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class="vector-toc-link" href="#1483_Defenestration_of_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1483 Defenestration of Prague</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1483_Defenestration_of_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1618_Defenestration_of_Prague" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1618_Defenestration_of_Prague"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1618 Defenestration of Prague</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1618_Defenestration_of_Prague-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1618 Defenestration of Prague subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1618_Defenestration_of_Prague-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defenestration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defenestration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Defenestration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defenestration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_defenestrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_defenestrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further defenestrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_defenestrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Defenestrations of Prague</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Прага дефенестрациялары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Прага дефенестрациялары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Пражскія дэфенестрацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пражскія дэфенестрацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пражка дефенестрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пражка дефенестрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difrenestri%C3%B1_Praha" title="Difrenestriñ Praha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Difrenestriñ Praha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestraci%C3%B3_de_Praga" title="Defenestració de Praga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Defenestració de Praga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_defenestrace" title="Pražská defenestrace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pražská defenestrace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prager_Fenstersturz" title="Prager Fenstersturz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prager Fenstersturz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestraciones_de_Praga" title="Defenestraciones de Praga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Defenestraciones de Praga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestraci%C3%B3ns_de_Praga" title="Defenestracións de Praga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Defenestracións de Praga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%98_%EC%B0%BD%EB%B0%96_%ED%88%AC%EC%B2%99%EC%82%AC%EA%B1%B4" title="프라하 창밖 투척사건 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라하 창밖 투척사건" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պրահայի դեֆենեստրացիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրահայի դեֆենեստրացիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ka_defenestracija" title="Praška defenestracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Praška defenestracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelemparan_di_Praha" title="Pelemparan di Praha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelemparan di Praha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პრაღის დეფენესტრაციები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრაღის დეფენესტრაციები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestratio_Pragensis" title="Defenestratio Pragensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Defenestratio Pragensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestratio_Pragensis" title="Defenestratio Pragensis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Defenestratio Pragensis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E7%AA%93%E5%A4%96%E6%94%BE%E5%87%BA%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="プラハ窓外放出事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラハ窓外放出事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Праган дефенестрацеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Праган дефенестрацеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestrasjonene_i_Praha" title="Defenestrasjonene i Praha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Defenestrasjonene i Praha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestracja_praska" title="Defenestracja praska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Defenestracja praska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestra%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_Praga" title="Defenestrações de Praga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Defenestrações de Praga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestra%C8%9Biile_de_la_Praga" title="Defenestrațiile de la Praga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Defenestrațiile de la Praga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Пражские дефенестрации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пражские дефенестрации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difinistrazzioni_di_Praga" title="Difinistrazzioni di Praga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Difinistrazzioni di Praga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ka_defenestracija" title="Praška defenestracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Praška defenestracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Прашка дефенестрација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Прашка дефенестрација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ka_defenestracija" title="Praška defenestracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Praška defenestracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestrationerna_i_Prag" title="Defenestrationerna i Prag – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Defenestrationerna i Prag" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prag_Defenestrasyonlar%C4%B1" title="Prag Defenestrasyonları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Prag Defenestrasyonları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Празька дефенестрація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Празька дефенестрація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desfenestrasion_de_Praga" title="Desfenestrasion de Praga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Desfenestrasion de Praga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%8B%E7%AA%97%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="布拉格拋窗事件 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布拉格拋窗事件" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q374696#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Incidents in Bohemian history (1419, 1483, 1618)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Defenestrations of Prague</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG/240px-Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG/360px-Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG/480px-Prager_Fenstersturz_Wahrhafftige_Zeitung_aus_Prag.