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<li id="toc-Reign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_(1747–1772)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_(1747–1772)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_(1747–1772)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Afghan_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_of_the_Afghan_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Foundation of the Afghan state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_of_the_Afghan_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Early victories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Relations with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Panipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Battle_of_Panipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Third Battle of Panipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Battle_of_Panipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Durrani_rulers_in_the_Empire_(1772–1823)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Durrani_rulers_in_the_Empire_(1772–1823)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Durrani_rulers_in_the_Empire_(1772–1823)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humayun_Mirza_(1772)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humayun_Mirza_(1772)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Humayun Mirza (1772)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humayun_Mirza_(1772)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timur_Shah_(1772–1793)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timur_Shah_(1772–1793)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Timur Shah (1772–1793)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timur_Shah_(1772–1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Shah_(1793–1801)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Shah_(1793–1801)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Zaman Shah (1793–1801)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Shah_(1793–1801)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahmud_Shah_(first_reign,_1801–1803)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahmud_Shah_(first_reign,_1801–1803)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahmud_Shah_(first_reign,_1801–1803)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shuja_Shah_(1803–1809_and_1839–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shuja_Shah_(1803–1809_and_1839–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shuja_Shah_(1803–1809_and_1839–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahmud_Shah_(second_reign,_1809–1818)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahmud_Shah_(second_reign,_1809–1818)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahmud_Shah_(second_reign,_1809–1818)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbas_Mirza_(1810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbas_Mirza_(1810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Abbas Mirza (1810)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbas_Mirza_(1810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultan_Ali_Shah_(1818–1819)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultan_Ali_Shah_(1818–1819)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultan_Ali_Shah_(1818–1819)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ayub_Shah_(1819–1823)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayub_Shah_(1819–1823)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>Ayub Shah (1819–1823)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayub_Shah_(1819–1823)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Durrani_Herat_(1793–1863)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durrani_Herat_(1793–1863)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Durrani Herat (1793–1863)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durrani_Herat_(1793–1863)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shah_Shuja_and_the_First_Anglo_Afghan_War_(1839–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_Shuja_and_the_First_Anglo_Afghan_War_(1839–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_Shuja_and_the_First_Anglo_Afghan_War_(1839–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Durrani Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الدولة الدرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدولة الدرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_durrani" title="Imperiu durrani – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu durrani" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrranil%C9%99r_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Dürranilər imperiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dürranilər imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="دورا‌نیلر ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دورا‌نیلر ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="দুররানি সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুররানি সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Durrani Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Durrani Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дуранійская імперыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дуранійская імперыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дуранийска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дуранийска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duransko_Carstvo" title="Duransko Carstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duransko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Durrani" title="Imperi Durrani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Durrani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Durránská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Durránská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani-Reich" title="Durrani-Reich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Durrani-Reich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_riik" title="Durrani riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Durrani riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Ντουρανί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Ντουρανί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_durrani" title="Imperio durrani – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio durrani" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durana_Imperio" title="Durana Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Durana Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Inperioa" title="Durrani Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Durrani Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری درانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری درانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_durrani" title="Empire durrani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire durrani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="두라니 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두라니 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դուրանի կայսրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուրանի կայսրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="दुर्रानी साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्रानी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Durrani" title="Kekaisaran Durrani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Durrani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Durrani" title="Impero Durrani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Durrani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הדוראנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הדוראנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ದುರಾನಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುರಾನಿ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="დურანის სახელმწიფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დურანის სახელმწიფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Дуррани мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дуррани мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дуррани державасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дуррани державасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranio_imperija" title="Duranio imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Duranio imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദുറാനി സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുറാനി സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="दुराणी साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुराणी साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani-rijk" title="Durrani-rijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Durrani-rijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ドゥッラーニー帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥッラーニー帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durroniylar_davlati" title="Durroniylar davlati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Durroniylar davlati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="درانی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="درانی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="د درانيانو ټولواکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د درانيانو ټولواکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Durrani" title="Imperium Durrani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imperium Durrani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Durrani" title="Império Durrani – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Durrani" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дурранийская империя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дурранийская империя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Durrani Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="دراني سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="دراني سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorrani-valtakunta" title="Dorrani-valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dorrani-valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="துராணிப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துராணிப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCrr%C3%A2n%C3%AEler" title="Dürrânîler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dürrânîler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дурранійська імперія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дурранійська імперія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="درانی سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="درانی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Durrani" title="Đế quốc Durrani – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Durrani" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durraniyan" title="Durraniyan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Durraniyan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Afghan Empire" redirects here. For the 14th century state, see <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1747–1823 Afghan empire founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Durrani dynasty, see <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Durrani_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrani (disambiguation)">Durrani (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Durrani Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">د درانیانو ټولواکمني</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>)</span><br /><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" style="font-style: normal;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امپراتوری درانیان</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1747–1823 (Empire)</li><li>1793–1863 (Herat)</li><li>1839–1842 (Shuja's Kingdom)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Durrani Empire"><img alt="Flag of Durrani Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/125px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/188px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg/250px-Flag_of_Herat_until_1842.