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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27Apol%C2%B7lo_Palat%C3%AD" title="Temple d'Apol·lo Palatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Temple d'Apol·lo Palatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollotempel_(Palatin)" title="Apollotempel (Palatin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollotempel (Palatin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Apolo_Palatino" title="Templo de Apolo Palatino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templo de Apolo Palatino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_Palatinarraren_Tenplua" title="Apolo Palatinarraren Tenplua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apolo Palatinarraren Tenplua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="معبد آپولون پالاتینوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معبد آپولون پالاتینوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_d%27Apollon_Palatin" title="Temple d'Apollon Palatin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Temple d'Apollon Palatin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempio_di_Apollo_Palatino" title="Tempio di Apollo Palatino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempio di Apollo Palatino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templum_Apollinis_in_Palatio" title="Templum Apollinis in Palatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Templum Apollinis in Palatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempel_van_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Tempel van Apollo Palatinus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tempel van Apollo Palatinus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%85tynia_Apollina_na_Palatynie" title="Świątynia Apollina na Palatynie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Świątynia Apollina na Palatynie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templo_de_Apolo_Palatino" title="Templo de Apolo Palatino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Templo de Apolo Palatino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Храм Аполлона Палатинского – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм Аполлона Палатинского" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempulli_i_Apollonit_Palatin" title="Tempulli i Apollonit Palatin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tempulli i Apollonit Palatin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempelj_Palatinskega_Apolona" title="Tempelj Palatinskega Apolona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tempelj Palatinskega Apolona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Palatinus_tempel" title="Apollo Palatinus tempel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo Palatinus tempel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Храм Аполлона Палатина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Храм Аполлона Палатина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AB%BE%E5%B1%B1%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="巴拉丁諾山阿波羅神廟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拉丁諾山阿波羅神廟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&params=41.8888_N_12.4857_E_type:landmark">41°53′20″N 12°29′09″E / 41.8888°N 12.4857°E / 41.8888; 12.4857</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Temple founded 28 BCE in Rome, Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome,_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_(1994).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roman ruins: a vaguely rectangular platform on which fragments of a stone-block structure can be seen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg/250px-Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg/330px-Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg/500px-Rome%2C_Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_podium_%281994%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4850" data-file-height="3077" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The surviving remains of the temple's <a href="/wiki/Podium_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Podium (architecture)">podium</a>, photographed in 1994</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of ancient Rome, with the Temple of Apollo Palatinus shown on the Palatine Hill in the southern part of the city centre."><img alt="Map of ancient Rome, with the Temple of Apollo Palatinus shown on the Palatine Hill in the southern part of the city centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/250px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roma_PlanFXD.jpg/500px-Roma_PlanFXD.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roma_Plan.jpg/250px-Roma_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roma_Plan.jpg/375px-Roma_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roma_Plan.jpg/500px-Roma_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1463" /></a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.666%;left:50.583%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Map of ancient Rome, with the Temple of Apollo Palatinus shown on the Palatine Hill in the southern part of the city centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Temple of Apollo Palatinus</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the temple within ancient Rome</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&params=41.8888_N_12.4857_E_type:landmark">41°53′20″N 12°29′09″E / 41.8888°N 12.4857°E / 41.8888; 12.4857</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Octavian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">28 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data">Destroyed on the night of 18–19 March 363</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>1863–1870</li><li>1937</li><li>1958–1984</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Rosa" title="Pietro Rosa">Pietro Rosa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bartoli" title="Alfonso Bartoli">Alfonso Bartoli</a></li><li>Gianfilippo Carettoni</li><li>Stephan Zink</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Ruined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1980</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic Centre of Rome</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">91ter</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> The Temple of Apollo Palatinus ('Palatine Apollo'), sometimes called the Temple of Actian Apollo, was a temple of the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in Rome, constructed on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> on the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (known as "Octavian" until 27 BCE) between 36 and 28 BCE. It was the first temple to Apollo within <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">the city's ceremonial boundaries</a>, and the second of four temples constructed by Augustus. According to tradition, the site for the temple was chosen when it was struck by lightning, which was interpreted as a divine <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">portent</a>. Augustan writers situated the temple next to Augustus's personal residence, which has been controversially identified as the structure known as the <a href="/wiki/Domus_Augusti" class="mw-redirect" title="Domus Augusti">domus Augusti</a>. The temple was closely associated with the victories of Augustus's forces at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a>, the latter of which was extensively memorialised through its decoration. The temple played an important role in Augustan propaganda and political ideology, in which it represented the restoration of Rome's '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a>' and served as a signifier of Augustus's <a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a> (devotion to religious and political duty). It was used for the worship of Apollo and his sister <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, as well as to store the prophetic <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Religious_precinct" title="Religious precinct">precinct</a> was used for diplomatic functions as well as for meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, and contained the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portico_of_the_Danaids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portico of the Danaids (page does not exist)">Portico of the Danaids</a>, which included libraries of Greek and Latin literature considered among the most important in Rome. Augustan poets frequently mentioned and praised the temple in their works, often commenting on its lavish artistic decoration and statuary, which included three <a href="/wiki/Cult_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult statue">cult statues</a> and other works by noted Greek artists of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period (Greece)">archaic period</a> and the fourth century BCE. These poets included <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saeculare" title="Carmen Saeculare">Carmen Saeculare</a> was first performed at the temple on 3 June 17 BCE during the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Games" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> in 64 CE damaged the temple, but it was restored under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81 – 96 CE). It was finally destroyed by another fire in 363 CE, which was rumoured to be an act of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> committed by Christians. The temple has been excavated and partially restored in various phases since the 1860s, though only partial remains survive and their documentation is incomplete. Modern assessments of the temple have variously treated it as an extravagant, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(Greek_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (Greek culture)">Hellenising</a> break with Roman tradition and as a conservative attempt to reassert the architectural and political values of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. It has been described by the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="John Bryan Ward-Perkins">John Ward-Perkins</a> as "one of the earliest and finest of the Augustan temples".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198136-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The worship of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in Rome began in the fifth century BCE. According to Roman tradition, the first temple to Apollo was promised to the god in 433 BCE in return for his intercession during a plague. This temple was originally known as the Temple of Apollo Medicus and later as the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">Gaius Sosius</a>, who restored it around 32 BCE. It was situated in the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a>, outside the ceremonial boundary (<a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a>) of Rome, since Apollo, whose worship originated in the Greek world, was considered a 'foreign' deity and so unsuitable for a temple within the city.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> According to the classicist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Zanker" title="Paul Zanker">Paul Zanker</a>, Apollo was held in Roman culture to represent discipline, morality, purification and the punishment of excess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199052-3">[3]</a> After securing control over the Roman state through victory in <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">his civil war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> (known as "Augustus" from 27 BCE) made a political and ideological priority of the embellishment and restoration of Rome's built space. According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, he claimed to have found Rome built of brick, and to have left it built of marble.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The construction and restoration of temples was a major part of this programme: Augustus claimed to have restored eighty-two of them in 28 BCE alone.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Susan_Walker_(archaeologist)" title="Susan Walker (archaeologist)">Susan Walker</a> has described Rome under Augustus as a "moral museum", by which public architecture and artwork, particularly the display of Greek sculpture,<a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> was used as part of Augustus's ideological project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">[7]</a> Augustus's developments on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> included the construction and restoration of several of its temples and the intensification of cult activity around it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuck2021140-9">[8]</a> making the Palatine, previously most significant as an elite residential area,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014132-10">[9]</a> Rome's "new seat of political and religious power", in the words of the classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Schmitzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Schmitzer (page does not exist)">Ulrich Schmitzer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitzer1999-11">[10]</a> The Temple of Apollo Palatinus was among the earliest of a series of monuments constructed by Augustus around Rome,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989571-12">[11]</a> and his first major architectural project undertaken independently in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200847-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> Other Augustan monuments of the same period included the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Feretrius" title="Temple of Jupiter Feretrius">Temple of Jupiter Feretrius</a> in 32 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2005134-16">[14]</a> the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a> in 28 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200071-17">[15]</a> and the completion in 29 BCE of the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a>, a senate house whose construction was begun in 44 BCE by Octavian's adoptive father, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumi2015218-18">[16]</a> Apollo was a favourite god of Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2006468Zanker199057-19">[17]</a> Two <a href="/wiki/Laurus_nobilis" title="Laurus nobilis">laurel</a> trees, symbolic both of Apollo and of victory, stood by the side of the front door of Augustus's house, highlighting the connection between Apollo, Augustus and his victory over Mark Antony at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202210-20">[18]</a> According to a story related by Suetonius, who reports having read it in a work of the Greek author Asklepiades of Mendes, Augustus considered himself the son of Apollo, and Apollo as the patron deity of his family.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> During the civil war, Augustus used the iconography of Apollo to contrast himself with Antony, who was closely associated with the antithetical god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>; Augustus was criticised for his rumoured appearance at a feast in costume as Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199049-22">[20]</a> Augustus further explained his cultivation of Apollo through the tradition that Apollo had protected the hero <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, believed to have been the ancestor of the Romans and the progenitor of Augustus's family, the <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">gens Iulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavro2007238-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_(2984423197).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a white marble statue of a man in Roman military dress, his right arm raised." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg/220px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg/330px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg/440px-Augustus_of_Prima_Porta_%282984423197%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a> statue of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, produced from around 20 BCE onwards, has been called "the most iconic image of Augustus". Its iconography connected him both to <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and to the art of fifth-century Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner201353–54-24">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> The dedication of temples by generals following military victories was an established part of Roman political culture in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Middle Republic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 – c. 100 BCE), but had largely fallen out of fashion by 100 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006152-25">[23]</a> Octavian's vow to dedicate the temple followed the victory of his admiral <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Agrippa</a> over <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompeius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Battle of Naulochus</a> on 3 September 36 BCE:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199354-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> Octavian probably announced the temple's construction in November, during a speech to the <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">Roman senate and people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144-30">[27]</a> In 36 BCE, he began buying land in the area of the future temple. The Palatine was considered particularly sacred and among Rome's most fashionable residential districts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006Galinsky1996-31">[28]</a> and had the additional advantage of being mostly owned by private citizens, from whom Octavian was able to buy land in a private capacity. The precise location of the temple was determined when a bolt of lightning struck part of Octavian's property. On the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">haruspices</a>, specialist priests who interpreted divine portents, this was considered to be an indication of a god's desire for a temple, and as urging the construction of a temple to Apollo within the city. Octavian declared that portion of his property to be public land, and initiated the construction of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> The temple was dedicated on 9 October 28 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061Roccos1989571-33">[30]</a> a day traditionally associated with the worship of deities of victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996214-34">[31]</a> The temple's dedication followed Octavian's defeat of the forces of Antony and Queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, which was linked in Octavian's propaganda with the intercession of Apollo; in thanks for his victory, Octavian constructed a new sanctuary of Apollo at the site of his camp at Actium, and restored the god's existing sanctuary at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Ambracian_Gulf" title="Ambracian Gulf">Ambracian Gulf</a>, where the battle had taken place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115-35">[32]</a> It was the second of four temples built in Rome by Augustus, following the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a> (dedicated in 29 BCE) and preceding the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a> (dedicated in 22) and that of <a href="/wiki/Mars_Ultor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a>, dedicated in 2 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Forum_Augustum" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum Augustum">Augustus's newly-built forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006153-36">[33]</a> The temple was formally dedicated to Apollo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">[7]</a> but considered also to be dedicated to his sister <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202229-37">[34]</a> who was closely associated with Augustus's victory at Naulochus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006155-38">[35]</a> Roman temples were often dedicated to gods under particular <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a>, which could relate to the builder or location of the temple as well as to a specific aspect of the god in question.