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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ideology within the socialist movement. For socialism emphasizing democracy sometimes described as social democracy, see <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a>. For the policy regime in Northern Europe sometimes described as social democracy, see <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Social democracy is a <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980%E2%80%93103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134%E2%80%93136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019-1">[1]</a> that supports <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> approach toward achieving <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>. In modern practice, social democracy has taken the form of predominantly <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> economies, with the state regulating the economy in the form of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Market_intervention" title="Market intervention">economic interventionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">partial public ownership</a>, a robust <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, policies promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, and a more <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">equitable distribution of income</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998aLane202396%E2%80%93114-3">[3]</a> Social democracy maintains a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a>. Common aims include curbing <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a>, eliminating the <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> of <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">underprivileged</a> groups, eradicating <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, and upholding universally accessible public services such as <a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">child care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elderly_care" title="Elderly care">elderly care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">health care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood201297Hoefer201329-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007137-5">[5]</a> Economically, it supports <a href="/wiki/Income_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Income redistribution">income redistribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_the_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation of the economy">regulating the economy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">public interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998827BadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423Heywood2012128-6">[6]</a> Social democracy has a strong, long-standing connection with <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. It is supportive of measures to foster greater <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">democratic decision-making in the economic sphere</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> rights for workers, and expanding ownership to <a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">employees</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeholder capitalism">stakeholders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer200791MathersTaylorUpchurch200951-7">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">history of social democracy</a> stretches back to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. Originally a catch-all term for socialists of varying tendencies, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, it came to refer to reformist socialists that are opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">centralized</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> model of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1993102%E2%80%93103-8">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> era, social democrats embraced <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economies</a> with a predominance of <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private property</a> and promoted the regulation of capitalism over its replacement with a qualitatively different socialist <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf199210Miller1998827Jones20011410Heywood2012125%E2%80%93128-9">[9]</a> Since then, social democracy has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesian economics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombert20098Sejersted2011-10">[10]</a> Social democracy has been described as the most common form of Western or modern socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Foley199423EatwellWright199980Busky20008Sargent2008117Heywood201297Hain20153-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199981,_100Pruitt2019Berman2020-12">[12]</a> Amongst social democrats, attitudes towards socialism vary: some retain socialism as a long-term goal, with social democracy being a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> supporting a <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradualist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> approach towards achieving socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoemer199425%E2%80%9327Berman199857Bailey200977Lamb2015415%E2%80%93416-13">[13]</a> Others view it as an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical ideal</a> to guide reforms within capitalism. One way social democracy can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> is that social democracy aims to strike a balance by advocating for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed market economy</a> where capitalism is regulated to address inequalities through social welfare programs and supports private ownership with a strong emphasis on a well-regulated market. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> places greater emphasis on abolishing <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private property ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstor2018-14">[14]</a> Nevertheless, the distinction remains blurred<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf199210-15">[15]</a> and the two terms are commonly used synonymously. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> is an off-shoot of social democracy which aims to fuse <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a> with social democratic economic policies and <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">center-left</a> social policies. It is a reconceptualization of social democracy developed in the 1990s and is embraced by some social democratic parties; some analysts have characterized the Third Way as part of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano200611-16">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definitions">1 Definitions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#As_a_tradition_of_socialism">1.1 As a tradition of socialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#As_a_policy_regime">1.2 As a policy regime</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#As_a_name_for_political_parties">1.3 As a name for political parties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#As_Marxist_revisionism">1.4 As Marxist revisionism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Philosophy">2 Philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#History">3 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism">4 Social democracy and democratic socialism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Internal_debates">4.1 Internal debates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_the_United_States">4.2 In the United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#In_South_Africa">4.3 In South Africa</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Policy_regime">5 Policy regime</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Role_of_the_state">5.1 Role of the state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Corporatism">5.2 Corporatism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Analysis">6 Analysis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Legacy">6.1 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Criticism">6.2 Criticism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations">8.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes">8.2 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources">8.3 Sources</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Books">8.3.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Conferences">8.3.2 Conferences</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Encyclopedias">8.3.3 Encyclopedias</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Journals">8.3.4 Journals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#News">8.3.5 News</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Speeches">8.3.6 Speeches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Websites">8.3.7 Websites</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_tradition_of_socialism">As a tradition of socialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a tradition of socialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Social democracy is defined as one of many <a href="/wiki/Socialist_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist traditions">socialist traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980%E2%80%93103Newman20055-17">[17]</a> As an international <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, it aims to achieve socialism through <a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997Safra1998920Stevens20001504DuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014-18">[18]</a> This definition goes back to the influence of both the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> advanced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAspalter200152-19">[19]</a> Social democracy has undergone various major forms throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1998827DurlaufLawrence2008-20">[20]</a> In the 19th century, it encompassed various non-revolutionary and revolutionary currents of socialism, excluding <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204%E2%80%93205EatwellWright199980Lamb2015415%E2%80%93416-21">[21]</a> In one of the first scholarly works on European socialism written for an American audience, <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>'s 1883 book French and German Socialism in Modern Times, social democrats were characterized as "the extreme wing of the socialists" who were "inclined to lay so much stress on equality of enjoyment, regardless of the value of one's labor, that they might, perhaps, more properly be called communists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204-22">[22]</a> In the early 20th century, social democracy came to refer to support for a process of developing society through existing political structures and opposition to revolutionary means, which are often associated with Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> Thus whereas in the 19th century, social democracy could be described as "organized Marxism", it became "organized reformism" by the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980-24">[24]</a> In political science, democratic socialism and social democracy are sometimes seen as synonyms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153-25">[25]</a> while they are distinguished in journalistic use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> Under this democratic socialist definition,<a href="#cite_note-30">[nb 1]</a> social democracy is an ideology seeking to gradually build an alternative <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a> through the institutions of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> Starting in the post-war period, social democracy was defined as a policy regime advocating the reformation of capitalism to align it with the ethical ideals of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornaiYingi200911%E2%80%9324-31">[30]</a> What <a href="/wiki/Socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialists">socialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>, social democrats, <a href="/wiki/Syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalists">syndicalists</a>, and some social democratic proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> share in common is history, specifically that they can all be traced back to the individuals, groups, and literature of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>, and have retained some of the terminology and symbolism such as the colour <a href="/wiki/Red_(political_adjective)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red (political adjective)">red</a>. How far society should intervene and whether the government, mainly the existing government, is the right vehicle for change are issues of disagreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061%E2%80%932-32">[31]</a> As the Historical Dictionary of Socialism summarizes, "there were general criticisms about the social effects of the private ownership and control of capital", "a general view that the solution to these problems lay in some form of collective control (with the degree of control varying among the proponents of socialism) over the means of production, distribution, and exchange", and "there was agreement that the outcomes of this collective control should be a society that provided social equality and justice, economic protection, and generally a more satisfying life for most people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061%E2%80%932-32">[31]</a> Socialism became a catch-all term for the <a href="/wiki/Critics_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Critics of capitalism">critics of capitalism</a> and industrial society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20062-33">[32]</a> Social democrats are <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalists">anticapitalists</a> insofar as criticism about "poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security" is linked to the <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb20061%E2%80%932-32">[31]</a> Social democracy or social democratic remains controversial among socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[nb 2]</a> Some define it as representing a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> faction and non-communist socialists or the right-wing of socialism during the split with <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018-29">[29]</a> Others have noted its pejorative use among communists and other socialists. According to <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tower_Sargent" title="Lyman Tower Sargent">Lyman Tower Sargent</a>, "socialism refers to social theories rather than to theories oriented to the individual. Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008117-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_policy_regime">As a policy regime</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a policy regime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As a policy regime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008Kotz2009FosterTsakiroglou2014-37">[35]</a> social democracy entails support for a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> and ameliorative measures to benefit the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007112BadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423Heywood2012128-38">[36]</a> Social democracy currently depicts a chiefly capitalist economy with state economic regulation in the general interest, state provision of welfare services and state redistribution of income and wealth. Social democratic concepts influence the policies of most Western states since World War 2.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Social democracy is frequently considered a practical middle course between capitalism and socialism. Social democracy aims to use democratic collective action for promoting freedom and equality in the economy and opposes what is seen as inequality and oppression that laissez-faire capitalism causes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In the 21st century, it has become commonplace to define social democracy in reference to Northern and Western European countries,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumeDurlauf2016610%E2%80%93611-41">[39]</a> and their model of a <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008-42">[40]</a> Social democracy has also been used synonymously with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2020-43">[41]</a> Henning Meyer and Jonathan Rutherford associate social democracy with the socioeconomic order in Europe from the post-war period until the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyerRutherford2011-44">[42]</a> Social democratic roots are also observed in Latin America during the early 20th century; this was the case in Uruguay during the two presidential terms of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">José Batlle y Ordóñez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltman2011-45">[43]</a> While the welfare state has been accepted across the political spectrum,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> particularly by <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian democrats">Christian democrats</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberals">social liberals</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013-46">[44]</a> one notable difference is that socialists see the welfare state "not merely to provide benefits but to build the foundation for emancipation and self-determination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2019-47">[45]</a> In the 21st century, a social democratic policy regime<a href="#cite_note-48">[nb 3]</a> may further be distinguished by a support for an increase in <a href="/wiki/Welfare_spending" title="Welfare spending">welfare</a> policies or an increase in <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolton2020-43">[41]</a> Some distinguish between ideological social democracy as part of the broad socialist movement and social democracy as a policy regime. They call the first classical social democracy or classical socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1999103%E2%80%93106,_128%E2%80%93131%22British_socialism_and_the_Labour_movement%22,_%22Social_democracy_to_New_Labour%22Romano20064-49">[46]</a> and the latter as competitive socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED%C3%B6ring20073-50">[47]</a> liberal socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1999103%E2%80%93106,_128%E2%80%93131%22British_socialism_and_the_Labour_movement%22,_%22Social_democracy_to_New_Labour%22-51">[48]</a> neo-social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters200166KatseliMiliosPelagidis2018-52">[49]</a> or new social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGambleWright19996Fitzpatrick2003Bailey200914%E2%80%9317MeyerRutherford2011111%E2%80%93119Taylor2013133-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_name_for_political_parties">As a name for political parties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a name for political parties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many socialist parties in several countries have been, or are called Social Democratic. In the 19th century, social democrat was a broad catch-all for international socialists owing their primary ideological allegiance to Lassalle or Marx, in contrast to those advocating various forms of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a>. Many parties in this era described themselves as Social Democrats, including the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>, which merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> in Britain, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>. Social Democrat continued to be used in this context until the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> of October 1917, when Communist came into vogue for individuals and organizations espousing a revolutionary road to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[nb 4]</a> In the 20th century, the term came to be associated with the positions of the German and Swedish parties. The first advocated <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist Marxism">revisionist Marxism</a>, while the second advocated a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. By the 21st century, parties advocating social democracy include Labour, Left,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafontaine20093%E2%80%934-57">[53]</a> and some Green parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2008-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[nb 5]</a> Most social democratic parties consider themselves democratic socialists and are categorized as socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightfoot200517DochertyLamb2006Lamb2015-60">[55]</a> They continue to reference socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144%E2%80%93145-61">[56]</a> either as a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> order<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen2010Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_November_2016Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_December_2016-62">[57]</a> or, in more ethical terms, as a just society, described as representing democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2013New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2018-63">[58]</a> without any explicit reference to the economic system or its structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlamSmith20173-64">[59]</a> Parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[nb 6]</a> describe their goal as developing democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008180-67">[61]</a> with social democracy as the principle of action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007-68">[62]</a> In the 21st century, European social democratic parties represent the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">centre-left</a> and most are part of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>, while democratic socialist parties are to their left within the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a>. Many of those social democratic parties are members of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a>, including several democratic socialist parties, whose <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a> declares the goal of developing democratic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a> Others are also part of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a>, founded in 2013 by most contemporary or former member parties of the Socialist International.