B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2007-00110-3">10.1140/epjst/e2007-00110-3</a> – via Springer Link.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+Special+Topics&rft.atitle=Multiconfiguration+Dirac-Hartree-Fock+calculations+oftransition+rates+and+lifetimes+of+the+eight+lowest+excited+levels+of+radium&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-84&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0701239&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2007-00110-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EPJST.144...75B&rft.aulast=Biero%C5%84&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Indelicato%2C+P.&rft.au=J%C3%B6nsson%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1140%2Fepjst%2Fe2007-00110-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Antypas, D.; Fabricant, A.; Stalnaker, J. 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Nature Physics. 15 (2): 120–123. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1804.05747">1804.05747</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0312-8">10.1038/s41567-018-0312-8</a> – via www.nature.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&rft.atitle=Isotopic+variation+of+parity+violation+in+atomic+ytterbium&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120-123&rft.date=2019-02-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1804.05747&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0312-8&rft.aulast=Antypas&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Fabricant%2C+A.&rft.au=Stalnaker%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Tsigutkin%2C+K.&rft.au=Flambaum%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Budker%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41567-018-0312-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Committee On Radiation Source Use And Replacement, National Research Council (U.S.); Nuclear And Radiation Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.) (Januari 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164805/https://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&pg=PA24">Radiation source use and replacement: Abbreviated version</a>. hlm. 24. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-309-11014-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-309-11014-3">978-0-309-11014-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&pg=PA24">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+source+use+and+replacement%3A+Abbreviated+version&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2008-01&rft.isbn=978-0-309-11014-3&rft.aulast=Committee+On+Radiation+Source+Use+And+Replacement&rft.aufirst=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rft.au=Nuclear+And+Radiation+Studies+Board%2C+National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cT2REdXJ98C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bentel, Gunilla Carleson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905174312/https://books.google.com/books?id=bk0go_-FO5QC&pg=PA8">Radiation therapy planning</a>. hlm. 8. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-07-005115-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-07-005115-7">978-0-07-005115-7</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk0go_-FO5QC&pg=PA8">versi asli</a> tanggal 5 September 2015. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+therapy+planning&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-07-005115-7&rft.aulast=Bentel&rft.aufirst=Gunilla+Carleson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbk0go_-FO5QC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xofigo-us.com/">"Xofigo US Patent"</a>. Xofigo. Xofigo. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xofigo&rft.atitle=Xofigo+US+Patent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xofigo-us.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FBT-FDA2013-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FBT-FDA2013_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130628025639/http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/breaking-fda-oks-pinpoint-prostate-cancer-radiation-drug-xofigo-bayer-alget/2013-05-15">"FDA OKs pinpoint prostate cancer radiation drug Xofigo from Bayer, Algeta"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/breaking-fda-oks-pinpoint-prostate-cancer-radiation-drug-xofigo-bayer-alget/2013-05-15">versi asli</a> tanggal 28 Juni 2013. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+OKs+pinpoint+prostate+cancer+radiation+drug+Xofigo+from+Bayer%2C+Algeta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiercebiotech.com%2Fstory%2Fbreaking-fda-oks-pinpoint-prostate-cancer-radiation-drug-xofigo-bayer-alget%2F2013-05-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130706233317/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/news/fda-approves-xofigo-for-advanced-prostate-cancer">"FDA Approves Xofigo for Advanced Prostate Cancer"</a>. cancer.org. (15 Mei 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Maffioli, L.; Florimonte, L.; Costa, D. C.; Correia Castanheira, J.; Grana, C.; Luster, M.; Bodei, L.; Chinol, M. (2015). "New radiopharmaceutical agents for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer". Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 59 (4): 420–38. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26222274">26222274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Q+J+Nucl+Med+Mol+Imaging&rft.atitle=New+radiopharmaceutical+agents+for+the+treatment+of+castration-resistant+prostate+cancer&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=420-38&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26222274&rft.aulast=Maffioli&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Florimonte%2C+L.&rft.au=Costa%2C+D.+C.&rft.au=Correia+Castanheira%2C+J.&rft.au=Grana%2C+C.&rft.au=Luster%2C+M.&rft.au=Bodei%2C+L.&rft.au=Chinol%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stoll, Wolfgang (2005). "Thorium and Thorium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-VCH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-VCH (halaman belum tersedia)">Wiley-VCH</a>. hlm. 717. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a27_001">10.1002/14356007.a27_001</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-3-527-31097-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-3-527-31097-5">978-3-527-31097-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thorium+and+Thorium+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a27_001&rft.isbn=978-3-527-31097-5&rft.aulast=Stoll&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation book">l'Annunziata, Michael F. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YpEiPPFlNAAC&pg=PA261">"Alpha particle induced nuclear reactions"</a>. Radioactivity: Introduction and history. Elsevier. hlm. 260–261. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-444-52715-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-444-52715-8">978-0-444-52715-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alpha+particle+induced+nuclear+reactions&rft.btitle=Radioactivity%3A+Introduction+and+history&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-444-52715-8&rft.aulast=l%27Annunziata&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYpEiPPFlNAAC%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Holden, N. E.; Reciniello, R. N.; Hu, J. P.; Rorer, David C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003837/https://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/24293.pdf">"Radiation dosimetry of a graphite moderated radium-beryllium source"</a> (PDF). Health Physics. 86 (5 Suppl): S110–2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003rdtc.conf..484H">2003rdtc.conf..484H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812705563_0060">10.1142/9789812705563_0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15069300">15069300</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/24293.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 23 Juli 2018. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Physics&rft.atitle=Radiation+dosimetry+of+a+graphite+moderated+radium-beryllium+source&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=5+Suppl&rft.pages=S110-2&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15069300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789812705563_0060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003rdtc.conf..484H&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=N.+E.&rft.au=Reciniello%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Hu%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Rorer%2C+David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fisd%2Fdocuments%2F24293.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weisgall, Jonathan M. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro0000weis">Operation crossroads: the atomic tests at Bikini Atoll<img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/20px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a>. Naval Institute Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/operationcrossro0000weis/page/238">238</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-55750-919-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-55750-919-2">978-1-55750-919-2</a>. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+crossroads%3A+the+atomic+tests+at+Bikini+Atoll&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-919-2&rft.au=Weisgall%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foperationcrossro0000weis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fry, Shirley A. (1998). "Supplement: Madame Curie's Discovery of Radium (1898): A Commemoration by Women in Radiation Sciences". Radiation Research. 150 (5): S21–S29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998RadR..150S..21F">1998RadR..150S..21F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3579805">10.2307/3579805</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3579805">3579805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9806606">9806606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiation+Research&rft.atitle=Supplement%3A+Madame+Curie%27s+Discovery+of+Radium+%281898%29%3A+A+Commemoration+by+Women+in+Radiation+Sciences&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=S21-S29&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3579805&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9806606&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3579805&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998RadR..150S..21F&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Shirley+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Redniss, Lauren (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivemarie0000redn">Radioactive: Marie & Pierre Curie: A Tale Of Love And Fallout</a>. New York, NY: HarperCollins. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radioactivemarie0000redn/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-06-135132-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-06-135132-7">978-0-06-135132-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radioactive%3A+Marie+%26+Pierre+Curie%3A+A+Tale+Of+Love+And+Fallout&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-135132-7&rft.aulast=Redniss&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradioactivemarie0000redn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jenks, Andrew (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249292863">"Model City USA: The Environmental Cost of Victory in World War II and the Cold War"</a>. Environmental History. 12 (77): 552–577. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F12.3.552">10.1093/envhis/12.3.552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Model+City+USA%3A+The+Environmental+Cost+of+Victory+in+World+War+II+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=552-577&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2F12.3.552&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249292863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  (perlu berlangganan) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semspub.epa.gov/work/11/176334.pdf">"EPA Facts about Radium"</a> (PDF). semspub.epa.gov. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semspub.epa.gov&rft.atitle=EPA+Facts+about+Radium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemspub.epa.gov%2Fwork%2F11%2F176334.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bibliografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite id="Kirby" class="citation book">Kirby, H. W.; Salutsky, Murrell L. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf">The Radiochemistry of Radium</a> (PDF). National Academies Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radiochemistry+of+Radium&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Salutsky%2C+Murrell+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Flib-www%2Fbooks%2Frc000041.