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Labor rights or workers' rights are both <a href="/wiki/Legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal rights">legal rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> relating to <a href="/wiki/Labor_relations" title="Labor relations">labor relations</a> between workers and <a href="/wiki/Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers">employers</a>. These rights are codified in national and international <a href="/wiki/Labor_and_employment_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor and employment law">labor and employment law</a>. In general, these rights influence working conditions in the relations of employment. One of the most prominent is the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>, otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_organize" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to organize">right to organize</a>. Workers organized in <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> exercise the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_collective_bargaining" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to collective bargaining">right to collective bargaining</a> to improve working conditions. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Labor_background">1 Labor background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Core_labor_standards">2 Core labor standards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Labor_rights_issues_by_topics">3 Labor rights issues by topics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hour_limits">3.1 Hour limits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Workplace_conditions">3.2 Workplace conditions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Safety_and_social_sustainability">3.3 Safety and social sustainability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Living_wage">3.4 Living wage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Globalization">3.5 Globalization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Labor_rights_issues_by_demographics">4 Labor rights issues by demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Child_labor">4.1 Child labor</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Child_labor_in_the_United_States">4.1.1 Child labor in the United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Pregnant_employees">4.2 Pregnant employees</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Migrant_workers">4.3 Migrant workers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Undocumented_workers">4.4 Undocumented workers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Undocumented_workers_in_the_United_States">4.4.1 Undocumented workers in the United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Unionized_workers">4.5 Unionized workers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Neurodiversity">4.6 Neurodiversity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Measurement_of_Labor_Rights">5 Measurement of Labor Rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Labor_background">Labor background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Labor background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Throughout history, workers claiming some sort of right have attempted to pursue their interests. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> expressed demand for better wages and working conditions. One of the leaders of the revolt, <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(priest)" title="John Ball (priest)">John Ball</a>, famously argued that people were born equal saying, "When <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> delved and <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> span, who was then the gentleman?" Laborers often appealed to traditional rights. For instance, English peasants fought against the <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclosure movement">enclosure movement</a>, which took traditionally communal lands and made them private. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">British Parliament</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Act 1833</a> which stated that children under the age of 9 could not work, children aged 9–13 could only work 8 hours a day, and children aged 14–18 could only work for 12 hours a day.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Labor rights are a relatively new addition to the modern corpus of human rights. The modern concept of labor rights dates to the 19th century after the creation of <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> processes. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> stands out as one of the earliest and most prominent advocates for workers' rights. His philosophy and economic theory focused on labor issues and advocates his economic system of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, a society that would be ruled by the workers. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> for the rights of the workers were associated with groups influenced by Marx such as the socialists and <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>. More moderate <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> supported workers' interests as well. More recent workers' rights advocacy has focused on the particular role, exploitation, and needs of women workers, and of increasingly mobile global flows of casual, service, or guest workers. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Core_labor_standards">Core labor standards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Core labor standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Identified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO) in the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_Fundamental_Principles_and_Rights_at_Work" title="Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work">Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work</a>,<a href="#cite_note-adb.org-2">[2]</a> core labor standards are "widely recognized to be of particular importance".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> They are universally applicable, regardless of whether the relevant conventions have been ratified, the level of development of a country or cultural values.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> These standards are composed of qualitative, not quantitative, standards and do not establish a particular level of working conditions, wages or health and safety standards.<a href="#cite_note-adb.org-2">[2]</a> They are not intended to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantage</a> that developing countries may hold. Core labor standards are important human rights and are recognized in widely ratified <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CROC), the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 193 parties, and the ICCPR with 160 parties.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> They have been incorporated into different provisions that are related to labor in <a href="/wiki/Soft_law" title="Soft law">soft law</a> instruments such as the UN's Global Compact, the OECD Guidelines, and the ILO MNE Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The core labor standards are: <ul><li>Freedom of association:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> workers are able to join trade unions that are independent of government and employer influence.</li> <li>The right to collective bargaining:<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> workers may negotiate with employers collectively, as opposed to individually.</li> <li>The prohibition of all forms of forced labor:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> includes security from prison labor and slavery and prevents workers from being forced to work under duress.