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height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Konfigurasi+elektron" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Konfigurasi+elektron" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Konfigurasi+elektron" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Konfigurasi+elektron" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Kelopak_dan_subkelopak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelopak_dan_subkelopak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Kelopak dan subkelopak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelopak_dan_subkelopak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asas_Aufbau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asas_Aufbau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asas Aufbau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asas_Aufbau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Asas Aufbau</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asas_Aufbau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tabel_periodik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabel_periodik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tabel periodik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabel_periodik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kelemahan_asas_Aufbau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelemahan_asas_Aufbau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kelemahan asas Aufbau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelemahan_asas_Aufbau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ionisasi_logam_transisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionisasi_logam_transisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ionisasi logam transisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionisasi_logam_transisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengecualian_kaidah_Madelung_lainnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengecualian_kaidah_Madelung_lainnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Pengecualian kaidah Madelung lainnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pengecualian_kaidah_Madelung_lainnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Catatan kaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Konfigurasi elektron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 69 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasie" title="Elektronkonfigurasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektronkonfigurasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electronica" title="Configuración electronica – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Configuración electronica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="توزيع إلكتروني – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توزيع إلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Configuración electrónica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Электронная канфігурацыя – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электронная канфігурацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Електронна конфигурация – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електронна конфигурация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইলেকট্রন বিন্যাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_konfiguracija" title="Elektronska konfiguracija – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektronska konfiguracija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3_electr%C3%B2nica" title="Configuració electrònica – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Configuració electrònica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronov%C3%A1_konfigurace" title="Elektronová konfigurace – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektronová konfigurace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Электронсен конфигурацийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электронсен конфигурацийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffurfwedd_electronig" title="Ffurfwedd electronig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffurfwedd electronig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkonfiguration" title="Elektronkonfiguration – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektronkonfiguration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronenkonfiguration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Ηλεκτρονική δομή – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρονική δομή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electron configuration" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrona_distribuado" title="Elektrona distribuado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrona distribuado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Configuración electrónica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkonfiguratsioon" title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektronkonfiguratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfigurazio_elektroniko" title="Konfigurazio elektroniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konfigurazio elektroniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آرایش الکترونی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایش الکترونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronikonfiguraatio" title="Elektronikonfiguraatio – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektronikonfiguraatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration_%C3%A9lectronique" title="Configuration électronique – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Configuration électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumra%C3%ADocht_leictreon" title="Cumraíocht leictreon – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumraíocht leictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuraci%C3%B3n_electr%C3%B3nica" title="Configuración electrónica – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Configuración electrónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummey_lectraneyn" title="Cummey lectraneyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cummey lectraneyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קונפיגורציה אלקטרונית – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונפיגורציה אלקטרונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉन विन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_konfiguracija" title="Elektronska