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">(Herat 1818–1842)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1747–1823 (Empire)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">1793–1863 (Herat)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">1839–1842 (Kabul)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> (1747–1776)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> (1776–1823, <br /></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> (1776–1823; <br /><sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> (1793–1863)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a> (poetry, initially used in bureaucracy)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (chancery, chief court language, historiographical works, diplomacy)<sup id="cite_ref-Green_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Afghanistan">Shah</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1747–1772 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1772 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Humayun Mirza <br />  (Disputed with Timur Shah)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1772–1793 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1793–1801 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1801–1803 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1803–1809 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shujah Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1809–1818 <br />  (Disputed in 1810) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mahmud Shah Durrani</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1810–1810 (Disputed) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Abbas Mirza Durrani</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1818–1819 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1819–1823 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1839–1842 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Shujah Shah Durrani</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dynasty established by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 1747</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shujah_Durrani" title="Shah Shujah Durrani">Shah Shujah Durrani</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1839</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1863</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•  </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 million<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/20px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/30px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg/40px-Afsharid_Imperial_Standard_%283_Stripes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/20px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/30px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/40px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara"><span class="nowrap">Bukhara Khanate</span></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281919%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar"><span class="nowrap">Principality of Qandahar</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Durrani Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> colloquially known as the <b>Afghan Empire</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <b>Sadozai Kingdom</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> empire founded by the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> in 1747, which spanned parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. At its peak, it ruled over present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, parts of northeastern and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lee_1996_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee_1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic empires</a> of the second half of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an <a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan</a> chieftain of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdali tribe</a>) and the commander of <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah Afshar</a>. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from <i>Abdali</i> to <i>Durrani</i>. In 1749, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> had ceded sovereignty over much of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, which was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Shahrokh_Shah" title="Shahrokh Shah">Shahrokh Shah</a>, who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Ahmad sent an army to subdue the areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> down to the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, and in short order, all of the different <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Afghan tribes</a> began to join his cause. Under Ahmad, <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">the Afghans invaded India on eight occasions</a>, subjugating parts of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and the majority of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. In early 1757, <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">he sacked Delhi</a>, but permitted Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a> to remain in nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty over the regions south of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>, till Sutlej river. </p><p>Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> became the next ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a>. Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new capital of the Durrani Empire while Peshawar served as its <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_multiple_capitals#More_than_one_capital_in_the_past" title="List of countries with multiple capitals">winter capital</a>. However, the empire had begun to crumble by this time,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Afghan-Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan-Sikh wars">faced territorial losses</a> of Peshawar, Multan and Kashmir to the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty would become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until <a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Muhammad Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a> deposed the Durrani dynasty in Kabul, leading to its supersession by the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a>. The Durrani Empire is considered to be the foundational polity of the modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a> of Afghanistan, with Ahmad being credited as its <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_(1747–1772)"><span id="Reign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_.281747.E2.80.931772.29"></span>Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_of_the_Afghan_state">Foundation of the Afghan state</h4></div> <p>In 1709, <a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a> chief of the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Province" title="Kandahar Province">Kandahar Province</a>, gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a> briefly ruled large parts of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and declared himself as <i>Shah of Persia</i>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a> came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled and banished by the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharids</a> who were led by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah_Afshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader Shah Afshar">Nader Shah Afshar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. </p><p>The year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June of that year a <i><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">loya jirga</a></i> (grand council) was called into session. The <i>jirga</i> lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Sadozai. Mohammad Sabir Khan, a noted <i>darwish</i> (holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be the leader of the Afghans, rose in the <i>jirga</i> and said </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it.</p></blockquote> <p>Ahmad Khan reputedly hesitated to accept the open decision of the <i>jirga</i>, so Sabir Khan again intervened. He placed some wheat or barley sheaves in Ahmad Khan's turban, and crowned him <i>Badshah, Durr-i-Dauran</i> (Shah, Pearl of the Age).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>jirga</i> concluded near the city of Kandahar with <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> being selected as the new leader of the Afghans, thus the Durrani dynasty was founded. Despite being younger than the other contenders, Ahmad Shah had several overriding factors in his favor. He belonged to a respectable family of political background, especially since his father had served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Herat" title="List of governors of Herat">Governor of Herat</a> who died in a battle defending the Afghans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_victories">Early victories</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ahmad-Shah_Durrani._Mughal_miniature._ca._1757%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, c. 1757</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Ahmad Shah's first military actions was to capture <a href="/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji" title="Qalati Ghilji">Qalati Ghilji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a>, and wrest <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> from Mughal-appointed governor Nasir Khan. In 1749, the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a> was induced to cede <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Province">Sindh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> and the important trans <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to save his capital from Afghan attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Runion_2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runion_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> Having thus gained substantial territories to the east without a fight, <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Campaign_to_Khorasan_(1754-55)" class="mw-redirect" title="Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55)">Ahmad Shah turned westward</a> to take possession of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, which was ruled by Nader Shah Afshar's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Shahrukh_Afshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahrukh Afshar">Shahrukh Afshar</a>. Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains. In short order, the powerful army brought under its control the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>, and other tribes of northern Afghanistan. Ahmad Shah invaded the remnants of the Mughal Empire a third time, and then a fourth, consolidating control over the Kashmir and Punjab regions, with <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> being governed by Afghans. He sacked Delhi in 1757 but permitted the Mughal dynasty to remain in nominal control of the city as long as the ruler acknowledged Ahmad Shah's suzerainty over Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir. Leaving his second son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_China">Relations with China</h4></div> <p>Alarmed by the expansion of China's <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> up to the eastern border of Kazakhstan, Ahmad Shah attempted to rally neighboring Muslim khanates and the Kazakhs to unite and attack China, ostensibly to liberate its western Muslim subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah halted trade with Qing China and dispatched troops to <a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with his campaigns in India exhausting the state treasury, and with his troops stretched thin throughout Central Asia, Ahmad Shah lacked sufficient resources to do anything except to send envoys to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> for unsuccessful talks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Battle_of_Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/220px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/330px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg/440px-The_Third_battle_of_Panipat_13_January_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> and his coalition decisively defeat the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> and restored the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal power">Mughal power</a> in northern India had been declining after the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, who died in 1707. In 1751–52, the <i>Ahamdiya</i> treaty was signed between the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Balaji_Bajirao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaji Bajirao">Balaji Bajirao</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Peshwa" title="Peshwa">Peshwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Panipat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panipat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Through this treaty, the Marathas controlled virtually the whole of India from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and the Mughal rule was restricted only to Delhi (the Mughals remained the nominal heads of Delhi). Marathas were now straining to expand their area of control towards the Northwest of India. Ahmad Shah <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Sack of Delhi (1757)">sacked the Mughal capital</a> and withdrew with the booty he coveted. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent <a href="/wiki/Raghunathrao" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghunathrao">Raghunathrao</a>. He defeated the Rohillas and Afghan garrisons in Punjab and succeeded in ousting Timur Shah and his court from India and brought Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on the Indian side of Attock under Maratha rule.<sup id="cite_ref-K.RoyIHB_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K.RoyIHB-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Ahmad was forced to return to India and face the formidable attacks of the Maratha Confederacy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu,_1769,_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_(%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg/180px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg/270px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg/360px-Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu%2C_1769%2C_Muslim_from_Afghanistan_%28%E6%84%9B%E7%83%8F%E7%BD%95%E5%9B%9E%E4%BA%BA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Muslim man from Afghanistan (愛烏罕回人). <a href="/wiki/Huang_Qing_Zhigong_Tu" title="Huang Qing Zhigong Tu">Huang Qing Zhigong Tu</a>, 1769</figcaption></figure> <p>Ahmad Shah declared a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> holy war) against the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, and warriors from various Afghan tribes joined his army, including the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan of Kalat">Khan of Kalat</a> Mir <a href="/wiki/Nasir_I_of_Kalat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir I of Kalat">Nasir I of Kalat</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suba_Khan_Tanoli" title="Suba Khan Tanoli">Suba Khan Tanoli</a> (Zabardast Khan) was selected as army chief of all military forces. Early skirmishes were followed by victory for the Afghans against the much larger Maratha garrisons in Northwest India and by 1759 Ahmad Shah and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his army<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau. Once again, <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a> was the scene of a confrontation between two warring contenders for control of northern India. The Third Battle of Panipat (14 January 1761), fought between largely Muslim and largely Hindu armies was waged along a twelve-kilometer front. There were rebellions in the north in the region of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>. The Durranis decisively defeated the Marathas in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> on 14 January 1761.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at <a href="/wiki/Bhilsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhilsa">Bhilsa</a>, while leading a reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son <a href="/wiki/Vishwasrao" title="Vishwasrao">Vishwasrao</a> in the Battle of Panipat. He died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son <a href="/wiki/Madhavrao_I" title="Madhavrao I">Madhav Rao I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GSC_2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSC_2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_years">Final years</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/220px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/330px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg/440px-Bala_Hisar_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bala_Hissar,_Peshawar" title="Bala Hissar, Peshawar">Bala Hissar</a> fort in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> was one of the royal residences of the Durrani kings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The victory at Panipat was the high point of Ahmad Shah's—and Afghan—power. However, even prior to his death, the empire began to unravel. In 1762, Ahmad Shah crossed the passes from Afghanistan for the sixth time to subdue the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikhs</a>. From this time and on, the domination and control of the Empire began to loosen, and by the time of Durrani's death he had lost parts of Punjab to the Sikhs, as well as earlier losses of northern territories to the Uzbeks, necessitating a compromise with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Runion_2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runion_2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> </p><p>He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, massacred thousands of <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> inhabitants, destroyed their revered <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Golden Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the <a href="/wiki/Va%E1%B8%8D%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_Ghall%C5%ABgh%C4%81r%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā">Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā</a> when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1978_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144–45">: 144–45 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Singh_1978_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_1978-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup> Ahmad Shah also faced other rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a> agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died in 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Durrani_rulers_in_the_Empire_(1772–1823)"><span id="Other_Durrani_rulers_in_the_Empire_.281772.E2.80.931823.29"></span>Other Durrani rulers in the Empire (1772–1823)</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Shah Abdali">Ahmad Shah</a>'s successors governed so ineptly during a period of profound unrest that within fifty years of his death, the Durrani empire <i>per se</i> was at an end, and Afghanistan was embroiled in civil war. Much of the territory conquered by Ahmad Shah fell to others in this half century. By 1818, the <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_(Pastun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadozai (Pastun tribe)">Sadozai</a> rulers who succeeded Ahmad Shah controlled little more than Kabul and the surrounding territory within a 160-kilometer radius. They not only lost the outlying territories but also alienated other tribes and lineages among the Durrani Pashtuns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humayun_Mirza_(1772)"><span id="Humayun_Mirza_.281772.29"></span>Humayun Mirza (1772)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/220px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/330px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg/440px-Kandahar_City_during_1839-42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>City of <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, its principal bazaar and citadel, as seen from the Nakkara Khauna</figcaption></figure> <p>A few months before his death, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah</a> summoned Timur Shah from <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> and publicly declared him heir to the Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's brother, Sulaiman, the governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the Sulaiman faction were Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should ascend to the throne. Ahmad had ignored this, and quoted: "Timur Shah was infinitely more capable of governing you than his brother". As well as accusing Sulaiman of being "Violent without clemency", and out of favour with the Kandahari <a href="/wiki/Durranis" class="mw-redirect" title="Durranis">Durranis</a>. Ahmad Shah's decision could have been influenced by his illness, which had affected his brain and his mental state. However, choosing Timur Shah as a successor was likely to restrict power of the Senior Generals and the Durrani Tribal Council, which he deemed as a threat to his dynasty in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Drahm_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drahm-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with him ruling over Herat, and poisoned the ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled, however, as a rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed this revolt quickly and Darwish Khan was imprisoned; however, he later escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, offering pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness in 1772. Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan kept the Shah's death a secret by placing the body on a palanquin covered by thick curtains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had then left the King's mountain, taking as much treasure as they could and marched to Kandahar. Shah Wali Khan had also announced to everyone that the king was ill and had given orders to not disturb him except his trusted officials. To make the deception more believable, Ahmad Shah's chief eunuch, <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_Khan" title="Yaqut Khan">Yaqut Khan</a> had brought food for the "Sick" Ruler. Shah wali Khan had then notified Sulaiman that Ahmad Shah was dead and proclaimed Sulaiman as king. However, many of the Amirs including Mahadad Khan had disliked Shah Wali's ambitions, and thus had fled to Timur's side, also notifying him of the ongoing situation at <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fayz_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayz-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur Shah had then marched toward <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> to face Shah Humayun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201255_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201255-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Wali, fearing of Timur's march had consulted with Shah Humayun, and had agreed on him marching out to Prince Timur Shah to welcome him. He left <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> with over 150 horsemen and had arrived at Prince Timur's force at <a href="/wiki/Farah,_Afghanistan" title="Farah, Afghanistan">Farah</a>. Having not sent word, once Shah Wali had dismounted, Timur Shah ordered the killing of Shah Wali. Angu Khan Bamiza'i assassinated Shah Wali Khan and his two sons, including 2 of his sisters children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Sulayman surrendered the throne to Timur Shah following this, and became a loyal follower of him according to the depiction of Amir Habibullah Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timur Shah ascended the throne in November 1772.