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood,_Norman_N.;_Earnshaw,_A.1997" class="citation">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7506-3365-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7506-3365-4">0-7506-3365-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7506-3365-4&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+Norman+N.%3B+Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Albert Stwertka (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe">Guide to the Elements – Revised Edition</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-19-508083-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-19-508083-4">978-0-19-508083-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements+%E2%80%93+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508083-4&rft.au=Albert+Stwertka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation news">Denise Grady (6 Oktober 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/100698sci-radium.html">"A Glow in the Dark, and a Lesson in Scientific Peril"</a>. The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Glow+in+the+Dark%2C+and+a+Lesson+in+Scientific+Peril&rft.date=1998-10-06&rft.au=Denise+Grady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fnational%2Fscience%2F100698sci-radium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web">Nanny Fröman (1 Desember 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/curie/index.html">"Marie and Pierre Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marie+and+Pierre+Curie+and+the+Discovery+of+Polonium+and+Radium&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1996-12-01&rft.au=Nanny+Fr%C3%B6man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Farticles%2Fcurie%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Macklis, R. M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1993-08_269_2/page/94">"The great radium scandal"</a>. Scientific American. 269 (2): 94–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SciAm.269b..94M">1993SciAm.269b..94M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0893-94">10.1038/scientificamerican0893-94</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8351514">8351514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+great+radium+scandal&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-99&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8351514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0893-94&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993SciAm.269b..94M&rft.au=Macklis%2C+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_scientific-american_1993-08_269_2%2Fpage%2F94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book">Clark, Claudia (1987). Radium Girls: Women and Industrial Health Reform, 1910–1935. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8078-4640-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8078-4640-7">978-0-8078-4640-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radium+Girls%3A+Women+and+Industrial+Health+Reform%2C+1910%E2%80%931935&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4640-7&rft.au=Clark%2C+Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMarie_Curie1921" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1921), <a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Radium" class="extiw" title="s:The Discovery of Radium">The Discovery of Radium</a> (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-1), Poughkeepsie: Vassar College, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(pengenal)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (pengenal)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22920166" class="extiw" title="d:Q22920166">Q22920166</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discovery+of+Radium&rft.place=Poughkeepsie&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Vassar+College&rft.date=1921&rft.au=Marie+Curie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radium&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;">Cari tahu mengenai Radium pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/radium" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/radium" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/radium">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/radium" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/radium" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/radium">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li>(Inggris) <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309040715/http://lateralscience.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/the-discovery-of-radium-by-marie-curie.html">"Lateral Science: The Discovery of Radium"</a>. 8 Juli 2012. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lateralscience.co.uk/radium/RaDisc.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 9 Maret 2016. Diakses tanggal 14 Maret 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lateral+Science%3A+The+Discovery+of+Radium&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lateralscience.co.uk%2Fradium%2FRaDisc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3ARadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markwshead.com/stuffHappens/radium.html">Photos of Radium Water Bath in Oklahoma</a></li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+radium,+radioactive">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Radium, Radioactive</a></li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Radium">Annotated bibliography for radium from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625210454/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FRadium">Diarsipkan</a> 25 Juni 2019 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>(Inggris) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/088.htm">Radium</a> di <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (Universitas Nottingham)</li></ul> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)">(besar)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">O</a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">F</a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">P</a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang">S</a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin">I</a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Au</a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin">At</a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson">Og</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lantanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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