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambin2014269Imlay2018465-69">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Marxist_revisionism">As Marxist revisionism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As Marxist revisionism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Social democracy has been seen as a revision of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014-70">[64]</a> although this has been described as misleading for modern social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986-71">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionist">Marxist revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>'s views influenced and laid the groundwork for developing post-war social democracy as a policy regime, <a href="/wiki/Labour_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour revisionism">Labour revisionism</a>, and the neo-revisionism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199999-72">[66]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens20032-73">[67]</a> This definition of social democracy is focused on ethical terms, with the <a href="/wiki/Type_of_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of socialism">type of socialism</a> advocated being <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986BastowMartin200372%E2%80%9379Heywood2012128-74">[68]</a> Bernstein described socialism and social democracy in particular as organized liberalism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997139Laidler2013253-75">[69]</a> in this sense, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> is the predecessor and precursor of socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013350-76">[70]</a> whose restricted view of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(liberalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (liberalism)">freedom</a> is to be <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(socialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (socialism)">socialized</a>, while democracy must entail social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199983,_86-77">[71]</a> For those social democrats, who still describe and see themselves as socialists, socialism is used in ethical or moral terms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998a71JacksonTansey200897-78">[72]</a> representing democracy, egalitarianism, and social justice rather than a specifically socialist economic system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornaiYingi200911%E2%80%9324-31">[30]</a> Under this type of definition, social democracy's goal is that of advancing those values within a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, as its support for a mixed economy no longer denotes the coexistence between <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> or that between <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_mechanism" title="Market mechanism">market mechanisms</a> but rather, it represents <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Government_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Government intervention">government intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">regulations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright1999100-79">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> As a form of reformist <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Foley199423EatwellWright199980Busky20008Sargent2008117Heywood201297Hain20153-11">[11]</a> social democracy rejects the either/or interpretation of capitalism versus socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington201193-80">[74]</a> It claims that fostering a progressive evolution of capitalism will gradually result in the evolution of a capitalist economy into a socialist economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBose200541-81">[75]</a> All citizens should be legally entitled to certain social rights: universal access to public services such as education, health care, workers' compensation, and other services, including child care and care for the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer2007137-5">[5]</a> Social democrats advocate freedom from discrimination based on differences in ability/disability, age, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, language, race, religion, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroenkeHatch2009192-82">[76]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeiterbew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/200px-Arbeiterbew.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 230px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/200px-Arbeiterbew.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/300px-Arbeiterbew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Arbeiterbew.jpg/400px-Arbeiterbew.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A portrait highlighting the five leaders of early social democracy in Germany<a href="#cite_note-83">[nb 7]</a></figcaption></figure> Later in their lives, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> argued that in some countries, workers might be able to achieve their aims through peaceful means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayJohnsonWalker2014119%E2%80%93120-84">[77]</a> In this sense, Engels argued that socialists were evolutionists, although both Marx and Engels remained committed to <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1999186-85">[78]</a> In developing social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997133,_146-86">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>'s revolutionary and materialist foundations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199780,_137-87">[80]</a> Rather than <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedenSargentStears2013350-76">[70]</a> Bernstein's <a href="/wiki/Marxist_revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist revisionism">Marxist revisionism</a> reflected that socialism could be achieved through cooperation between people regardless of class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> Nonetheless, Bernstein paid deference to Marx, describing him as the father of social democracy but declaring that it was necessary to revise Marx's thought in light of changing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELerner199365-89">[82]</a> Influenced by the gradualist platform favoured by the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian movement">Fabian movement</a> in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse2018269-90">[83]</a> Bernstein advocated a similar evolutionary approach to socialist politics that he termed evolutionary socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger19974,_14,_135-91">[84]</a> Evolutionary means include <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> and cooperation between people regardless of class. Bernstein accepted the Marxist analysis that the creation of socialism is interconnected with the evolution of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>, Bernstein, Engels, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a>, Marx, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_T%C3%B6lcke" title="Carl Wilhelm Tölcke">Carl Wilhelm Tölcke</a> are all considered founders of social democracy in Germany. However, Bernstein and Lassalle, along with labourists and reformists such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> in France,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199982-92">[85]</a> led to the widespread association of social democracy with socialist reformism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegill197037Lipset19951149BrandalBratbergThorsen201324-93">[86]</a> While Lassalle was a reformist <a href="/wiki/State_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="State socialist">state socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlau194921-94">[87]</a> Bernstein predicted a long-term coexistence of democracy with a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> during the reforming of capitalism into socialism and argued that socialists needed to accept this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> This mixed economy would involve <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">public</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprises</a>, and it would be necessary for an extended period before private enterprises evolve of their own accord into cooperative enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson200125-95">[88]</a> Bernstein supported state ownership only for certain parts of the economy that the state could best manage and rejected a mass scale of state ownership as being too burdensome to be manageable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger1997146-88">[81]</a> Bernstein was an advocate of Kantian socialism and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199796,_115%E2%80%93116EatwellWright199986FreedenSargentStears2013349-96">[89]</a> Although unpopular early on, his views became mainstream after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosse2018-97">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a> (1956), <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> argued that "traditional capitalism has been reformed and modified almost out of existence, and it is with a quite different form of society that socialists must now concern themselves. Pre-war anti-capitalism will give us very little help", for a new kind of capitalism required a new kind of socialism. Crosland believed that these features of reformed managerial capitalism were irreversible, but it has been argued within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and by others that <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> brought about its reversal in the 1970s and 1980s. Although the post-war consensus represented a period where social democracy was "most buoyant", it has been argued that "post-war social democracy had been altogether too confident in its analysis" because "gains which were thought to be permanent turned out to be conditional and as the reservoir of capitalist growth showed signs of drying up".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199993-98">[91]</a> In Socialism Now (1974), Crosland argued that "[m]uch more should have been achieved by a Labour Government in office and Labour pressure in opposition. Against the dogged resistance to change, we should have pitted a stronger will to change. I conclude that a move to the Left is needed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland197444-99">[92]</a> In Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared, Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopecek explain how socialist parties have evolved from the 19th to the early 21st centuries. As the number of people in traditional working-class occupations such as factory workers and miners declined, socialists have successfully widened their appeal to the middle class by diluting their ideology;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlou%C5%A1ekKopecek201315%E2%80%9340-100">[93]</a> however, there is still continuity between parties such as the SPD, the Labour Party in Britain, and other socialist parties which remain part of the same famille spirituelle, or ideological party family, as outlined by most political scientists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHlou%C5%A1ekKopecek201341%E2%80%9366-101">[94]</a> For many social democrats, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> is loosely held to be valuable for its emphasis on changing the world for a more just, better future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman2006153-102">[95]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, social democracy was a broad labour movement within socialism that aimed to replace <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> with <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production,_distribution_and_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Means of production, distribution and exchange">means of production, distribution and exchange</a>, taking influence from both <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204%E2%80%93205Lamb2015415%E2%80%93416-103">[96]</a> By 1868–1869, the socialism associated with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchorske19932-104">[97]</a> In the early 20th century, the German social democratic politician <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxist</a> ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">inevitable progression of history</a> and the need for <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">revolution</a>, advancing instead the position that socialism should be grounded in <a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">ethical and moral arguments</a> and achieved through <a href="/wiki/Gradualism#Politics_and_society" title="Gradualism">gradual</a> legislative <a href="/wiki/Reform" title="Reform">reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteger199780,_137-87">[80]</a> Bernstein's ideas were initially not well received; his party maintained the position that reforms should be pursued only as a means to an eventual revolution, not as a substitute for it. Yet, Bernstein's ideas would have growing influence, particularly after the First World War. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> was a pivotal moment that furthered the division between reformists and revolutionary socialists. Those supporting the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> renamed themselves as Communists while those opposing the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> retained the Social Democrat label.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaarden2002441-105">[98]</a> While both groups technically shared the goal of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a> that fully realized the principle of "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">from each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>", the Communists sought to distance themselves from to Social Democracy's association with reformism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1985289Busky20008-106">[99]</a> The Communists also sought to distinguish themselves from the socialists that had supported the imperialist <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a> and thus betrayed <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>. This reformist–revolutionary division culminated in the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1919">German Revolution of 1919</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChickering1998155-107">[100]</a> in which the Communists wanted to overthrow the German government and establish a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">soviet republic</a> like Russia, while the Social Democrats wanted to preserve it as what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman1998145%E2%80%93146Childs20002-108">[101]</a> Thus social democracy went from a "Marxist revolutionary" doctrine into a form of "moderate parliamentary socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001108-109">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> split from the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> and created their own separate <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (Comintern) in 1919 that sought to rally revolutionary social democrats together for socialist revolution. With this split, the reformists founded the <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Socialist_International" title="Labour and Socialist International">Labour and Socialist International</a> (LSI) in 1923. The LSI had a history of rivalry with the Comintern, with which it competed over the leadership of the international socialist and labour movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200372-110">[103]</a> During the 1920s and 1930s, social democracy became dominant in the socialist movement, mainly associated with reformist socialism while <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> represented revolutionary socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20055-111">[104]</a> Under the influence of politicians like <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a> in Italy, social democrats began disassociating themselves from orthodox Marxism altogether as represented by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103-112">[105]</a> embracing <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103%E2%80%93104-113">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronner1999103-112">[105]</a> and appealing to morality rather than any consistent systematic, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199986Heywood2012128-114">[107]</a> Social democracy appealed to <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> sentiments while rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">technological determinism</a> generally characteristic of orthodox Marxism and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman200812%E2%80%9313-115">[108]</a> By the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period and its <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">economic consensus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">expansion</a>, most social democrats in Europe had abandoned their ideological connection to orthodox Marxism. They shifted their emphasis toward social policy reform as a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1993146-116">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a>, the primary reason for this was the perspective that viewed the Stalinist-era <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as having succeeded in usurping the legacy of Marxism and distorting it in propaganda to justify <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2011162-117">[110]</a> In its foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a> denounced the Bolshevik-inspired communist movement, "for [it] falsely claims a share in the Socialist tradition".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_International1951-118">[111]</a> Furthermore, core tenets of Marxism have been regarded by social democrats as having become obsolete, including the prediction that the working class was the decisive class with the development of capitalism. In their view, this did not materialize in the aftermath of mass industrialization during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2011162-117">[110]</a> In Britain, the social democratic <a href="/wiki/Gaitskellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaitskellites">Gaitskellites</a> emphasized the goals of <a href="/wiki/Personal_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal liberty">personal liberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivatiHeffernan2000301-119">[112]</a> The Gaitskellites were part of a political consensus between the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> parties, famously dubbed <a href="/wiki/Butskellism" class="mw-redirect" title="Butskellism">Butskellism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaseler1969-120">[113]</a> Some social democratic Third Way figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who has described himself as a Christian socialist and a socialist in ethical terms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonTansey200897-121">[114]</a> insist that they are socialists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiddens1998b71-122">[115]</a> for they claim to believe in the same values that their anti-Third Way critics do.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19952%22Labour_Past,_Present_and_Future%22''The_Guardian''2006Diamond2015Eaton2017-123">[116]</a> According to those self-proclaimed social democratic modernizers, <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a>'s open advocacy of state socialism was alienating potential middle-class Labour supporters, and nationalization policies had been so thoroughly attacked by neoliberal economists and politicians, including rhetorical comparisons by the right of state-owned industry in the West to that in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and nationalizations and state socialism became unpopular. <a href="/wiki/Thatcherite" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherite">Thatcherite</a> Conservatives were adept at condemning <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> as economically inefficient.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200995-124">[117]</a> For the Gaitskellites, nationalization was not essential to achieve all major socialist objectives; <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> were not explicitly rejected but were seen as merely one of numerous useful devices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrivatiHeffernan2000301-119">[112]</a> According to social democratic modernizers like Blair, nationalization policies had become politically unviable by the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20073LudlamSmith20171%E2%80%9315-125">[118]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> development of social democracy, social democrats adjusted to the neoliberal political climate that had existed since the 1980s. Those social democrats recognized that outspoken <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to capitalism">opposition to capitalism</a> was politically non-viable and that accepting the <a href="/wiki/The_powers_that_be_(phrase)" class="mw-redirect" title="The powers that be (phrase)">powers that be</a>, seeking to challenge <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> variations of capitalism, was a more immediate concern.