konfiguracija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektronska konfiguracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronszerkezet" title="Elektronszerkezet – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektronszerkezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafeindah%C3%BDsing" title="Rafeindahýsing – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafeindahýsing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configurazione_elettronica" title="Configurazione elettronica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Configurazione elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE" title="電子配置 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電子配置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfigurasi_%C3%A8l%C3%A8ktron" title="Konfigurasi èlèktron – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Konfigurasi èlèktron" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ელექტრონული კონფიგურაცია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელექტრონული კონფიგურაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನ್ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%B0%EC%97%B4" title="전자 배열 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 배열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%C5%B3_konfig%C5%ABracija" title="Elektronų konfigūracija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektronų konfigūracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronu_konfigur%C4%81cija" title="Elektronu konfigurācija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektronu konfigurācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електронска конфигурација – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електронска конфигурација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇലക്ട്രോൺ വിന്യാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Электрон байгуулалт – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Электрон байгуулалт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konfigurasi elektron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenkonfiguratschoon" title="Elektronenkonfiguratschoon – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektronenkonfiguratschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronenconfiguratie" title="Elektronenconfiguratie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektronenconfiguratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektronkonfigurasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AC" title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਰਤੀਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਾਣੂ ਤਰਤੀਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfiguracja_elektronowa" title="Konfiguracja elektronowa – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konfiguracja elektronowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Configuração eletrônica – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Configuração eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configura%C8%9Bie_electronic%C4%83" title="Configurație electronică – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Configurație electronică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электронная конфигурация – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электронная конфигурация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Электрон былыт – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Электрон былыт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronska_konfiguracija" title="Elektronska konfiguracija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektronska konfiguracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන වින්‍යාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉලෙක්ට්‍රෝන වින්‍යාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electron configuration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektr%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_konfigur%C3%A1cia" title="Elektrónová konfigurácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrónová konfigurácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електронска конфигурација – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електронска конфигурација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronkonfiguration" title="Elektronkonfiguration – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektronkonfiguration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="எதிர்மின்னி அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எதிர்மின்னி அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="โครงแบบอิเล็กตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงแบบอิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_dizilimi" title="Elektron dizilimi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektron dizilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Електронна конфігурація – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електронна конфігурація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برقی تشکیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی تشکیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_konfiguratsiyasi" title="Elektron konfiguratsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektron konfiguratsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_h%C3%ACnh_electron" title="Cấu hình electron – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cấu hình electron" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子排布" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9F-%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="עלעקטראנען-קאנפיגוראציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראנען-קאנפיגוראציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电子排布" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%84%E6%85%8B" title="電子組態 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電子組態" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53859#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Electron_orbitals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/350px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/525px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Electron_orbitals.svg/700px-Electron_orbitals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Orbital-orbital molekul dan atom elektron</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Fisika_atom" title="Fisika atom">fisika atom</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum" title="Kimia kuantum">kimia kuantum</a>, <b>konfigurasi elektron</b> adalah susunan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron-elektron</a> pada sebuah <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a>, atau struktur fisik lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sama seperti <a href="/wiki/Partikel_elementer" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikel elementer">partikel elementer</a> lainnya, elektron patuh pada hukum <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a> dan menampilkan sifat-sifat bak-partikel maupun bak-gelombang. Secara formal, <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_kuantum" title="Keadaan kuantum">keadaan kuantum</a> elektron tertentu ditentukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Fungsi_gelombang" title="Fungsi gelombang">fungsi gelombangnya</a>, yaitu sebuah fungsi ruang dan waktu yang <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kompleks" title="Bilangan kompleks">bernilai kompleks</a>. Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interpretasi_Kopenhagen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interpretasi Kopenhagen (halaman belum tersedia)">interpretasi mekanika kuantum Copenhagen</a>, posisi sebuah elektron tidak bisa ditentukan kecuali setelah adanya aksi pengukuran yang menyebabkannya untuk bisa dideteksi. Probabilitas aksi pengukuran akan mendeteksi sebuah elektron pada titik tertentu pada ruang adalah proporsional terhadap kuadrat nilai absolut fungsi gelombang pada titik tersebut. </p><p>Elektron-elektron dapat berpindah dari satu <a href="/wiki/Aras_energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras energi">aras energi</a> ke aras energi yang lainnya dengan emisi atau absorpsi <a href="/wiki/Kuantum" title="Kuantum">kuantum</a> <a href="/wiki/Energi_dalam" title="Energi dalam">energi dalam</a> bentuk <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>. Oleh karena <a href="/wiki/Asas_larangan_Pauli" title="Asas larangan Pauli">asas larangan Pauli</a>, tidak boleh ada lebih dari dua elektron yang dapat menempati sebuah <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">orbital atom</a>, sehingga elektron hanya akan meloncat dari satu orbital ke orbital yang lainnya hanya jika terdapat kekosongan di dalamnya. </p><p>Pengetahuan atas konfigurasi elektron atom-atom sangat berguna dalam membantu pemahaman struktur <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> unsur-unsur. Konsep ini juga berguna dalam menjelaskan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a> yang menjaga atom-atom tetap bersama. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kelopak_dan_subkelopak">Kelopak dan subkelopak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Kelopak dan subkelopak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelopak dan subkelopak"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Kelopak elektron</a></div> <p>Konfigurasi elektron yang pertama kali dipikirkan adalah berdasarkan pada model atom <a href="/wiki/Model_Bohr" title="Model Bohr">model Bohr</a>. Adalah umum membicarakan kelopak maupun subkelopak walaupun sudah terdapat kemajuan dalam pemahaman sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a> elektron. Berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Asas_larangan_Pauli" title="Asas larangan Pauli">asas larangan Pauli</a>, sebuah orbital hanya dapat menampung maksimal dua elektron. Namun pada kasus-kasus tertentu, terdapat beberapa orbital yang memiliki aras energi yang sama (dikatakan ber<a href="/wiki/Degenerasi" title="Degenerasi">degenerasi</a>), dan orbital-orbital ini dihitung bersama dalam konfigurasi elektron. </p><p>Kelopak elektron merupakan sekumpulan orbital-orbital atom yang memiliki <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum_utama" title="Bilangan kuantum utama">bilangan kuantum utama</a> <i>n</i> yang sama, sehingga orbital 3s, orbital-orbital 3p, dan orbital-orbital 3d semuanya merupakan bagian dari kelopak ketiga. Sebuah kelopak elektron dapat menampung 2<i>n</i><sup>2</sup> elektron; kelopak pertama dapat menampung 2 elektron, kelopak kedua 8 elektron, dan kelopak ketiga 18 elektron, demikian seterusnya. </p><p>Subkelopak elektron merupakan sekelompok orbital-orbital yang mempunyai label orbital yang sama, yakni yang memiliki nilai <i>n</i> dan <i>l</i> yang sama. Sehingga tiga orbital 2p membentuk satu subkelopak, yang dapat menampung enam elektron. Jumlah elektron yang dapat ditampung pada sebuah subkelopak berjumlah 2(2<i>l</i>+1); sehingga subkelopak "s" dapat menampung 2 elektron, subkelopak "p" 6 elektron, subkelopak "d" 10 elektron, dan subkelopak "f" 14 elektron. </p><p>Jumlah elektron yang dapat menduduki setiap kelopak dan subkelopak berasal dari persamaan mekanika kuantum,<sup id="cite_ref-SchrodNote_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchrodNote-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terutama asas larangan Pauli yang menyatakan bahwa tidak ada dua elektron dalam satu atom yang bisa mempunyai nilai yang sama pada keempat <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum" title="Bilangan kuantum">bilangan kuantumnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notasi">Notasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Notasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Notasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">Orbital atom</a></div> <p>Para fisikawan dan kimiawan menggunakan notasi standar untuk mendeskripsikan konfigurasi-konfigurasi elektron atom dan molekul. Untuk atom, notasinya terdiri dari untaian label orbital atom (misalnya 1s, 3d, 4f) dengan jumlah elektron dituliskan pada setiap orbital (atau sekelompok orbital yang mempunyai label yang sama). Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> mempunyai satu elektron pada orbital s kelopak pertama, sehingga konfigurasinya ditulis sebagai 1s<sup>1</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Litium</a> mempunyai dua elektron pada subkelopak 1s dan satu elektron pada subkelopak 2s, sehingga konfigurasi elektronnya ditulis sebagai 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>1</sup>. <a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus">Fosforus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 15) mempunyai konfigurasi elektron: 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>3</sup>. </p><p>Untuk atom dengan banyak elektron, notasi ini akan menjadi sangat panjang, sehingga notasi yang disingkat sering digunakan. Konfigurasi elektron fosforus, misalnya, berbeda dari <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> (1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup>) hanya pada keberadaan kelopak ketiga. Sehingga konfigurasi elektron neon dapat digunakan untuk menyingkat konfigurasi elektron fosforus. Konfigurasi elektron fosforus kemudian dapat ditulis: [Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>3</sup>. Konvensi ini sangat berguna karena elektron-elektron pada kelopak terluar sajalah yang paling menentukan sifat-sifat kimiawi sebuah unsur. </p><p>Urutan penulisan orbital tidaklah tetap, beberapa sumber mengelompokkan semua orbital dengan nilai <i>n</i> yang sama bersama, sedangkan sumber lainnya mengikuti urutan berdasarkan asas Aufbau. Sehingga konfigurasi Besi dapat ditulis sebagai [Ar] 3d<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> ataupun [Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>6</sup> (mengikuti asas Aufbau). </p><p>Adalah umum untuk menemukan label-label orbital "s", "p", "d", "f" ditulis miring, walaupaun IUPAC merekomendasikan penulisan normal. Pemilihan huruf "s", "p", "d", "f" berasal dari sistem lama dalam mengkategorikan <a href="/wiki/Garis_spektra" class="mw-redirect" title="Garis spektra">garis spektra</a>, yakni "sharp", "principal", "diffuse", dan "fundamental". Setelah "f", label selanjutnya diikuti secara alfabetis, yakni "g", "h", "i", ...dst, walaupun orbital-orbital ini belum ditemukan. </p><p>Konfigurasi elektron molekul ditulis dengan cara yang sama, kecuali bahwa label <a href="/wiki/Orbital_molekul" title="Orbital molekul">orbital molekullah</a> yang digunakan, dan bukannya label orbital atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> adalah orang yang pertama kali (1923) mengajukan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Periodisitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodisitas">periodisitas</a> pada sifat-sifat <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dapat dijelaskan oleh struktur elektronik atom tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengajuannya didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Model_atom_Bohr" class="mw-redirect" title="Model atom Bohr">model atom Bohr</a>, yang mana kelopak-kelopak elektronnya merupakan orbit dengan jarak yang tetap dari inti atom. Konfigurasi awal Bohr berbeda dengan konfigurasi yang sekarang digunakan: <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> berkonfigurasi 2.4.4.6 daripada 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>4</sup>. </p><p>Satu tahun kemudian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Clifton_Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Clifton Stoner (halaman belum tersedia)">E. C. Stoner</a> memasukkan bilangan kuantum ketiga <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a> ke dalam deskripsi kelopak elektron, dan dengan benar memprediksi struktur kelopak sulfur sebagai 2.8.6.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun demikian, baik sistem Bohr maupun sistem Stoner tidak dapat menjelaskan dengan baik perubahan <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi" title="Spektroskopi">spektra atom</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efek_Zeeman" title="Efek Zeeman">efek Zeeman</a>). </p><p>Bohr sadar akan kekurangan ini (dan yang lainnya), dan menulis surat kepada temannya <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> untuk meminta bantuannya menyelamatkan teori kuantum (sistem yang sekarang dikenal sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Teori_kuantum_lama" title="Teori kuantum lama">teori kuantum lama</a>"). Pauli menyadari bahwa efek Zeeman haruslah hanya diakibatkan oleh elektron-elektron terluar atom. Ia juga dapat menghasilkan kembali struktur kelopak Stoner, tetapi dengan struktur subkelopak yang benar dengan pemasukan sebuah bilangan kuantum keempat dan <a href="/wiki/Asas_larangan_Pauli" title="Asas larangan Pauli">asas larangannya</a> (1925):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><i>It should be forbidden for more than one electron with the same value of the main quantum number </i>n<i> to have the same value for the other three quantum numbers </i>k<i> [</i>l<i>], </i>j<i> [</i>m<sub>l</sub><i>] and </i>m<i> [</i>m<sub>s</sub><i>].</i> </p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p><i>Adalah tidak diperbolehkan untuk lebih dari satu elektron dengan nilai bilangan kuantum utama </i>n<i> yang sama memiliki nilai tiga bilangan kuantum </i>k<i> [</i>l<i>], </i>j<i> [</i>m<sub>l</sub><i>] dan </i>m<i> [</i>m<sub>s</sub><i>] yang sama.</i> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Persamaan Schrödinger">Persamaan Schrödinger</a> yang dipublikasikan tahun 1926 menghasilkan tiga dari empat bilangan kuantum sebagai konsekuensi penyelesainnya untuk atom hidrogen:<sup id="cite_ref-SchrodNote_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchrodNote-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> penyelesaian ini menghasilkan orbital-orbital atom yang dapat kita temukan dalam buku-buku teks kimia. Kajian spektra atom mengizinkan konfigurasi elektron atom untuk dapat ditentukan secara eksperimen, yang pada akhirnya menghasilkan kaidah empiris (dikenal sebagai kaidah Madelung (1936)<sup id="cite_ref-Madelung_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madelung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) untuk urutan orbital atom mana yang terlebih dahulu diisi elektron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asas_Aufbau">Asas Aufbau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Asas Aufbau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Asas Aufbau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asas_Aufbau" class="mw-redirect" title="Asas Aufbau">Asas Aufbau</a> (berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a> <i>Aufbau</i> yang berarti "membangun, konstruksi") adalah bagian penting dalam konsep konfigurasi elektron awal Bohr. Ia dapat dinyatakan sebagai:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Terdapat maksimal dua elektron yang dapat diisi ke dalam orbital dengan urutan peningkatan energi orbital: orbital berenergi terendah diisi terlebih dahulu sebelum elektron diletakkan ke orbital berenergi lebih tinggi.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Klechkowski_rule_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Klechkowski_rule_2.svg/300px-Klechkowski_rule_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Klechkowski_rule_2.svg/450px-Klechkowski_rule_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Klechkowski_rule_2.svg/600px-Klechkowski_rule_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Urutan pengisian orbital-orbital atom mengikuti arah panah.