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Elimination of the worst forms of child labor:<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> implementing a minimum working age and certain working condition requirements for children.</li> <li>Non-discrimination in employment: <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a>.</li></ul> Very few ILO member countries have ratified all of these conventions due to domestic constraints yet as these rights are also recognized in the UDHR, and form a part of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> they are committed to respecting these rights. For a discussion on the incorporation of these core labor rights into the mechanisms of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Labour_standards_in_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Labour standards in the World Trade Organization">Labour standards in the World Trade Organization</a>. There are many other issues outside of this core, in the UK employee rights include the right to employment particulars, an itemized pay statement, a disciplinary process at which they have the right to be accompanied, daily breaks, rest breaks, paid holidays, and more.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Labor_rights_issues_by_topics">Labor rights issues by topics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labor rights issues by topics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Aside from the right to organize, labor movements have campaigned on various other issues that may be said to relate to labor rights. The labor movement began to improve the working conditions of the workers. Dating back to 1768 the first strike of the New York journeyman tailors protested a wage reduction. This marked the beginning of the movement. Approaching the 19th century, labor unions were formed to improve the working conditions for all of workers. They fought for better wages, reasonable hours, and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits, and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired. The following are explained more in the following sections.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hour_limits">Hour limits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hour limits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many labor movement campaigns have to do with limiting hours in the workplace. 19th century labor movements campaigned for an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a>. Worker advocacy groups have also sought to limit work hours, making a working week of 40 hours or less standard in many countries. A <a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a> was established in France in 2000, although this standard has been considerably weakened since then. Workers may agree with employers to work for longer, but the extra hours are payable <a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">overtime</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> the working week is limited to a maximum of 48 hours including overtime (see also <a href="/wiki/Working_Time_Directive_2003" title="Working Time Directive 2003">Working Time Directive 2003</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace_conditions">Workplace conditions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Workplace conditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Labor rights advocates have worked to improve workplace conditions that meet established standards. During the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, the United States began workplace reforms, which received publicity boosts from <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a> and events such as the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</a>. Labor advocates and other groups often criticize production facilities with poor working conditions as <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational health">occupational health</a> hazards and campaign for better labor practices and recognition of workers' rights throughout the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_social_sustainability">Safety and social sustainability</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety and social sustainability" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Recent initiatives in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> have included a focus on <a href="/wiki/Social_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sustainability">social sustainability</a>, which includes promoting workers' rights and safe working conditions, prevention of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, and elimination of illegal child labor from the sustainably sourced products and services.<a href="#cite_note-sftool.gov-14">[14]</a> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a> have released studies on products that have been identified as using child labor and industries using or funded by human trafficking. Labor rights are defined internationally by sources such as the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Public_Management_and_eGovernment" title="Agency for Public Management and eGovernment">Agency for Public Management and eGovernment</a> (DIFI)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> performance standards.<a href="#cite_note-sftool.gov-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_wage">Living wage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Living wage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The labor movement pushes for guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> laws, and there are continuing negotiations about increases to the minimum wage. However, opponents see minimum wage laws as limiting employment opportunities for unskilled and entry-level workers. The benefits and costs of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investments</a> on labor rights are often argued. Payton and Woo's study shows that even though "workers may not see drastic increases in minimum wages but they will benefit marginally from better enforcement of existing minimum wage laws or other protections granted in law, gradually improving overall working conditions, as more FDI flows in."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Globalization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In March 2004, the World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization issued a report called "A Fair Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The report acknowledges how potential globalization can affect labor rights. Reforming globalization will require cooperation not only within the country but also at the global level.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It suggests political authorities to "renew their attention to global solidarity".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Workers' rights advocates have been concerned with how <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> can impact labor rights in different countries. Some international agencies and global corporations see strong enforcement will limit a country's economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-Seidman-20">[20]</a> As companies outsource their work to workers from lower-wage countries, governments will relax their regulations to attract businesses.<a href="#cite_note-Seidman-20">[20]</a> As a result, poor countries implement a lower labor rights standard to compete with other countries. <a href="/wiki/Layna_Mosley" title="Layna Mosley">Layna Mosley</a>'s study shows that collective labor rights have declined since the recent global expansion started.