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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crystal Eastman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كريستال إيستمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستال إيستمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="קריסטל איסטמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קריסטל איסטמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്മാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൽ ഈസ്റ്റ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كريستال ايستمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستال ايستمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Истмен, Кристал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Истмен, Кристал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Crystal Eastman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரிஸ்டல் கேத்தரின் ஈஸ்ட்மன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிஸ்டல் கேத்தரின் ஈஸ்ட்மன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Крістал Істмен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістал Істмен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4945589#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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searchaux" style="display:none">American lawyer, activist, feminist, and journalist (1881–1928)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Crystal Eastman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston,_Washington,_D.C..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/220px-Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/330px-Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg/440px-Mrs._Crystal_Eastman_Benedict_by_Edmonston%2C_Washington%2C_D.C..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2583" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Eastman, c. 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Crystal Catherine Eastman</div><br />June 25, 1881<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough, Massachusetts</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 8, 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-07-08)</span> (aged 47)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Feminism, socialism, <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(magazine)" title="The Liberator (magazine)">The Liberator</a>,</i> and as a co-founder of both the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Union_Against_Militarism" title="American Union Against Militarism">American Union Against Militarism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Wallace Benedict</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fuller_(editor)" title="Walter Fuller (editor)">Walter Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Fuller" title="Jeffrey Fuller">Jeffrey Fuller</a><br /> Annis Fuller</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Elijah Eastman<br /> <a href="/wiki/Annis_Bertha_Ford_Eastman" title="Annis Bertha Ford Eastman">Annis Bertha Ford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> (brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crystal Catherine Eastman</b> (June 25, 1881 – July 28, 1928)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-brittanica2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">antimilitarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>, and journalist. She was a leader in the fight for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women's suffrage</a>, a co-founder and co-editor with her brother <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a> of the radical arts and politics magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(magazine)" title="The Liberator (magazine)">The Liberator</a>,</i> co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a>, and co-founder in 1920 of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>. In 2000, she was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls,_New_York" title="Seneca Falls, New York">Seneca Falls, New York</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg/220px-Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg/330px-Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg/440px-Crystal_Catherine_Eastman_in_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="4759" /></a><figcaption>Crystal Catherine Eastman in 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Crystal Eastman was born in <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough, Massachusetts</a>, on June 25, 1881, the third of four children. Her oldest brother, Morgan, was born in 1878 and died in 1884. The second brother, Anstice Ford Eastman, who became a general surgeon, was born in 1878 and died in 1937. <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max</a> was the youngest, born in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1883, their parents, Samuel Elijah Eastman and <a href="/wiki/Annis_Bertha_Ford_Eastman" title="Annis Bertha Ford Eastman">Annis Bertha Ford</a>, moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York" title="Canandaigua, New York">Canandaigua, New York</a>. In 1889, their mother became one of the first women ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> minister in America when she became a minister of the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was also a Congregational minister, and the two served as pastors at the church of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_K._Beecher" title="Thomas K. Beecher">Thomas K. Beecher</a> near <a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain's</a> family also attended the church<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was this shared association that young Crystal also became acquainted with him.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This part of New York was in the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">Burnt Over District</a>." During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> earlier in the 19th century, its frontier had been a center of evangelizing and much religious excitement, which resulted in the founding of such beliefs as <a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>. During the antebellum period, some were inspired by religious ideals to support such progressive social causes as <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This humanitarian tradition influenced Crystal and her brother <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> activist early on, and Crystal had several common causes with him. They were close throughout her life, even after he had become more conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-nwhm2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwhm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siblings lived together on 11th Street in New York City's <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> among other radical activists for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, including <a href="/wiki/Ida_Rauh" title="Ida Rauh">Ida Rauh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inez_Milholland" title="Inez Milholland">Inez Milholland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dell" title="Floyd Dell">Floyd Dell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doris_Stevens" title="Doris Stevens">Doris Stevens</a>, also spent summers and weekends in <a href="/wiki/Croton-on-Hudson,_New_York" title="Croton-on-Hudson, New York">Croton-on-Hudson</a>, where Max bought a house in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-journey2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journey2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastman graduated from <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> in 1903 and received a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree in sociology (then a relatively new field) from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then attended <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="New York University Law School">New York University Law School</a>, graduating in 1907 as the second in her class.