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class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ripping" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ripping" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ripping" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ripping_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ripping_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ripping software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ripping_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions_of_ripping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions_of_ripping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opinions of ripping</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opinions_of_ripping-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opinions of ripping subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opinions_of_ripping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fair_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fair use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_copying_acknowledgments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_copying_acknowledgments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Personal copying acknowledgments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_copying_acknowledgments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumvention_of_DVD_copy_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumvention_of_DVD_copy_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Circumvention of DVD copy protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumvention_of_DVD_copy_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Ripping</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="ضغط فيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضغط فيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ripping" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippen" title="Rippen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rippen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripear" title="Ripear – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ripear" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_(informatique)" title="Rip (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rip (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippen" title="Rippen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rippen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%91" title="리핑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리핑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Ռիփինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիփինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrakcija_podataka_s_opti%C4%8Dkih_medija" title="Ekstrakcija podataka s optičkih medija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekstrakcija podataka s optičkih medija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ripping" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ריפינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריפינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perungkaian" title="Perungkaian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perungkaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="リッピング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リッピング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ripping" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippaus" title="Rippaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rippaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rippa" title="Rippa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rippa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripleme" title="Ripleme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ripleme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE-,_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Конвертування аудіо-, відеоінформації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвертування аудіо-, відеоінформації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E5%BD%95" title="翻录 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="翻录" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=DVD_ripper&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD ripper">DVD ripper</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Copying digital media to a data storage device</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about copying digital media. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rip_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rip (disambiguation)">Rip</a>.</div> <p><b>Ripping</b> is the extraction of digital content from a container, such as a CD, onto a new digital location. Originally, the term meant to rip music from <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> games.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, the term was applied to ripping <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> or <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> files from digital <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Compact_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact disk">CDs</a>, and after that to the extraction of contents from any <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#media" title="Computer data storage">storage media</a>, including <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> discs, as well as the extraction of video game <a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>. </p><p>Despite the name, neither the media nor the data is damaged after extraction. Ripping is often used to <a href="/wiki/Format_shifting" title="Format shifting">shift formats</a>, and to edit, duplicate or back up media content. A <b>rip</b> is the extracted content, in its destination <a href="/wiki/Content_format" title="Content format">format</a>, along with accompanying files, such as a <a href="/wiki/Cue_sheet_(computing)" title="Cue sheet (computing)">cue sheet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_logging" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data logging">log file</a> from the ripping software. </p><p>To rip the contents out of a container is different from simply <a href="/wiki/File_copying" title="File copying">copying</a> the whole container or a file. When creating a copy, nothing looks into the transferred file, nor checks if there is any encryption or not, and raw copy is also not aware of any file format. One can copy a DVD byte by byte via programs like <a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix_software)#Uses" class="mw-redirect" title="Dd (Unix software)">the Linux dd</a> command onto a hard disk, and play the resulting <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO file</a> just as one would play the original DVD. </p><p>To rip contents is also different from grabbing an analog signal and re-encoding it, as it was done with early day <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drives not capable of digital audio extraction (DAE). Sometimes even encoding, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Digitizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizing">digitizing</a> audio and video originally stored on <a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">analog formats</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl records</a> is incorrectly referred to as ripping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ripping_software">Ripping software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ripping software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a>, CD grabber or CD extractor is a piece of software designed to extract or "rip" raw digital audio (in format