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> By having multiple countries sign agreements and <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>, labor rights are able to be protected across the globe. However, some countries sign it even though they are not planning to follow the rules. Therefore, there might be room for labor rights practices to suffer.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> However, some argued that globalization can improve labor rights enforcement by responding to other country's demands. Governments will act in their national interests, so when an important trading country urges for strong labor rights enforcement, they will act accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Labor_rights_issues_by_demographics">Labor rights issues by demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Labor rights issues by demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labor">Child labor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Child labor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChildLabor1910.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/220px-ChildLabor1910.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/220px-ChildLabor1910.png" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/330px-ChildLabor1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ChildLabor1910.png/440px-ChildLabor1910.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>11Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. 10 years old. Working 3 summers. Minds baby and carries berries, two pecks at a time. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, N.J. This is the fourth week of school and the people here expect to remain two weeks more. Witness E. F. Brown. Location: Browns Mills, New Jersey.</figcaption></figure> Labor rights advocates have also worked to combat <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>. They see child labor as exploitative, and often economically damaging. Child labor opponents often argue that working children are deprived of an education. In 1948 and then again in 1989, the United Nations declared that children have a right to social protection.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It is hard for children to fight for their basic rights, especially in the workplace. They are often under-treated. Employers take advantage of child labor because they lack the ability to bargain collectively and compromise to work at an unpleasant workplace. Almost 95% of child labor occurs in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a>. An example of an industry in which instances of child labor lead to severe injury or death<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> that have been noted are <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">DRC</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mining in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, where children were reported to be participating in all forms of mining at the expense of their education.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> There is a growing concern that the rising demand for resources that involve child labor for industries such as the production of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">batteries</a>, will only increase labor rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In India and Pakistan, children work long hours in various industries because of the debt their parents incurred.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Poor families sometimes rely on their kids' income to pay bills. In Egypt, about 1.5 million kids under 14 years old are working even though there are child-protective labor laws.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_labor_in_the_United_States">Child labor in the United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Child labor in the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">Child labor laws in the United States</a></div> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938</a> (FLSA) restricts the employment of children. The FLSA defines the minimum age for employment to 14 years for non-agricultural jobs with restrictions on hours, restricts the hours for youth under the age of 16, and prohibits the employment of children under the age of 18 in occupations deemed hazardous by the Secretary of Labor.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> In 2007, Massachusetts updated its child labor laws that required all minors to have work permits.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnant_employees">Pregnant employees</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pregnant employees" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Labor_rights" title="Talk:Labor rights">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (April 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Employment Protection Consolidation Act (EPCA) has established four fundamental regulations for women's employment rights. Firstly, there is the provision of Statutory Maternity Pay, which ensures that a minimum payment is made during the leave period. Secondly, there is the right to maternity leave, which guarantees that women can take time off work and return to their job afterward. Additionally, women have the right to be reinstated to their original position. Finally, the EPCA has reinforced unfair dismissal rights.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migrant_workers">Migrant workers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Migrant workers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Legal migrant workers are sometimes abused. For instance, migrants have faced a number of alleged abuses <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">in the United Arab Emirates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dubai#Government" title="Dubai">including Dubai</a>). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> lists several problems including "nonpayment of wages, extended working hours without overtime compensation, unsafe working environments resulting in death and injury, squalid living conditions in labor camps, and withholding of passports and travel documents by employers.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-34">[34]</a> Despite laws against the practice, employers confiscate migrant workers' passports. Without their passports, workers cannot switch jobs or return home.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> These workers have little recourse for labor abuses, but conditions have been improving.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Labor and social welfare minister Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi has undertaken a number of reforms to help improve labor practices in his country.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-34">[34]</a> The United Arab Emirates was condemned in a report issued in April 2021 by the Democracy Centre for Transparency calling out the nation for its abuse and discrimination of foreigners and expatriates against Emirati citizens. According to DCT, foreigners and expatriates in the UAE are often subjected to gender and wage discrimination, racialization, trafficking, and forced labor. As per the research conducted by the DCT, these issues remain unreported due to the threat and intimidation from their employers in the form of job loss or fabricated criminal charges. The discrimination and abuse have reportedly continued despite the easing of the <a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a> in the Emirate. The DCT concluded its report urging the UAE to address the issues and put an end to the racial hierarchy and discrimination against non-citizens.