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While pursuing her graduate degree, Eastman worked nights as a recreation leader at the Greenwich House Settlement, where she encountered <a href="/wiki/Paul_Underwood_Kellogg" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Underwood Kellogg">Paul Underwood Kellogg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_efforts">Social efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social work pioneer and journal editor <a href="/wiki/Paul_U._Kellogg" title="Paul U. Kellogg">Paul Kellogg</a> offered Eastman her first job, investigating labor conditions for <a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Survey" title="The Pittsburgh Survey">The Pittsburgh Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her report, <i>Work Accidents and the Law</i> (1910), became a crucial tool in the fight for occupation health and safety, an early weapon in the ongoing battle.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909, Justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>, who at the time was governor of New York, appointed Eastman to the New York State Commission of Employee's Liability and Causes of Industrial Accidents, Unemployment and Lack of Farm Labor.<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman to be appointed a commission member, she drafted the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a> law. This model became the standard for the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson's</a> presidency, she continued to campaign for occupational safety and health while working as an investigating attorney for the U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations from 1913 to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She advocated for "motherhood endowments" whereby mothers of young children would receive monetary benefits. She argued it would reduce forced dependence of mothers on men, as well as economically empower women.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emancipation">Emancipation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wallace J. Benedict was an insurance agent in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Wisconsin, so when Eastman married him in 1911, she moved there after the wedding. <sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There she managed the unsuccessful 1912 <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-nwhm2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwhm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Divorcing in 1913, she returned east where she joined <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a>, and others in founding the militant <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Union_for_Woman_Suffrage" title="Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage">Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittanica2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a> gave women the right to vote in 1920, Eastman and Paul wrote the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a> (ERA), first introduced in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few socialists to endorse the ERA, Eastman warned that protective legislation for women would mean only discrimination against women.<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastman claimed that one could assess the importance of the ERA by the intensity of the opposition to it. However, she felt that it was still a struggle worth fighting. She also delivered the speech, "Now We Can Begin", following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, outlining the work that needed to be done in the political and economic spheres to achieve gender equality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_efforts">Peace efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peace efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastman-Crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastman-Crystal.jpg/250px-Eastman-Crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastman-Crystal.jpg/375px-Eastman-Crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Eastman-Crystal.jpg/500px-Eastman-Crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="1388" /></a><figcaption>Crystal Eastman was a noted anti-militarist, who helped found the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Eastman was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Peace_Party" title="Woman's Peace Party">Woman's Peace Party</a>, soon joined by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_D._Wald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillian D. Wald">Lillian D. Wald</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-msmagazine2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msmagazine2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served as president of the New York City branch.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renamed the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> in 1921, it remains the oldest extant women's peace organization. Eastman also became executive director of the <a href="/wiki/American_Union_Against_Militarism" title="American Union Against Militarism">American Union Against Militarism</a>, which lobbied against America's entrance into the European war and more successfully against war with Mexico in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This group sought to remove profiteering from arms manufacturing and campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, imperial adventures and <a href="/wiki/Military_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Military intervention">military intervention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the United States entered World War I, Eastman organized with <a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Baldwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a> (NCLB) to protect <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a>, or in her words: "To maintain something over here that will be worth coming back to when the weary war is over."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NCLB grew into the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>(ACLU), with Baldwin at the head and Eastman functioning as attorney-in-charge. Eastman is credited as a founding member of the ACLU, but her role as founder of the NCLB may have been largely ignored by posterity due to her personal differences with Baldwin.