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Timur_Shah_(1772–1793)"><span id="Timur_Shah_.281772.E2.80.931793.29"></span>Timur Shah (1772–1793)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rohtas_(1779)" title="Battle of Rohtas (1779)">Battle of Rohtas (1779)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1780)" title="Siege of Multan (1780)">Siege of Multan (1780)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_(as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab),_minted_in_Lahore,_dated_1757-1758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Timur_Shah_Durrani_%28as_Nizam_of_the_Punjab%29%2C_minted_in_Lahore%2C_dated_1757-1758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a> as <i>Nizam of the Punjab</i>, minted in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, dated 1757/8</figcaption></figure> <p>After his father, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>'s death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for the throne, with Humayun supported by Shah Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then marched to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more toward the growing influential <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> and Mongol guards consisted in his army. Timur Shah would also move the capital of the Durrani Realm from <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, as a better base of operation to combat any threat arriving from anywhere, as Kabul was essentially the heart of the empire. After consolidating his power, Timur Shah marched against the Sikh's in 1780 in a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, and decisively defeated the Sikhs, forcing them to return <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> toward Durrani Suzerainty after it was seized after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>. Timur Shah, having secured <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, also faced recurring rebellions against him, including an assassination attempt early in his reign at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Timur Shah would encounter harsh resistance and rebellion, prominently those of Fayz Allah Khan, Azad Khan, and Arsalan Khan. Timur Shah in his reign also fought against <a href="/wiki/Shah_Murad" title="Shah Murad">Shah Murad</a>, the ruler of Bukhara who attempted raids into Afghan Turkestan and Khorasan, often harassing the Durrani vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid dynasty</a> centred in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. In conclusion, Timur Shah spent most of his reign consolidating the empire, while also fighting off rebellion, he prove himself as a competent leader from holding the unstable empire apart. Timur Shah died on 20 May 1793, succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zaman_Shah_(1793–1801)"><span id="Zaman_Shah_.281793.E2.80.931801.29"></span>Zaman Shah (1793–1801)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-Emperor_Zaman_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a> being enthroned</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of Timur Shah, three of his sons, the governors of Kandahar, Herat and Kabul, contended for the succession. <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaman Shah">Zaman Shah</a>, governor of Kabul, held the field by virtue of being in control of the capital, and became shah at the age of twenty-three. Many of his half-brothers were imprisoned on their arrival in the capital for the purpose, ironically, of electing a new shah. The quarrels among Timur's descendants that threw Afghanistan into turmoil also provided the pretext for the interventions of outside forces. </p><p>The efforts of the Sadozai heirs of Timur to impose a true monarchy on the truculent Pashtun tribes, and their efforts to rule absolutely and without the advice of the other major Pashtun tribal leaders, were ultimately unsuccessful. The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> started to rise under the command of Sikh chief, <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>, who succeeded in wresting power from Zaman's forces. Later, when Zaman was blinded by his brother, Ranjit Singh gave him asylum in Punjab. </p><p>Zaman's downfall was triggered by his attempts to consolidate power. Although it had been through the support of the Barakzai chief, Painda Khan Barakzai, that he had come to the throne, Zaman soon began to remove prominent Barakzai leaders from positions of power and replace them with men of his own lineage, the Sadozai. This upset the delicate balance of Durrani tribal politics that Ahmad Shah had established and may have prompted Painda Khan and other Durrani chiefs to plot against the shah. Painda Khan and the chiefs of the <a href="/wiki/Nurzai" title="Nurzai">Nurzai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alizai_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alizai tribe">Alizai</a> Durrani clans were executed, as was the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> clan. Painda Khan's son fled to Iran and pledged the substantial support of his Barakzai followers to a rival claimant to the throne, Zaman's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah</a>. The clans of the chiefs Zaman had executed joined forces with the rebels, and they took Kandahar without bloodshed. <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah</a> had then proceeded to march to Kabul, where he met Zaman Shah and his army on the way from Ghanzi to Kabul, Zaman Shah was decisively defeated, including portions of his army fleeing to Mahmud Shah's cause. Mahmud Shah ordered the lancing of Zaman Shah's eyes, and had succeeded Zaman Shah on the throne of the Durrani Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahmud_Shah_(first_reign,_1801–1803)"><span id="Mahmud_Shah_.28first_reign.2C_1801.E2.80.931803.29"></span>Mahmud Shah (first reign, 1801–1803)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></div> <p>Zaman Shah's overthrow in 1801 was not the end of civil strife in Afghanistan, but the beginning of even greater violence. Mahmud Shah's first reign lasted for only two years before he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shuja_Shah_(1803–1809_and_1839–1842)"><span id="Shuja_Shah_.281803.E2.80.931809_and_1839.E2.80.931842.29"></span>Shuja Shah (1803–1809 and 1839–1842)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg/220px-The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg/330px-The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg/440px-The_main_street_in_the_bazaar_at_Caubul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The main street in the bazaar at <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, 1842 James Atkinson watercolour painting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg/220px-Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg/330px-Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg/440px-Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire_Afghanistan_received_by_Sir_Thomas_Willshire_1789_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Durrani_Empire" title="Order of the Durrani Empire">Order of the Durrani Empire</a>, founded by Shuja Shah in 1839.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yet another of Timur Shah's sons, Shuja Shah (or Shah Shuja), ruled for only six years. On June 7, 1809, Shuja Shah signed a treaty with the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British</a>, which included a clause stating that he would oppose the passage of foreign troops through his territories. This agreement, the first Afghan pact with a European power, stipulated joint action in case of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">Franco</a>-Persian aggression against Afghan or British dominions. Only a few weeks after signing the agreement, Shuja was deposed by his predecessor, Mahmud. Much later, he was reinstated by the British, ruling during 1839–1842. Two of his sons also ruled for a brief period in 1842. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahmud_Shah_(second_reign,_1809–1818)"><span id="Mahmud_Shah_.28second_reign.2C_1809.E2.80.931818.29"></span>Mahmud Shah (second reign, 1809–1818)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></div> <p>Mahmud's second reign lasted 9 years, where he had further attempted to consolidate power, but was deposed by his brother in 1818, Mahmud's reign was also disputed in 1810, while he was campaigning, another one of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a>'s sons had seized the throne, but was defeated by Shah Mahmud in 1810. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abbas_Mirza_(1810)"><span id="Abbas_Mirza_.281810.29"></span>Abbas Mirza (1810)</h4></div> <p>While Mahmud Shah was campaigning in 1810, another one of Timur Shah's sons placed himself in rule at Kabul. Abbas Mirza ruled for a short period of time before being defeated by Mahmud Shah once he returned from campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sultan_Ali_Shah_(1818–1819)"><span id="Sultan_Ali_Shah_.281818.E2.80.931819.29"></span>Sultan Ali Shah (1818–1819)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></div> <p>Ali Shah was another son of <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a>. He seized power for a brief period in 1818–1819. in 1818 or 1819, He was strangled by his brother, Isma'il.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ayub_Shah_(1819–1823)"><span id="Ayub_Shah_.281819.E2.80.931823.29"></span>Ayub Shah (1819–1823)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></div> <p>Ayub Shah was another son of Timur Shah, who took control of the Durrani Empire after the death of Ali Shah Durrani.