commonly called CDDA) from a compact disc to a file or other output. Some all-in-one ripping programs can simplify the entire process by ripping and burning the audio to disc in one step, possibly re-encoding the audio on-the-fly in the process. </p><p>For example, audio CDs contain 16-bit, 44.1 kHz <a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a>-encoded audio samples interleaved with secondary data streams and synchronization and error correction info. The ripping software tells the CD drive's <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> to read this data and parse out just the LPCM samples. The software then dumps them into a <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a> file, or feeds them to another <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> to produce, for example, a <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a> or <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> file. Depending on the capabilities of the ripping software, ripping may be done on a track-by-track basis, or all tracks at once, or over a custom range. The ripping software may also have facilities for detecting and correcting errors during or after the rip, as the process is not always reliable, especially when the CD or the drive containing the CD itself is damaged or defective. </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DVD_ripper_software" title="Comparison of DVD ripper software">DVD rippers</a> which operate in a similar fashion. Unlike audio CDs, DVDs do contain data formatted in files for use in computers. However, commercial DVDs are often <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> (for example, using <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a>/ARccOS Protection), preventing access to the files without using the ripping software's decryption ability, which may not be legal to distribute or use. DVD files are often larger than is convenient to distribute or copy to <a href="/wiki/CD-R" title="CD-R">CD-R</a> or ordinary (not dual-layer) <a href="/wiki/DVD-R" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD-R">DVD-R</a>, so DVD ripping software usually offers the ability to re-encode the content, with some quality loss, so that it fits in smaller files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></div> <p>When the material being ripped is not in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, and the person making the rip does not have the copyright owner's permission, then such ripping may be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>. However, some countries either explicitly allow it in certain circumstances, or at least don't forbid it. Some countries also have <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>-type laws which allow unauthorized copies to be made under certain conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ripping" title="Special:EditPage/Ripping">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A directive of the European Union allows its member nations to instate in their legal framework a <i>private copy</i> exception to the authors and editors rights. If a member State chooses to do so, it must also introduce a compensation for the copyright holders. Most European countries, except for Norway, have introduced a private copying levy that compensates the owners directly from the country's budget. In 2009 the sum awarded to them was $55 million. In all but a few of these countries (exceptions include the UK and Malta), the levy is excised on all machines and blank materials capable of copying copyrighted works. </p><p>Under the directive, making copies for other people is forbidden, and if done for profit can lead to a jail sentence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, citizens are allowed to make copies of their legally bought audio and video. This includes <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a>. These copies are called "home copies" and may only be used by the ripper. Public distribution of ripped files is not allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, anyone is allowed to make a private copy of a copyrighted material for oneself, providing that the copier has accessed the original material legally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private copying of copyrighted material is illegal in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-privatecopyinggone_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-privatecopyinggone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2009 survey, 59% of British consumers believed ripping a CD to be legal, and 55% admitted to doing it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the UK government sought input on modernizing copyright exceptions for the digital age, and commissioned the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hargreaves_Review_of_Intellectual_Property_and_Growth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth (page does not exist)">Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth</a></i>. The review asserted that a private copying exception was overdue, citing that users were unaware of what was even legally allowed, and that a copyright law where "millions of citizens are in daily breach of copyright, simply for shifting a piece of music or video from one device to another" was not "fit for the digital age".<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review recommended, among other things, that the government consider adopting the EU <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Directive">Copyright Directive</a>'s recommendation that member states enact an exception for private, noncommercial copying so long as the rights holders receive "fair compensation." Other EU member states chose to implement the exception paired with a tax on music purchases or widely varying levies on copying equipment and blank media.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Impact_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impact-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Review reasoned that no such collections are necessary when implementing a copyright exception for format-shifting: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The UK has a thriving market for personal media devices which rely on private copying. We see no economic argument for adding an extra charge to these devices in order to authorise reasonable private acts which are part of the normal use of devices. Indeed, without that copying, normal use of those devices would be largely restricted to playing music or films bought online. We are not aware of strong evidence of harm to rights holders done by this kind of private copying in the normal course of using digital equipment to play works. There is considerable evidence of overall public benefits from consumer use. [...] The Review favours a limited private copying exception which corresponds to what consumers are already doing. As rights holders are well aware of consumers’ behaviour in this respect, our view is that the benefit of being able to do this is already factored into the price that rights holders are charging. A limited private copying exception which corresponds to the expectations of buyers and sellers of copyright content, and is therefore already priced into the purchase, will by definition not entail a loss for right holders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In August 2011, the government broadly accepted the recommendations of the Hargreaves Review.<sup id="cite_ref-Response_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Response-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2012, the government published "Modernising Copyright", a document outlining specific changes the government intends to make, including the Hargreaves-recommended exception for private, noncommercial copying.