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajava20227–12-39">[36]</a> Although the temple's official name was the Temple of Actian Apollo (using the epithet Actius), it was also informally known by the same god's epithets Actiacus, Navalis, Palati – all of which referred to Apollo's connection with the Battle of Actium – and Rhamnusius, an epithet of obscure significance which may have referred to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemeseion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemeseion (page does not exist)">Nemeseion</a> sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, sometimes believed to have been the source of the temple's <a href="/wiki/Cult_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult statue">cult statue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962129Richardson199214-40">[37]</a> Cossutius, a brick-maker employed by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio">Gaius Asinius Pollio</a> – a politician and literary patron of the early Augustan era – was probably involved in the temple's construction: bricks bearing his stamp have been recovered from the temple and adjacent buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[d]</a> Immediately adjacent to the temple,<a href="#cite_note-46">[e]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portico_of_the_Danaids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portico of the Danaids (page does not exist)">Portico of the Danaids</a> included two libraries of Greek and Latin literature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062-47">[42]</a> known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a> and considered among the largest and most important libraries in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192984Schmitzer1999Rohmann2016242-48">[43]</a> As well as literary works, these libraries contained artworks depicting some of their authors, and were noted as a repository of legal texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218-49">[44]</a> The portico was used by Augustus to hold meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>, particularly during his convalescence from illness in 23 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1981339-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[f]</a> and to receive official guests and foreign ambassadors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062-47">[42]</a> The surviving sources are contradictory as to the opening of the libraries; they may have been opened at the same time as the temple, or at another point before 23 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later history">edit</a>]</div> After Augustus's death in 14 CE, his successors as emperor occasionally used the temple's precinct for senate meetings. His immediate successor, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, held one there in 16 CE, while at least one more under <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 41–54 CE) is attested and was intended, in the judgement of the classicist David L. Thompson, as "a symbolic assertion of the imperial power". According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Claudius's wife <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a> had a secret door installed in the room used for the senate meetings, leading to a hiding-place from which she could listen to them. Thompson considers this account less as factual and more as symbolic of Agrippina's influence over the senate.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a> According to the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gros" title="Pierre Gros">Pierre Gros</a>, the sanctuary served as a model for later complexes dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a> in the western Roman empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199356-55">[49]</a> The temple was damaged in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> of 64 CE, but restored under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96 CE); the Portico of the Danaids, probably also destroyed in 64, may never have been rebuilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962130Gros199356-56">[50]</a> The temple was finally destroyed in another fire, during the night of 18–19 March 363.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242-57">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[g]</a> The blaze may have destroyed the precinct as well as the temple itself:<a href="#cite_note-60">[h]</a> the Sibylline Books, housed within the temple, were narrowly rescued from the flames. The cause of the fire was never firmly established. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, who was in the process of an ultimately unsuccessful effort to re-establish Roman polytheism as the empire's dominant religion, considered it an act of <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a> by Christians: this view has been considered plausible in modern scholarship, particularly as the Sibylline Books were viewed as a symbol of Julian's anti-Christian religious policy, but no secure evidence on the matter exists. Christian writers saw the destruction as a matter of divine intervention: the fifth-century Church historian <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> falsely claimed that the temple had been struck by lightning, while the theologian <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> wrote that God had destroyed the temple to punish Julian's actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242–243-61">[53]</a> The temple may have been systematically dismantled after the fire; pieces of marble from it were possibly reused in the construction of a new building, of uncertain function, on top of the ruined podium at some point in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014133,_136-62">[54]</a> In the twelfth century, the philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a> propagated an account that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 590–604) had destroyed the Library of Palatine Apollo to create more space for Christian scriptures, but his testimony is considered unreliable by modern scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016243-63">[55]</a> The only surviving remains of the temple's two libraries date to reconstructions made in the Domitianic period,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202184–85-64">[56]</a> which rebuilt the structures on higher ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198137-65">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Location">edit</a>]</div> The temple was the second in Rome dedicated to Apollo; its position on the Palatine Hill made it the first within the Roman pomerium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962126-66">[58]</a> It was prominently visible from the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> to the south of the Palatine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202185-67">[59]</a> It was adjacent to the older <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Cybele_(Palatine)" title="Temple of Cybele (Palatine)">Temple of Cybele</a>, which had been dedicated in 191 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1996832-68">[60]</a> and the ancient stairway known as the Scalae Caci ('Stairs of <a href="/wiki/Cacus" title="Cacus">Cacus</a>').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199214-69">[61]</a> It was also near the early-third-century <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Victory" title="Temple of Victory">Temple of Victory</a>; the proximity of the monuments may have been intended to reinforce the links between Apollo and the military victories for which Augustus credited him.<a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> The Temple of Apollo Palatinus was immediately south-east of a <a href="/wiki/Domus" title="Domus">domus</a> ('house') constructed during the late Roman Republic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 133–33 BCE). In the 1950s, this house was designated by one of its excavators, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianfilippo_Carettoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianfilippo Carettoni (page does not exist)">Gianfilippo Carettoni</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">domus Augusti</a> ('House of Augustus'), since Carettoni believed that it had been Augustus's personal residence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013255-71">[63]</a> Following Carettoni's excavations, the temple and the house were believed to have been connected by a ramp, though this theory was disproved by later excavations. The status of the so-called domus Augusti and its relationship to both Augustus and the Temple of Apollo Palatinus is controversial. Excavations subsequent to Carettoni's indicate that the house was largely destroyed, while still under construction, to facilitate the building of the temple; they also found that the house was considerably larger than Carettoni believed, which meant that its identification as Augustus's personal residence contradicted the testimony of Roman biographers that the emperor's Palatine house had been noted for its modesty.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> According to Roman authors, the temple's sanctuary also included the <a href="/wiki/Roma_quadrata" title="Roma quadrata">Roma Quadrata</a> ('Square Rome'), a monument to the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">foundation of the city</a> by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>; a four-columned shrine known as the Tetrastylum; and the Auguratorium, a monument to the <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">taking of the auspices</a> by Romulus during the foundation of Rome, which may have been an alternative name for the Roma Quadrata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Area-apollinis-palatine-plan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of the area around the Temple of Apollo, showing the House of Augustus and the Portico of the Danaids (here immediately below the temple's steps)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Area-apollinis-palatine-plan.png/500px-Area-apollinis-palatine-plan.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Area-apollinis-palatine-plan.png/960px-Area-apollinis-palatine-plan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1316" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the area around the temple. The location of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portico_of_the_Danaids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portico of the Danaids (page does not exist)">Portico of the Danaids</a> is debated, and the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Octavius" title="Arch of Octavius">Arch of Octavius</a> is generally located to the north of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006231-73">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars are divided on the interpretation of the temple's architecture. The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/John_Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="John Bryan Ward-Perkins">John Ward-Perkins</a> has described its architecture and embellishment, particularly its use of proportions common in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic architecture</a> and its sculptural programme, as "a lively architectural experiment". He contrasts this with the conservatism of other Augustan projects, such as the restoration of the Temple of Cybele, which largely reused material from the existing structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198137-65">[57]</a> On the other hand, the archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Zink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephan Zink (page does not exist)">Stephan Zink</a> describes the temple as "an imposing revival of Republican architectural traditions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200847-13">[12]</a> According to the Roman architectural writer <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a>, the temple's <a href="/wiki/Intercolumniation" title="Intercolumniation">intercolumniation</a> was diastyle (that is, the gap between each pair of columns was three times a column's width).<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> Zink interprets this wide intercolumniation, unusual in contemporary architecture but common in older Roman and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> temples, as a sign of conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200863-75">[67]</a> The archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Kellum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Kellum (page does not exist)">Barbara Kellum</a> has suggested that the temple's intercolumniation may have specifically recalled that of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Capitolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus">Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellum199376-76">[68]</a> Rome's most important temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli201432-77">[69]</a> The temple's <a href="/wiki/Religious_precinct" title="Religious precinct">precinct</a> – the Area Apollonis – was built on a raised platform, approximately 9 metres (30 ft) above the terrace below and generally considered to have measured approximately 70 by 90 metres (230 by 300 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199356Quenemoen2006232-79">[71]</a> which included a <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining wall</a> with blocks of <a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> This platform was constructed on top of the remains of older buildings on the site, which were demolished and their courtyards filled in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2015369-80">[72]</a> The entrance to the precinct was through a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Octavius" title="Arch of Octavius">Arcus Octavii</a>, in honour of Augustus's father, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962130-81">[73]</a> The sculptural programme of this arch, which included a statue group by the Greek sculptor Lysias showing Apollo and Diana mounted in a chariot, has been called "a further testimony to Apollo's Augustan vocation" by the archaeologist Maria Tomei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomei2000560-82">[74]</a> A Roman temple generally included an enclosed inner part, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a>, surrounded by a series of columns (the <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a>) and approached via a porch or vestibule known as the <a href="/wiki/Pronaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronaos">pronaos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamper2015174-83">[75]</a> Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Podium" title="Podium">podium</a>, the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was constructed entirely from marble, making it the first temple in Rome to be built in this fashion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuck2021140-9">[8]</a> The number of columns supporting the temple is unclear; it is generally reconstructed as having had six columns across the front of the pronaos, though the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Claridge" title="Amanda Claridge">Amanda Claridge</a> has proposed that it may instead have had four across the front and seven along its length.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014141Wiseman202228-84">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> capitals have been found among the temple's remains;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> the columns which supported them are reconstructed to have reached 14 metres (46 ft) in height and have supplied evidence of <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[77]</a> Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Column_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Column drum">drums</a> of the columns, all surviving fragments of the temple have furnished evidence of painted <a href="/wiki/Polychromy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromy">polychromy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009110-86">[78]</a> Parts of the column capitals were probably <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a>, while other parts of the temple were painted in yellow <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and red, blue, brown and green pigments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009113-87">[79]</a> The podium of the temple was constructed using materials and techniques common during the late Republican period, using <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> blocks of tufa and <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> (known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Opus_quadratum" title="Opus quadratum">opus quadratum</a>), under the walls and columns of the temple's <a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a>, surrounding a core of concrete (known to the Romans as <a href="/wiki/Opus_caementicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Opus caementicium">opus caementicium</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234Zink200848-88">[80]</a> According to reconstructions made by the archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Lugli" title="Giuseppe Lugli">Giuseppe Lugli</a>, the temple had overall dimensions of 22.4 by 38.8 metres (73 by 127 ft), with a cella 26 metres (85 ft) long and a pronaos 12.8 metres (42 ft) in length.