</figcaption></figure><p> Asas ini bekerja dengan baik (untuk keadaan dasar atom-atom) untuk 18 unsur pertama; ia akan menjadi semakin kurang tepat untuk 100 unsur sisanya. Bentuk modern asas Aufbau menjelaskan urutan energi orbital berdasarkan kaidah Madelung, pertama kali dinyatakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Madelung" title="Erwin Madelung">Erwin Madelung</a> pada tahun 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Madelung_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madelung-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><dl><dd><ol><li><i>Orbital diisi dengan urutan peningkatan </i>n<i>+</i>l<i>;</i></li> <li><i>Apabila terdapat dua orbital dengan nilai </i>n<i>+</i>l<i> yang sama, maka orbital yang pertama diisi adalah orbital dengan nilai </i>n<i> yang paling rendah.</i></li></ol></dd></dl> <p>Sehingga, menurut kaidah ini, urutan pengisian orbital adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <dl><dd>1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p</dd></dl> <p>Asas Aufbau dapat diterapkan, dalam bentuk yang dimodifikasi, ke <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabel_periodik">Tabel periodik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Tabel periodik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tabel periodik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Periodic_Table_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Periodic_Table_structure.svg/300px-Periodic_Table_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Periodic_Table_structure.svg/450px-Periodic_Table_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Periodic_Table_structure.svg/600px-Periodic_Table_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Tabel konfigurasi elektron</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <p>Bentuk <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a> berhubungan dekat dengan konfigurasi elektron atom unsur-unsur. Sebagai contoh, semua unsur <a href="/wiki/Golongan_2_tabel_periodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan 2 tabel periodik">golongan 2</a> memiliki konfigurasi elektron [E] <i>n</i>s<sup>2</sup> (dengan [E] adalah konfigurasi gas inert), dan memiliki kemiripan dalam sifat-sifat kimia. Kelopak elektron terluar atom sering dirujuk sebagai "kelopak valensi" dan menentukan sifat-sifat kimia suatu unsur. Perlu diingat bahwa kemiripan dalam sifat-sifat kimia telah diketahui satu abad sebelumnya, sebelum pemikiran konfigurasi elektron ada.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kelemahan_asas_Aufbau">Kelemahan asas Aufbau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Kelemahan asas Aufbau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kelemahan asas Aufbau"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asas Aufbau begantung pada postulat dasar bahwa urutan energi orbital adalah tetap, baik untuk suatu unsur atau di antara unsur-unsur yang berbeda. Ia menganggap orbital-orbital atom sebagai "kotak-kotak" energi tetap yang mana dapat diletakkan dua elektron. Namun, energi elektron dalam orbital atom bergantung pada energi keseluruhan elektron dalam atom (atau ion, molekul, dsb). Tidak ada "penyelesaian satu elektron" untuk sebuah sistem dengan elektron lebih dari satu, sebaliknya yang ada hanya sekelompok penyelesaian banyak elektron, yang tidak dapat dihitung secara eksak<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (walaupun terdapat pendekatan matematika yang dapat dilakukan, seperti <a href="/wiki/Hartree-Fock" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartree-Fock">metode Hartree-Fock</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionisasi_logam_transisi">Ionisasi logam transisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Ionisasi logam transisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ionisasi logam transisi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aplikasi asas Aufbau yang terlalu dipaksakan kemudan menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Paradoks" title="Paradoks">paradoks</a> dalam kimia <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">Kalium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a> muncul dalam tabel periodik sebelum logam transisi, dan memiliki konfigurasi elektron [Ar] 4s<sup>1</sup> dan [Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> (orbital 4s diisi terlebih dahulu sebelum orbital 3d). Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah Madelung, karena orbital 4s memiliki nilai <i>n</i>+<i>l</i>  = 4 (<i>n</i> = 4, <i>l</i> = 0), sedangkan orbital 3d <i>n</i>+<i>l</i>  = 5 (<i>n</i> = 3, <i>l</i> = 2). Namun <a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium">kromium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga">tembaga</a> memiliki konfigurasi elektron [Ar] 3d<sup>5</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> dan [Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> (satu elektron melewati pengisian orbital 4s ke orbital 3d untuk menghasilkan subkelopak yang terisi setengah). Dalam kasus ini, penjelasan yang diberikan adalah "subkelopak yang terisi setengah ataupun terisi penuh adalah susunan elektron yang stabil". </p><p>Paradoks akan muncul ketika elektron <i>dilepaskan</i> dari atom logam transisi, membentuk ion. Elektron yang pertama kali diionisasikan bukan berasal dari orbital 3d, melainkan dari 4s. Hal yang sama juga terjadi ketika <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_kimia" title="Senyawa kimia">senyawa kimia</a> terbentuk. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kromium_heksakarbonil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kromium heksakarbonil (halaman belum tersedia)">Kromium heksakarbonil</a> dapat dijelaskan sebagai atom kromium (bukan ion karena <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_oksidasi" title="Keadaan oksidasi">keadaan oksidasinya</a> 0) yang dikelilingi enam ligan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a>; ia bersifat <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a> dan konfigurasi atom pusat kromium adalah 3d<sup>6</sup>, yang berarti bahwa orbital 4s pada atom bebas telah bepindah ke orbital 3d ketika bersenyawa. Pergantian elektron antara 4s dan 3d ini dapat ditemukan secara universal pada deret pertama logam-logam transisi.