<sup id="cite_ref-vassar2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vassar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916, Eastman married the British editor and antiwar activist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Fuller_(editor)" title="Walter Fuller (editor)">Walter Fuller</a>, who had come to the United States to direct his sisters’ singing of folksongs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Fuller" title="Jeffrey Fuller">Jeffrey Fuller</a> born in 1917 and Annis Fuller born in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choosing to keep her last name, Eastman explored family practices aimed at fostering gender equality within the realms of marriage and family life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of her 1923 confessional article titled <i>Marriage Under Two Roofs</i> caused an uproar as Eastman revealed the specifics of their unconventional living arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that residing in two separate residences are better than one because it ultimately leads to an authentic expression of sexual desire and marital love, in turn contributing to the overall happiness of the family unit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastman and Walter worked together as activists until the end of the war; then he worked as the managing editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Freeman" title="The Freeman">The Freeman</a></i> until 1922, when he returned to London, England. For eight years, Eastman traveled by ship between London and New York to be with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter died in 1927 from a stroke,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending his career editing <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a></i> for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Max Eastman's periodical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Masses" title="The Masses">The Masses</a></i> was forced to close by government censorship in 1917, he and Crystal co-founded a radical journal of politics, art, and literature, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(United_States_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (United States magazine)">Liberator</a></i>, in early 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-nwhm2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwhm2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and Max co-edited it until they put it in the hands of faithful friends in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-War">Post-War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Eastman organized the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Feminist_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Feminist Congress (page does not exist)">First Feminist Congress</a> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, her activities led to her being blacklisted during the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">Red Scare</a> of 1919–1920. During the 1920s, Eastman was a columnist for <a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul's</a> feminist journal, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Equal_Rights_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equal Rights (journal) (page does not exist)">Equal Rights</a>,</i> and the British feminist weekly publication, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(magazine)" title="Time and Tide (magazine)">Time and Tide</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastman claimed that "life was a big battle for the complete feminist," but she was convinced that the complete feminist would someday achieve total victory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crystal Eastman died at age 47, on July 8, 1928, of <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>, a year after her husband had passed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends were entrusted with their two orphaned children, then seven and eleven years old, to rear them until adulthood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastman has been called one of the United States' most neglected leaders, because, although she wrote pioneering legislation and created long-lasting political organizations, she disappeared from history for fifty years.<sup id="cite_ref-vassar2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vassar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freda_Kirchwey" title="Freda Kirchwey">Freda Kirchwey</a>, then editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>, wrote at the time of her death: "When she spoke to people—whether it was to a small committee or a swarming crowd—hearts beat faster. She was for thousands a symbol of what the free woman might be."<sup id="cite_ref-vassar2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vassar2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her speech "Now We Can Begin", given in 1920, is listed as #83 in American Rhetoric's Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century (listed by rank).<sup id="cite_ref-americanrhetoric12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanrhetoric12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keetley20052_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keetley20052-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Eastman was inducted into the (American) <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca Falls (town), New York">Seneca Falls, New York</a>. </p><p>In 2018 <i>The Socialist</i>, the official publication of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a>, published the article "Remembering Socialist Feminist Crystal Eastman" by Lisa Petriello, which was written "on the 90th-year anniversary of her [Eastman's] death to bring her life and legacy once again to the public eye."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papers">Papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eastman's papers are housed at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Library of Congress has the following publications by Eastman in its collection, many of them published posthumously: </p> <ul><li><i> 'Employers' Liability,' a Criticism Based on Facts</i> (1909)</li> <li><i>Work-accidents and the Law</i> (1910)</li> <li><i>Mexican-American Peace Committee (Mexican-American league)</i> (1916)</li> <li><i>Work accidents and the Law</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Toward the Great Change: Crystal and Max Eastman on Feminism, Antimilitarism, and Revolution,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Wiesen_Cook" title="Blanche Wiesen Cook">Blanche Wiesen Cook</a> (1976)</li> <li><i>Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution,</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Wiesen_Cook" title="Blanche Wiesen Cook">Blanche Wiesen Cook</a> (1978)</li></ul> <ul><li>"Crystal Eastman: A Revolutionary Life," by Amy Aronson (2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Burns" title="Lucy Burns">Lucy Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_D._Wald" class="mw-redirect" title="Lillian D. Wald">Lillian D. Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fuller_(editor)" title="Walter Fuller (editor)">Walter Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Fuller" title="Jeffrey Fuller">Jeffrey Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_groups">Political groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Peace_Party" title="Woman's Peace Party">Woman's Peace Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_Against_Militarism" title="American Union Against Militarism">American Union Against Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Survey" title="The Pittsburgh Survey">The Pittsburgh Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Commission_on_Industrial_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations">U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberator_(magazine)" title="Liberator (magazine)">The Liberator</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">title = Crystal Eastman's Funeral Slip | <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://imgur.com/a/OTC3Mu5">https://imgur.com/a/OTC3Mu5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brittanica2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177433/Crystal-Eastman">"Crystal Eastman"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crystal+Eastman&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F177433%2FCrystal-Eastman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/Jeastman.htm">"Max Eastman"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Max+Eastman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FJeastman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ida Harper Husted, "A Woman Minister Who Presides Over a Large Eastern Church." <i>The San Francisco Chronicle,</i> January 27, 1901.