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> The surviving ruins do not allow a definitive reconstruction of the temple's orientation. It is generally believed to have faced south: the temple's first excavator, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Rosa" title="Pietro Rosa">Pietro Rosa</a>, proposed this orientation in 1865, on the grounds that it would have the temple face out of the hillside in a similar manner to earlier Republican hillside sanctuaries found elsewhere in <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014128-90">[82]</a> In 1913, the prehistorian Giovanni Pinza suggested that the temple may have faced north, which he considered a better fit with the surviving accounts of its appearance in Roman literature, but his idea was generally rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129Wiseman2022-91">[83]</a> Some modern hypotheses, such as that of Claridge, have argued for a north-facing temple on the grounds that the more substantial foundations of the temple's southern side would be more likely to support the heavier cella than the comparatively light pronaos, and that the temple's visual impact would have been greater if the façade faced north, from which direction the temple was generally accessed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010Claridge2014138–141Wiseman202229-92">[84]</a> The temple's building materials, such as Libyan ivory and so-called "<a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a>" columns, recalled Rome's military conquests and successes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> Its primary material was white <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> from the Italian town of <a href="/wiki/Luni,_Italy" title="Luni, Italy">Luna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> a material frequently used in Augustan building projects: Augustus is believed to have initiated its large-scale quarrying and exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198122-94">[86]</a> Fragments of marble flooring have been found during excavations of the site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> The columns of the Portico of the Danaids were made from yellow <a href="/wiki/Giallo_antico" title="Giallo antico">giallo antico</a> marble quarried in <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>. This is the earliest known use of giallo antico in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200072note_2Ward-Perkins198136-95">[87]</a> The temple's architecture may have been designed to compete with that of the Temple of Apollo Sosianus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200071-17">[15]</a> which was reconstructed at approximately the same time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062–63-96">[88]</a> The Temple of Apollo Sosianus was restored by and named for Gaius Sosius, a former supporter of Octavian's enemy Mark Antony. Augustus later tried to reduce its prominence by constructing the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a> to block the view of its façade, and rebuilt the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a>, named after his sister <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>, whom Antony had abandoned in favour of Cleopatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200063-97">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures_and_artwork">Sculptures and artwork</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sculptures and artwork">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Statue of the god Apollo in the form of a young, smooth-faced man, holding a lyre in his left hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg/170px-Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg/255px-Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg/340px-Apollo_Barberini_Glyptothek_Munich_211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption>So-called "<a href="/wiki/Apollo_Barberini" title="Apollo Barberini">Apollo Barberini</a>", 1st–2nd century CE: a statue of the "<a href="/wiki/Apollo_Citharoedus" title="Apollo Citharoedus">Apollo Citharoedus</a>" type bearing similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Cult_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult statue">cult statue</a> from the Temple of Apollo Palatinus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962132-98">[90]</a></figcaption></figure> The temple contained three cult statues: one of Apollo in the "<a href="/wiki/Apollo_Citharoedus" title="Apollo Citharoedus">Apollo Citharoedus</a>" ('<a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">lyre</a>-playing Apollo') type, one of his sister Diana, and one of their mother <a href="/wiki/Latona" class="mw-redirect" title="Latona">Latona</a>. A further statue of Apollo was situated in front of the temple. The cult statues were the work of Greek sculptors of the fourth century BCE: that of Apollo was made by <a href="/wiki/Scopas" title="Scopas">Scopas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143Guerrini1958936-99">[91]</a> On the basis of the temple's epithet Rhamnusius, it has been conjectured that the statue originally came from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nemeseion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nemeseion (page does not exist)">Nemeseion</a> sanctuary at <a href="/wiki/Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a> in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962129Richardson199214-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[i]</a> Two badly-weathered fragments of colossal statuary excavated at the temple – one from a head, excavated in the temple's foundations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">[7]</a> and one from a foot – have been suggested as possible remains of the cult statue of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989579-102">[93]</a> Depictions of the statue on Roman coinage suggest that its base was decorated with anchors and the prows of ships, linking it to the naval victory at Actium, while its hands held a lyre and a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> bowl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116-103">[94]</a> Zanker has suggested that the choice of an Apollo Citharoedus for the cult statue, offering a libation as if in expiation, contrasted with the alternative iconography of Apollo as an "avenging archer", and would have suggested the bringing of peace and of atonement for the civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199085–86-104">[95]</a> The cult statue of Latona was by <a href="/wiki/Cephisodotus_the_Younger" title="Cephisodotus the Younger">Kephisdotos the Younger</a>, the son of the Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>. That of Diana was originally sculpted by the <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Timotheus_(sculptor)" title="Timotheus (sculptor)">Timotheos</a>, but its head was remade by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avianus_Evander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avianus Evander (page does not exist)">Avianus Evander</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> an Athenian artist who had been taken to Rome as a prisoner in the mid-first century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuerrini1958936-105">[96]</a> Other statues in the temple included a representation of the <a href="/wiki/Chariot_of_the_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot of the Sun">chariot of the sun</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Acroterion" title="Acroterion">acroterion</a> of the temple's ridge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199354-26">[24]</a> a group at the corners of the altar of four oxen made by the fifth-century Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Myron" title="Myron">Myron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199214-69">[61]</a> and another set representing the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Danaus" title="Danaus">Danaus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">[7]</a> The Roman polymath <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, writing in the second half of the first century CE, catalogued works of <a href="/wiki/Bupalus_and_Athenis" title="Bupalus and Athenis">Bupalus and Athenis</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chian</a> sculptors of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800 – c. 480 BCE), on the temple's <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> The inclusion of statues by noted Greek artists, especially of the fourth and fifth centuries BCE and the archaic period, came to be almost universal in the temples built or restored by Augustus in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200071-17">[15]</a> The temple also contained a series of engraved gemstones dedicated by Augustus's nephew <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199214-69">[61]</a> On the temple's doors, a scene depicting the killing of the children of <a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a> by Apollo and Diana was rendered in ivory,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013250-107">[98]</a> while the other door depicted the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a>, of which Apollo was the patron god, in 281 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">[7]</a> One of the marble <a href="/wiki/Jamb" title="Jamb">jambs</a> of the doors depicted a Delphic <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffins</a>, with an <a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)" title="Acanthus (ornament)">acanthus</a>, symbolic of Apollo in his capacity as a god of regeneration, springing from it.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> The cella was lit by a chandelier said to have been taken by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> from the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea,_forse_le_danaidi,_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_(questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata),_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red stone statue of a woman, looking straight ahead and tugging at her clothing with her right hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg/170px-Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg/255px-Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg/340px-Erme_femminili_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_forse_le_danaidi%2C_in_nero_antico_e_porfido_%28questa_in_larga_parte_ricreata%29%2C_dall%27area_del_tempio_di_apollo_al_palatino_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption>A statue in rosso antico marble, excavated in 1869 and restored in multiple phases thereafter,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Tomei199756-110">[101]</a> believed to have been either one of the original <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaids</a> from the temple or a version of such a statue made before 68 CE<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2022p._52,_citing_[[#CITEREFCandilio1989|Candilio_1989]],_pp.&nbsp;86,_88-111">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> The Portico of the Danaids included statues of the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Dana%C3%AFdes" title="Danaïdes">Danaids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> the Egyptian sisters who killed their cousin-husbands on their wedding night in an act of impietas.<a href="#cite_note-114">[j]</a> This artwork may have been intended to evoke and condemn the memory of Cleopatra, who had similarly married and then had assassinated her brother, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116–117-115">[105]</a> The statues of the Danaids were situated between the portico's columns, near a statue of Danaus with drawn sword and faced by equestrian statues of their bridegrooms and victims, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus" title="Aegyptus">Aegyptus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[106]</a> Parts of at least four of these statues, around 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in height and in the style of <a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">herms</a>, have been discovered. Three of these were sculpted from black bigio morato marble, probably quarried in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ain_El-Ksir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ain El-Ksir (page does not exist)">Ain El-Ksir</a> in Tunisia or from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Tainaron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Tainaron">Cape Tainaron</a> in southern Greece,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2018283-117">[107]</a> while at least one was made from red <a href="/wiki/Rosso_antico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosso antico">rosso antico</a> marble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229-118">[108]</a> A series of painted <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> panels in the <a href="/wiki/Campana_reliefs" title="Campana reliefs">Campana</a> style, found in the area of the temple, may have originally belonged to the Portico of the Danaids.<a href="#cite_note-120">[110]</a> The panels show mythical scenes including <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>'s defeat of <a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caryatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caryatids">caryatids</a> and the contest between <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and Apollo for the Delphic tripod.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[k]</a> Kellum has interpreted the latter myth as an allegory for the military struggle between Augustus and Antony, given Augustus' identification with Apollo and Antony's similar claims of descent from and affinity with Hercules: the tripod, a traditional votive dedication of victorious generals, may also have been linked with Augustus's victory at Actium.<a href="#cite_note-123">[112]</a> Other scenes show the Egyptian goddess Isis trapped between two <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, probably alluding to the defeat of Cleopatra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellum199378-124">[113]</a> and human beings worshipping sacred objects. These include one which may be a <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabrum</a> – a symbol both of Apollo and of pietas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089-6">[6]</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Thymiaterion" title="Thymiaterion">thymiaterion</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Baetylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetylus">baetylus</a>, a cult object associated with Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-125">[114]</a> It has been suggested that a marble sculpture known as the meta ('turning-post'), displayed in modern times in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Albani" title="Villa Albani">Villa Albani</a>, may originally have been one of several monumentalised baetyli that stood around the sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089Longfellow2010281-126">[115]</a> The portico's libraries included a statue of Augustus with the appearance of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a> A statue of a young man (<a href="/wiki/Ephebos" title="Ephebos">ephebe</a>) in black <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, discovered by Rosa in 1869 in the <a href="/wiki/Cryptoporticus" title="Cryptoporticus">cryptoporticus</a> to the temple's east, is believed to have come from the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomei199760Coarelli2014157-127">[116]</a> A common building material in the temple's sculptures was <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus" title="Mount Pentelicus">Mount Pentelicus</a> near Athens: this material was frequently used in Athenian building projects of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE, and was particularly prized in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-128">[117]</a> Walker has suggested that the sculptural decoration of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus served a complex ideological purpose: to elevate the standard of Rome's public art, to showcase the material wealth generated by the Roman Empire's expansion, and to promote Augustan moral values such as the value of <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> and of modesty in dress and personal behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200071-17">[15]</a> Between 161 and 169 CE, a further statue of the "Apollo Comaeus" ('Long-Haired Apollo') type was taken from the Persian city of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia</a> and installed in the temple by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a>, following the city's capture in the <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962132Harper202116-129">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Function">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_(Rome_Pal_Ant_475909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a fragment of white marble sculpture, showing a tripod sculpted in bas-relief." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg/250px-Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg/330px-Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg/500px-Fragmentary_relief_of_tripod_%28Rome_Pal_Ant_475909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A relief from the temple in <a href="/wiki/Pentelic_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentelic marble">Pentelic marble</a>, showing a <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripod</a></figcaption></figure> It is unclear whether the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was intended to supplant or complement the existing centre for Apollo's worship at the Temple of Apollo Sosianus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006-130">[119]</a> According to the classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte_Delignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bénédicte Delignon (page does not exist)">Bénédicte Delignon</a>, the temple served to establish Apollo as the <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of Rome and as a representation of Augustus's symbolic refoundation of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115-35">[32]</a> In Augustus's political propaganda, it represented the restoration of Rome's '<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">golden age</a>', a key aspect of Augustan ideology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116Sauron1994501-131">[120]</a> marked by the end of civil war and the reaffirmation of Roman <a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">pietas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116-103">[94]</a> The visual iconography was particularly ideologically charged: though it made no direct references to Augustus, it employed several images and tropes commonly associated with him in contemporary culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker1990195-132">[121]</a> The classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilles_Sauron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilles Sauron (page does not exist)">Gilles Sauron</a> has interpreted many of the temple's artworks, including that of the Danaids and the scenes on the temple's doors, as emblematic of the divine punishment of impietas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023117-133">[122]</a> Assessments of the sanctuary's primary significance vary. Walker has described the temple as "Augustus's personal shrine",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062-47">[42]</a> a view echoed by Zanker, who considers that the adjacent house was that of Augustus, has suggested that the two buildings combined in a manner reminiscent of a Hellenistic palace-complex.