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fenomena ini akan menjadi paradoks hanya ketika diasumsikan bahwa energi orbital atom adalah tetap dan tidak dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan elektron pada orbital-orbital lainnya. Jika begitu, maka orbital 3d akan memiliki energi yang sama dengan orbital 3p, seperti pada hidrogen. Namun hal ini jelas-jelas tidak demikian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pengecualian_kaidah_Madelung_lainnya">Pengecualian kaidah Madelung lainnya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pengecualian kaidah Madelung lainnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengecualian kaidah Madelung lainnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat beberapa pengecualian kaidah Madelung lainnya untuk unsur-unsur yang lebih berat, dan akan semakin sulit untuk menggunakan penjelasan yang sederhana mengenai pengecualian ini. Adalah mungkin untuk memprediksikan kebanyakan pengecualian ini menggunakan perhitungan Hartree-Fock,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yang merupakan metode pendekatan dengan melibatkan efek elektron lainnya pada energi orbital. Untuk unsur-unsur yang lebih berat, diperlukan juga keterlibatan <a href="/wiki/Kimia_kuantum_relativistik" title="Kimia kuantum relativistik">efek relativitas khusus</a> terhadap energi orbital atom, karena elektron-elektron pada kelopak dalam bergerak dengan kecepatan mendekati <a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_cahaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan cahaya">kecepatan cahaya</a>. Secara umun, efek-efek relativistik ini<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cenderung menurunkan energi orbital s terhadap orbital atom lainnya.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" border="1" class="wikitable" bgcolor="white"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Periode 5</b></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Periode 6</b></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" align="center"><b>Periode 7</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Unsur</b></td> <td><b>Z</b></td> <td><b>Konfigurasi elektron</b></td> <td> </td> <td><b>Unsur</b></td> <td><b>Z</b></td> <td><b>Konfigurasi elektron</b></td> <td> </td> <td><b>Unsur</b></td> <td><b>Z</b></td> <td><b>Konfigurasi elektron</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium">Itrium</a></td> <td>39</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>1</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum">Lantanum</a></td> <td>57</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5d<sup>1</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Aktinium</a></td> <td>89</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">6d<sup>1</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Serium</a></td> <td>58</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">4f<sup>1</sup> 5d<sup>1</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Torium</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">6d<sup>2</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Praseodimium</a></td> <td>59</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>3</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Protaktinium</a></td> <td>91</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5f<sup>2</sup> 6d<sup>1</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Neodimium</a></td> <td>60</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>4</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></td> <td>92</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5f<sup>3</sup> 6d<sup>1</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Prometium</a></td> <td>61</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>5</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a></td> <td>93</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5f<sup>4</sup> 6d<sup>1</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a></td> <td>62</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>6</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></td> <td>94</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> 5f<sup>6</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a></td> <td>63</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>7</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium">Amerisium</a></td> <td>95</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> 5f<sup>7</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a></td> <td>64</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">4f<sup>7</sup> 5d<sup>1</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium">Kurium</a></td> <td>96</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5f<sup>7</sup> 6d<sup>1</sup></font> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>9</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a></td> <td>97</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s<sup>2</sup> 5f<sup>9</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zirkonium</a></td> <td>40</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>2</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a></td> <td>72</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>2</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></td> <td>41</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>4</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a></td> <td>73</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>3</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum">Molibdenum</a></td> <td>42</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>5</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></td> <td>74</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>4</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium">Teknesium</a></td> <td>43</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>5</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Renium</a></td> <td>75</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>5</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Rutenium</a></td> <td>44</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>7</sup> </font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a></td> <td>76</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>6</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rodium</a></td> <td>45</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>8</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a></td> <td>77 </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>7</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">Paladium</a></td> <td>46</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">4d<sup>10</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></td> <td>78</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] <font color="#FF0000">6s<sup>1</sup></font> 4f<sup>14</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5d<sup>9</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] <font color="#FF0000">5s<sup>1</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas">Emas</a></td> <td>79</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] <font color="#FF0000">6s<sup>1</sup></font> 4f<sup>14</sup> <font color="#FF0000">5d<sup>10</sup></font></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Kadmium</a></td> <td>48</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa">Raksa</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a></td> <td>49</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a>] 5s<sup>2</sup> 4d<sup>10</sup> 5p<sup>1</sup></td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium">Talium</a></td> <td>81</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 6s<sup>2</sup> 4f<sup>14</sup> 5d<sup>10</sup> 6p<sup>1</sup></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3">  </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabel_konfigurasi_elektron" title="Tabel konfigurasi elektron">Tabel konfigurasi elektron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_atom" title="Orbital atom">Orbital atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_energi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras energi">Aras energi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HOMO/LUMO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HOMO/LUMO (halaman belum tersedia)">HOMO/LUMO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pwpaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pwpaw (halaman belum tersedia)">Pwpaw</a> perangkat lunak untuk menghitung konfigurasi elektron</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SchrodNote-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SchrodNote_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SchrodNote_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Secara formal, <a href="/wiki/Bilangan_kuantum" title="Bilangan kuantum">bilangan kuantum</a> <i>n</i>, <i>l</i>, dan <i>m</i><sub>l</sub> berasal dari fakta bahwa penyelesaian <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Persamaan Schrödinger">persamaan Schrödinger</a> takgayut waktu untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atom_bak-hidrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atom bak-hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">atom bak-hidrogen</a> adalah berdasarkan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonik_bola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harmonik bola (halaman belum tersedia)">harmonik bola</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaidah Madelung kadang-kadang dikenal juga sebagai kaidah Klechkowski, terutama di negara-negara berbahasa Prancis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemiripan sifat-sifat kimia dan hubungan numeris antara <a href="/wiki/Berat_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom">berat atom</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">kalsium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">stronsium</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> pertama kali diperhatikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner">Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner</a> pada tahun 1817.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elektron merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikel_identik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikel identik (halaman belum tersedia)">partikel identik</a>, fakta yang kadang-kadang dirujuk sebagai "ketakterbedaan elektron". Penyelesaian satu elektron ke sistem banyak elektron akan mengimplikasikan bahwa elektron-elektron dapat diberdakan satu sama lainnya, tetapi terdapat bukti-bukti eksperimen yang membuktikan bahwa itu tidak dapat terjadi. Penyelesaian eksak untuk sistem banyak elektron adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masalah_benda-n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masalah benda-n (halaman belum tersedia)">masalah benda-<i>n</i></a> dengan <i>n</i> ≥ 3 (inti atom dihitung sebagai salah satu "badan").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terdapat beberapa kasus pada deret kedua dan ketiga di mana elektron tetap berada dalam orbital s.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01248.html">configuration (electronic)</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/PT07089.html">Pauli exclusion principle</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bohr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr, Niels</a> (1923). "Über die Anwendung der Quantumtheorie auf den Atombau. I.". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Z. Phys.</a></i> <b>13</b>: 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Phys.&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+die+Anwendung+der+Quantumtheorie+auf+den+Atombau.+I.&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bohr&rft.aufirst=Niels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Clifton_Stoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Clifton Stoner (halaman belum tersedia)">Stoner, E.C.</a> (1924). "The distribution of electrons among atomic levels". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Magazine (halaman belum tersedia)">Phil. Mag. (6th Ser.)</a></i>. <b>48</b>: 719–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Mag.+%286th+Ser.%29&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+electrons+among+atomic+levels&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=719-36&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Stoner&rft.aufirst=E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli, Wolfgang</a> (1925). "Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhändigkeit der elektronmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt". <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Zeitschrift für Physik">Z. Phys.</a></i> <b>31</b>: 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Phys.