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Koelnmesse, the company responsible for managing the pavilion representing <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> at the Expo 2020 reportedly signed an agreement with the Emirati Transguard Group for laundry, cleaning, and security services. Rights groups claim that during the signing of a framework agreement between the two firms, evidence assuring human rights due diligence was overlooked. It is said that the firm withheld the passports and wages of the workers earning relatively lesser than the minimum wage and terminated them from the service without notice.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In neighboring countries such as Qatar, there is a similar problem. Qatar has received a lot of criticism over the way it treats its workers, including those that have worked on FIFA World Cup projects. <a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undocumented_workers">Undocumented workers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Undocumented workers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The right to equal treatment, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">origin</a> and appearance, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, is also seen by many as one of the workers' rights. <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a> in the workplace is illegal in many countries, but some see the <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics" title="Income inequality metrics">wage gap</a> between genders and other groups as a persistent problem. Many migrant workers are not getting basic labor rights mainly because they do not speak the local language, regardless of legal status.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some have noticed that they are not getting the correct amount of money on their paycheck while others are underpaid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Undocumented_workers_in_the_United_States">Undocumented workers in the United States</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Undocumented workers in the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The National Labor Relations Act recognizes undocumented laborers as employees. However, the supreme court case <a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Plastic_Compounds,_Inc._v._NLRB" title="Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB">Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB</a> established that backpay could not be awarded to unlawfully fired undocumented employees due to the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In this court decision, it was also stated that the U.S. would support <a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act_of_1938" title="Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938">FLSA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migrant_and_Seasonal_Agricultural_Workers_Protection_Act_of_1983" title="Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act of 1983">MSPA</a>, without regard to whether or not someone is documented.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson-44">[44]</a> Undocumented workers also still have legal protection against discrimination based on national origin. The decision of the Hoffman supreme court case has primarily affected undocumented laborers by preventing them from getting backpay and/or reinstatement.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson-44">[44]</a> While no undocumented individual is technically able to work in the United States legally, undocumented workers make up 5% of the workforce.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson-44">[44]</a> In the U.S., people who were born outside of the country tend to work in riskier jobs and have a higher chance of encountering death on the job. The low-wage sectors, which many undocumented people work in, have the highest rates of wage and hour violation.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson-44">[44]</a> Estimates claim that 31% of undocumented people work in service jobs. Restaurant work in particular has a 12% rate of undocumented workers. Undocumented people can and have joined labor unions, and are even credited by a 2008 dissertation for "reinvigorating" the labor movement.<a href="#cite_note-Gleeson-44">[44]</a> Because the NLRA protects undocumented workers, it protects their right to organize. However, the NLRA excludes workers that are agricultural, domestic, independent contractors, governmental, or related to their employers.<a href="#cite_note-NILC-45">[45]</a> The right to speak up against labor abuses was protected further by an immigration reform bill in 2013 with the POWER act, which intended to protect employees who spoke out against labor practices from facing detention or deportation.<a href="#cite_note-NILC-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> However, labor unions are not necessarily welcoming of immigrant workers. Within unions, there have been internal struggles, such as when Los Angeles immigrant janitors reorganized service workers. Being a part of the union does not necessarily address all the needs of immigrant workers, and thus winning power within the union is the first step for immigrant workers to address their needs.<a href="#cite_note-:02-47">[47]</a> Immigrant workers often mobilize beyond unions, by campaigning in their communities on intersectional issues of immigration, discrimination, and police misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-:02-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unionized_workers">Unionized workers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unionized workers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Labor unions formed throughout the industries. Labor unions in the crafts discovered difficulty in forming labor unions at different skill levels. These skill groups often got divided into racial and sexist ways. In 1895, the white-only International Association of Machinists affiliated with the American <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Labor">Federation of Labor</a> (AFL), which was founded in 1881. Entering the 20th century African Americans moved from the South into the North only to find that there was discrimination in economic opportunities. Racial stereotypes were used to divide the working class and create segregation. This eventually led to the creation of black codes and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> to limit the ability of African Americans to create a living for themselves. The Jim Crow laws passed in the 1800s were laws that forbade African Americans from living in white neighborhoods, along with segregation in public places. these were enforced for public pools, phone booths, hospitals, asylums, jails and residential homes for the elderly and handicapped and more.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neurodiversity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity_and_labor_rights" title="Neurodiversity and labor rights">Neurodiversity and labor rights</a></div> Neurodiversity considerations may include people on the <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (ADHD), <a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">developmental coordination disorder</a> (DCD, also known as dyspraxia) or <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doyle_2020-49">[49]</a> Many consider the term to be psuedoscientific, and a form of phrenology.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Measurement_of_Labor_Rights">Measurement of Labor Rights</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Measurement of Labor Rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> There are several indices that measure labor rights produced by various organizations. Some focus on collective bargaining and freedom of association including in datasets produced by the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> (ITUC), the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> (ILO), and <a href="/wiki/Penn_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State">Penn State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a> Others, such as data produced by the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Dem Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>'s World Policy Analysis Center focus on other components such as employment discrimination, child labor, and forced labor.