<a href="#cite_note-134">[123]</a> Pointing to the prominence of the sanctuary's libraries, the classical archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilian_Balensiefen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilian Balensiefen (page does not exist)">Lilian Balensiefen</a> has described the temple as a "literary sanctuary" in which Apollo was venerated in his capacity as a god of learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202185-67">[59]</a> For Zanker, the temple was part of a cultural programme intended both to emulate and to surpass the artistic achievements of ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089-6">[6]</a> The temple was also used for meetings of the senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144-30">[27]</a> Over time, the temple was given additional functions, likely on an ad hoc basis rather than as part of any preconceived plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996213-135">[124]</a> From around 20 BCE,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023126-136">[125]</a> the temple was used to store the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a>, a series of prophetic writings believed to date from the time of Rome's semi-legendary king <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Tarquinius Superbus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 510 BCE), which Augustus moved there from the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. They were stored in gold cases in the base of the cult statue of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-137">[126]</a> The temple became a popular site for the dedication of <a href="/wiki/Votive" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive">votive</a> offerings, particularly statues. According to Augustus's autobiography, the <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a>, he melted down approximately 80 silver statues of himself that had been offered there by Rome's citizens, sold the resulting metal and used the proceeds to purchase gold tripods in honour of Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a> The temple played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Secular_Games" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a>, a religious and artistic festival revived by Augustus in 17 BCE and repeated irregularly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcan201383-138">[127]</a> On 3 June, the third day of the inaugural games, Augustus and his lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> made sacrifices to Apollo and Diana at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218Wiseman2012374-139">[128]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a> wrote his <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saeculare" title="Carmen Saeculare">Carmen Saeculare</a>, a religious hymn, for the occasion: it received its first performance on the same day, sung at the temple by a choir of 27 boys and 27 girls and accompanied by sacrifices to Apollo and Diana.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> In years where the Secular Games were held, priests known as the <a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a>, who had responsibility for the temple's Sibylline Books, met at the temple on 25 May and cast lots to determine which of them would sit on the various tribunals which distributed purifying agents – torches, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulphur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> – to the Roman people. The temple was then used, alongside the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Diana_(Rome)" title="Temple of Diana (Rome)">Temple of Diana on the Aventine</a> and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans, to receive offerings of <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">first fruits</a> (fruges) and as centres for the distribution of the aforementioned purifying agents (purgamenta).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe201273–74-142">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea,_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo,_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A terracotta plaque showing two male figures facing each other towards the centre: Apollo, on the left, and Hercules, wearing the Nemean Lion's skin, on the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg/220px-Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg/330px-Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg/440px-Antefisse_e_lastre_di_et%C3%A0_augustea%2C_dall%27are_adel_tempio_di_apollo%2C_contesa_di_apollo_ed_ercole_per_il_tripode_delfico_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta plaque from the temple's precinct, showing the contest between <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> for the Delphic tripod</figcaption></figure> In modern times, the temple has been described by Ward-Perkins as "one of the earliest and finest of the Augustan temples".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198136-1">[1]</a> It was noted by contemporaries as among Rome's most impressive monuments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144-30">[27]</a> and described by the historians <a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> in the 1st century CE as the greatest of Augustus's building projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192916–17-143">[132]</a> Suetonius similarly described it as among Augustus's most important architectural works, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Temple of Mars Ultor</a> and the Temple of Jupiter Tonans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabcock1967189-144">[133]</a> Delignon has suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Proem" class="mw-redirect" title="Proem">proem</a> of the poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgics" title="Georgics">Georgics</a>, published in 29 BCE, may have alluded to the proposed or incipient construction of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023132-145">[134]</a> The Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> attended the opening of the temple and wrote two <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegies</a> to celebrate it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061Roccos1989571-33">[30]</a> The first of these (conventionally numbered 2.31) was written around the time of the temple's dedication and published in either 25 or 24 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023118-146">[135]</a> Propertius's contemporary Horace published an <a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">ode</a> (1.31) in 23 BCE, ostensibly written on the day of the temple's dedication to celebrate Apollo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023120–122-147">[136]</a> Around 20 BCE, the poet <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a> wrote an elegy (2.5) commemorating the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Messallinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus">Marcus Valerius Messalinus</a> as a priest of Apollo with responsibility for inspecting the Sibylline Books stored at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023126-136">[125]</a> The temple's political significance and association with Actium became universal themes of poetic responses to the monument from 16 BCE onwards, when Propertius published the second of his elegies on the temple (4.6).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023122–123-148">[137]</a> A common motif in these poetic works was the association between the Sibylline Books and the works of the poets themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202190-149">[138]</a> The newly intensified religious significance of the Palatine Hill also featured in its presentation in the eighth book of Virgil's <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>, composed between 29 and 19 BCE, in which the king <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallantium" title="Evander of Pallantium">Evander</a> walks Aeneas around the future site of the temple;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitzer1999-11">[10]</a> later in Aeneid 8, the Battle of Actium is reconstructed as a <a href="/wiki/Theomachy" title="Theomachy">theomachic</a> contest on the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Aeneas" title="Shield of Aeneas">Shield of Aeneas</a>, and Augustus's triple triumph of 29 BCE is anachronistically imagined as having taken place at the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023129-150">[139]</a> Many of the responses to the temple in Augustan poetry have been read as appropriating, subverting or challenging its political and ideological significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115-35">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a> (published around 4 BCE), wrote of the temple as a particularly fruitful place to find pretty women.<a href="#cite_note-151">[140]</a> Later, in the <a href="/wiki/Tristia" title="Tristia">Tristia</a> (composed between 9 and 18 BCE), he included the temple in an imagined tour of the monuments of central Rome.<a href="#cite_note-152">[141]</a> The temple's cult statue of Apollo was depicted on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorrento_Base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorrento Base (page does not exist)">Sorrento Base</a>, a late-Augustan or early-Tiberian (that is, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 14 CE) statue plinth first identified as a depiction of it by the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_H%C3%BClsen" title="Christian Hülsen">Christian Hülsen</a> in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989573–574-153">[142]</a> Gros has suggested that a group of bronze statues found in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Papyri" title="Villa of the Papyri">Villa of the Papyri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, known as "dancers" or "Danaids", were modelled after those of the Danaids from the Portico of the Danaids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_study">Archaeological study</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaeological study">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large capital from the top of a Roman column." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg/220px-Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg/330px-Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg/440px-Remains_of_Temple_Apollo_Palatinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Remains of a <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> capital from the temple.</figcaption></figure> In modern times, only the cement core of the temple's podium, measuring 19.2 by 37.0 by 4.7 metres (63.0 by 121.4 by 15.4 ft),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234-58">[52]</a> survives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">[38]</a> as well as isolated architectural fragments including blocks from the cella.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200847-13">[12]</a> Pietro Rosa made the first full excavations of the area around the temple in the nineteenth century. He began working on the Palatine in 1861, in the employ of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Gardens" title="Farnese Gardens">Farnese Gardens</a> which included the site of the temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2006207-154">[143]</a> In 1863, he discovered the Arcus Octavii to the north of the temple,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229-118">[108]</a> followed by the concrete core of the temple's podium in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211-155">[144]</a> In the same year, he consolidated the surviving fragments of the temple and built a staircase over them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200847-13">[12]</a> In 1869 he discovered the surviving fragments of statuary in the Portico of the Danaids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229-118">[108]</a> and he carried out his final excavations in 1870. During Rosa's excavations, the site was opened to the public on Thursdays, though visitors had to obtain a permit from the French government, and Rosa often led tours himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2006207–208-156">[145]</a> Further excavations took place under <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Bartoli" title="Alfonso Bartoli">Alfonso Bartoli</a> in 1937, as part of Bartoli's extensive excavations in the Roman Forum and on the Palatine; he removed 40,000 cubic metres (52,000 cu yd) of earth to bring the whole domus Augusti complex down to its Roman level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELugli19466Carettoni1960193Coarelli2014142-157">[146]</a> In the 1950s, Giuseppe Lugli re-surveyed and documented the surviving remains: this work was described in 2008 as the most detailed existing study of the temple's ruins, though it contains contradictions and ambiguities, particularly over the width of the column axis (that is, the distance between the centres of adjacent columns).<a href="#cite_note-158">[147]</a> Rosa misidentified the temple as the third-century BCE <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter Victor">Temple of Jupiter Invictus</a> (or Jupiter Victor), believing its location on the side of the Palatine to be reminiscent of that of other Republican-era sanctuaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014128-90">[82]</a> The architect <a href="/wiki/Henri_Deglane_(architect)" title="Henri Deglane (architect)">Henri Deglane</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Rome" title="École française de Rome">French School at Rome</a>, accepted this identification in his 1885–1886 reconstruction of what he called the "Palace of the Caesars" on the Palatine Hill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129-159">[148]</a> In 1910, Giovanni Pinza studied the concrete used in the temple and concluded that it was early Augustan in date, being similar to that used for the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a>, completed in 28 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014p._129,_n._11-160">[149]</a> The first to identify the temple as Apollo Palatinus was the nineteenth-century art historian <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Reber" title="Franz von Reber">Franz von Reber</a>; this identification was advanced in a 1914 article by the classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliffe_Legh_Richmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliffe Legh Richmond (page does not exist)">Oliffe Legh Richmond</a>, who argued for it largely from the correspondence between the excavated remains and literary <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/testimonia" class="extiw" title="wikt:testimonia">testimonia</a> of the temple. By 1952, scholars had generally come to accept Pinza's conclusion that the temple had been constructed on top of the remains of houses constructed in the late Republican period (that is, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100 – c. 30 BCE), which eliminated any possibility of its being third-century in date.<a href="#cite_note-161">[150]</a> The temple was by this time almost universally accepted as Apollo Palatinus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop1956187-162">[151]</a> The area around the temple, including its sanctuary and the rest of the domus Augusti complex, was further excavated by Carettoni between 1958 and 1984.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211Zink2015359-163">[152]</a> The excavations of 1968 saw the excavation of the temple's pronaos as well as the beginning of the collection of the fragmentary terracotta plaques, which continued in 1969 and 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">[100]</a> Carettoni's excavations were only partially published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006149-164">[153]</a> The work of both Rosa and Carettoni involved extensive reconstruction, which was continued thereafter by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soprintendenza_Archeologica_di_Roma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma (page does not exist)">Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprintendenza_Speciale_Archeologia_Belle_Arti_e_Paesaggio_di_Roma" class="extiw" title="it:Soprintendenza Speciale Archeologia Belle Arti e Paesaggio di Roma">it</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2012390-165">[154]</a> Zink carried out an architectural survey of the temple from 2006, primarily aimed at reconstructing the dimensions, measurements and form of its plan and elevation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2012389-166">[155]</a> In 2008, he investigated the architectural remains of the façade for the traces of its original colouring, together with the conservator and colour scientist Heinrich Piening.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009109-167">[156]</a> Between 2009 and 2013, Zink also documented the architectural remains in an area south-west of the temple, revealing a building dating to the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Rome">archaic period</a> (that is, between the sixth and early fifth centuries BCE), which he posited to have been a small shrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2015359–360,_362-168">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> According to Zanker, Greek art was held to have an "acknowledged moral superiority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Previous projects, such as the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a>, had been conducted in collaboration with others: in that case, his fellow <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">triumvirs</a> Antony and <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010100-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The classicists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivier_Hekster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivier Hekster (page does not exist)">Olivier Hekster</a> and John Rich dispute any direct connection between the victory and the temple;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006154–155-27">[25]</a> the classicist Robert Gurval has similarly argued that it is difficult to be certain that Octavian intended for the temple to be predominantly associated with Actium.