&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Einfluss+der+Geschwindigkeitsabh%C3%A4ndigkeit+der+elektronmasse+auf+den+Zeemaneffekt&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=373&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Pauli&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> English translation from <cite class="citation journal">Scerri, Eric R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/pdf/BJPS.pdf">"The Electron Configuration Model, Quantum Mechanics and Reduction"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Br. J. Phil. Sci</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 309–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Phil.+Sci.&rft.atitle=The+Electron+Configuration+Model%2C+Quantum+Mechanics+and+Reduction&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=309-25&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Scerri&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.ucla.edu%2Fdept%2FFaculty%2Fscerri%2Fpdf%2FBJPS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madelung-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madelung_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madelung_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Madelung" title="Erwin Madelung">Madelung, Erwin</a> (1936). <i>Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Physikers</i>. Berlin: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematische+Hilfsmittel+des+Physikers&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/AT06996.html">aufbau principle</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Meek, Terry L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206165419/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFN-46G4S5S-1&_user=961305&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000049425&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=961305&md5=cef78ae6aced8ded250c6931a0842063">"Configuration irregularities: deviations from the Madelung rule and inversion of orbital energy levels"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_Physics_Letters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemical Physics Letters (halaman belum tersedia)">Chem. Phys. Lett.</a></i> <b>362</b> (5–6): 362–64. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0009-2614%2802%2900919-3">10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00919-3</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TFN-46G4S5S-1&_user=961305&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000049425&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=961305&md5=cef78ae6aced8ded250c6931a0842063">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Phys.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Configuration+irregularities%3A+deviations+from+the+Madelung+rule+and+inversion+of+orbital+energy+levels&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=362-64&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0009-2614%2802%2900919-3&rft.aulast=Meek&rft.aufirst=Terry+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6TFN-46G4S5S-1%26_user%3D961305%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000049425%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D961305%26md5%3Dcef78ae6aced8ded250c6931a0842063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persatuan_Kimia_Murni_dan_Terapan_Internasional" title="Persatuan Kimia Murni dan Terapan Internasional">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buku_IUPAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buku IUPAC (halaman belum tersedia)">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, edisi ke-2 ("Buku Emas") (1997). Versi koreksi daring:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/RT07093.html">relativistic effects</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pyykkö, Pekka (1988). "Relativistic effects in structural chemistry". <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Reviews" title="Chemical Reviews">Chem. Rev.</a></i> <b>88</b>: 563–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Relativistic+effects+in+structural+chemistry&rft.volume=88&rft.pages=563-94&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Pyykk%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Jolly, William L. (1991). <i>Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-2nd Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. hlm. pp: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-07-112651-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-07-112651-1">0-07-112651-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=pp%3A-1-23&rft.edition=2nd+Edition&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-07-112651-1&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKonfigurasi+elektron" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perfectperiodictable.com/userguide">Simplified procedure for deriving electron configurations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319010144/http://www.perfectperiodictable.com/userguide">Diarsipkan</a> 2016-03-19 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenlab.de/elektronium/HTML/einleitung_hauptseite_uk.html">What does an atom look like? Configuration in 3D</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/electronic_configuration/">Electronic configuration: periodicity</a> from WebElements.com</li></ul> <div class="tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#FFF0F5; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em; font-size:85%;"> <table style="background:transparent;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:32px; height:28px; overflow:hidden"><div style="position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px; z-index:3;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia"><span style="color:#FF4F00">Portal Kimia</span></a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&oldid=26365489">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konfigurasi_elektron&oldid=26365489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sifat_kimia" title="Kategori:Sifat kimia">Sifat kimia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Fisika_atom" title="Kategori:Fisika atom">Fisika atom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Fisika_molekular" title="Kategori:Fisika molekular">Fisika molekular</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia_kuantum" title="Kategori:Kimia kuantum">Kimia kuantum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kimia_teoretis" title="Kategori:Kimia teoretis">Kimia teoretis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 29 September 2024, pukul 22.30.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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