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernising_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernising-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following each milestone in the reform process, press reports circulated that ripping non-DRM-protected CDs and DVDs was no longer illegal. However, the actual legislation to implement the changes is not yet in force; the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a> had only begun seeking review of draft legislation in June 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Statutory_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Instruments">Statutory Instruments</a> (SIs) weren't laid out for Parliamentary approval until March 27, 2014, and weren't actually approved until July 14 (Commons)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and July 27 (Lords);<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an effective date of October 1, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-PrivateUseUKSI_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrivateUseUKSI-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anticipating approval, the Intellectual Property Office published a guide for consumers to explain the forthcoming changes and to clarify what would remain illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-ConsumerGuide_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConsumerGuide-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The private copying exception may seem to conflict with the existing Copyright Directive prohibition on overriding or removing any DRM or TPM (<a href="/wiki/Technical_protection_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical protection measures">technical protection measures</a>) that are sometimes used on optical media to protect the content from ripping.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the "Modernising Copyright" report makes clear that any workarounds to allow access will not involve a relaxation of the prohibition.<sup id="cite_ref-Modernising_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modernising-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 July 2015, the private copying exemption was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> following a complaint by <a href="/wiki/BASCA" class="mw-redirect" title="BASCA">BASCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicians%27_Union_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicians' Union (UK)">Musicians' Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UK_Music" title="UK Music">UK Music</a>, making private copying once again illegal. The groups objected to the exclusion of a compensation scheme, presenting evidence contradicting an assertion that an exemption would cause "zero or insignificant harm" to copyright holders and thus did not require compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-privatecopyinggone_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-privatecopyinggone-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian-highcourt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-highcourt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. copyright law (<a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">Title 17 of the United States Code</a>) generally says that making a copy of an original work, if conducted without the consent of the copyright owner, is infringement. The law makes no explicit grant or denial of a right to make a "personal use" copy of another's copyrighted content on one's own digital media and devices. For example, <a href="/wiki/Space_shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Space shifting">space shifting</a>, by making a copy of a personally owned audio CD for transfer to an MP3 player for that person's personal use, is not explicitly allowed or forbidden. </p><p>Existing copyright statutes <i>may</i> apply to specific acts of personal copying, as determined in cases in the civil or criminal court systems, building up a body of <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a>. Consumer copyright infringement cases in this area, to date, have only focused on issues related to consumer rights and the applicability of the law to the sharing of ripped files, not to the act of ripping, <i>per se</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Act of Canada">Copyright Act of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally says that it is legal to make a backup copy of any copyrighted work if the user owns or has a licence to use a copy of the work or subject-matter as long as the user does not circumvent a <a href="/wiki/Technological_protection_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological protection measure">technological protection measure</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or give any of the reproductions away. This means that in most cases, ripping DVDs in Canada is most likely illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a copy of any legally purchased music may be made by its owner, as long as it is not distributed to others and its use remains personal. In Australia, this was extended in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to also include photographs and films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions_of_ripping">Opinions of ripping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opinions of ripping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">Recording industry</a> representatives have made conflicting statements about ripping. </p><p>Executives claimed (in the context of <i>Atlantic v. Howell</i>) that ripping may be regarded as copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-Uproar_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uproar-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In oral arguments before the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a>'</i>, MGM attorney <a href="/wiki/Donald_Verrilli_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Verrilli Jr.">Don Verrilli</a> (later appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">United States Solicitor General</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>), stated: "The record companies, my clients, have said, for some time now, and it's been on their Website for some time now, that it's perfectly lawful to take a CD that you've purchased, upload it onto your computer, put it onto your <a href="/wiki/IPod" title="IPod">iPod</a>. There is a very, very significant lawful commercial use for that device, going forward."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in lawsuits against individuals accused of copyright infringement for making files available via file-sharing networks, RIAA lawyers and PR officials have characterized CD ripping as "illegal" and "stealing".<sup id="cite_ref-Uproar_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uproar-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-npr08_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr08-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When asked directly about the issue, RIAA president Cary Sherman asserted that the lawyers misspoke, and that the RIAA has never said whether it was legal or illegal, emphasizing that the RIAA had not yet taken anyone to court over that issue alone.