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006113-126">[119]</a> The Third Way stands for a modernized social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20063LudlamSmith20173-127">[120]</a> but the social democracy that remained committed to the gradual abolition of capitalism and social democrats opposed to the Third Way merged into democratic socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELafontaine2009-128">[121]</a> Although social democracy originated as a revolutionary socialist or communist movement,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204%E2%80%93205-55">[52]</a> one distinction between democratic socialism and social democracy is that the former can include revolutionary means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014Abjorensen2019115-129">[122]</a> The latter proposes <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> as the only acceptable constitutional form of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinchmanMeyer200791-130">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="687"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 198px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="198" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Charles-Anthony-Raven-Crosland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a>, who argued that traditional capitalism had been reformed and modified almost out of existence by the social democratic welfare policy regime after World War II</figcaption></figure>During the Great Recession, Social Democratic parties in Europe increasingly adopted <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> as a policy response to the economic crisis, shifting away from the traditional Keynesian response of <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a>. According to Björn Bremer, this shift in thinking was due to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> on Social Democratic leaders and by electoral motivations whereby Social Democrats wanted to appear economically competent to voters by adopting orthodox fiscal policies.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Social_democracy_and_democratic_socialism">Social democracy and democratic socialism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social democracy and democratic socialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Social democracy has some significant overlap in practical policy positions with democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenitch1981Picard1985Foley199423Busky20008Heywood201297Sunkara2020-132">[125]</a> although they are usually distinguished from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980Busky20008AndersonHerr2007AltChambersGarrettKurian2010Sunkara2020-133">[126]</a> In Britain, the revised version of <a href="/wiki/Clause_IV" title="Clause IV">Clause IV</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Constitution" title="Labour Party Constitution">Labour Party Constitution</a>, which was implemented in the 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> faction led by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudlamSmith20171%E2%80%9315-134">[127]</a> affirms a formal commitment to democratic socialism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144%E2%80%93145-61">[56]</a> describing it as a modernized form of social democracy;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowe2004Romano20073LudlamSmith20173-135">[128]</a> however, it no longer commits the party to public ownership of industry and in its place advocates "the enterprise of the market and the rigour of competition" along with "high quality public services either owned by the public or accountable to them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1998144%E2%80%93145-61">[56]</a> Many social democrats "refer to themselves as socialists or democratic socialists", and some such as Blair<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair19952%22Labour_Past,_Present_and_Future%22''The_Guardian''2006Diamond2015Eaton2017-123">[116]</a> "use or have used these terms interchangeably".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Reilly200791Raza201286Gage2018-136">[129]</a> Others argue that "there are clear differences between the three terms, and preferred to describe their own political beliefs by using the term 'social democracy' only".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandalBratbergThorsen20137-137">[130]</a> Democratic socialism<a href="#cite_note-147">[nb 8]</a> represents social democracy before the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumpeter1942Thomas1953Williams1985Hattersley1987Tomlinson1997Medearis1997-148">[140]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_displacement_of_Keynesianism" title="Post-war displacement of Keynesianism">post-war displacement of Keynesianism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarism</a> and neoliberalism caused many social democratic parties to adopt the Third Way ideology, accepting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a> for the time being and redefining <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> in a way that maintains the capitalist structure intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell2004Romano2006Hinnfors2006Lafontaine2009Corfe2010-149">[141]</a> Like modern social democracy, democratic socialism tends to follow a gradual or evolutionary path to socialism rather than a revolutionary one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1989-150">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky200010Pierson2005Heywood201297-151">[143]</a> Policies commonly supported are <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> and include some degree of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_over_the_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulation over the economy">regulation over the economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">social insurance</a> schemes, public <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> programs, and a gradual expansion of <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> over major and strategic industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008117-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_debates">Internal debates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal debates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the late 20th century, those labels were embraced, contested and rejected due to the emergence of developments within the European left,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWintrop1983306-152">[144]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindersley2016-153">[145]</a> the rise of neoliberalism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavelle2005BirchMacLeavySpringer2016Humphrys2018-154">[146]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDochertyLamb200682-155">[147]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell20049%E2%80%9326Cammack2004151%E2%80%93166Romano2006Hinnfors2006Lafontaine2009Corfe2010-156">[148]</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">anti-austerity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalossi2016-157">[149]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKwokRieger201340-158">[150]</a> movements due to the global <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[nb 9]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDionneGaltson2019Cassidy2019Kvitrud2019Sears2019243-161">[152]</a> the causes of which have been attributed by some to the neoliberal shift and deregulation economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalley2013Amadeo2019Sitaraman2019-162">[153]</a> This latest development contributed to the rise of politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarnoff2017-163">[154]</a> who rejected <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> politicians that supported <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">triangulation</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Associated_Press2018-164">[155]</a> According to both right-wing critics and supporters alike, policies such as universal <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">education</a> are "pure Socialism" because they are opposed to "the hedonism of capitalist society".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevan1952106-165">[156]</a> Because of this overlap, democratic socialism refers to European socialism as represented by social democracy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153Levitz,_April_2019-166">[157]</a> especially in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenson2015Gram2015Murphy2017-167">[158]</a> where it is tied to the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProkop2015Sanders2015Frizell2019Sanders2019Golshan2019-168">[159]</a> Some democratic socialists who follow social democracy support practical, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> reforms of capitalism and are more concerned with administrating and humanising it, with socialism relegated to the indefinite future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerman199857Bailey200977-169">[160]</a> Other democratic socialists want to go beyond mere meliorist reforms and advocate the systematic transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> from <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980AndersonHerr2007AltChambersGarrettKurian2010-170">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Despite the long history of overlap between the two, with social democracy considered a form of democratic or parliamentary socialism and social democrats calling themselves democratic socialists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008Sargent2008118Heywood201297Hain20153-25">[25]</a> democratic socialism is considered a misnomer in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> One issue is that social democracy is equated with wealthy countries in the Western world, especially in Northern and Western Europe, while democratic socialism is conflated either with the <a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a> in Latin America, especially with Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2019Faiola2019Haltiwanger2020Krugman2020-171">[162]</a> or with communism in the form of <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> socialism as practised in the Soviet Union and other <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">self-declared socialist states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2015Barro2015Tupy2016-26">[26]</a> Democratic socialism has been described as representing the "left-wing"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitz,_April_2019-172">[163]</a> or "socialist" tradition of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2019-173">[164]</a> The lack of a strong and influential <a href="/wiki/Socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist movement in the United States">socialist movement in the United States</a> has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner1984Oshinsky1988Zimmerman2010-174">[165]</a> and any ideology associated with socialism brings social stigma due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeibovich2007-175">[166]</a> Socialism has been used as a pejorative term by members of the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">political right</a> to stop the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> policies and proposals and to criticize the public figures trying to implement them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1952Jackson2012Astor2019-176">[167]</a> Although Americans may reject the idea that the United States has characteristics of a European-style social democracy, it has been argued by some observers that it has a comfortable <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>, albeit severely underfunded in comparison to other Western countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmerman2010-177">[168]</a> It has also been argued that many policies that may be considered socialist are popular but that socialism is not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitz,_April_2019-172">[163]</a> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a>, described <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">modern liberalism in the United States</a> as representing European social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2010-178">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_South_Africa">In South Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has been governed by the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), a social democratic party, since 1994. In 2022, The World Economic Forum said that South Africa risks state collapse and identified five major risks facing the country.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Former minister Jay Naidoo has said that South Africa is in serious trouble and is showing signs of a failed state, with record unemployment levels and the fact that many young people will not find a job in their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Policy_regime">Policy regime</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Policy regime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Social democracy rests on three fundamental features, namely: "(1) parliamentary democracy, (2) an economy partly regulated by the state, and (3) provision of social support to those in need".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino20112423-181">[172]</a> In practice, social democratic parties have been instrumental in the social-liberal paradigm, lasting from the 1940s and 1970s, and called such because it was developed by social liberals but implemented by social democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001%C3%81rnasonWittrock201230,_192-182">[173]</a> Since those policies were mostly implemented by social democrats, social liberalism is sometimes called social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenworthy2014-183">[174]</a> In Britain, the social-liberal <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal (UK)">Liberal</a> economist <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s social policies, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> and Labour's welfare state development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferys1994-184">[175]</a> This social-liberal paradigm represented the post-war consensus and was accepted across the political spectrum by conservatives, liberals and socialists until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200137-185">[176]</a> Similarly, the neoliberal paradigm, which replaced the previous paradigm, was accepted across the mainstream political parties, including social democratic supporters of the Third Way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams2001212%E2%80%93213-186">[177]</a> This has caused much controversy within the social democratic movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418Cammack2004155Romano200611Hinnfors2006117,_137%E2%80%93139Lafontaine20097Corfe201033,_178-187">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_state">Role of the state</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Role of the state" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From the late 19th century until the mid to late 20th century, there was greater public confidence in the idea of a state-managed economy that was a major pillar of communism, and to a substantial degree by <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-liberal">left-liberals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothestein199818%E2%80%9327Esping-Andersen2013-188">[179]</a> Aside from <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a>, there was confidence amongst socialists in the concept of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> as being the most effective form of socialism. Some early British social democrats in the 19th century and 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fabians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabians">Fabians</a>, said that British society was already mostly socialist and that the economy was significantly socialist through government-run enterprises created by conservative and liberal governments which could be run for the interests of the people through their representatives' influence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199987%E2%80%9388-189">[180]</a> an argument echoed by some socialists in post-war Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952Kynaston200982-190">[181]</a> Advents in economics and observation of the failure of state socialism in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyKostaQuaisser1987-191">[182]</a> and the Western world with the crisis and stagflation of the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008Ehns20164%E2%80%935-192">[183]</a> combined with the neoliberal rebuke of <a href="/wiki/State_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="State interventionism">state interventionism</a>, resulted in socialists re-evaluating and redesigning socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199993%E2%80%9395-193">[184]</a> Some social democrats have sought to keep what they deem are socialism's core values while changing their position on state involvement in the economy and retaining significant social regulations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199996%E2%80%93103-194">[185]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Aneurin_Bevan_(1943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/157px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 217px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/157px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/236px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg/314px-Aneurin_Bevan_%281943%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Health (United Kingdom)">minister of health</a> (1945–1951)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059,_Paris,_Besuch_Erich_Honecker,_Mitterrand_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 157px;height: 230px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg/157px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="157" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg/236px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1988-0108-059%2C_Paris%2C_Besuch_Erich_Honecker%2C_Mitterrand_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> (1981–1995)</div></div></div></div></div> When <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of large industries was relatively widespread in the 20th century until the 1970s, it was not uncommon for commentators to describe some European social democracies as democratic socialist states seeking to move their countries toward a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist economy">socialist economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbroner199196%E2%80%93110Kendall2011125%E2%80%93127Li201560%E2%80%9369-195">[186]</a> In 1956, leading <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> politician and British author <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> said that capitalism had been abolished in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952EatwellWright199993-196">[187]</a> although others such as Welshman <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a>, Minister of Health in the first <a href="/wiki/Post-war_Labour_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war Labour government">post-war Labour government</a> and the architect of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, disputed the claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain1958Crosland20069,_89-197">[188]</a> For Crosland and others who supported his views, Britain was a socialist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosland1952Kynaston200982-190">[181]</a> According to Bevan, Britain had a socialist <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>, which opposed the <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> of Britain's capitalist society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevan1952106-165">[156]</a> Although, as in the rest of Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">laws of capitalism</a> still operated fully and <a href="/wiki/Private_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Private enterprise">private enterprise</a> dominated the economy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatson2017-198">[189]</a> some political commentators stated that during the post-war period, when social democratic parties were in power, countries such as Britain and France were democratic socialist states. The same claim has been applied to Nordic countries with the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbroner199196%E2%80%93110Kendall2011125%E2%80%93127Li201560%E2%80%9369-195">[186]</a> In the 1980s, the government of President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> aimed to expand <a href="/wiki/Dirigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigism">dirigism</a> and attempted to nationalize all French banks, but this attempt faced opposition from the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> because it demanded a free-market economy among its members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobham1984Cohen2010-199">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">Public ownership</a> never accounted for more than 15–20% of <a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a>, further dropping to 8% in the 1980s and below 5% in the 1990s after the rise of neoliberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBatson2017-198">[189]</a> The collapse of the legitimacy of state socialism and <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> interventionism (with the discovery of the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>) has been an issue for social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008Ehns20164%E2%80%935-192">[183]</a> This has provoked re-thinking of how socialism should be achieved by social democrats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008253-200">[191]</a> including changing views by social democrats on private property—anti-Third Way social democrats such as Robert Corfe have advocated a socialist form of private property as part of new socialism (although Corfe technically objects to <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> as a term to collectively describe property that is not publicly owned as being vague) and rejecting state socialism as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorfe200174CorfeMiller200251Corfe200520-201">[192]</a> Third Way social democracy was formed in response to what its proponents saw as a crisis in the legitimacy of socialism—especially state socialism—and the rising legitimacy of neoliberalism, especially