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> A minority view, first advanced by the architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_H%C3%BClsen" title="Christian Hülsen">Christian Hülsen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192918-42">[39]</a> holds that the temple known from Roman literary sources as the Temple of Apollo Palatinus was in the hitherto-unexcavated area of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigna_Barberini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vigna Barberini (page does not exist)">Vigna Barberini</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_Barberini" class="extiw" title="it:Vigna Barberini">it</a>] on the northern side of the Palatine Hill, but this suggestion is generally rejected in favour of the conventional identification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Richardson199214-43">[40]</a> In this article, references to the archaeological site and excavated remains refer to the temple near the so-called domus Augusti. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The precise relative position of the Temple of Apollo and the Portico of the Danaids is disputed: the portico is generally held either to have been situated on a terrace immediately below the temple, or to have surrounded it on its own level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996219Quenemoen2006-45">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> The classicist David L. Thompson points out that the account of Suetonius, which provides the evidence for senate meetings in the temple <a href="/wiki/Religious_precinct" title="Religious precinct">precinct</a>, is technically ambiguous as to where exactly in the sanctuary they occurred, but concludes that the portico and its libraries are the most likely answer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1981338–339-51">[46]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The archaeologist Caroline K. Quenemoen gives the date of destruction as 364 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234-58">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, whose work is the primary source for the destruction, uses the word templum ('temple') to refer to the damaged structure, which usually referred to the entire sacred area around the main temple building (aedes).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242-57">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> The classicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Jones_Roccos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Jones Roccos (page does not exist)">Linda Jones Roccos</a> has argued that the statue was not in fact ancient, but rather made by an Augustan sculptor copying the style of earlier Greek statues, particularly the Athenian type known as "Apollo Patroos" ('Apollo the Ancestor').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989587-100">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> That is, a breach of pietas and so of the compact between human beings and the gods: the murder of a close relative was seen as the most extreme example of impietas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMattingly1999126-113">[104]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> The classicist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Galinsky" title="Karl Galinsky">Karl Galinsky</a> has suggested that the scene may represent the two characters reconciling after their conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996223-121">[111]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198136-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198136_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198136_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, pp. 125–126. For the origins of Apollo's worship in Rome, see <a href="#CITEREFJannot2005">Jannot 2005</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199052-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199052_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 21; Suetonius records the remark at Divus Augustus 28.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 37. Augustus made the claim in <a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae</a> 20.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199089_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199089_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199089_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061_8-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuck2021140-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuck2021140_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuck2021140_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuck2021">Tuck 2021</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014132-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014132_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitzer1999-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitzer1999_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitzer1999_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitzer1999">Schmitzer 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989571-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoccos1989571_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoccos1989">Roccos 1989</a>, p. 571. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200847-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink200847_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink200847_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink200847_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink200847_13-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2008">Zink 2008</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010100-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010100_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2010">Claridge 2010</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch2005134-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelch2005134_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelch2005">Welch 2005</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200071-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200071_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200071_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200071_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200071_17-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumi2015218-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumi2015218_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSumi2015">Sumi 2015</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeeney2006468Zanker199057-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeeney2006468Zanker199057_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeeney2006">Feeney 2006</a>, p. 468; <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202210-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman202210_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 129. Suetonius records the story at Divus Augustus 94.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199049-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199049_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFavro2007238-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFavro2007238_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFavro2007">Favro 2007</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner201353–54-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner201353–54_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner2013">Gardner 2013</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006152-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006152_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199354-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199354_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199354_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006154–155-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006154–155_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurval1995">Gurval 1995</a>, chapter 2, discussed in <a href="#CITEREFClauss1996">Clauss 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2022144_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2022">Morgan 2022</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006Galinsky1996-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006Galinsky1996_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, pp. 152, 158; <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 62. The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> reports the omen at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=49.15&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0593">49.15.5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200061Roccos1989571-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061Roccos1989571_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200061Roccos1989571_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFRoccos1989">Roccos 1989</a>, p. 571. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996214-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996214_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023115_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006153-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006153_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202229-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman202229_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006155-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006155_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajava20227–12-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajava20227–12_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKajava2022">Kajava 2022</a>, pp. 7–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962129Richardson199214-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962129Richardson199214_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962129Richardson199214_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143_41-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192918-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192918_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatnerAshby1929">Platner & Ashby 1929</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Richardson199214-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Richardson199214_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 229; <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996219Quenemoen2006-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996219Quenemoen2006_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 219; <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200062_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200062_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200062_47-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192984Schmitzer1999Rohmann2016242-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192984Schmitzer1999Rohmann2016242_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatnerAshby1929">Platner & Ashby 1929</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFSchmitzer1999">Schmitzer 1999</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRohmann2016">Rohmann 2016</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1981339-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1981339_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1981">Thompson 1981</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1981338–339-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson1981338–339_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1981">Thompson 1981</a>, pp. 338–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1981">Thompson 1981</a>, p. 339; see also <a href="#CITEREFTomei2000">Tomei 2000</a>, p. 573. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompson1981">Thompson 1981</a>, p. 339. Tacitus recounts this episode at <a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a> 13.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199356-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199356_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962130Gros199356-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962130Gros199356_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 130; <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohmann2016">Rohmann 2016</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242–243-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohmann2016242–243_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohmann2016">Rohmann 2016</a>, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014133,_136-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014133,_136_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, pp. 133, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohmann2016243-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohmann2016243_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohmann2016">Rohmann 2016</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202184–85-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer202184–85_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198137-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198137_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198137_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962126-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962126_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202185-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer202185_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer202185_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1996832-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1996832_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrice1996">Price 1996</a>, p. 832. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson199214-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199214_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199214_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson199214_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuck2021">Tuck 2021</a>, p. 140. For the date of the Temple of Victory, see <a href="#CITEREFAndo2013">Ando 2013</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013255-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013255_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2013">Wiseman 2013</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2013">Wiseman 2013</a>, p. 255, citing <a href="#CITEREFIacopiTendone2006">Iacopi & Tendone 2006</a>; see also <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006231-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006231_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 29, citing Vitruvius, <a href="/wiki/De_Architectura" class="mw-redirect" title="De Architectura">De Architectura</a> 3.3.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink200863-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink200863_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2008">Zink 2008</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellum199376-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellum199376_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellum1993">Kellum 1993</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli201432-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli201432_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006236-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006236_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199356Quenemoen2006232-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199356Quenemoen2006232_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 232. Quenemoen suggests alternative dimensions of 40 by 25 metres (131 by 82 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006236-78">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2015369-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink2015369_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2015">Zink 2015</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962130-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962130_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomei2000560-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomei2000560_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomei2000">Tomei 2000</a>, p. 560. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStamper2015174-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStamper2015174_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStamper2015">Stamper 2015</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014141Wiseman202228-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014141Wiseman202228_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 141; <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 55: for fluting, <a href="#CITEREFZink2008">Zink 2008</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009110-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009110_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinkPiening2009">Zink & Piening 2009</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009113-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009113_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinkPiening2009">Zink & Piening 2009</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234Zink200848-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006234Zink200848_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 234; <a href="#CITEREFZink2008">Zink 2008</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 234, citing <a href="#CITEREFLugli1965">Lugli 1965</a>, pp. 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014128-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014128_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014128_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129Wiseman2022-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129Wiseman2022_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129; <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010Claridge2014138–141Wiseman202229-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2010Claridge2014138–141Wiseman202229_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2010">Claridge 2010</a>; <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, pp. 138–141; <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 61. The Punic columns quotation is from Propertius, Elegies 2.31, and recalls the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a> in which Rome defeated the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198122-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard-Perkins198122_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200072note_2Ward-Perkins198136-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200072note_2Ward-Perkins198136_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 72, note 2; <a href="#CITEREFWard-Perkins1981">Ward-Perkins 1981</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200062–63-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200062–63_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200063-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200063_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962132-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962132_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143Guerrini1958936-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoarelli2014143Guerrini1958936_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFGuerrini1958">Guerrini 1958</a>, p. 936. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989587-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoccos1989587_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoccos1989">Roccos 1989</a>, p. 587. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989579-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoccos1989579_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoccos1989">Roccos 1989</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199085–86-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199085–86_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuerrini1958936-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuerrini1958936_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuerrini1958">Guerrini 1958</a>, p. 936. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 61, citing Pliny, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural History">Natural History</a> 36.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013250-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman2013250_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2013">Wiseman 2013</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinkPiening2009">Zink & Piening 2009</a>, p. 114. For the association between Apollo and the acanthus, see <a href="#CITEREFPollini2012">Pollini 2012</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGros199355-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGros199355_109-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Tomei199756-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229Tomei199756_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 229; <a href="#CITEREFTomei1997">Tomei 1997</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheard2022p._52,_citing_[[#CITEREFCandilio1989|Candilio_1989]],_pp.&nbsp;86,_88-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheard2022p._52,_citing_[[#CITEREFCandilio1989|Candilio_1989]],_pp.&nbsp;86,_88_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheard2022">Sheard 2022</a>, p. 52, citing <a href="#CITEREFCandilio1989">Candilio 1989</a>, pp. 86, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 61, with reference to Propertius, Elegies 2.31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotterMattingly1999126-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotterMattingly1999126_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPotterMattingly1999">Potter & Mattingly 1999</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116–117-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116–117_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 14. For the statue of Danaus, see <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2018283-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2018283_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2018">Cook 2018</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuenemoen2006229_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuenemoen2006">Quenemoen 2006</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuck2021141–142-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuck2021141–142_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTuck2021">Tuck 2021</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 114. Tuck places them as "lining" the inside of the portico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuck2021141–142-119">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996223-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996223_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellum1993">Kellum 1993</a>, pp. 77–78: see also <a href="#CITEREFTuck2021">Tuck 2021</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellum199378-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellum199378_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellum1993">Kellum 1993</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGros1993">Gros 1993</a>, p. 55. For the association between the baetylus and Apollo, see <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker199089Longfellow2010281-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker199089Longfellow2010281_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFLongfellow2010">Longfellow 2010</a>, p. 281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomei199760Coarelli2014157-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomei199760Coarelli2014157_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomei1997">Tomei 1997</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiustiniBrilliGallocchioPensabene2018">Giustini et al. 2018</a>, p. 252 (on the use of Pentelic marble in the Temple of Apollo Palatinus); <a href="#CITEREFBernard2010">Bernard 2010</a>, pp. 49–50 (on the status of Pentelic marble in Rome). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill1962132Harper202116-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill1962132Harper202116_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 132; <a href="#CITEREFHarper2021">Harper 2021</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2006_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2006">Miller 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116Sauron1994501-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023116Sauron1994501_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFSauron1994">Sauron 1994</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker1990195-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker1990195_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023117-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023117_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 12, citing <a href="#CITEREFZanker1983">Zanker 1983</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996213-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996213_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023126-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023126_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023126_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 143, citing <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, Divus Augustus 31.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurcan201383-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurcan201383_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurcan2013">Turcan 2013</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218Wiseman2012374-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalinsky1996218Wiseman2012374_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalinsky1996">Galinsky 1996</a>, p. 218; <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2012">Wiseman 2012</a>, p. 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker1990169-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanker1990169_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2012">Wiseman 2012</a>, p. 374; <a href="#CITEREFCooley2023">Cooley 2023</a>, p. 277. For the position of the choir and sacrifices within the Secular Games, see <a href="#CITEREFZanker1990">Zanker 1990</a>, p. 169. Zanker gives the choir as three choruses, each composed of seven boys and seven girls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanker1990169-140">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForsythe201273–74-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForsythe201273–74_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForsythe2012">Forsythe 2012</a>, pp. 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192916–17-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatnerAshby192916–17_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatnerAshby1929">Platner & Ashby 1929</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabcock1967189-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabcock1967189_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabcock1967">Babcock 1967</a>, p. 189. Suetonius, at Divus Augustus 29.1–3, uses the phrase vel praecipua (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'among the foremost'). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023132-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023132_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023118-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023118_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023120–122-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023120–122_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023122–123-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023122–123_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer202190-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer202190_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2021">Fischer 2021</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023129-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelignon2023129_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2000">Walker 2000</a>, p. 62; Ars Amatoria 3.379–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDelignon2023">Delignon 2023</a>, pp. 124–125; Tristia 3.1. For the dates of the Tristia and Ars Amatoria, see <a href="#CITEREFThorsen2013">Thorsen 2013</a>, p. 381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoccos1989573–574-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoccos1989573–574_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoccos1989">Roccos 1989</a>, pp. 573–574. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2006207-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2006207_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2006">Cooley 2006</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2006207–208-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2006207–208_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2006">Cooley 2006</a>, pp. 207–208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELugli19466Carettoni1960193Coarelli2014142-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELugli19466Carettoni1960193Coarelli2014142_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLugli1946">Lugli 1946</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFCarettoni1960">Carettoni 1960</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2008">Zink 2008</a>, p. 49; for Lugli's survey, see <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014129_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014p._129,_n._11-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaridge2014p._129,_n._11_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129, n. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoarelli2014">Coarelli 2014</a>, p. 143; <a href="#CITEREFHill1962">Hill 1962</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFClaridge2014">Claridge 2014</a>, p. 129. Richmond's article is <a href="#CITEREFRichmond1914">Richmond 1914</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop1956187-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop1956187_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishop1956">Bishop 1956</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211Zink2015359-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman202211Zink2015359_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiseman2022">Wiseman 2022</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFZink2015">Zink 2015</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006149-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeksterRich2006149_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeksterRich2006">Hekster & Rich 2006</a>, p. 149. The published reports are <a href="#CITEREFCarettoni1967">Carettoni 1967</a> and <a href="#CITEREFCarettoni1978">Carettoni 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2012390-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink2012390_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2012">Zink 2012</a>, p. 390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2012389-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink2012389_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2012">Zink 2012</a>, p. 389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009109-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZinkPiening2009109_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZinkPiening2009">Zink & Piening 2009</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZink2015359–360,_362-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZink2015359–360,_362_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZink2015">Zink 2015</a>, pp. 359–360, 362. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndo2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Ando" title="Clifford Ando">Ando, Clifford</a> (2013) [2000]. Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28016-8"><bdi>978-0-520-28016-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Ideology+and+Provincial+Loyalty+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28016-8&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1967" class="citation journal cs1">Babcock, Charles L. (1967). "Horace Carm. 1. 32 and the Dedication of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus". 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The Classical Review. 56 (1): 207–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X05001083">10.1017/S0009840X05001083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231895519">231895519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=%28M.A.%29+Tomei+Scavi+francesi+sul+Palatino.+Le+indagini+di+Pietro+Rosa+per+Napoleone+III.+%28Roma+Antica+vol.+5.%29+Pp.+xlvi+555%2C+gs%2C+b%2Fw+and+colour+ills.+Rome%3A+%C3%89cole+Fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome+and+Soprintendenza+Archeologica+di+Roma%2C+1999.+Cased%2C+%E2%82%AC152.+ISBN+2-7283-0604-4&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X05001083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231895519%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooley2023" class="citation book cs1">Cooley, M.G.L. (2023) [2008]. Cooley, M. G. L. (ed.). The Age of Augustus. Lactor Sourcebooks in Ancient History. Vol. 17 (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009382885">10.1017/9781009382885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-38289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-38289-2"><bdi>978-1-009-38289-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Augustus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Lactor+Sourcebooks+in+Ancient+History&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009382885&rft.isbn=978-1-009-38289-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=M.G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelignon2023" class="citation book cs1">Delignon, Bénédicte (2023). "Cultural Memory, from Monument to Poem: The Case of the Temple of Apollo Palatinus in the Augustan Poets". In Dinter, Martin T.; Guérin, Charles (eds.). Cultural Memory in Republican and Augustan Rome. 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"Si licet et fas est: Ovid's Fasti and the Problem of Free Speech under the Principate". In Knox, Peter E. (ed.). Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 464–488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928115-2"><bdi>978-0-19-928115-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Si+licet+et+fas+est%3A+Ovid%27s+Fasti+and+the+Problem+of+Free+Speech+under+the+Principate&rft.btitle=Oxford+Readings+in+Ovid&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E488&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928115-2&rft.aulast=Feeney&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischer2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fischer, Jens (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FGLB2021-2-6">"Vates Apollinis, vates Augusti - Das Verhältnis des palatinischen Apollonheiligtums zu Orakeln und sein Einfluss auf das Selbstverständnis der zeitgenössischen Dichter"</a> [Vates Apollinis, vates Augusti – The Relation of the Palatine Sanctuary of Apollo to Oracles, and its Influence on the Self-Image of Contemporary Poets]. Graeco-Latina Brunensia (in German). 26 (2): 83–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FGLB2021-2-6">10.5817/GLB2021-2-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Graeco-Latina+Brunensia&rft.atitle=Vates+Apollinis%2C+vates+Augusti+-+Das+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+des+palatinischen+Apollonheiligtums+zu+Orakeln+und+sein+Einfluss+auf+das+Selbstverst%C3%A4ndnis+der+zeitgen%C3%B6ssischen+Dichter&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FGLB2021-2-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5817%252FGLB2021-2-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsythe2012" class="citation book cs1">Forsythe, Gary (2012). 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05890-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustan+Culture%3A+An+Interpretative+Introduction&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05890-0&rft.aulast=Galinsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardner2013" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Hunter H. (2013). Gendering Time in Augustan Love Elegy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965239-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965239-6"><bdi>978-0-19-965239-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+Time+in+Augustan+Love+Elegy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965239-6&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Hunter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiustiniBrilliGallocchioPensabene2018" class="citation book cs1">Giustini, Francesca; Brilli, Mauro; Gallocchio, Enrico; Pensabene, Patrizio (2018). "Characterisation of White Marble Objects from the Temple of Apollo and the House of Augustus (Palatine Hill, Rome)". 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"Apollo Palatinus". In <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Steinby" title="Margareta Steinby">Steinby, Eva Margareta</a> (ed.). Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae (in French). Vol. 1. Rome: Edizioni Quazar. pp. 54–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7097-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7097-019-7"><bdi>978-88-7097-019-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apollo+Palatinus&rft.btitle=Lexicon+Topographicum+Urbis+Romae&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Edizioni+Quazar&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-88-7097-019-7&rft.aulast=Gros&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuerrini1958" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guerrini, Lucia (1958). "Avianus Evander". 