<sup id="cite_ref-npr08_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr08-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_use">Fair use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fair use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although certain types of infringement scenarios are allowed as <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> and thus are effectively considered non-infringing, "personal use" copying is not explicitly mentioned as a type of fair use, and case law has not yet established otherwise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_copying_acknowledgments">Personal copying acknowledgments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal copying acknowledgments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Congressional reports, part of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (AHRA) of 1992 was intended to resolve the debate over home taping. However, 17 USC 1008, the relevant text of the legislation, didn't fully indemnify consumers for noncommercial, private copying. Such copying is broadly permitted using analog devices and media, but digital copying is only permitted with certain technology like DAT, MiniDisc, and "audio" CD-R—not with computer hard drives, portable media players, and general-purpose CD-Rs. </p><p>The AHRA was partially tested in <i>RIAA v. Diamond Multimedia, Inc.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a late-1990s case which broached the subject of a consumer's right to copy and format-shift, but which ultimately only ascertained that one of the first portable MP3 players wasn't even a "<a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> device" covered by the law, so its maker wasn't required to pay royalties to the recording industry under other terms of the AHRA. </p><p>Statements made by the court in that case, and by both the House and Senate in committee reports about the AHRA, do interpret the legislation as being intended to permit private, noncommercial copying with any digital technology. However, these interpretations may not be binding. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> (FTC), a government office which requires business to engage in consumer-friendly trade practices, has acknowledged that consumers normally expect to be able to rip audio CDs. Specifically, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG_copy_protection_rootkit_scandal" title="Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal">Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal</a>, the FTC declared that the marketing and sale of audio CDs which surreptitiously installed <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) software constituted deceptive and unfair trade practices, in part because the record company "represented, expressly or by implication, that consumers will be able to use the CDs as they are commonly used on a computer: to listen to, transfer to playback devices, and copy the audio files contained on the CD for personal use."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b>DVD ripper</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that facilitates copying the content of a <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a>. They are mainly used to transfer video on DVDs to different formats, to edit or back up DVD content, and to convert DVD video for playback on media players and mobile devices. Some DVD rippers include additional features such as <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray</a> support, DVD and Blu-ray Disc decryption, <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> removal and the ability to make discs unrestricted and <a href="/wiki/Regional_lockout" title="Regional lockout">region-free</a>. While most DVD rippers only convert video to highly compressed <a href="/wiki/MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a> video files, there are other rippers that can convert DVDs to higher quality compressed video. These types of DVD rippers are used by the television and film industry to create broadcast quality video from DVD. Video ripped by these professional DVD rippers is an exact duplicate of the original DVD video. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumvention_of_DVD_copy_protection">Circumvention of DVD copy protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Circumvention of DVD copy protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case where media contents are protected using some <i>effective</i> <a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">copy protection</a> scheme, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA) of 1998 makes it illegal to manufacture or distribute circumvention tools and use those tools for infringing purposes. In the 2009 case <i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._DVD_Copy_Control_Association,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. DVD Copy Control Association, Inc.">RealNetworks v. DVD CCA</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the final injunction reads, "while it may well be fair use for an individual consumer to store a backup copy of a personally owned DVD on that individual's computer, a federal law has nonetheless made it illegal to manufacture or traffic in a device or tool that permits a consumer to make such copies."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case made clear that manufacturing and distribution of circumvention tools was illegal, but use of those tools for non-infringing purposes, including fair use purposes, was not. </p><p>The Library of Congress periodically issues rulings to exempt certain classes of works from the DMCA's prohibition on the circumvention of copy protection for non-infringing purposes. One such ruling in 2010 declared, among other things, that the <a href="/wiki/Content_Scramble_System" title="Content Scramble System">Content Scramble System</a> (CSS) commonly employed on commercial DVDs could be circumvented to enable non-infringing uses of the DVD's content.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) hailed the ruling as enabling DVD excerpts to be used for the well-established fair-use activities of criticism and commentary, and for the creation of derivative works by video remix artists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the text of the ruling says the exemption can only be exercised by professional educators and their students, not the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">Digital video recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_music_ripping" title="Radio music ripping">Radio music ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecine_(copying)" title="Telecine (copying)">Telecine (copying)</a>, a copy of a film created with a telecine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screener_(promotional)" title="Screener (promotional)">DVDScr (DVD Screener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R5_(bootleg)" title="R5 (bootleg)">R5 (bootleg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riplock" title="Riplock">Riplock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Decrypter" title="DVD Decrypter">DVD Decrypter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_DVD_ripper_software" title="Comparison of DVD ripper software">Comparison of DVD ripper software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.bup" class="mw-redirect" title=".bup">BUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFO_file" class="mw-redirect" title="IFO file">IFO file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_authoring" title="DVD authoring">DVD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirated_movie_release_types" title="Pirated movie release types">Pirated movie release types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HandBrake" title="HandBrake">HandBrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_ripper" title="Blu-ray ripper">Blu-ray ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DVD_authoring_applications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of DVD authoring applications">List of DVD authoring applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripping&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ars-privatecopyinggone-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ars-privatecopyinggone_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ars-privatecopyinggone_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrodkin2015" class="citation web cs1">Brodkin, Jon (July 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/07/ripping-cds-and-movies-for-personal-use-is-once-again-illegal-in-uk/">"Ripping CDs and movies for personal use is once again illegal in UK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Ripping+CDs+and+movies+for+personal+use+is+once+again+illegal+in+UK&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft.aulast=Brodkin&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2015%2F07%2Fripping-cds-and-movies-for-personal-use-is-once-again-illegal-in-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8000876.stm">"UK 'has the worst copyright laws'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2009-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+%27has+the+worst+copyright+laws%27&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F8000876.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523081313/http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/en/content/cms/News___Press/UK_has_worst_copyrig/UK_has_worst_copyrig.aspx">"UK has worst copyright laws – 'by far'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Focus">Consumer Focus</a>. 28 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerfocus.org.uk/en/content/cms/News___Press/UK_has_worst_copyrig/UK_has_worst_copyrig.aspx">the original</a> on May 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UK+has+worst+copyright+laws+%E2%80%93+%27by+far%27&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerfocus.org.uk%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fcms%2FNews___Press%2FUK_has_worst_copyrig%2FUK_has_worst_copyrig.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargreaves-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313014253/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/types/hargreaves/hargreaves-copyright/hargreaves-copyright-techreview.htm">"Technical review of draft legislation on copyright exceptions"</a>. <i>ipo.gov.uk</i>. July 31, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipo.gov.uk/types/hargreaves/hargreaves-copyright/hargreaves-copyright-techreview.htm">the original</a> on March 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipo.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Technical+review+of+draft+legislation+on+copyright+exceptions&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipo.gov.uk%2Ftypes%2Fhargreaves%2Fhargreaves-copyright%2Fhargreaves-copyright-techreview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Impact-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Impact_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328013158/http://www.ipo.gov.uk//ia-exception-privatecopy.pdf">"Impact Assessment: Copyright Exception for Private Copying"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 13 Dec 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipo.gov.uk/ia-exception-privatecopy.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-03-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+Assessment%3A+Copyright+Exception+for+Private+Copying&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipo.gov.uk%2Fia-exception-privatecopy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Response-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Response_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipo.gov.uk/ipresponse-full.pdf">"The Government Response to the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3 Aug 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Government+Response+to+the+Hargreaves+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+and+Growth&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipo.gov.uk%2Fipresponse-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modernising-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modernising_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modernising_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140514004319/http://www.ipo.gov.uk:80/response-2011-copyright-final.pdf">"Modernising Copyright: A modern, robust and flexible framework"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ipo.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Private+Copying&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipo.gov.uk%2Ftechreview-private-copying.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmvote/140714v01.htm">"House of Commons Votes and Proceedings"</a>. 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Votes+and+Proceedings&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201415%2Fcmvote%2F140714v01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span> (at item 10).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldhansrd/text/140729-0001.htm">"Copyright and Rights in Performances (Personal Copies for Private Use)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Ripping+your+DVDs%3A+It%27s+a+tricky+issue%2C+legally+speaking+%7C+The+Star&rft.date=2012-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fbusiness%2Fpersonal_finance%2Fspending_saving%2F2012%2F06%2F27%2Fripping_your_dvds_its_a_tricky_issue_legally_speaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s109a.html">Australian Copyright Act 1968 - Section 109A: Copying sound recordings for private and domestic use</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1994/0143/latest/whole.html#DLM1704667">New Zealand Copyright Act 1994 - Section 81A: Copying sound recording for personal use</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/caa2006213/sch6.html">COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT ACT 2006 (NO. 158, 2006) - SCHEDULE 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uproar-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uproar_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uproar_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2007" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Marc (2007-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/28/AR2007122800693.html?hpid=topnews">"Download Uproar: Record Industry Goes After Personal Use"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Download+Uproar%3A+Record+Industry+Goes+After+Personal+Use&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F12%2F28%2FAR2007122800693.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/04-480.pdf">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. (3/29/05), 04-480</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-npr08-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npr08_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npr08_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2008" class="citation news cs1">Cameron, Scott (3 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/talk/2008/01/rip_this_and_sue_that.html">"Rip This, and Sue That?"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Rip+This%2C+and+Sue+That%3F&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Ftalk%2F2008%2F01%2Frip_this_and_sue_that.