laissez-faire capitalism. The Third Way's view of the crisis is criticized for being too simplistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkeMarks19925-202">[193]</a> Others have criticized it because with the fall of state socialism, it was possible for "a new kind of 'third way' socialism (combining social ownership with markets and democracy), thereby heralding a revitalization of the social democratic tradition";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995-203">[194]</a> however, it has been argued that the prospect of a new socialism was "a chimera, a hopeful invention of Western socialists who had not understood how '<a href="/wiki/Actually_existing_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Actually existing socialism">actually existing socialism</a>' had totally discredited any version of socialism among those who had lived under it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199995-203">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporatism">Corporatism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Corporatism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Social democracy influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">social corporatism</a>, a form of economic <a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">tripartite</a> corporatism based upon a social partnership between the interests of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labour_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (economics)">labour</a>, involving collective bargaining between representatives of employers and labour mediated by the government at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1988-204">[195]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a>, this form of social democracy has been a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> and, to a lesser degree, the West European <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social market economies">social market economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosserRosser2003226-205">[196]</a> The development of social corporatism began in Norway and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in the 1930s and was consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265-206">[197]</a> The system was based upon the dual compromise of capital and labour as one component and the market and the state as the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoschonas200265-206">[197]</a> From the 1940s through the 1970s, defining features of social democracy as a policy regime included Keynesian economic policies and industrial agreements to balance the power of capital and labour and the welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> This is especially associated with the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Social Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968CarlssonLindgren1998-207">[198]</a> In the 1970s, social corporatism evolved into <a href="/wiki/Neo-corporatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-corporatism">neo-corporatism</a>, which replaced it. Neo-corporatism has represented an important concept of <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Way social democracy">Third Way social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208-208">[199]</a> Social democratic theorist Robin Archer wrote about the importance of social corporatism to social democracy in his work Economic Democracy: The Politics of a Feasible Socialism (1995).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher1995-209">[200]</a> As a welfare state, social democracy is a specific type of welfare state and policy regime described as being universalist, supportive of collective bargaining, and more supportive of public provision of welfare. It is especially associated with the Nordic model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-210">[201]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Social democratic policies were first adopted in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> between the 1880s and 1890s, when the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">conservative</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> put in place many <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> proposals initially suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> to hinder their electoral success after he instituted the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a>, laying the ground of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks2019-47">[45]</a> Those policies were dubbed <a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal</a> opposition, but Bismarck later accepted and re-appropriated the term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221-211">[202]</a> It was a set of social programs implemented in Germany that Bismarck initiated in 1883 as remedial measures to appease the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> and reduce support for <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and the Social Democrats following earlier attempts to achieve the same objective through Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019-212">[203]</a> This did not prevent the Social Democrats from becoming the biggest party in parliament by 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017-213">[204]</a> Similar policies were later adopted in most of Western Europe, including France and the United Kingdom (the latter in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_welfare_reforms" title="Liberal welfare reforms">Liberal welfare reforms</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906%E2%80%9311)-214">[205]</a> with both socialist and liberal parties adopting those policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013-46">[44]</a> In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement</a>, a similar social democratic movement predominantly influenced more by <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">social liberalism</a> than <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism</a>, supported progressive liberals such as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> presidents <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/The_New_Freedom" title="The New Freedom">New Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programmes adopted many social democratic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010-215">[206]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalizations">nationalizations</a> became more common worldwide and the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus" title="Post-war consensus">post-war consensus</a> until the 1970s saw <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> social democratic and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> policies put in place, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II boom">post-World War II boom</a> in which the United States, the Soviet Union, the Western European, and East Asian countries experienced unusually high and sustained <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>. Contrary to early predictions, this period of high economic growth and national development also included many countries that were devastated by the war, such as Japan (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_post-war_economic_miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese post-war economic miracle">Japanese post-war economic miracle</a>), West Germany and Austria (<a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>), South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Han_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Han River">Miracle of the Han River</a>), France (<a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a>), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Italian economic miracle</a>), and Greece (<a href="/wiki/Greek_economic_miracle" title="Greek economic miracle">Greek economic miracle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017-216">[207]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, the abandonment of both the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> along with Keynesian social democratic, mixed-economy policies and the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Market-oriented_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Market-oriented economy">market-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> policies (<a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflationary</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal policy</a>, among others), the social democratic welfare state was put in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-217">[208]</a> This caused several social democratic parties to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>, a centrist ideology combining social democracy with neoliberalism;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005-218">[209]</a> however, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> in the late 2000s and early 2010s cast doubts on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Consensus" title="Washington Consensus">Washington Consensus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement" title="Anti-austerity movement">protests</a> against <a href="/wiki/Austerity_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Austerity measures">austerity measures</a> ensued. There was a resurgence of social democratic parties and policies, especially in the United States and the United Kingdom, with the rise of politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>, who rejected the Third Way,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018-219">[210]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic recession">economic recession</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a> of many social democratic parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018-220">[211]</a> The United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> shows that the happiest nations are concentrated in social democratic nations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2019-221">[212]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] especially in Northern Europe, where the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> is applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMj%C3%B8setSkarstein199060%E2%80%9394Veggel201460%E2%80%9394D%C3%B8lvikFl%C3%B8ttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132-222">[213]</a> This is at times attributed to the success of the social democratic Nordic model in the region, where similar <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourist">labourist</a>, and social democratic parties dominated the region's political scene and laid the ground for their <a href="/wiki/Universal_welfare_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal welfare state">universal welfare states</a> in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-223">[214]</a> The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, as well as Greenland and the Faroe Islands, also ranks highest on the metrics of real <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic equality">economic equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a>, perceived <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom to make life choices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">generosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(economics)" title="Human development (economics)">human development</a>, while countries practising a neoliberal form of government have registered relatively poorer results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019-224">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Similarly, several reports have listed Scandinavian and other social democratic countries as ranking high on indicators such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020-225">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020-226">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)-227">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labour_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour rights">labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic</a> freedoms,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017-228">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019-229">[220]</a> and freedom from <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)-230">[221]</a> Numerous studies and surveys indicate that people live happier lives in countries ruled by social democratic parties than those ruled by neoliberal, centrist, and right-wing governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023-231">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare" title="Criticism of welfare">Criticism of welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of welfare states">Criticism of welfare states</a></div> Other socialists criticize social democracy because it serves to devise new means to strengthen the capitalist system, which conflicts with the socialist goal of replacing capitalism with a socialist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke19812-232">[223]</a> According to this view, social democracy fails to address the systemic issues inherent in capitalism. The American democratic socialist philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a> contrasts social democracy with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> by defining the former as an attempt to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and the latter as an alternative economic system to capitalism. According to Schweickart, the democratic socialist critique of social democracy is that capitalism can never be sufficiently humanized and that any attempt to suppress its economic contradictions will only cause them to emerge elsewhere. He gives the example that attempts to <a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">reduce unemployment too much</a> would result in inflation, and too much job security would erode labour discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447-233">[224]</a> In contrast to social democracy's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, democratic socialists advocate a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist">post-capitalist</a> economic system based on either a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Market_socialism" title="Market economy">market economy</a> combined with <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> or on some form of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Participatory economy">participatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning">decentralized planning</a> of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007448-143">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a> socialists argue that social democratic welfare policies cannot resolve the fundamental structural issues of capitalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle#Marxian_economics" title="Business cycle">cyclical fluctuations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>. Accordingly, social democratic programs intended to ameliorate living conditions in capitalism, such as unemployment benefits and taxation on profits, creates further contradictions by further limiting the efficiency of the capitalist system by reducing incentives for capitalists to invest in further production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin199860%E2%80%9361-234">[225]</a> The welfare state only serves to legitimize and prolong the exploitative and contradiction-laden system of capitalism to society's detriment. Critics of contemporary social democracy, such as Jonas Hinnfors, argue that when social democracy abandoned <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, it also abandoned socialism and became a liberal capitalist movement, effectively making social democrats similar to non-socialist parties like the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137%E2%80%93139-235">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> is also critical of social democratic welfare states. While one common goal of both concepts is to achieve greater social and economic equality, market socialism does so through changes in enterprise ownership and management. Social democracy attempts to do so by subsidies and taxes on privately owned enterprises to finance welfare programs. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt III">Franklin Delano Roosevelt III</a> (grandson of United States President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>) and David Belkin criticize social democracy for maintaining a <a href="/wiki/Property_income" title="Property income">property-owning capitalist class</a> with an active interest in reversing social democratic welfare policies and a disproportionate amount of power as a class to influence government policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314%E2%80%93315-236">[227]</a> The economists <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Bardhan" title="Pranab Bardhan">Pranab Bardhan</a> point out that social democracy requires a strong <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> to sustain its heavy redistribution through taxes and that it is idealistic to think such redistribution can be accomplished in other countries with weaker labour movements, noting that social democracy in Scandinavian countries has been in decline as the labour movement weakened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104-237">[228]</a> Some critics say social democracy abandoned socialism in the 1930s by endorsing Keynesian <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032%E2%80%933-238">[229]</a> The democratic socialist political theorist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Michael Harrington</a> argued that social democracy historically supported <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a> as part of a "social democratic compromise" between capitalism and socialism. Although this compromise did not allow for the immediate creation of socialism, it created welfare states and "recognized noncapitalist, and even anticapitalist, principles of human need over and above the imperatives of profit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington201193-80">[74]</a> Social democrats in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> have been accused of endorsing capitalism, including anti-Third Way social democrats who have accused Third Way proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> of being anti-social democratic and anti-socialist in practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECammack2004155-239">[230]</a> Some critics and analysts argue that many prominent social democratic parties,<a href="#cite_note-241">[nb 10]</a> such as the Labour Party in Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, even while maintaining references to socialism and declaring themselves democratic socialist parties, have abandoned socialism in practice, whether unwillingly or not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientosPowell200418Cammack2004155Romano200611Hinnfors2006117,_137%E2%80%93139Lafontaine20097Corfe201033,_178-187">[178]</a> Social democracy's reformism has been criticized by both the left and right,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002Patnaik20103%E2%80%9321Nagin2018-242">[232]</a> on the grounds that if reformist socialists were left to govern a capitalist economy, they would have to do so according to capitalist, not socialist, logic. For example, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/Capitalism,_Socialism_and_Democracy" title="Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy">Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy</a> (1942): "Socialists had to govern in an essentially capitalist world... a social and economic system that would not function except on capitalist lines.... If they were to run it, they would have to run it according to its own logic. They would have to 'administer' capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006114-243">[233]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> argued: "Democratic socialism turns out to be an inherently unstable compound, a contradiction in terms. Every social democratic party, once in power, soon finds itself choosing, at one point after another, between the socialist society it aspires to and the liberal society that lathered it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-244">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was a vocal critic of reformist social democrats, later coining the term <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascism</a> to describe social democracy in the 1930s because, in this period, it embraced a similar <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> economic model to the model supported by <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>. This view was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, which argued that capitalist society had entered the <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other fascist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaro2011-245">[235]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasokification" title="Pasokification">Pasokification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Group_of_Democratic_Socialists" title="International Group of Democratic Socialists">International Group of Democratic Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-capitalist_and_communist_parties_with_national_parliamentary_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation">List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_and_democratic_socialist_parties_that_have_governed" title="List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed">List of social democratic and democratic socialist parties that have governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialist_parties_and_organizations" title="List of democratic socialist parties and organizations">List of democratic socialist parties and organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_democratic_socialists" title="List of democratic socialists">List of democratic socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labour_parties" title="List of Labour parties">List of Labour parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-wing_political_parties" title="List of left-wing political parties">List of left-wing political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">List of social democratic parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">List of social democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party" title="Social Democratic Party">Social Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Union_of_Central-Eastern_Europe" title="Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe">Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980–103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134–136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199980%E2%80%93103Newman20055Heywood2007101,_134%E2%80%93136,_139Ypi2018Watson2019_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwellWright1999">Eatwell & Wright 1999</a>, pp. 80–103; <a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFHeywood2007">Heywood 2007</a>, pp. 101, 134–136, 139; <a href="#CITEREFYpi2018">Ypi 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWatson2019">Watson 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1">"Social democracy"</a>. 