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystaleastman.org/family/origins/">"Origins"</a>. <i>Crystal Eastman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crystal+Eastman&rft.atitle=Origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystaleastman.org%2Ffamily%2Forigins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nwhm2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nwhm2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwhm2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwhm2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123051653/http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/crystal-eastman/">"Crystal Eastman"</a>. National Women's History Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/crystal-eastman/">the original</a> on January 23, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Eastman&rft.pub=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwhm.org%2Feducation-resources%2Fbiography%2Fbiographies%2Fcrystal-eastman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Humphrey, <i>Children of Fantasy: The First Rebels of Greenwich Village</i> (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journey2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-journey2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastman1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman, Max</a> (1964). <i>Love and Revolution: My Journey Through an Epoch</i>. New York: Random House. p. 79-81,5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Revolution%3A+My+Journey+Through+an+Epoch&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-81%2C5&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Eastman&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2009" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Roger K. (2009). <i>The Yale biographical dictionary of American law</i>. Yale Law library series in legal history and reference. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11300-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11300-6"><bdi>978-0-300-11300-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+biographical+dictionary+of+American+law&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.series=Yale+Law+library+series+in+legal+history+and+reference&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11300-6&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Roger+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jone Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/crystal-eastman-biography-3530413">"Biography of Crystal Eastman, Feminist, Civil Libertarian, Pacifist"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Crystal+Eastman%2C+Feminist%2C+Civil+Libertarian%2C+Pacifist&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jone+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcrystal-eastman-biography-3530413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2021" class="citation web cs1">Levine, Lucie (May 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/the-feminist-history-of-child-allowances/">"The Feminist History of "Child Allowances"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>JSTOR Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JSTOR+Daily&rft.atitle=The+Feminist+History+of+%22Child+Allowances%22&rft.date=2021-05-12&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lucie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.jstor.org%2Fthe-feminist-history-of-child-allowances%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msmagazine2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msmagazine2_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016232557/http://www.msmagazine.com/winter2006/legacy.asp">"Women and Peace: The Legacy"</a>. Ms. Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msmagazine.com/winter2006/legacy.asp">the original</a> on October 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+Peace%3A+The+Legacy&rft.pub=Ms.+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msmagazine.com%2Fwinter2006%2Flegacy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americamagazine.org/arts-culture/2017/04/06/examining-american-peace-movement-prior-world-war-i">"Examining the American peace movement prior to World War I"</a>. <i>America Magazine</i>. April 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Magazine&rft.atitle=Examining+the+American+peace+movement+prior+to+World+War+I&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Farts-culture%2F2017%2F04%2F06%2Fexamining-american-peace-movement-prior-world-war-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/documents/crystal-eastman">"Crystal Eastman"</a>. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.atitle=Crystal+Eastman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcrystal-eastman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vassar2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vassar2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vassar2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vassar2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110508215249/http://innovators.vassar.edu/innovator.html?id=23">"Crystal Eastman"</a>. Vassar College: Innovators. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://innovators.vassar.edu/innovator.html">the original</a> on May 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Eastman&rft.pub=Vassar+College%3A+Innovators&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finnovators.vassar.edu%2Finnovator.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Peter Winnington, <i>Walter Fuller: The Man Who Had Ideas.</i> Letterworth Press, 2014. pp.188–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnington2014" class="citation book cs1">Winnington, G. Peter (2014). <i>Walter Fuller: the Man Who Had Ideas</i>. Mauborget: The Letterworth Press. pp. chapter 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9700654-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9700654-2-5"><bdi>978-2-9700654-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Fuller%3A+the+Man+Who+Had+Ideas&rft.pages=chapter+10&rft.pub=Mauborget%3A+The+Letterworth+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-9700654-2-5&rft.aulast=Winnington&rft.aufirst=G.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Peter Winnington, <i>Walter Fuller: The Man Who Had Ideas,</i> p.307</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americanrhetoric12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-americanrhetoric12_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Eidenmuller2009" class="citation web cs1">Michael E. Eidenmuller (February 13, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanrhetoric.com/top100speechesall.html">"Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank"</a>. American Rhetoric<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+Speeches+of+the+20th+Century+by+Rank&rft.pub=American+Rhetoric&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.au=Michael+E.+Eidenmuller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrhetoric.com%2Ftop100speechesall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keetley20052-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keetley20052_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Keetley2005" class="citation book cs1">Dawn Keetley (January 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3H087kqzlUC&pg=PA238"><i>Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism. 1900 to 1960. Vol. II</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 238–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2225-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-2225-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Women%2C+Public+Words%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+American+Feminism.+1900+to+1960.+Vol.