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Durrani Empire lost its control over <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> to the Sikh Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a> in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-Chopra_1928_26_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chopra_1928_26-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ayub Shah was himself later deposed, and presumably killed in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durrani_Herat_(1793–1863)"><span id="Durrani_Herat_.281793.E2.80.931863.29"></span>Durrani Herat (1793–1863)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793-1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat (1793-1863)">Herat (1793-1863)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ADurrani_Empire&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+24+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Durrani+Empire">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Durrani_Empire&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shah_Shuja_and_the_First_Anglo_Afghan_War_(1839–1842)"><span id="Shah_Shuja_and_the_First_Anglo_Afghan_War_.281839.E2.80.931842.29"></span>Shah Shuja and the First Anglo Afghan War (1839–1842)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></div> <p>In the 19th century as a whole, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> were interlocked in a battle for influence in South Asia. Russian advance was trudging through Central Asia, while the British were landing in the masses on the Indian subcontinent. The "Army of the Indus", full of both British and Indian infantrymen and cavalrymen, was intent on restoring <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Shuja Durrani">Shah Shuja Durrani</a>, the deposed monarch to the throne of Afghanistan. By March 1839, the British had already crossed into the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Kabul">Emirate of Afghanistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2></div> <p>The Durrani military was based on cavalry armed with flintlocks who performed hit-and-run attacks, combining new technology in firearms with Turco-Mongol tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core of the Durrani army were the 10,000 <i>sher-bacha</i> (blunderbuss)-carrying mounted <a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">ghulams</a> (slave-soldiers) of which a third were previously Shia soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a>) of Nader Shah. Many others were also former troops of Nader Shah. The bulk of the army were Afghan irregular tribal cavalry armed with lance and broadsword. Mounted archers were still used but were uncommon due to the difficulty of training them. Infantry played a very small role in the Durrani army and, with the exception of light <a href="/wiki/Swivel_gun" title="Swivel gun">swivel guns</a> mounted on camels, the <a href="/wiki/Zamburak" title="Zamburak">Zamburak</a>, so did artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/200px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/300px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg/400px-Shuja_Shah_Durrani_of_Afghanistan_in_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Template talk:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Afghanistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pashtun_people" title="Category:Pashtun people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Discrimination against Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtuns" title="List of Pashtuns">List of Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Empires and dynasties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymani" title="Taymani">Taymanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtuns" title="Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtuns" title="Template talk:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Durrani_Wazirs" title="List of Durrani Wazirs">List of Durrani Wazirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">List of Pashtun empires and dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmad Shah Durrani wrote poetry in Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">د درانيانو ټولواکمني</span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امپراتوری درانیان</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Imparātūrī-yī Durrānīyān</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">د افغانان ټولواکمني</span></span>; <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">امپراتوری افغان</span></span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Imparātūrī-yī Afghān</i></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">سدوزي ټولواکمني</span></span>; <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">دولت سدوزایی</span></span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Daulat-ī Sadūzāyī</i></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanifi2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanifi, Shah Mahmoud (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC"><i>Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804777773" title="Special:BookSources/9780804777773"><bdi>9780804777773</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815092453/https://books.google.com/books?id=kh1hpPLSpcEC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>Timur Shah transferred the Durrani capital from Qandahar in 1775–76. Kabul and Peshawar then shared time as the dual Durrani capital cities, the former during the summer and the latter during the winter season.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+Histories+in+Afghanistan%3A+Market+Relations+and+State+Formation+on+a+Colonial+Frontier&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780804777773&rft.aulast=Hanifi&rft.aufirst=Shah+Mahmoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkh1hpPLSpcEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sarina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC"><i>Pakistan and the Karakoram Highway</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741045420" title="Special:BookSources/9781741045420"><bdi>9781741045420</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125034533/https://books.google.com/books?id=zn8I4qEew9oC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>Like the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, the Afghan kings favoured Peshawar as a winter residence, and were aggrieved when the upstart Sikh kingdom snatched it in 1818 and levelled its buildings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+and+the+Karakoram+Highway&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781741045420&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzn8I4qEew9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Lee1996" class="citation book cs1">L. Lee, Jonathan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C&pg=PA116"><i>The Ancient Supremacy: Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901</i></a> (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004103996" title="Special:BookSources/9004103996"><bdi>9004103996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2013</span>. <q>[The Sadozai kingdom] continued to exist in Herat until the city finally fell to Dost Muhammad Khan in 1862.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Supremacy%3A+Bukhara%2C+Afghanistan+and+the+Battle+for+Balkh%2C+1731%E2%80%931901&rft.pages=116&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9004103996&rft.aulast=L.+Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYaamE_3kD4C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel197512_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchimmel1975">Schimmel 1975</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (2019). "The Rise of New Imperial and National Languages (ca. 1800 – ca. 1930)". In <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a> (ed.). <i>The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca</i>. University of California Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520972100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520972100"><bdi>978-0520972100</bdi></a>. <q>Despite Ahmad Shah Durrani's flirtations with founding a Pashto-based bureaucracy, when the capital moved from Qandahar to Kabul in 1772, Durrani and post-Durrani Afghanistan retained Persian as its chancery and chief court language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+New+Imperial+and+National+Languages+%28ca.+1800+%E2%80%93+ca.+1930%29&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World%3A+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0520972100&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archambault, H. (2023, April 19). Afghan Circulations in the Persianate World, c. 1000–1800. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Retrieved 16 Oct. 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-700">https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-700</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanifi, S. (2022, August 15). Deciphering the History of Modern Afghanistan. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Retrieved 16 Oct. 2023, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-321">https://oxfordre-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-321</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoelle1997" class="citation book cs1">Noelle, Christine (1997). <i>State and Tribe in Nineteenth Century Afghanistan The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863)</i>. Psychology Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138982871" title="Special:BookSources/9781138982871"><bdi>9781138982871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Tribe+in+Nineteenth+Century+Afghanistan+The+Reign+of+Amir+Dost+Muhammad+Khan+%281826%E2%80%931863%29&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781138982871&rft.aulast=Noelle&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch_Dupree2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hatch Dupree, Nancy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21392/Last-Afghan-empire">"Last Afghan empire"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Louis_Dupree_(professor)" title="Louis Dupree (professor)">Dupree, Louis</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130150119/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21392/Last-Afghan-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Last+Afghan+empire&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hatch+Dupree&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F7798%2FAfghanistan%2F21392%2FLast-Afghan-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee_1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_1996_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_1996_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan L. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C&q=sadozai+kingdom&pg=PA116"><i>The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004103993" title="Special:BookSources/9789004103993"><bdi>9789004103993</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826200143/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C&q=sadozai+kingdom&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Ancient+Supremacy%22%3A+Bukhara%2C+Afghanistan+and+the+Battle+for+Balkh%2C+1731%E2%80%931901&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=9789004103993&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYaamE_3kD4C%26q%3Dsadozai%2Bkingdom%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1959" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ganda (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf"><i>Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Asia Publishing House. Archived from the original on 7 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Shah+Durrani%3A+Father+of+Modern+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ganda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khyber.org%2Fbooks%2Fpdf%2Fahmad-shah-baba.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1980" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Louis (1980). <i>Afghanistan</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03006-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03006-5"><bdi>0-691-03006-5</bdi></a>. <q>Next to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the Durrani Empire was the greatest Muslim empire of the second half of the eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-691-03006-5&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojtahed-Zadeh2007" class="citation book cs1">Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA164"><i>Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran</i></a>. Universal-Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781581129335" title="Special:BookSources/9781581129335"><bdi>9781581129335</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804123006/https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boundary+Politics+and+International+Boundaries+of+Iran&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781581129335&rft.aulast=Mojtahed-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Pirouz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9o0IRPpvDjkC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1878" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, George (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ec2AQAAMAAJ"><i>History of Afghanistan: From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878</i></a>. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0343739771" title="Special:BookSources/0343739771"><bdi>0343739771</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002100539/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_of_Afghanistan/0ec2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Afghanistan%3A+From+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+War+of+1878&rft.pages=298&rft.date=1878&rft.isbn=0343739771&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ec2AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2014" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Abubakar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkVeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31"><i>The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan</i></a>. Hurst. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-292-5"><bdi>978-1-84904-292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pashtun+Question%3A+The+Unresolved+Key+to+the+Future+of+Pakistan+and+Afghanistan&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-292-5&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Abubakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkVeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan">"Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2010.zip">(Archived 2010 edition.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Balland1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">D. Balland (15 December 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history">"Afghanistan: x. Political History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212102354/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+x.+Political+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1983-12-15&rft.au=D.+Balland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-x-political-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1980" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Louis (1980). <i>Afghanistan</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03006-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03006-5"><bdi>0-691-03006-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-691-03006-5&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runion_2007-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runion_2007_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runion_2007_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2007" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&q=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69"><i>The History of Afghanistan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313337987" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313337987"><bdi>978-0313337987</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113202516/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&q=ahmad%20shah%20durrani%201749%20sindh%20and%20punjab&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Afghanistan&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0313337987&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZk9XzqCFGUC%26q%3Dahmad%2Bshah%2Bdurrani%2B1749%2Bsindh%2Band%2Bpunjab%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2004" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Ho-dong (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC"><i>Holy war in China: the Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4884-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-4884-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427121934/https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+war+in+China%3A+the+Muslim+rebellion+and+state+in+Chinese+Central+Asia%2C+1864%E2%80%931877&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4884-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Ho-dong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kfJ6MlMsJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewby2005" class="citation book cs1">Newby, Laura J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C"><i>The Empire and the Khanate: a political history of Qing relations with Khoqand c. 1760–1860</i></a>. BRILL. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14550-4"><bdi>978-90-04-14550-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617141740/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTmO416hNQ8C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+and+the+Khanate%3A+a+political+history+of+Qing+relations+with+Khoqand+c.+1760%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14550-4&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.aufirst=Laura+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTmO416hNQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkram1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._M._Ikram" title="S. M. Ikram">Ikram, S. M.</a> (1964). "XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707–1803". In <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a> (ed.). <i>Muslim Civilization in India</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIX.+A+Century+of+Political+Decline%3A+1707%E2%80%931803&rft.btitle=Muslim+Civilization+in+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Ikram&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panipat-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panipat_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patil, Vishwas. <i>Panipat</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K.RoyIHB-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K.RoyIHB_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2004). <i>India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil</i>. Permanent Black, India. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-109-8"><bdi>978-81-7824-109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Historic+Battles%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Kargil&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Permanent+Black%2C+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-109-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2004" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Kaushik (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC&pg=PA84"><i>India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 84–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178241098" title="Special:BookSources/9788178241098"><bdi>9788178241098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Historic+Battles%3A+From+Alexander+the+Great+to+Kargil&rft.pages=84-94&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788178241098&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Kaushik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjpXijlqeRpIC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSC_2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSC_2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G. S. (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19"><i>Advance Study in the History of Modern India</i></a>. Lotus Press. Volume 1: 1707–1803, pp. 29–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89093-06-8"><bdi>978-81-89093-06-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106001415/https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC&pg=PA19%20">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advance+Study+in+the+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=Volume+1%3A+1707-1803%2C+pp.+29-47&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-89093-06-8&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkDi6rVbckoC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhavan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dhavan, Purnima (2011). <i>When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Sparrows+Became+Hawks%3A+The+Making+of+the+Sikh+Warrior+Tradition%2C+1699&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dhavan&rft.aufirst=Purnima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_1978-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1978_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_1978_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Singh, Khushwant (1978). <i>A History of the Sikhs</i>. Vol. I: 1469–1839. Delhi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiSingh_Gill1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Joshi, S. S.; Singh Gill, Mukhtiar, eds. (1994). "Ghalughara". <i>Punjabi–English Dictionary</i>. Patiala, India: Punjabi University Publication Bureau. p. 293. <q>holcaust, massacre, great destruction, deluge, genocide, slaughter, (historically) the great loss of life suffered by Sikhs at the hands of their rulers, particularly on 1 May 1746 and 5 February 1762</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghalughara&rft.btitle=Punjabi%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Patiala%2C+India&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Punjabi+University+Publication+Bureau&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif1964" class="citation book cs1">Latif, Syad Muhammad (1964). <i>The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time</i>. New Delhi: Eurasia Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Punjab+from+the+Remotest+Antiquity+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Eurasia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Syad+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2002" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, L. R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC"><i>Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era?</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-319-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-319-3"><bdi>978-81-7648-319-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904113001/http://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Afghanistan%3A+end+of+the+Taliban+era%3F&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-319-3&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=L.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNubtDf2T3cAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drahm-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drahm_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrahm2020" class="citation journal cs1">Drahm, Abdel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Book_1094">"Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present"</a>. <i>AAF</i>: 144<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAF&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+A+History+From+1260+To+The+Present&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Drahm&rft.aufirst=Abdel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBook_1094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrahm2020145_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrahm2020">Drahm 2020</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fayz-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fayz_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012" class="citation journal cs1">Muhammad Katib Hazarah, Fayz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-/page/n255/mode/2up?view=theater">"The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami"</a>. <i>AAF</i>: 131<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAF&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Afghanistan+Fay%C5%BC+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+K%C4%81tib+Haz%C4%81rah%27s+Sir%C4%81j+Al+Taw%C4%81r%C4%ABkh+By+R.+D.+Mcchesney%2C+M.+M.