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<a href="#CITEREFCarlssonLindgren1998">Carlsson & Lindgren 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005208_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhyman2005">Whyman 2005</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArcher1995-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArcher1995_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArcher1995">Archer 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen2013BrandalBratbergThorsen2013_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsping-Andersen2013">Esping-Andersen 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013">Brandal, Bratberg & Thorsen 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuchtwanger2002221_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002">Feuchtwanger 2002</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBismarck1884GregoryStuart2003207Sacks2019_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBismarck1884">Bismarck 1884</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGregoryStuart2003">Gregory & Stuart 2003</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFSacks2019">Sacks 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoissoneault2017_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoissoneault2017">Boissoneault 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906%E2%80%9311)_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906%E2%80%9311)">The National Archive (Liberal Welfare Reforms 1906–11)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchlesinger1962Zimmerman2010_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlesinger1962">Schlesinger 1962</a>; <a href="#CITEREFZimmerman2010">Zimmerman 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarglinSchor1991MarglinSchor2017_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarglinSchor1991">Marglin & Schor 1991</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMarglinSchor2017">Marglin & Schor 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewisSurender2004_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewisSurender2004">Lewis & Surender 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhyman2005_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhyman2005">Whyman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuges2016Tarnoff2017Associated_Press2018_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuges2016">Huges 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTarnoff2017">Tarnoff 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press2018">Associated Press 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowen2013LudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016Younge2017Eaton2018''The_Economist''2018_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowen2013">Lowen 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016">Ludwigshafen, Piraeus & Valletta 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFYounge2017">Younge 2017</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEaton2018">Eaton 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economist2018">The Economist 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2019-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConley2019_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConley2019">Conley 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein199060–94Veggel201460–94DølvikFløttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECappelenFagerbergMj%C3%B8setSkarstein199060%E2%80%9394Veggel201460%E2%80%9394D%C3%B8lvikFl%C3%B8ttenHippeJordfald201523Simon_Reid2015132_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCappelenFagerbergMj%C3%B8setSkarstein1990">Cappelen et al. 1990</a>, pp. 60–94; <a href="#CITEREFVeggel2014">Veggel 2014</a>, pp. 60–94; <a href="#CITEREFD%C3%B8lvikFl%C3%B8ttenHippeJordfald2015">Dølvik et al. 2015</a>, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFSimon_Reid2015">Simon Reid 2015</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsping-Andersen1985Hicks1988Moschonas2002RosserRosser2003FerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011BrandalBratbergThorsen2013_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEsping-Andersen1985">Esping-Andersen 1985</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHicks1988">Hicks 1988</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMoschonas2002">Moschonas 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRosserRosser2003">Rosser & Rosser 2003</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011">Ferragina & Seeleib-Kaiser 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013">Brandal, Bratberg & Thorsen 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregoire2013Conley2019_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregoire2013">Gregoire 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFConley2019">Conley 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbramowitz2018AghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018Abramowitz2019Repucci2020_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbramowitz2018">Abramowitz 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018">Aghekyan et al. 2018</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAbramowitz2019">Abramowitz 2019</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRepucci2020">Repucci 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Economist''2020_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Economist2020">The Economist 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)Reporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)">Reporters Without Borders 2019 (table)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)">Reporters Without Borders 2019 (analysis)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimMiller2016The_Heritage_Foundation2017_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKimMiller2016">Kim & Miller 2016</a>; <a href="#CITEREFThe_Heritage_Foundation2017">The Heritage Foundation 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVision_of_Humanity2019_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVision_of_Humanity2019">Vision of Humanity 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETransparency_International_2020_(table)Transparency_International_2020_(analysis)_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(table)">Transparency International 2020 (table)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(analysis)">Transparency International 2020 (analysis)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaniPanic2011Radcliff2013Brown2014FlavinPacekRadcliff2014SullivanHickel2023_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaniPanic2011">Pani & Panic 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRadcliff2013">Radcliff 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFBrown2014">Brown 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFlavinPacekRadcliff2014">Flavin, Pacek & Radcliff 2014</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSullivanHickel2023">Sullivan & Hickel 2023</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke19812-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarke19812_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke1981">Clarke 1981</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007447_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchweickart2007">Schweickart 2007</a>, p. 447. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETicktin199860–61-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETicktin199860%E2%80%9361_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTicktin1998">Ticktin 1998</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137–139-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinnfors2006117,_137%E2%80%93139_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinnfors2006">Hinnfors 2006</a>, pp. 117, 137–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314–315-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisskopf1994314%E2%80%93315_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeisskopf1994">Weisskopf 1994</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBardhanRoemer1992104_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992">Bardhan & Roemer 1992</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032–3-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwellWright199991Fitzpatrick20032%E2%80%933_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwellWright1999">Eatwell & Wright 1999</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrick2003">Fitzpatrick 2003</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECammack2004155-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECammack2004155_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCammack2004">Cammack 2004</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2019-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuchs2019_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFuchs2019">Fuchs 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002Patnaik20103–21Nagin2018-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002Patnaik20103%E2%80%9321Nagin2018_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002">Socialist Party of Great Britain 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPatnaik2010">Patnaik 2010</a>, pp. 3–21; <a href="#CITEREFNagin2018">Nagin 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano2006114-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano2006114_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomano2006">Romano 2006</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett1978_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarrett1978">Barrett 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaro2011-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaro2011_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaro2011">Haro 2011</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "Social democracy is a political ideology focusing on an evolutionary road to socialism or the humanization of capitalism. It includes parliamentary process of reform, the provision of state benefits to the population, agreements between labor and the state, and the revisionist movement away from revolutionary socialism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Hara2003538-23">[23]</a> "By the early twentieth century, ... many such [social democratic] parties had come to adopt parliamentary tactics and were committed to a gradual and peaceful transition to socialism. As a result, social democracy was increasingly taken to refer to democratic socialism, in contrast to revolutionary socialism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> "Social democracy refers to a political theory, a social movement or a society that aims to achieve the egalitarian objectives of socialism while remaining committed to the values and institutions of liberal democracy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlumeDurlauf2016606-28">[28]</a> "In general, a label for any person or group who advocates the pursuit of socialism by democratic means. Used especially by parliamentary social democrats who put parliamentarism ahead of socialism, and therefore oppose revolutionary action against democratically elected governments. Less ambiguous than social democracy, which has had, historically, the opposite meanings of (1) factions of Marxism, and (2) groupings on the right of socialist parties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018-29">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Donald F. Busky wrote: "Social democracy is a somewhat controversial term among democratic socialists. Many democratic socialists use social democracy as a synonym for democratic socialism, while others, particularly revolutionary democratic socialists, do not, the latter seeing social democracy as something less than socialism—a milder, evolutionary ideology that seeks merely to reform capitalism. Communists also use the term social democratic to mean something less than true socialism that sought only to preserve capitalism by reform rather than by overthrowing and establishing socialism. Even revolutionary democratic socialists and Communists have at times, particularly the past, called their parties 'social democratic.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20008-34">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "Social democracy therefore came to stand for a broad balance between the market economy, on the one hand, and state intervention, on the other. Although this stance has been most clearly associated with reformist socialism, it has also been embraced, to a greater or lesser extent, by others, notably modern liberals and paternalist conservatives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeywood2012-27">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Richard T. Ely</a>, "[social democrats] have two distinguishing characteristics. The vast majority of them are laborers, and, as a rule, they expect the violent overthrow of existing institutions by revolution to precede the introduction of the socialistic state. I would not, by any means, say that they are all revolutionists, but the most of them undoubtedly are. The most general demands of the social democrats are the following: The state should exist exclusively for the laborers; land and capital must become collective property, and production be carried on unitedly. Private competition, in the ordinary sense of the term, is to cease."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEly1883204%E2%80%93205-55">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> "The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2008-58">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The party's first chapter in its statutes says "the intention of the Swedish Social Democratic Labour Party is the struggle towards the Democratic Socialism", which is defined as a society with a democratic economy based on the socialist principle "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuelsson1968-65">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> They include from top to row <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany">Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> as an ideal pulse in the middle; and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_T%C3%B6lcke" title="Carl Wilhelm Tölcke">Carl Wilhelm Tölcke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> from the <a href="/wiki/General_German_Workers%27_Association" title="General German Workers' Association">General German Workers' Association</a> in the bottom row. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Democratic socialism is generally defined as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist">anti-Stalinist</a> left-wing <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a> that opposes <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a>, rejecting <a href="/wiki/Self-described_socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-described socialist states">self-described socialist states</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and its derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusky20007%E2%80%938Schweickart2007448-138">[131]</a> Besides social democrats, democratic socialists also include some <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongyoun2016171%E2%80%93174-139">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Marxist">classical Marxists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent2008118-140">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic communists">democratic communists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMegill197045Fleet1973Sargent2008117-141">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1966Poulantzas1978Hain1995Hain2000-142">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Market socialist">market socialists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchweickart2007448-143">[136]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxists">orthodox Marxists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon2019Post2019Blanc2019-144">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraper1966%22The_'Revisionist'_Facade%22Sunkara2020-145">[138]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a>, who supported social democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1907Steger1997-146">[139]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> It peaked after the mid-September 2008 outbreak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNBC2009-159">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> "With the rise of neoliberalism, social democracy turned towards the right and increasingly adopted neoliberal policies. When Tony Blair became British Prime Minister in 1997, his neoliberal vision of social democracy influenced social democracy around the world. The consequence was that social democracy became in many respects indistinguishable from conservative parties, especially in respect to class politics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuchs2019-240">[231]</a> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbjorensen2019" class="citation book cs1">Abjorensen, Norman (2019). Historical Dictionary of Democracy. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2074-3"><bdi>978-1-5381-2074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2074-3&rft.aulast=Abjorensen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1993" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today. Politics Today (1st hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3346-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-3346-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=1st+hardcover&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3346-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1998" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1998). Ideology and Politics in Britain Today. Politics Today (illustrated, reprint ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Britain+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1999" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (1999). Ideology and Politics in Britain Today. Politics Today (illustrated, reprint ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5056-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-5056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Politics+in+Britain+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2001" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam">Political Ideology Today</a>. Politics Today (2nd reprint, revised ed.). Manchester, England: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6019-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6019-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-6019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideology+Today&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.series=Politics+Today&rft.edition=2nd+reprint%2C+revised&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6019-9&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalideolog0000adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonHerr2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (2007). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-1812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rft.au=Herr%2C+Kathryn+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher1995" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Robin (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicdemocrac0000arch">Economic Democracy: The Politics of Feasible Socialism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827891-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827891-7"><bdi>978-0-19-827891-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Democracy%3A+The+Politics+of+Feasible+Socialism&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827891-7&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicdemocrac0000arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁrnasonWittrock2012" class="citation book cs1">Árnason, Jóhann Páll; Wittrock, Björn, eds. (2012). Nordic Paths to Modernity. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-269-6"><bdi>978-0-85745-269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Paths+to+Modernity&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-269-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspalter2001" class="citation book cs1">Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Christian and Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-975-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56072-975-4"><bdi>978-1-56072-975-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Importance+of+Christian+and+Social+Democratic+Movements+in+Welfare+Politics%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Germany%2C+Austria+and+Sweden&rft.place=Huntington%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56072-975-4&rft.aulast=Aspalter&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2009" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, David J. (2009). The Political Economy of European Social Democracy: A Critical Realist Approach. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60425-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-60425-3"><bdi>978-0-415-60425-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+European+Social+Democracy%3A+A+Critical+Realist+Approach&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-60425-3&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004" class="citation book cs1">Barrientos, Armando; Powell, Martin (2004). "The Route Map of the Third Way". In Hale, Sarah; Leggett, Will; Martell, Luke (eds.). The Third Way and Beyond: Criticisms, Futures and Alternatives. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. pp. 9–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6598-9"><bdi>978-0-7190-6598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Route+Map+of+the+Third+Way&rft.btitle=The+Third+Way+and+Beyond%3A+Criticisms%2C+Futures+and+Alternatives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6598-9&rft.aulast=Barrientos&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft.au=Powell%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastowMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Bastow, Steve; Martin, James (2003). Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh, Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1560-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1560-5"><bdi>978-0-7486-1560-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Discourse%3A+European+Ideologies+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1560-5&rft.aulast=Bastow&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Martin%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlau1949" class="citation book cs1">Berlau, Abraham Joseph (1949). The German Social Democratic Party, 1914–1921. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007T3SD0A">B007T3SD0A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Social+Democratic+Party%2C+1914%E2%80%931921&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB007T3SD0A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Berlau&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Sheri (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdemocratic00berm_0">The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe</a>. 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Liberals and Social Democrats. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28651-0"><bdi>978-0-521-28651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberals+and+Social+Democrats&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28651-0&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfe2010" class="citation book cs1">Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. 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Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9538460-4-7"><bdi>978-0-9538460-4-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Socialist+Business+Values%3A+For+Industrial+Resurgence&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9538460-4-7&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Miller%2C+Eddie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfe2005" class="citation book cs1">Corfe, Robert (2005). The Spirit of New Socialism and the End of Class-based Politics. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9543161-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9543161-2-9"><bdi>978-0-9543161-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+New+Socialism+and+the+End+of+Class-based+Politics&rft.place=Bury+St+Edmunds%2C+England&rft.pub=Arena+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9543161-2-9&rft.aulast=Corfe&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1952" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, Anthony (1952). "The Transition from Capitalism". 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London: Turnstile Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4655-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4655-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-4655-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transition+from+Capitalism&rft.btitle=New+Fabian+Essays&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Turnstile+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4655-8&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismcommong0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosland1974" class="citation book cs1">Crosland, Anthony (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismnowothe0000cros">Socialism Now</a>. 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Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84529-485-4"><bdi>978-1-84529-485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Socialism&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84529-485-4&rft.aulast=Crosland&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenitch1981" class="citation book cs1">Denitch, Bogdan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000unse_g3k8">Democratic Socialism: The Mass Left in Advanced Industrial Societies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0"><bdi>978-0-86598-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+The+Mass+Left+in+Advanced+Industrial+Societies&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86598-015-0&rft.aulast=Denitch&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticsocial0000unse_g3k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2015" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Patrick (2015). New Labour's Old Roots: Revisionist Thinkers in Labour's History (2nd ed.). Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-797-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84540-797-1"><bdi>978-1-84540-797-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Labour%27s+Old+Roots%3A+Revisionist+Thinkers+in+Labour%27s+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84540-797-1&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDølvikFløttenHippeJordfald2015" class="citation book cs1">Dølvik, Jon Erik; Fløtten, Tone; Hippe, Jon M.; Jordfald, Bård (2015). The Nordic Model Towards 2030: A New Chapter?. Nordmod 2030. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-324-0185-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-324-0185-7"><bdi>978-82-324-0185-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+Towards+2030%3A+A+New+Chapter%3F&rft.pub=Nordmod+2030&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-82-324-0185-7&rft.aulast=D%C3%B8lvik&rft.aufirst=Jon+Erik&rft.au=Fl%C3%B8tten%2C+Tone&rft.au=Hippe%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Jordfald%2C+B%C3%A5rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongyoun2016" class="citation book cs1">Dongyoun, Hwang (2016). Anarchism in Korea: Independence, Transnationalism, and the Question of National Development, 1919–1984. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6167-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6167-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-6167-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+in+Korea%3A+Independence%2C+Transnationalism%2C+and+the+Question+of+National+Development%2C+1919%E2%80%931984&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6167-0&rft.aulast=Dongyoun&rft.aufirst=Hwang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDöring2007" class="citation book cs1">Döring, Daniel (2007). Is 'Third Way' Social Democracy Still a Form of Social Democracy?. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-86832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-86832-7"><bdi>978-3-638-86832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+%27Third+Way%27+Social+Democracy+Still+a+Form+of+Social+Democracy%3F&rft.place=Norderstedt%2C+Germany&rft.pub=GRIN+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-638-86832-7&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellWright1999" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies (2nd ed.). 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Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86872-215-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86872-215-4"><bdi>978-3-86872-215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Social+Democratic+Reader&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-86872-215-4&rft.aulast=Gombert&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayJohnsonWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Daniel; Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David (2014). Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (2nd ed.). 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Back to the Future of Socialism. Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-2168-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-2168-2"><bdi>978-1-4473-2168-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Back+to+the+Future+of+Socialism&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-2168-2&rft.aulast=Hain&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1989" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Malcolm (1989). 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Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4113-3"><bdi>978-0-7456-4113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4113-3&rft.aulast=Hinchman&rft.aufirst=Lewis+P.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinnfors2006" class="citation book cs1">Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7362-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-7362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinterpreting+Social+Democracy%3A+A+History+of+Stability+in+the+British+Labour+Party+and+Swedish+Social+Democratic+Party&rft.series=Critical+Labour+Movement+Studies&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7362-5&rft.aulast=Hinnfors&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušekKopecek2013" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít; Kopecek, Lubomír (2013). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9977-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-9977-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin%2C+Ideology+and+Transformation+of+Political+Parties%3A+East-Central+and+Western+Europe+Compared&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9977-0&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rft.au=Kopecek%2C+Lubom%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoefer2013" class="citation book cs1">Hoefer, Richard (2013). "Social Welfare Policy and Politics". 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How Labour Built Neoliberalism: Australia's Accord, the Labour Movement and the Neoliberal Project. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38346-3"><bdi>978-90-04-38346-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Labour+Built+Neoliberalism%3A+Australia%27s+Accord%2C+the+Labour+Movement+and+the+Neoliberal+Project&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38346-3&rft.aulast=Humphrys&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImlay2018" class="citation book cs1">Imlay, Talbot C. (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism: European Socialists and International Politics, 1914–1960. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964104-8"><bdi>978-0-19-964104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Socialist+Internationalism%3A+European+Socialists+and+International+Politics%2C+1914%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964104-8&rft.aulast=Imlay&rft.aufirst=Talbot+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonTansey2008" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Nigel; Tansey, Stephen D. 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Welfare State and Democracy in Crisis: Reforming the European Model. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-78839-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-78839-7"><bdi>978-1-351-78839-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare+State+and+Democracy+in+Crisis%3A+Reforming+the+European+Model&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-78839-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2011" class="citation book cs1">Kendall, Diana (2011). Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30550-5"><bdi>978-1-111-30550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Our+Time%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-111-30550-5&rft.aulast=Kendall&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindersley2016" class="citation book cs1">Kindersley, Richard, ed. (2016). In Search of Eurocommunism. 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The Future of European Social Democracy: Building the Good Society. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-35504-0"><bdi>978-0-230-35504-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+European+Social+Democracy%3A+Building+the+Good+Society&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-35504-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Toby (2008). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-639-1"><bdi>978-1-85984-639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Social+Democracy%3A+The+Great+Transformation%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-639-1&rft.aulast=Moschonas&rft.aufirst=Gerassimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosse2018" class="citation book cs1">Mosse, George (2018). "Marxism". 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Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280431-0"><bdi>978-0-19-280431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280431-0&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Reilly2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Reilly, David (2007). The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62547-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62547-1"><bdi>978-0-230-62547-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Progressive+Dilemma%3A+Australia+and+Tony+Blair%27s+Legacy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62547-1&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalley2013" class="citation book cs1">Palley, Thomas I. (2013). 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Springer. pp. 109–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30701-8"><bdi>978-0-230-30701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neoliberalism+versus+Social+Democracy%3A+Empirical+Evidence&rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+A+Threat+to+International+Cooperation+and+Peace%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30701-8&rft.aulast=Pani&rft.aufirst=Mica&rft.au=Panic%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard1985" class="citation book cs1">Picard, Robert (6 December 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticsocial0000unse_g3k8">The Press and the Decline of Democracy: Democratic Socialist Response in Public Policy</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-015-0"><bdi>978-0-86598-015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+and+the+Decline+of+Democracy%3A+Democratic+Socialist+Response+in+Public+Policy&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1985-12-06&rft.isbn=978-0-86598-015-0&rft.aulast=Picard&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticsocial0000unse_g3k8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson2001" class="citation book cs1">Pierson, Christopher (2001). Hard Choices: Social Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, England; Oxford, England; Malden, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1985-9"><bdi>978-0-7456-1985-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Choices%3A+Social+Democracy+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England%3B+Oxford%2C+England%3B+Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1985-9&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaza2012" class="citation book cs1">Raza, Syed Ali (2012). 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A Future for Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-33946-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-33946-0"><bdi>978-0-674-33946-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+long+term+and+the+short+term&rft.btitle=A+Future+for+Socialism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-33946-0&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2006" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Flavio (2006). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37858-1"><bdi>978-0-415-37858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinton+and+Blair%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+the+Third+Way&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+Frontiers+of+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37858-1&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2007" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Flavio (2007). Clinton and Blair: The Political Economy of the Third Way. Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy. Vol. 75. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8"><bdi>978-0-262-18234-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-18234-8&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=J.+Barkley+Jr.&rft.au=Rosser%2C+Marina+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothestein1998" class="citation book cs1">Rothestein, Bo (1998). Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51465-2"><bdi>978-0-230-51465-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Way+Economics%3A+Theory+and+Evaluation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-230-51465-2&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1985" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1985) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula0000will">Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</a> (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035920683">1035920683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035920683&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintrop1983" class="citation book cs1">Wintrop, Norman (1983) [1982]. Liberal Democratic Theory and Its Critics (reprint ed.). Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2766-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-2766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+Democratic+Theory+and+Its+Critics&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2766-2&rft.aulast=Wintrop&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1983" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Anthony (1983). British Socialism: Socialist Thought from the 1880s to the 1960s. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29561-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-29561-2"><bdi>978-0-582-29561-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Socialism%3A+Socialist+Thought+from+the+1880s+to+the+1960s&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-582-29561-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conferences">Conferences</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Conferences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2008" class="citation conference cs1">Berman, Sheri (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195218/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf">Understanding Social Democracy</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers.html">What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~ces/conferences/left/left_papers/berman.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Minda+de+Gunzburg+Center+for+European+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~ces%2Fconferences%2Fleft%2Fleft_papers%2Fberman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (28 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spd.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Beschluesse/Grundsatzprogramme/hamburger_programm_englisch.pdf">Hamburg Programme. Principal guidelines of the Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (PDF). Federal Party Conference of the SPD. Hamburg: <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Hamburg+Programme.+Principal+guidelines+of+the+Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft.date=2007-10-28&rft.au=Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spd.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FBeschluesse%2FGrundsatzprogramme%2Fhamburger_programm_englisch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Encyclopedias">Encyclopedias</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Encyclopedias" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltChambersGarrettKurian2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Alt, James E.; Chambers, Simone; Garrett, Geoffrey; Kurian, George Thomas; Levi, Margaret; McClain, Paula D. (2010). The Encyclopedia of Political Science Set. <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0"><bdi>978-1-933116-44-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science+Set&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-933116-44-0&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Simone&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Kurian%2C+George+Thomas&rft.au=Levi%2C+Margaret&rft.au=McClain%2C+Paula+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a>, eds. (2011). "Social Democracy". International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5963-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-5963-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5963-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDochertyLamb2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). "Social democracy". Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Vol. 73 (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5560-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5560-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5560-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5560-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014" class="citation web cs1">Duignan, Brian; Kalsang Bhutia, Thinley; Mahajan, Deepti (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602003943/https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy">"Social democracy"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/social-democracy">the original</a> on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Duignan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Kalsang+Bhutia%2C+Thinley&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+Deepti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsocial-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufLawrence2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Durlauf, Steven; Lawrence, Blume (2008). "Social Democracy". New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-78676-5"><bdi>978-0-333-78676-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-333-78676-5&rft.aulast=Durlauf&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Blume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, R. J. Barry, ed. (2001). Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14532-9"><bdi>978-0-415-14532-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14532-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lamb, Peter (2015). "Social democracy". Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5826-6"><bdi>978-1-4422-5826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Religions%2C+Philosophies%2C+and+Movements&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5826-6&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipset1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lipset, Seymour Martin (1995). The Encyclopedia of Democracy. Vol. 4. Congressional Quarterly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-889-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-889-2"><bdi>978-0-87187-889-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Democracy&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87187-889-2&rft.aulast=Lipset&rft.aufirst=Seymour+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0415187133_8/page/826/">"Social Democracy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Craig_(philosopher)" title="Edward Craig (philosopher)">Craig, Edward</a> (ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 827–828. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18713-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18713-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E827-%3C%2Fspan%3E828&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18713-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0415187133_8%2Fpage%2F826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1998a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Miller, David (1998a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/social-democracy/v-1">"Social Democracy"</a>. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-S057-1">10.4324/9780415249126-S057-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25069-6"><bdi>978-0-415-25069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-S057-1&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fsocial-democracy%2Fv-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (2003). "Social Democracy". Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24187-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24187-8&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ritzer, George (2004). "Marxism". Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6546-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-6546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6546-9&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafra1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Safra, Jacob E. (1998). "Social democracy". The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Safra&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweickart2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schweickart, David (2007). "Democratic Socialism". In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1812-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-1812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democratic+Socialism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Activism+and+Social+Justice&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1812-1&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stevens, Mark A. (2000). "Social democracy". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-017-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-017-4"><bdi>978-0-87779-017-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+democracy&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Collegiate+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-017-4&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsakalotos2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tsakalotos, Euclid (2001). "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe". In Arestis, Philip; Sawyer, Malcolm C. (eds.). The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 26–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843762836" title="Special:BookSources/9781843762836"><bdi>9781843762836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Employment+Policies%3A+A+New+Social+Democratic+Model+for+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+the+Third+Way%3A+Experiences+from+Around+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781843762836&rft.aulast=Tsakalotos&rft.aufirst=Euclid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journals">Journals</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Journals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Altman, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x">"Collegiate Executives and Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Uruguay: Similar Institutions, Opposite Political Goals, Distinct Results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Political_Science_Review" title="Swiss Political Science Review">Swiss Political Science Review</a>. 14 (3): 483–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x">10.1002/j.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Collegiate+Executives+and+Direct+Democracy+in+Switzerland+and+Uruguay%3A+Similar+Institutions%2C+Opposite+Political+Goals%2C+Distinct+Results&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fj.1662-6370.2008.tb00110.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">"Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a>. 6 (3): 101–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">10.1257/jep.6.3.101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0895-3309">0895-3309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Market+Socialism%3A+A+Case+for+Rejuvenation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101&rft.issn=0895-3309&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rft.au=Roemer%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.6.3.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatson2017" class="citation report cs1">Batson, Andrew (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cebc.org.br/sites/default/files/the_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf">The State of the State Sector</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavekal_Dragonomics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavekal Dragonomics (page does not exist)">Gavekal Dragonomics</a>. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+State+of+the+State+Sector&rft.pub=Gavekal+Dragonomics&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Batson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cebc.org.br%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fthe_state_of_the_state_sector.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1897" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein, Eduard</a> (April 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1897/04/marx-reform.htm">"Karl Marx and Social Reform"</a>. Progressive Review (7) – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progressive+Review&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx+and+Social+Reform&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1897-04&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fbernstein%2Fworks%2F1897%2F04%2Fmarx-reform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bolton, Matt (March 2020). "Democratic Socialism and the Concept of (Post)Capitalism". The Political Quarterly. 91 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 334–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-923X.12830">10.1111/1467-923X.12830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216159023">216159023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Democratic+Socialism+and+the+Concept+of+%28Post%29Capitalism&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E334-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-923X.12830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216159023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cappelen, Adne; Fagerberg, Jan; Mjøset, Lars; Skarstein, Rune (May 1990). "The Decline of Social-Democratic State Capitalism in Norway". New Left Review (181): 60–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Social-Democratic+State+Capitalism+in+Norway&rft.issue=181&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Cappelen&rft.aufirst=Adne&rft.au=Fagerberg%2C+Jan&rft.au=Mj%C3%B8set%2C+Lars&rft.au=Skarstein%2C+Rune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobham1984" class="citation journal cs1">Cobham, David (November 1984). "The Nationalisation of the Banks in Mitterand's France: Rationalisations and Reasons". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Public_Policy" title="Journal of Public Policy">Journal of Public Policy</a>. 4 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 351–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0143814X00002798">10.1017/S0143814X00002798</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3998375">3998375</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154543259">154543259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Nationalisation+of+the+Banks+in+Mitterand%27s+France%3A+Rationalisations+and+Reasons&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E351-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.date=1984-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154543259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3998375%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0143814X00002798&rft.aulast=Cobham&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Paul (Winter 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/lessons-from-the-nationalization-nation-state-owned-enterprises-in-france">"Lessons from the Nationalization Nation: State-Owned Enterprises in France"</a>. Dissident. 57 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>: 15–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdss.0.0107">10.1353/dss.0.0107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-0910">1946-0910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153581946">153581946</a>. Retrieved 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dissident&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+the+Nationalization+Nation%3A+State-Owned+Enterprises+in+France&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153581946%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1946-0910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdss.0.0107&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dissentmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Flessons-from-the-nationalization-nation-state-owned-enterprises-in-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper1966" class="citation journal cs1">Draper, Hal (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1966/twosouls/index.htm">"The Two Souls of Socialism"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Positionspapier+sorgt+f%C3%BCr+rote+K%C3%B6pfe+bei+Genossen&rft.date=2016-11-19&rft.au=Schweizer+Radio+und+Fernsehen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srf.ch%2Fnews%2Fschweiz%2Fpositionspapier-sorgt-fuer-rote-koepfe-bei-genossen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_December_2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen" title="Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen">Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen</a> (3 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/sp-will-die-ueberwindung-des-kapitalismus-konkretisieren">"SP will die "Überwindung des Kapitalismus" konkretisieren"</a> [SP wants to put the "overcoming of capitalism" in concrete terms] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen" title="Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen">Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen</a>. 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Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Venezuela+Is+a+Socialist+Catastrophe&rft.date=2019-01-25&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F01%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fvenezuela-maduro-socialism-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunkara2020" class="citation news cs1">Sunkara, Bhaskar (15 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/01/social-democracy-democratic-socialism-capital-unions-strategy">"The Long Shot of Democratic Socialism Is Our Only Shot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+social+media+saved+socialism&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Tarnoff&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2017%2Fjul%2F12%2Fsocial-media-socialism-jeremy-corbyn-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTupy2016" class="citation news cs1">Tupy, Marian (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/03/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism/471630/">"Bernie Is Not a Socialist and America Is Not Capitalist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Bernie+Is+Not+a+Socialist+and+America+Is+Not+Capitalist&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Tupy&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F03%2Fbernie-sanders-democratic-socialism%2F471630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2019" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Kathryn (7 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/what-does-socialism-mean-and-how-is-it-shaping-2020/">"Defining socialism: What it means and how it's shaping 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Defining+socialism%3A+What+it+means+and+how+it%27s+shaping+2020&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhat-does-socialism-mean-and-how-is-it-shaping-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYounge2017" class="citation news cs1">Younge, Gary (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/22/jeremy-corbyn-labour-anti-austerity-manifesto">"Jeremy Corbyn has defied his critics to become Labour's best hope of survival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jeremy+Corbyn+has+defied+his+critics+to+become+Labour%27s+best+hope+of+survival&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft.aulast=Younge&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fmay%2F22%2Fjeremy-corbyn-labour-anti-austerity-manifesto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2010" class="citation news cs1">Zimmerman, Klaus (19 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/opinion/20iht-edzimmermann.html">"Social Democracy in America?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224075910/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/opinion/20iht-edzimmermann.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy+in+America%3F&rft.date=2010-02-19&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F20%2Fopinion%2F20iht-edzimmermann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speeches">Speeches</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Speeches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBismarck1884" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck, Otto</a> (15 March 1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_document.cfm?document_id=1809">Reichstag Speech on the Law for Workers' Compensation</a> (Speech). Berlin. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reichstag+Speech+on+the+Law+for+Workers%27+Compensation&rft.place=Berlin&rft.date=1884-03-15&rft.aulast=Bismarck&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fsub_document.cfm%3Fdocument_id%3D1809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2015" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders, Bernie</a> (19 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/11/19/9762028/bernie-sanders-democratic-socialism">Democratic Socialism in the United States</a> (Speech). Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. Retrieved 1 March 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Georgetown+University%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F11%2F19%2F9762028%2Fbernie-sanders-democratic-socialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Websites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowitz2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Abramowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Abramowitz (page does not exist)">Abramowitz, Michael J.</a> (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018">"Freedom in the World 2018 — Democracy in Crisis"</a>. Freedom House. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2018+%E2%80%94+Democracy+in+Crisis&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Abramowitz&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2Ffreedom-world-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowitz2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Abramowitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. 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Retrieved 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+the+World+2019+%E2%80%94+Democracy+in+Retreat&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2019-02-05&rft.aulast=Abramowitz&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world%2F2019%2Fdemocracy-retreat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghekyanBhatiaDunhamO'Toole2018" class="citation web cs1">Aghekyan, Elen; Bhatia, Rukmani; Dunham, Jennifer; O'Toole, Shannon; Puddington, Arch; Repucci, Sarah; Roylance, Tyler; Tucker, Vanessa (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219094235/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores">"Table of Countries Score"</a>. Freedom House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world-2018-table-country-scores">the original</a> on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+of+Countries+Score&rft.pub=Freedom+House&rft.date=2018-01-16&rft.aulast=Aghekyan&rft.aufirst=Elen&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+Rukmani&rft.au=Dunham%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=O%27Toole%2C+Shannon&rft.au=Puddington%2C+Arch&rft.au=Repucci%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Roylance%2C+Tyler&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Freport%2Ffreedom-world-2018-table-country-scores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmadeo2019" class="citation web cs1">Amadeo, Kimberly (14 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebalance.com/what-caused-2008-global-financial-crisis-3306176">"What Caused 2008 Global Financial Crisis"</a>. The Balance. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2019/06/GPI-2019-web003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision+of+Humanity&rft.atitle=Global+Peace+Index+2019&rft.date=2019-06&rft.au=Vision+of+Humanity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisionofhumanity.org%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F06%2FGPI-2019-web003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYpi2018" class="citation web cs1">Ypi, Lea (22 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/no-left-wing-case-for-brexit/">"There is no left-wing case for Brexit: 21st century socialism requires transnational organization"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Politics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=There+is+no+left-wing+case+for+Brexit%3A+21st+century+socialism+requires+transnational+organization&rft.date=2018-11-22&rft.aulast=Ypi&rft.aufirst=Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Fpoliticsandpolicy%2Fno-left-wing-case-for-brexit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Social democracy <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Social+democracy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Social+democracy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James, eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatsleftofleftd00unse">What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5079-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5079-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-5079-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+Left+of+the+Left%3A+Democrats+and+Social+Democrats+in+Challenging+Times&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5079-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatsleftofleftd00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Draper, Theodore (1966). "The Historic Left". The Roots of American Communism. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3880-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-3880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historic+Left&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+American+Communism&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3880-1&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Häusermann, Silja; Kitschelt, Herbert, eds. (2024). Beyond Social Democracy: The Transformation of the Left in Emerging Knowledge Societies. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932251-0"><bdi>978-0-19-932251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democratic+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932251-0&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lavelle, Ashley (2008). The Death of Social Democracy: Political Consequences in the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7014-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7014-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-7014-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Social+Democracy%3A+Political+Consequences+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7014-8&rft.aulast=Lavelle&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/">"Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Utopia+Sustained%3A+The+Nordic+Model+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fabian+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Thorsen&rft.aufirst=Dag+Einar&rft.au=Brandal%2C+Nik&rft.au=Bratberg%2C+%C3%98ivind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabians.org.uk%2Futopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+democracy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Social democracy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Social_democracy" class="extiw" title="q:Social democracy">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121254" class="extiw" title="d:Q121254">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551073">Social democracy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&oldid=1276094758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&oldid=1276094758</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Social_democracy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 21:14 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokratie" title="Sozialdemokratie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sozialdemokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial-demokratiya" title="Sosial-demokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial-demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیال دموکراسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوسیال دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C4%81-h%C5%8De_b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Siā-hōe bîn-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siā-hōe bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Сацыял-дэмакратыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыял-дэмакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социалдемокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалдемокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokratija" title="Socijaldemokratija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Socijaldemokratija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocr%C3%A0cia" title="Socialdemocràcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Socialdemocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_demokracie" title="Sociální demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratiaeth_gymdeithasol" title="Democratiaeth gymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Democratiaeth gymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratisme" title="Socialdemokratisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialdemokratisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosi%C3%A1lademokratiija" title="Sosiálademokratiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sosiálademokratiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokratie" title="Sozialdemokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialdemokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaaldemokraatia" title="Sotsiaaldemokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaaldemokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σοσιαλδημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σοσιαλδημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratio" title="Socialdemokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialdemokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialdemokrazia" title="Sozialdemokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sozialdemokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیال دموکراسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سوسیال دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-d%C3%A9mocratie" title="Social-démocratie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Social-démocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosjaaldemokrasy" title="Sosjaaldemokrasy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sosjaaldemokrasy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonlathas_s%C3%B3isialach" title="Daonlathas sóisialach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daonlathas sóisialach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deamocrasaidh_s%C3%B2isealta" title="Deamocrasaidh sòisealta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Deamocrasaidh sòisealta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocracia" title="Socialdemocracia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Socialdemocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="사회민주주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회민주주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Սոցիալ-դեմոկրատիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոցիալ-դեմոկրատիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सामाजिक लोकतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokracija" title="Socijaldemokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Socijaldemokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratio" title="Socialdemokratio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Socialdemokratio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_sosial" title="Demokrasi sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocratia" title="Socialdemocratia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Socialdemocratia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafna%C3%B0arstefna" title="Jafnaðarstefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jafnaðarstefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrazia" title="Socialdemocrazia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Socialdemocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="סוציאל-דמוקרטיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוציאל-דמוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სოციალ-დემოკრატია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოციალ-დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyaldemokras%C3%AE" title="Sosyaldemokrasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sosyaldemokrasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia_socialis" title="Democratia socialis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Democratia socialis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81ldemokr%C4%81tija" title="Sociāldemokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociāldemokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokratija" title="Socialdemokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialdemokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaoldemocratie" title="Sociaoldemocratie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sociaoldemocratie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratia_sosial" title="Democratia sosial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Democratia sosial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrazia" title="Socialdemocrazia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Socialdemocrazia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szoci%C3%A1ldemokr%C3%A1cia" title="Szociáldemokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szociáldemokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалдемократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјалдемократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اشتراكيه ديموقراطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشتراكيه ديموقراطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوسیال دموکراسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سوسیال دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_sosial" title="Demokrasi sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Социал демократ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Социал демократ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ဆိုရှယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုရှယ်ဒီမိုကရေစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaaldemocratie" title="Sociaaldemocratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaaldemocratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社会民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialdemokrati" title="Sosialdemokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialdemokrati" title="Sosialdemokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੋਸ਼ਲ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਸ਼ਲ ਡੈਮੋਕਰੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84_%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سوشل ڈیموکریسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوشل ڈیموکریسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="ټولنیزه ولسواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولنیزه ولسواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjaldemokracja" title="Socjaldemokracja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjaldemokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democracia" title="Social-democracia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Social-democracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democra%C8%9Bie" title="Social-democrație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Social-democrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Социал-демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социал-демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokracia" title="Socialdemokracia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Socialdemokracia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucialdimucrazz%C3%ACa" title="Sucialdimucrazzìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sucialdimucrazzìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_demokracia" title="Sociálna demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialna_demokracija" title="Socialna demokracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialna demokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دیموکراسیی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسیی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Социјалдемократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалдемократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socijaldemokratija" title="Socijaldemokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Socijaldemokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalidemokratia" title="Sosiaalidemokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalidemokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemokrati" title="Socialdemokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialdemokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சமூக மக்களாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமூக மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ประชาธิปไตยสังคมนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตยสังคมนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_demokrasi" title="Sosyal demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Соціал-демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціал-демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialdemocrasia" title="Socialdemocrasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Socialdemocrasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Dân chủ xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会民主主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会民主主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="סאציאל דעמאקראטיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאציאל דעמאקראטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_al%C3%A1w%C3%B9j%E1%BB%8D" title="Òṣèlú aláwùjọ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣèlú aláwùjọ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="社會民主主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社會民主主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 21:14 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55c98588c7-b4s2t","wgBackendResponseTime":534,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.902","walltime":"4.230","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28316,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":941716,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32682,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":975084,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3388.309 1 -total"," 22.99% 778.950 146 Template:Cite_book"," 12.44% 421.623 171 Template:Sfn"," 9.13% 309.463 100 Template:Sfnm"," 8.95% 303.415 56 Template:Cite_news"," 7.20% 244.072 6 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.16% 242.668 6 Template:Navbox"," 4.92% 166.657 3 Template:Reflist"," 4.66% 157.988 1 Template:Political_philosophy"," 4.55% 154.149 16 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.581","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20273806,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbjorensen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramowitz2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramowitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAckerman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAghekyanBhatiaDunhamO\u0026#039;Toole2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltChambersGarrettKurian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmadeo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersonHerr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArcher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAspalter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBailey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrientosPowell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastowMartin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerlau1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1897\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevan1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirchMacLeavySpringer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBismarck1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanc2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumeDurlauf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoissoneault2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBremer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrivatiHeffernan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownMcLeanMcMillan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNBC2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalossi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCammack2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCappelenFagerbergMjøsetSkarstein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlssonLindgren1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChickering1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChilds2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobham1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfeMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenitch1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDionneGaltson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDochertyLamb2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDongyoun2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuignanKalsang_BhutiaMahajan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurlaufLawrence2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDöring2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDølvikFløttenHippeJordfald2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwellWright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgleHenkesMerkelPetring2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhns2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEly1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskow2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsping-Andersen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsping-Andersen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaiola2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeuchtwanger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlavinPacekRadcliff2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoley1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterTsakiroglou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedenSargentStears2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrizell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGage2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambleWright1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyKostaQuaisser1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens1998b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiddens2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolshan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGombert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGram2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayJohnsonWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoire2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroenkeHatch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHain2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaltiwanger2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaseler1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattersley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbroner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinchmanMeyer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinnfors2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHloušekKopecek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoefer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuges2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphrys2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImlay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonTansey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferys1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatseliMiliosPelagidis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKendall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenworthy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimMiller2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindersley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornaiYingi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrugman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKvitrud2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwokRieger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKynaston2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafontaine2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaidler2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavelle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeibovich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkeMarks1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitz,_April_2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisSurender2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightfoot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipset1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudlamSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwigshafenPiraeusValletta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarglinSchor1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarglinSchor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathersTaylorUpchurch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedearis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegill1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyerRutherford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1998a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoschonas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldoon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaarden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_Democratic_Party_of_Canada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Reilly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOshinsky1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaniPanic2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatnaik2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicard1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPost2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoulantzas1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkop2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPruitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadcliff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaza2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(analysis)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReporters_Without_Borders_2019_(table)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepucci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoemer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothestein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafra1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuelsson1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorske1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumpeter1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweickart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_December_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen,_November_2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweizer_Radio_und_Fernsehen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSejersted2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Reid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitaraman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocial_Democratic_Party_of_Germany2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_International1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSocialist_Party_of_Great_Britain2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanHickel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSunkara2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarnoff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Economist2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Guardian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Heritage_Foundation2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Archive_(Liberal_Welfare_Reforms_1906–11)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(analysis)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTransparency_International_2020_(table)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsakalotos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTupy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeggel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVision_of_Humanity2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisskopf1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisskopf1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhyman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWintrop1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYpi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁrnasonWittrock2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"' \\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 146,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Corporatism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 9,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Marxism\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Party politics\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Progressivism\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 8,\n [\"Refend\"] = 8,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 10,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 171,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 100,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Organized Labour portal\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","400","14.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","14.6"],["?","360","13.1"],["recursiveClone 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