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Milan: Electa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-435-6324-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-435-6324-6"><bdi>88-435-6324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museo+Palatino&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Electa&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=88-435-6324-6&rft.aulast=Tomei&rft.aufirst=Maria+Antonietta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomei2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomei, Maria Antonietta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5102_2000_num_112_2_9537">"I resti dell'arco di Ottavio sul Palatino e il portico delle Danaidi"</a> [The Remains of the Arch of Octavius on the Palatine and the Portico of the Danaids]. 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"Reconstructing the Palatine Temple of Apollo: A Case Study in Early Augustan Temple Design". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 21: 47–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400004372">10.1017/S1047759400004372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194951253">194951253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Palatine+Temple+of+Apollo%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Early+Augustan+Temple+Design&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759400004372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194951253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZink2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zink, Stephan (2012). "Old and New Archaeological Evidence for the Plan of the Palatine Temple of Apollo". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 25: 389–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759400001264">10.1017/S1047759400001264</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F422855">20.500.11850/422855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194963325">194963325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Old+and+New+Archaeological+Evidence+for+the+Plan+of+the+Palatine+Temple+of+Apollo&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F422855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194963325%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759400001264&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZink2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zink, Stephan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/296357/files/S1047759415002524.pdf">"The Palatine Sanctuary of Apollo: The Site and its Development, 6th to 1st c. B.C."</a> (PDF). Journal of Roman Archaeology. 28: 358–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759415002524">10.1017/S1047759415002524</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F106901">20.500.11850/106901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190832524">190832524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Palatine+Sanctuary+of+Apollo%3A+The+Site+and+its+Development%2C+6th+to+1st+c.+B.C.&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E370&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F106901&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190832524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759415002524&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F296357%2Ffiles%2FS1047759415002524.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+of+Apollo+Palatinus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus_(Rome)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Temple of Apollo Palatinus (Rome)">Temple of Apollo Palatinus (Rome)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicaen.fr/rome/visite3.php?langue=anglais&action=maquette&idMonu=32">Images and bibliography</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Landmarks of Rome Temple of Apollo Palatinus </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Template talk:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments_of_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monuments of Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Rome677" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Landmarks of Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Walls and gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Ardeatina" title="Porta Ardeatina">Ardeatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Asinaria" title="Porta Asinaria">Asinaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Latina" title="Porta Latina">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore" title="Porta Maggiore">Maggiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Metronia" title="Porta Metronia">Metronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Nomentana" title="Porta Nomentana">Nomentana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Pia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pinciana" title="Porta Pinciana">Pinciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_del_Popolo" title="Porta del Popolo">Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Portese" title="Porta Portese">Portese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Pancrazio" title="Porta San Pancrazio">San Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo" title="Porta San Paolo">San Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Giovanni_(Rome)" title="Porta San Giovanni (Rome)">San Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Sebastiano" title="Porta San Sebastiano">San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Settimiana" title="Porta Settimiana">Settimiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Tiburtina" title="Porta Tiburtina">Tiburtina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonine_City" title="Leonine City">Leonine Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Cavalleggeri" title="Porta Cavalleggeri">Cavalleggeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Pertusa" title="Porta Pertusa">Pertusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Santo_Spirito" title="Porta Santo Spirito">Santo Spirito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Castra Praetoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janiculum_walls" title="Janiculum walls">Janiculum Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Terreus" title="Murus Terreus">Terreus Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Romuli Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Caelimontana" title="Porta Caelimontana">Caelimontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Capena" title="Porta Capena">Capena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Collina" title="Porta Collina">Collina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Esquilina" title="Porta Esquilina">Esquilina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Fontinalis" title="Porta Fontinalis">Fontinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Viminale" title="Porta Viminale">Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Naevia" title="Porta Naevia">Naevia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Querquetulana" title="Porta Querquetulana">Querquetulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Trigemina" title="Porta Trigemina">Trigemina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_obelisks_in_Rome" title="List of obelisks in Rome">obelisks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Obelisk" title="Lateran Obelisk">Lateran Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Obelisk" title="Flaminio Obelisk">Flaminian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_Obelisk" title="Elephant and Obelisk">Obelisk of Minerveo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">Obelisk of Montecitorio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome" title="List of ancient monuments in Rome">Ancient Roman landmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Triumphal arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dolabella" title="Arch of Dolabella">Arch of Dolabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Drusus" title="Arch of Drusus">Arch of Drusus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Gallienus" title="Arch of Gallienus">Arch of Gallienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Janus" title="Arch of Janus">Arch of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Novus" title="Arcus Novus">Arcus Novus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Aqueducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Appia" title="Aqua Appia">Aqua Appia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Aqua Alexandrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Vetus" title="Aqua Anio Vetus">Aqua Anio Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Anio_Novus" title="Aqua Anio Novus">Aqua Anio Novus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Claudia" title="Aqua Claudia">Aqua Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Marcia" title="Aqua Marcia">Aqua Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Tepula" title="Aqua Tepula">Aqua Tepula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Sewers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Circi_Maximi" title="Cloaca Circi Maximi">Cloaca Circi Maximi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Public baths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Nero" title="Baths of Nero">Baths of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Trajan" title="Baths of Trajan">Baths of Trajan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple of Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Temple of Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hadrian" title="Temple of Hadrian">Temple of Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Victor" title="Temple of Hercules Victor">Temple of Hercules Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Forum_Holitorium)" title="Temple of Janus (Forum Holitorium)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Tonans" title="Temple of Jupiter Tonans">Temple of Jupiter Tonans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Minerva_Medica_(nymphaeum)" title="Temple of Minerva Medica (nymphaeum)">Temple of Minerva Medica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus">Temple of Portunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largo_di_Torre_Argentina" title="Largo di Torre Argentina">Largo di Torre Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_Maggiore_Basilica" title="Porta Maggiore Basilica">Porta Maggiore Basilica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Fora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_fora" title="Imperial fora">Imperial fora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Nerva" title="Forum of Nerva">Forum of Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Forum of Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Forum" title="Trajan's Forum">Trajan's Forum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Boarium" title="Forum Boarium">Forum Boarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Holitorium" title="Forum Holitorium">Forum Holitorium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Argentaria" title="Basilica Argentaria">Basilica Argentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Basilica of Junius Bassus">Basilica of Junius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Ulpia" title="Basilica Ulpia">Basilica Ulpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Maxentius" title="Circus of Maxentius">Circus of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludus_Magnus" title="Ludus Magnus">Ludus Magnus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Sallust" title="Gardens of Sallust">Gardens of Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Palaces and villae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Augustana" title="Domus Augustana">Domus Augustana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Flavian Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Domitian" title="Palace of Domitian">Palace of Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Gordiani" title="Villa Gordiani">Villa Gordiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insula_dell%27Ara_Coeli" title="Insula dell'Ara Coeli">Insula dell'Ara Coeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Quintilii" title="Villa of the Quintilii">Villa of the Quintilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_dei_Sette_Bassi" title="Villa dei Sette Bassi">Villa of the sette bassi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Column monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Column of Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Aemilia" title="Porticus Aemilia">Porticus Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Market" title="Trajan's Market">Trajan's Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casal_Rotondo" title="Casal Rotondo">Casal Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Domitilla" title="Catacombs of Domitilla">Catacombs of Domitilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of San Sebastiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbarium_of_Pomponius_Hylas" title="Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas">Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Helena" title="Mausoleum of Helena">Mausoleum of Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Maxentius" title="Mausoleum of Maxentius">Mausoleum of Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius" title="Pyramid of Cestius">Pyramid of Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Eurysaces_the_Baker" title="Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker">Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Hilarus_Fuscus" title="Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus">Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Haterii" title="Tomb of the Haterii">Tomb of the Haterii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_Via_Latina" title="Tombs of Via Latina">Tombs of Via Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Priscilla" title="Tomb of Priscilla">Tomb of Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigna_Randanini" title="Vigna Randanini">Vigna Randanini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Cestius" title="Pons Cestius">Pons Cestius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Fabricius" title="Pons Fabricius">Pons Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Milvio" title="Ponte Milvio">Ponte Milvio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Ponte Sant'Angelo">Ponte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Roman Catholic basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_fuori_le_mura" title="San Lorenzo fuori le mura">S. Lorenzo fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura" title="Sant'Agnese fuori le mura">S. Agnese fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Agostino,_Rome" title="Sant'Agostino, Rome">S. Agostino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino" title="Sant'Anastasia al Palatino">S. Anastasia al Palatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte" title="Sant'Andrea delle Fratte">S. Andrea delle Fratte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_della_Valle" title="Sant'Andrea della Valle">S. Andrea della Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_da_Padova_in_Via_Merulana" title="Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana">S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Apollinare,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant'Apollinare, Rome">S. Apollinare alle Terme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Apostoli,_Rome" title="Santi Apostoli, Rome">Ss. Apostoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Balbina" title="Santa Balbina">S. Balbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bartolomeo_all%27Isola" title="San Bartolomeo all'Isola">S. Bartolomeo all'Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Bonifacio_ed_Alessio" title="Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio">Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Camillo_de_Lellis" title="San Camillo de Lellis">S. Camillo de Lellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Ambrogio_e_Carlo_al_Corso" title="Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso">S. Carlo al Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cecilia_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Cecilia in Trastevere">S. Cecilia in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Celso_e_Giuliano" title="Santi Celso e Giuliano">Ss. Celso e Giuliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Clemente_al_Laterano" title="San Clemente al Laterano">S. Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Cosma_e_Damiano,_Rome" title="Santi Cosma e Damiano, Rome">Ss. Cosma e Damiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Crisogono,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="San Crisogono, Rome">S. Crisogono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Via_Flaminia" title="Santa Croce in Via Flaminia">S. Croce in Via Flaminia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce_in_Gerusalemme" title="Santa Croce in Gerusalemme">S. Croce in Gerusalemme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eugenio" title="Sant'Eugenio">S. Eugenio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%27Eustachio" title="Sant'Eustachio">S. Eustachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Francesca_Romana" title="Santa Francesca Romana">S. Francesca Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina"> S. Giovanni a Porta Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_dei_Fiorentini" title="San Giovanni dei Fiorentini">S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_al_Celio" title="Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio">Ss. Giovanni e Paolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Damaso" title="San Lorenzo in Damaso">S. Lorenzo in Damaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_in_Lucina" title="San Lorenzo in Lucina">S. Lorenzo in Lucina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Ausiliatrice,_Rome" title="Santa Maria Ausiliatrice, Rome">S. Maria Ausiliatrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Evangelista_al_Campidoglio,_Rome" title="San Marco Evangelista al Campidoglio, Rome">S. Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_degli_Angeli_e_dei_Martiri" title="Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri">S. Maria degli Angeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dei_Miracoli_and_Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto" title="Santa Maria dei Miracoli and Santa Maria in Montesanto">S. Maria dei Miracoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Montesanto,_Rome" title="Santa Maria in Montesanto, Rome">S. Maria in Montesanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Cosmedin" title="Santa Maria in Cosmedin">S. Maria in Cosmedin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Domnica" title="Santa Maria in Domnica">S. Maria in Domnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Ara_Coeli" title="Santa Maria in Ara Coeli">S. Maria in Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">S. Maria del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_sopra_Minerva" title="Santa Maria sopra Minerva">S. Maria sopra Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Santa Maria in Trastevere">S. Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via" title="Santa Maria in Via">S. Maria in Via</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Via_Lata" title="Santa Maria in Via Lata">S. Maria in Via Lata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Vittoria,_Rome" title="Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome">S. Maria della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Martino_ai_Monti" title="San Martino ai Monti">S. Martino ai Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo" title="Santi Nereo e Achilleo">Ss. Nereo e Achilleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Nicola_in_Carcere" title="San Nicola in Carcere">S. Nicola in Carcere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pancrazio" title="San Pancrazio">S. Pancrazio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">S. Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">S. Prassede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">S. Pudenziana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santi_Quattro_Coronati" title="Santi Quattro Coronati">Ss. Quattro Coronati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Rome" title="San Saba, Rome">S. Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">S. Sabina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Maria" title="Sacro Cuore di Maria">Sacro Cuore di Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Cristo_Re" title="Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re">Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Cuore_di_Ges%C3%B9_a_Castro_Pretorio" title="Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio">Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebastiano_fuori_le_mura" title="San Sebastiano fuori le mura">S. Sebastiano fuori le mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Silvestro_in_Capite" title="San Silvestro in Capite">S. Silvestro in Capite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sisto_Vecchio" title="San Sisto Vecchio">S. Sisto Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Sofia_a_Via_Boccea" title="Santa Sofia a Via Boccea">S. Sofia a Via Boccea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_al_Monte_Celio" title="Santo Stefano al Monte Celio">S. Stefano Rotondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_Rome" title="Santa Teresa, Rome">S. Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Vitale,_Rome" title="San Vitale, Rome">S. Vitale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">Other churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Rome" title="Churches of Rome">List of churches in Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Castles and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arx_(Roman)" title="Arx (Roman)">Arx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_dei_Cavalieri_di_Rodi" title="Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi">Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domus_Internationalis_Paulus_VI" title="Domus Internationalis Paulus VI">Domus Internationalis Paulus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Aragona_Gonzaga" title="Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga">Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini" title="Palazzo Barberini">Palazzo Barberini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini_ai_Giubbonari" title="Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari">Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Borghese" title="Palazzo Borghese">Palazzo Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Cancelleria" title="Palazzo della Cancelleria">Palazzo della Cancelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_Palace" title="Chigi Palace">Palazzo Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_della_Consulta" title="Palazzo della Consulta">Palazzo della Consulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese" title="Palazzo Farnese">Palazzo Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Fusconi-Pighini" title="Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini">Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustiniani,_Rome" title="Palazzo Giustiniani, Rome">Palazzo Giustinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Madama,_Rome" title="Palazzo Madama, Rome">Palazzo Madama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Malta" title="Palazzo Malta">Palazzo Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Justice,_Rome" title="Palace of Justice, Rome">Palazzo di Giustizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Massimo_alle_Colonne" title="Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne">Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Mattei" title="Palazzo Mattei">Palazzo Mattei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Palazzo del Quirinale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pamphilj" title="Palazzo Pamphilj">Palazzo Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Poli" title="Palazzo Poli">Palazzo Poli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Rome" title="Palazzo Corsini, Rome">Palazzo Riario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ruspoli" title="Palazzo Ruspoli">Palazzo Ruspoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Spada" title="Palazzo Spada">Palazzo Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Valentini" title="Palazzo Valentini">Palazzo Valentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vidoni-Caffarelli" title="Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli">Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_del_Viminale" title="Palazzo del Viminale">Palazzo del Viminale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Wedekind" title="Palazzo Wedekind">Palazzo Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Zuccari,_Rome" title="Palazzo Zuccari, Rome">Palazzo Zuccari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnesina" title="Villa Farnesina">Villa Farnesina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia" title="Villa Giulia">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Madama" title="Villa Madama">Villa Madama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Api" title="Fontana delle Api">Api</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Felice" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Felice">Acqua Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dell%27Acqua_Paola" title="Fontana dell'Acqua Paola">Acqua Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babuino" title="Babuino">Babuino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Barcaccia" title="Fontana della Barcaccia">Barcaccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Facchino" title="Il Facchino">Il Facchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marforio" title="Marforio">Marforio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Moro" title="Fontana del Moro">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasone" title="Nasone">Nasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Navicella,_Rome" title="Fontana della Navicella, Rome">Navicella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Rome" title="Fountain of Neptune, Rome">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Nettuno,_Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Fontana del Nettuno, Piazza del Popolo">Nettuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">del Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pianto" title="Fontana del Pianto">Pianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Fontana di Piazza d'Aracoeli">di Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Colonna" title="Fontana di Piazza Colonna">di Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontane_di_Piazza_Farnese" title="Fontane di Piazza Farnese">di Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_della_Piazza_dei_Quiriti" title="Fontana della Piazza dei Quiriti">della Piazza dei Quiriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_di_Piazza_Nicosia" title="Fontana di Piazza Nicosia">di Piazza Nicosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_in_Piazza_Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere" title="Fountain in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere">in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontanone_di_Ponte_Sisto" title="Fontanone di Ponte Sisto">di Ponte Sisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Quattro Fiumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_Fontane" title="Quattro Fontane">Quattro Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_delle_Tartarughe" title="Fontana delle Tartarughe">Tartarughe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_the_Tritons" title="Fountain of the Tritons">Tritons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Tritone,_Rome" title="Fontana del Tritone, Rome">Tritone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Altare della Patria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_Verano" title="Campo Verano">Campo Verano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Capocci" title="Torre dei Capocci">Capocci Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Rome" title="Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome">Column of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_dei_Conti" title="Torre dei Conti">Conti Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Hospital of the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_delle_Milizie" title="Torre delle Milizie">Milizie Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponte_Sisto" title="Ponte Sisto">Sisto Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Steps" title="Spanish Steps">Spanish Steps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piazzas_in_Rome" title="Category:Piazzas in Rome">Squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Rome" title="List of streets in Rome">streets</a> and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campo_de%27_Fiori" title="Campo de' Fiori">Campo de' Fiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Colonna" title="Piazza Colonna">Piazza Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_d%27Aracoeli" title="Piazza d'Aracoeli">Piazza d'Aracoeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo" title="Piazza del Popolo">Piazza del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Minerva" title="Piazza della Minerva">Piazza della Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica,_Rome" title="Piazza della Repubblica, Rome">Piazza della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Farnese" title="Piazza Farnese">Piazza Farnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Navona" title="Piazza Navona">Piazza Navona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">Piazza San Pietro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_di_Spagna" title="Piazza di Spagna">Piazza di Spagna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piazza_Venezia" title="Piazza Venezia">Piazza Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Coronari" title="Via dei Coronari">Via dei Coronari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_del_Corso" title="Via del Corso">Via del Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali" title="Via dei Fori Imperiali">Via dei Fori Imperiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Veneto" title="Via Veneto">Via Veneto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Rome" title="List of parks and gardens in Rome">Parks, gardens</a> and zoos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioparco_di_Roma" title="Bioparco di Roma">Bioparco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Ada" title="Villa Ada">Villa Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Borghese_gardens" title="Villa Borghese gardens">Villa Borghese gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Doria_Pamphili" title="Villa Doria Pamphili">Villa Doria Pamphili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Medici" title="Villa Medici">Villa Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Torlonia_(Rome)" title="Villa Torlonia (Rome)">Villa Torlonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parco_degli_Acquedotti" title="Parco degli Acquedotti">Parco degli Acquedotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Rome" title="List of museums in Rome">Museums and art galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boncompagni_Ludovisi_Decorative_Art_Museum" title="Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum">Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe" title="Casa di Goethe">Casa di Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Comunale_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Rome" title="Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna, Rome">Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria_Pamphilj" title="Galleria Doria Pamphilj">Galleria Doria Pamphilj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Antica" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_d%27Arte_Moderna" title="Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna">Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico_House_Museum" title="Giorgio de Chirico House Museum">Giorgio de Chirico House Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galleria_Spada" title="Galleria Spada">Galleria Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Rome" title="Jewish Museum of Rome">Jewish Museum of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keats%E2%80%93Shelley_Memorial_House" title="Keats–Shelley Memorial House">Keats–Shelley Memorial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXXI" title="MAXXI">MAXXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Archeologico_Ostiense" title="Museo Archeologico Ostiense">Museo Archeologico Ostiense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Barracco_di_Scultura_Antica" title="Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica">Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Civico_di_Zoologia" title="Museo Civico di Zoologia">Museo Civico di Zoologia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_anime_del_Purgatorio" title="Museo delle anime del Purgatorio">Museo delle anime del Purgatorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_delle_Mura" title="Museo delle Mura">Museo delle Mura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma" title="Museo di Roma">Museo di Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Roma_in_Trastevere" title="Museo di Roma in Trastevere">Museo di Roma in Trastevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_nazionale_del_Palazzo_di_Venezia" title="Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia">Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Etruscan_Museum" title="National Etruscan Museum">Museo Nazionale Etrusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_Romano" title="Museo Nazionale Romano">Museo Nazionale Romano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museo_Storico_Nazionale_dell%27Arte_Sanitaria" title="Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria">Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_of_Rome" title="Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome">Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Roman_Civilization" title="Museum of Roman Civilization">Museum of Roman Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Ara_Pacis" title="Museum of the Ara Pacis">Museum of the Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Liberation_of_Rome" title="Museum of the Liberation of Rome">Museum of the Liberation of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Oriental_Art" title="National Museum of Oriental Art">National Museum of Oriental Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Colonna" title="Palazzo Colonna">Palazzo Colonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Esposizioni" title="Palazzo delle Esposizioni">Palazzo delle Esposizioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigorini_National_Museum_of_Prehistory_and_Ethnography" title="Pigorini National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography">Pigorini National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porta_San_Paolo_Railway_Museum" title="Porta San Paolo Railway Museum">Porta San Paolo Railway Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accademia_Nazionale_di_Santa_Cecilia_Musical_Instruments_Museum" title="Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum">Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti_Museum" title="Venanzo Crocetti Museum">Venanzo Crocetti Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocca_della_Verit%C3%A0" title="Bocca della Verità">La Bocca della Verità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Battle_sarcophagus" title="Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus">Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Ecstasy of Saint Teresa">Ecstasy of Saint Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portonaccio_sarcophagus" title="Portonaccio sarcophagus">Portonaccio sarcophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Rooms" title="Raphael Rooms">Raphael Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velletri_Sarcophagus" title="Velletri Sarcophagus">Velletri Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Seven_Hills35" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Rome" title="Seven hills of Rome">Seven Hills</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelian_Hill" title="Caelian Hill">Caelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Hill" title="Quirinal Hill">Quirinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminal_Hill" title="Viminal Hill">Viminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiber_Island" title="Tiber Island">Tiber Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Testaccio" title="Monte Testaccio">Monte Testaccio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Rome_Capital" title="Metropolitan City of Rome Capital">Metropolitan City of Rome Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appian_Way_Regional_Park" title="Appian Way Regional Park">Appian Way Regional Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capo_di_Bove" title="Capo di Bove">Capo di Bove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Orsini-Odescalchi" title="Castello Orsini-Odescalchi">Castello Orsini-Odescalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Aldobrandini" title="Villa Aldobrandini">Villa Aldobrandini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_d%27Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Rome" title="Culture of Rome">Events and traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica" title="Festa della Repubblica">Festa della Repubblica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Quadriennale" title="Rome Quadriennale">Rome Quadriennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space:normal; 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238431426">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4219689-9">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/257097394">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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