+Khorrami&rft.pages=131&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Muhammad+Katib+Hazarah&rft.aufirst=Fayz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-%2Fpage%2Fn255%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201255-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201255_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012">Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah201256_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuhammad_Katib_Hazarah2012">Muhammad Katib Hazarah 2012</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan_Malik1993" class="citation thesis cs1">Khan Malik, Ajmal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6261"><i>UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN</i></a> (Thesis). Vol. 01. University of Peshawar, Pakistan. p. 158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204040757/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6261">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=UNIVERSITY+OF+PESHAWAR%2C+PAKISTAN&rft.inst=University+of+Peshawar%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Khan+Malik&rft.aufirst=Ajmal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprr.hec.gov.pk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Book_1094/page/n161/mode/2up">"Afghanistan a History from 1260 to the Present"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+a+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBook_1094%2Fpage%2Fn161%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Book_1094/page/n155/mode/2up">"Afghanistan a History from 1260 to the Present"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+a+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBook_1094%2Fpage%2Fn155%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra_1928_26-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chopra_1928_26_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra1928" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Gulshan Lall (1928). <i>The Panjab as a Sovereign State</i>. Lahore: Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+as+a+Sovereign+State&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Uttar+Chand+Kapur+and+Sons&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=Gulshan+Lall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbp.org.pk/Museum/coins_Durranis.htm">"Durranis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Durranis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbp.org.pk%2FMuseum%2Fcoins_Durranis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black2012" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (2012). <i>War in the Eighteenth-Century World</i>. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230370005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230370005"><bdi>978-0230370005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Eighteenth-Century+World&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230370005&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJos_Gommans2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Jos Gommans</a> (2017). "6". <i>The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351363563" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351363563"><bdi>978-1351363563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Frontier%3A+Horse+and+Warband+in+the+Making+of+Empires&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351363563&rft.au=Jos+Gommans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalleson1879" class="citation book cs1">Malleson, George Bruce (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pqNGBEmHUd4C"><i>History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878</i></a>. London: W. H. Allen & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402172786" title="Special:BookSources/9781402172786"><bdi>9781402172786</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4219393">4219393</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Afghanistan%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Outbreak+of+the+War+of+1878&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4219393&rft.isbn=9781402172786&rft.aulast=Malleson&rft.aufirst=George+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpqNGBEmHUd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel1975" class="citation book cs1">Schimmel, AnneMarie (1975). <i>Pain and Grace: A study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-Century Muslim India</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pain+and+Grace%3A+A+study+of+Two+Mystical+Writers+of+Eighteenth-Century+Muslim+India&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=AnneMarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1959" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ganda (1959). <i>Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan</i>. London: Asia Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4341271">4341271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Shah+Durrani%3A+Father+of+Modern+Afghanistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4341271&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser-Tytler1953" class="citation book cs1">Fraser-Tytler, William Kerr (1953). <i>Afghanistan: A Study of Political Developments in Central and Southern Asia</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/409453">409453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Study+of+Political+Developments+in+Central+and+Southern+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F409453&rft.aulast=Fraser-Tytler&rft.aufirst=William+Kerr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2002" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Stephen (2002). <i>Afghanistan: a military history from Alexander the Great to the fall of the Taliban</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81164-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81164-2"><bdi>0-306-81164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+a+military+history+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+fall+of+the+Taliban&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-306-81164-2&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphinstone1815" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mountstuart_Elphinstone" title="Mountstuart Elphinstone">Elphinstone, Mountstuart</a> (1815). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anaccountkingdo00unkngoog"><i>An account of the kingdom of Caubul, and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary and India: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation and a history of the Dooraunee monarchy</i></a>. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+account+of+the+kingdom+of+Caubul%2C+and+its+dependencies+in+Persia%2C+Tartary+and+India%3A+comprising+a+view+of+the+Afghaun+nation+and+a+history+of+the+Dooraunee+monarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Elphinstone&rft.aufirst=Mountstuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanaccountkingdo00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurrani+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Durrani_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1747to1809/sources1747to1809.html">Afghanistan 1747–1809: Sources in the India Office Records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907000255/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/afghanistan/afghanistancollection/1747to1809/sources1747to1809.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812115521/http://www.afghan-web.com/bios/yest/abdali.html">Biography of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanland.com/history/ahmadshah.html">Ahmad Shah Baba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305075437/http://www.khyber.org/pashtotribes/a/abdali.shtml">History of Abdali tribe</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bijanomrani.com/?p=afgan_search_unit">Afghanistan and the Search for Unity</a> Article on Durrani methods of government, published in <i>Asian Affairs</i>, Volume 38, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 145–157.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Durrani_dynasty_(1747–1842)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Durrani_dynasty" title="Template:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Durrani_dynasty" title="Template talk:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Durrani_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Durrani dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Durrani_dynasty_(1747–1842)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a> <span style="font-size:90%; font-weight:normal;">(1747–1842)</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Durrani" title="Mahmud Shah Durrani">Mahmud Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shuja Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shah_Durrani" title="Ali Shah Durrani">Ali Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Shah_Durrani" title="Ayub Shah Durrani">Ayub Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamran Shah Durrani">Kamran Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Yusuf_Durrani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Yusuf Durrani (page does not exist)">Mohammad Yusuf Durrani</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_conquest_of_North-west_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha conquest of North-west India">Maratha conquest of North-west India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1761)">Third battle of Panipat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadashivrao_Bhau" title="Sadashivrao Bhau">Sadashivrao Bhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fath-Ali Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Shah_Qajar" title="Mohammad Shah Qajar">Mohammad Shah Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_in_South_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template talk:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam in South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_in_South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Islam in South Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">1929</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bangladesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Chhatra_Shibir" title="Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir">Islami Chhatra Shibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_League" title="Islamic Democratic League">Islamic Democratic League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefazat-e-Islam_Bangladesh" title="Hefazat-e-Islam Bangladesh">Hefazat-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Andolan_Bangladesh" title="Islami Andolan Bangladesh">Islami Andolan Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelafat_Majlish" class="mw-redirect" title="Khelafat Majlish">Khelafat Majlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jatiya_Oikya_Front" title="Islami Jatiya Oikya Front">Islami Jatiya Oikya Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Oikya_Jote" title="Islami Oikya Jote">Islami Oikya Jote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Khilafat_Andolan" title="Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan">Bangladesh Khilafat Andolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Front" title="Bangladesh Islami Front">Bangladesh Islami Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Islami_Chattra_Sena" title="Bangladesh Islami Chattra Sena">Islami Chhatra Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Front_Bangladesh" title="Islamic Front Bangladesh">Islamic Front Bangladesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jamiatul_Ashrafia" title="Al Jamiatul Ashrafia">Al Jamiatul Ashrafia</a>, Azamgarh</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markazu_Saquafathi_Sunniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya">Markazu Saquafathi Sunniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Raza-e-Mustafa" title="Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa">Jama'at Raza-e-Mustafa</a>, Bareilly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Students%27_Federation" title="Sunni Students' Federation">Sunni Students' Federation</a> South India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Academy" title="Raza Academy">Raza Academy</a></li> <li>Samastha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(1989%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)">Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Ulema_and_Mashaikh_Board" title="All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board">All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-e-Hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl-e-Hadith">Ahl-e-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Hind" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Hind">Jamaat-e-Islami Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Hind" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind">Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Front" title="National