<a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-57">[57]</a> The ITUC produces the Global Rights Index on an annual basis which rates "countries depending on their compliance with collective labor rights and document violations by governments and employers of internationally recognized rights."<a href="#cite_note-:0-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The ILO produces the data for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goal</a> 8.8.2, which measures the "Level of national compliance with labor rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labour Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status.<a href="#cite_note-:2-53">[53]</a> In the past, Penn State's Center for Global Workers’ Rights has produced a set of labor rights indicators which use a similar methodology to the ILO, but have wider country coverage.<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Dem Institute</a> produces a wide range of data on civil rights and democracy.<a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a> This includes data on the prevalence of forced labor and data on civil society organizations, including trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>'s World Policy Analysis Center maintains a database on a range of global legal standards including women's rights, disability rights, child labor, and employment discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-:6-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/28px-Syndicalism.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/42px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/56px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Organized labor">Organized labor portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decent_work" title="Decent work">Decent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social and cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Global_Labour_and_Human_Rights" title="Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights">Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Rights_Forum" title="International Labor Rights Forum">International Labor Rights Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Workplace_Rights" title="Journal of Workplace Rights">Journal of Workplace Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights_in_American_meatpacking_industry" title="Labor rights in American meatpacking industry">Labor rights in American meatpacking industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_clause" title="Social clause">Social clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_contract#Applications" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a>: can be used in <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_organizer" title="Union organizer">Union organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutchinsHarrison1911" class="citation book cs1">Hutchins, B. 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(2011). Measuring progress towards the application of freedom of association and collective bargaining rights: A tabular presentation of the findings of the ILO supervisory system.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/101677/ILO_MeasuringProgressTowardApplicationofFreedomofAssociation_CollectiveBargainingRights.pdf?sequence=1">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_rights&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/WVZC90&version=1.0">Dataset on collective labor rights across all sovereign states, 1985–2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laborrights.org/">International Labor Rights Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/labor/">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/">International Labor Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323111100/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/issues/worker-rights/">Workers' rights page at the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escr-net.org/">International Network for Economic, Social & Cultural Rights</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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hreflang="ar" data-title="حقوق العمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="শ্রম অধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রম অধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_laborales" title="Derechos laborales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos laborales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor-rajtoj" title="Labor-rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Labor-rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan-eskubideak" title="Lan-eskubideak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lan-eskubideak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="حقوق کار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق کار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EA%B6%8C" title="노동권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노동권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin_Ma%27aikata" title="Hakkokin Ma'aikata – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hakkokin Ma'aikata" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak-hak_buruh" title="Hak-hak buruh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak-hak buruh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זכויות עובדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכויות עובדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbo_teis%C4%97s" title="Darbo teisės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Darbo teisės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Работнички права – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Работнички права" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_pekerja" title="Hak pekerja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hak pekerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A8%A9" title="労働基本権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="労働基本権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95" title="ਕਿਰਤੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੱਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਰਤੀਆਂ ਦੇ ਹੱਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepturile_muncii" title="Drepturile muncii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drepturile muncii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AB_drejtat_e_pun%C3%ABtor%C3%ABve" title="Të drejtat e punëtorëve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Të drejtat e punëtorëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delavske_pravice" title="Delavske pravice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Delavske pravice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สิทธิแรงงาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิทธิแรงงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i_haklar%C4%B1" title="İşçi hakları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İşçi hakları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Права працівників – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Права працівників" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="劳工权利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="劳工权利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" 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