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingel" class="citation magazine cs1">Singel, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2008/01/riaa-believes-m/">"RIAA Believes MP3s Are A Crime: Why This Matters"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=RIAA+Believes+MP3s+Are+A+Crime%3A+Why+This+Matters&rft.aulast=Singel&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fthreatlevel%2F2008%2F01%2Friaa-believes-m%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">180 F.3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/os/caselist/0623019/0623019cmp070629.pdf">"DOCKET NO. C-4195: COMPLAINT; In the Matter of SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, a general partnership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 29, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOCKET+NO.+C-4195%3A+COMPLAINT%3B+In+the+Matter+of+SONY+BMG+MUSIC+ENTERTAINMENT%2C+a+general+partnership.&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fos%2Fcaselist%2F0623019%2F0623019cmp070629.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/cases/universal-city-studios-v-realnetworks"><i>RealNetworks v. 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DVD-CCA - MEMORANDUM & ORDER</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2009-08-11</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RealNetworks+v.+DVD-CCA+-+MEMORANDUM+%26+ORDER&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Ffiles%2Ffilenode%2FRealDVD%2FReal%2520v%2520DVD-CCA%252C%2520PI%2520Order%2520081109.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/2010/Librarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html"><i>Statement of the Librarian of Congress Relating to Section 1201 Rulemaking</i></a>, U.S. Copyright Office, 2010-07-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statement+of+the+Librarian+of+Congress+Relating+to+Section+1201+Rulemaking&rft.pub=U.S.+Copyright+Office&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2F1201%2F2010%2FLibrarian-of-Congress-1201-Statement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2010/07/26"><i>Rulemaking Fixes Critical DMCA Wrongs</i></a>, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 2010-07-26</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulemaking+Fixes+Critical+DMCA+Wrongs&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eff.org%2Fpress%2Farchives%2F2010%2F07%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARipping" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-redirect" title="Philips CD-i">CD-i</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Book (CD standard)">Green Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Book_(CD_standard)" title="Blue Book (CD standard)">CD+</a> <ul><li>Blue Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_%2B_Extended_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc + Extended Graphics">CD+EG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD%2BG" title="CD+G">CD+G</a> (Karaoke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_compact_disc" title="Gold compact disc">Gold CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD" title="Mini CD">Mini CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Mode_CD" title="Mixed Mode CD">Mixed Mode CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_CD" title="Photo CD">Photo CD</a> <ul><li>Beige Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMCD" title="PMCD">PMCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaped_compact_disc" title="Shaped compact disc">shaped CD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootable_business_card" title="Bootable business card">business card CD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Book_(CD_standard)" title="White Book (CD standard)">White Book</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Books" title="Rainbow Books">Rainbow Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD authoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_authoring" title="Optical disc authoring">CD burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection" title="Compact Disc and DVD copy protection">CD copy protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_image#Uses" title="Disk image">CD emulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">CD manufacturing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CD ripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_rot" title="Disc rot">CD rot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc_bronzing" title="Compact disc bronzing">CD bronzing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_subcode" title="Compact Disc subcode">CD subcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C2_error" title="C2 error">C2 error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD-i_Ready" title="CD-i Ready">CD-i Ready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-channel_Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-channel Compact Disc Digital Audio">4ch CD-DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Torito_(CD-ROM_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Torito (CD-ROM standard)">El Torito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joliet_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joliet (file system)">Joliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo file system">Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ridge">Rock Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Resolution_Compact_Disc" title="Extended Resolution Compact Disc">XRCD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware/software/content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">CD Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portable_CD_player" title="Portable CD player">Portable CD player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">CD recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_CD_single" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini CD single">Mini CD single</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orange-Book-Standard" title="Orange-Book-Standard">Orange-Book-Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Compact_Disc_and_DVD_copy_protection_schemes" title="List of Compact Disc and DVD copy protection schemes">CD copy protection schemes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compact_disc_player_manufacturers" title="List of compact disc player manufacturers">CD player manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_disc_authoring_software" title="List of optical disc authoring software">Optical disc authoring software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants based on CD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5.1_Music_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="5.1 Music Disc">5.1 Music Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATRAC_CD" title="ATRAC CD">ATRAC CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">Video Single Disc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDVD" title="CDVD">cDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-density_compact_disc" title="Double-density compact disc">DD-CD</a> <ul><li>Purple Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DualDisc" title="DualDisc">DualDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">Hybrid DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Hybrid SACD</a> <ul><li>Scarlet Book</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_audio_optical_disc" title="Compressed audio optical disc">MP3 CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">VideoNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VinylDisc" title="VinylDisc">VinylDisc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">SACD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once_read_many" title="Write once read many">WORM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Compact_disc" title="Category:Compact disc">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a 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