Development Front">National Development Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_India" title="Popular Front of India">Popular Front of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Islamic_Movement_of_India" title="Students' Islamic Movement of India">Students' Islamic Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_Islamic_Organisation_of_India" title="Students Islamic Organisation of India">Students Islamic Organisation of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme_Nabuwwat" title="Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat">Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem_ul_Madaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzeem ul Madaris">Tanzeem ul Madaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat_e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawat e Islami">Dawat e Islami</a> International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ahle_Sunnat" title="Jamaat Ahle Sunnat">Jamaat Ahle Sunnat</a> Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Tehreek" title="Sunni Tehreek">Sunni Tehreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem-ul-Madaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzeem-ul-Madaris">Tanzeem-ul-Madaris</a> Ahle Sunnat, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamiat-e-Talaba" title="Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba">Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ahle_Hadith" title="Jamiat Ahle Hadith">Jamiat Ahle Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Islam" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam">Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat_Ulema-e-Pakistan" title="Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan">Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttahida_Majlis-e-Amal" title="Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal">Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzeem-e-Islami" title="Tanzeem-e-Islami">Tanzeem-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrik-e-Jafaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehrik-e-Jafaria">Tehrik-e-Jafaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Ulema_Council" title="All Pakistan Ulema Council">All Pakistan Ulema Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aalmi_Majlis_Tahaffuz_Khatm-e-Nubuwwat" title="Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat">Aalmi Majlis Tahaffuz Khatm-e-Nubuwwat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sunni_Conference" title="All India Sunni Conference">All India Sunni Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Ganj_Mosque" title="Shaheed Ganj Mosque">Shaheed Ganj Mosque</a> Movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme_Nabuwwat" title="Majlis-e-Tahaffuz-e-Khatme Nabuwwat">Finality of Prophethood</a> movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawat_e_Islami" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawat e Islami">Dawat e Islami</a> International</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Ulema_and_Mashaikh_Board" title="All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board">All India Ulema and Mashaikh Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Labbaik_Pakistan" title="Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan">Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Indian_subcontinent_(Ahl_al-Hadith_movement)" title="Salafi movement">Ahlehadeeth Movement Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Kashmir" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir">Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_ul-Fuqra" title="Jamaat ul-Fuqra">Jamaat ul-Fuqra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">All India Khilafat Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim National Guard">Muslim National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahid_Bengali" title="Abdul Wahid Bengali">Abdul Wahid Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Qurayshi" title="Habibullah Qurayshi">Habibullah Qurayshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naeem-ud-Deen_Muradabadi" title="Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi">Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Jamaat_Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer Jamaat Ali Shah">Peer Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_el_Baqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah el Baqui">Abdullahil Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Raza_Khan" title="Hamid Raza Khan">Hamid Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Raza_Khan_Qadri" title="Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri">Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Maulana Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a> (Justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Saeed_Kazmi" title="Ahmad Saeed Kazmi">Ahmad Saeed Kazmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majduddin" title="Majduddin">Majduddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Aazmi" title="Amjad Ali Aazmi">Amjad Ali Aazmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Sardar_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Sardar Ahmad">Maulana Sardar Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjad_Raza_Khan" title="Asjad Raza Khan">Asjad Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Chatuli" title="Ibrahim Chatuli">Ibrahim Chatuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed Noori">Saeed Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Turab_ul_Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Turab ul Haq">Shah Turab ul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Fazlur_Rahman_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari">Muhammad Fazlur Rahman Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Qamar_ul_Din_Sialvi" title="Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi">Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ahmad_Noorani" title="Shah Ahmad Noorani">Shah Ahmad Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihabuddeen_Ahmed_Koya_Shaliyathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi">Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arshadul_Qaudri" class="mw-redirect" title="Arshadul Qaudri">Arshadul Qaudri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsul-hasan_Shams_Barelvi" title="Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi">Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarfraz_Ahmed_Naeemi" title="Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi">Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Haji_Muhammad_Fazal_Karim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim">Sahibzada Haji Muhammad Fazal Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani" title="Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani">Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Syed_Rafi_Mohammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad">Qazi Syed Rafi Mohammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hayatullah" title="Syed Hayatullah">Syed Hayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanotvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi">Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Tufail_Mohammad" title="Mian Tufail Mohammad">Mian Tufail Mohammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud al-Hasan">Mahmud al-Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziya-ur-Rahman_Azmi" title="Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi">Ziya-ur-Rahman Azmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Jouhar">Mohammad Ali Jouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(politician)" title="Shaukat Ali (politician)">Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ahmad_Noorani" title="Shah Ahmad Noorani">Shah Ahmad Noorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-ur-Rehman_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazl-ur-Rehman (politician)">Fazl-ur-Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Azam" title="Ghulam Azam">Ghulam Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Qadri" title="Ilyas Qadri">Ilyas Qadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiur_Rahman_Nizami" title="Motiur Rahman Nizami">Motiur Rahman Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hussain_Najafi" title="Muhammad Hussain Najafi">Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussain Najafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi" title="Bashir al-Najafi">Grand Ayatollah Bashir Hussain Najafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Taqi_Usmani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Taqi Usmani">Muhammad Taqi Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asadullah_Al-Ghalib" title="Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib">Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Nagori" title="Safdar Nagori">Safdar Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Umri" title="Jalaluddin Umri">Jalaluddin Umri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israr_Ahmed" title="Israr Ahmed">Israr Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmad_Ghamidi" title="Javed Ahmad Ghamidi">Javed Ahmad Ghamidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Hussain_Hussaini" title="Arif Hussain Hussaini">Arif Hussain Hussaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwar_Hossain_Sayeedi" title="Delwar Hossain Sayeedi">Delwar Hossain Sayeedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mehmood_Soomro" title="Khalid Mehmood Soomro">Khalid Mehmood Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Elahi_Zaheer" title="Ehsan Elahi Zaheer">Ehsan Elahi Zaheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Amritsari" title="Sanaullah Amritsari">Sanaullah Amritsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizul_Haque_(scholar,_born_1919)" title="Azizul Haque (scholar, born 1919)">Azizul Haque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Haque_Amini" title="Fazlul Haque Amini">Fazlul Haque Amini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurul_Islam_Farooqi" title="Nurul Islam Farooqi">Nurul Islam Farooqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandaker_Abdullah_Jahangir" title="Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir">Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Muhammad_Zakaria" title="Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria">Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ahmadullah" title="Sheikh Ahmadullah">Sheikh Ahmadullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Sardar_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulana Sardar Ahmad">Maulana Sardar Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asjad_Raza_Khan" title="Asjad Raza Khan">Asjad Raza Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Noori" class="mw-redirect" title="Saeed Noori">Saeed Noori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Zauq_Nadvi" title="Sultan Zauq Nadvi">Sultan Zauq Nadvi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Events</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq%27s_Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudood_Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudood Ordinances">Hudood Ordinances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohd._Ahmed_Khan_v._Shah_Bano_Begum" title="Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum">Shah Bano case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum,_1984" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984">Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum, 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">Militant Islamism in South Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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