+II&rft.pages=238-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2225-1&rft.au=Dawn+Keetley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3H087kqzlUC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Petriello2018" class="citation web cs1">Lisa Petriello (May 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528062227/http://www.thesocialist.us/remembering-socialist-feminist-crystal-eastman/">"The Socialist » Remembering Socialist Feminist Crystal Eastman"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesocialist.us/remembering-socialist-feminist-crystal-eastman/">the original</a> on May 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+%C2%BB+Remembering+Socialist+Feminist+Crystal+Eastman&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft.au=Lisa+Petriello&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesocialist.us%2Fremembering-socialist-feminist-crystal-eastman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218150944/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00562">"Eastman, Crystal, 1881–1928. Papers, 1889–1931: A Finding Aid"</a>. Harvard University Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00562">the original</a> on February 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastman%2C+Crystal%2C+1881%E2%80%931928.+Papers%2C+1889%E2%80%931931%3A+A+Finding+Aid&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foasis.lib.harvard.edu%2Foasis%2Fdeliver%2F~sch00562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrystal+Eastman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Aronson" title="Amy Aronson">Amy Aronson</a>, <i>Crystal Eastman: A Revolutionary Life</i>, Oxford University Press, 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Wiesen_Cook" title="Blanche Wiesen Cook">Blanche Wiesen Cook</a>, ed., <i>Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution.</i> (1978).</li> <li>Cook, Blanche Wiesen, "Radical Women of Greenwich Village," in <i>Greenwich Village,</i> eds. Rick Beard and Leslie Cohen Berlowitz. Newark: Rutgers University Press, 1993.</li> <li>Sochen, June, <i>The New Woman in Greenwich Village, 1910–1920</i>. New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972.</li> <li>Read J., Phyllis; Witlieb L., Bernard: <i>The Book of Women's Firsts</i>. New York Random House 1992.</li> <li>Kerber K., Linda; Sherron DeHart, Jane: <i>Women's America: Refocusing The Past</i>, Oxford University Press, 1995, 4th Edition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crystal_Eastman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Eastman%2C%20Crystal%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Crystal%20Eastman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Eastman%2C%20Crystal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Crystal%20Eastman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Crystal%20Eastman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Eastman%2C%20Crystal%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Crystal%20Eastman%22%29%20OR%20%28%221881-1928%22%20AND%20Eastman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Crystal Eastman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00562">Crystal Eastman Papers Finding Aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_Library" title="Schlesinger Library">Schlesinger Library</a>, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystaleastman.org/">crystaleastman.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Template:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Template talk:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil Liberties Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_Liberties_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Nash Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_DeSilver" title="Albert DeSilver">Albert DeSilver</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Ernst" title="Morris Ernst">Morris Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Elizabeth Gurley Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Arthur Garfield Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Nelles" title="Walter Nelles">Walter Nelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Ward" title="Harry F. Ward">Harry F. Ward</a> (1920–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_Holmes" title="John Haynes Holmes">John Haynes Holmes</a> (1940–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Angell" title="Ernest Angell">Ernest Angell</a> (1950–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ennis" title="Edward Ennis">Edward Ennis</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Dorsen" title="Norman Dorsen">Norman Dorsen</a> (1977–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Strossen" title="Nadine Strossen">Nadine Strossen</a> (1991–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_N._Herman" title="Susan N. Herman">Susan N. Herman</a> (2008–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Deborah Archer</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin" title="Roger Nash Baldwin">Roger Nash Baldwin</a> (1917–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_Malin" title="Patrick Murphy Malin">Patrick Murphy Malin</a> (1950–1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Pemberton_(ACLU)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Pemberton (ACLU) (page does not exist)">Jack Pemberton</a> (1962–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Neier" title="Aryeh Neier">Aryeh Neier</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Glasser" title="Ira Glasser">Ira Glasser</a> (1978–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_D._Romero" title="Anthony D. Romero">Anthony D. Romero</a> (2001–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklyn_Haiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklyn Haiman (page does not exist)">Franklyn Haiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hansen_(attorney)" title="Chris Hansen (attorney)">Chris Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucille Milner">Lucille Milner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Edward A. Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACLU_of_Hawai%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU of Hawai‘i">ACLU of Hawai‘i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_of_New_Jersey" title="American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey">American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="New York Civil Liberties Union">New York Civil Liberties Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Liberties_Bureau" title="National Civil Liberties Bureau">National Civil Liberties Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_Against_Militarism" title="American Union Against Militarism">American Union Against Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Defense_Union" title="Workers Defense Union">Workers Defense Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_the_American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="List of court cases involving the American Civil Liberties Union">List of court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACLU_Mobile_Justice" title="ACLU Mobile Justice">ACLU Mobile Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4945589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4945589#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4945589#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/18409462">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/283881/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfGkCPFCJr9bjJt3FkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133298515">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91032403">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p131818201">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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