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="930" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1618 defenestration as illustrated on a contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">leaflet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">July 30, 1419<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1419-07-30</span>)</span><br /> <p>September 24, 1483<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1483-09-24</span>)</span><br /> </p> May 23, 1618<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1618-05-23</span>)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Defenestrations of Prague</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Pražské defenestrace</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Prager Fenstersturz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Defenestratio Pragensis</i>) were three incidents in the history of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> in which people were <a href="/wiki/Defenestration" title="Defenestration">defenestrated</a> (thrown out of a window). Though already existing in <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>, the word <i>defenestrate</i> is believed to have first been used in English in reference to the episodes in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in 1618 when the disgruntled <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> estates threw two royal governors and their secretary out of a window of the <a href="/wiki/Hrad%C4%8Dany_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hradčany Castle">Hradčany Castle</a> and wrote an extensive <a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">apologia</a> explaining their action. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a> times, defenestration was not uncommon—the act carried elements of <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mob_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob violence">mob violence</a> in the form of murder committed together. </p><p>The first governmental defenestration occurred in 1419, the second in 1483 and the third in 1618, although the term "Defenestration of Prague" more commonly refers to the third. Often, however, the 1483 event is not recognized as a "significant defenestration", which leads to some ambiguity when the 1618 defenestration is referred to as the "second Prague defenestration". The first and third defenestrations helped to trigger a prolonged <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">religious conflict</a> inside Bohemia (the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>, 1st defenestration) or beyond (<a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, 3rd defenestration), while the second helped establish a religious peace in the country for 31 years (<a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">Peace of Kutná Hora</a>, 2nd defenestration). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_1419_Defenestration_of_Prague">The 1419 Defenestration of Prague</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The 1419 Defenestration of Prague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The First Defenestration of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> involved the killing of several members of the city council by a crowd of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussites</a> on 30 July 1419.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDelivsk%C3%BD" title="Jan Želivský">Jan Želivský</a>, a Hussite <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Snows_(Prague)" title="Church of Our Lady of the Snows (Prague)">church of the Virgin Mary of the Snows</a>, led his congregation on a procession through the streets of Prague to the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Prague)" title="New Town Hall (Prague)">New Town Hall</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Square" title="Charles Square">Charles Square</a>. The town council members had refused to exchange their Hussite prisoners. While they were marching, a stone was thrown at Želivský from the town hall and allegedly hit him.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enraged the mob and they stormed the town hall. Once inside the hall, the group defenestrated the judge, the <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomaster</a>, and several members of the town council. They were all killed by the fall.<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procession was a result of the growing discontent at the contemporary direction of the Church and the inequality between the peasants, the Church's prelates, and the nobility. This discontent combined with rising feelings of nationalism increased the influence of preachers such as Jan Želivský, influenced by <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>, who saw the state of the Catholic Church as corrupt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p> The First Defenestration was thus the turning point between talk and action leading to the prolonged <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a>. </p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Novoměstská radnice (lit. 'New Town Hall'), site of the 1419 defenestrations"><img alt="The Novoměstská radnice (lit. 'New Town Hall'), site of the 1419 defenestrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG/166px-Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG/250px-Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG/333px-Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_-_Det_nye_r%C3%A5dhuset_-_Navomestska_Radnice_-_The_New_Town_Hall_-_Nove_Mesto_-_First_defenestration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Prague)" title="New Town Hall (Prague)">Novoměstská radnice</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">New Town Hall</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), site of the 1419 defenestrations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liebscher,_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrated by Czech history painter Adolf Liebscher c. 1900"><img alt="Illustrated by Czech history painter Adolf Liebscher c. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg/161px-Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg/242px-Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg/323px-Liebscher%2C_Adolf_-_Svr%C5%BEen%C3%AD_kon%C5%A1el%C5%AF_s_Novom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A9_radnice_30._%C4%8Dervence_1419.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrated by Czech history painter <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Liebscher" title="Adolf Liebscher">Adolf Liebscher</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1483_Defenestration_of_Prague">1483 Defenestration of Prague</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1483 Defenestration of Prague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Special:EditPage/Defenestrations of Prague">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_(%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika,_1872).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png/262px-Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png/393px-Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png/524px-Defenestrace_v_Praze_roku_1483_%28%C4%8Cesko-moravsk%C3%A1_kronika%2C_1872%29.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>1872 illustration depicting the 1483 defenestrations, from <i>Česko-Moravská Kronika</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>This defenestration took place on 24 September 1483 during the storms of the Prague population during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II of Hungary</a>. He was king of Bohemia at that time but he became the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> only after <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> died in 1490.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was then that the party of the <a href="/wiki/Communion_under_both_kinds" title="Communion under both kinds">Communion under both kinds</a>, fearing for their influence, carried out a violent coup in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_(Prague)" title="Old Town (Prague)">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Prague" title="New Town, Prague">New</a> towns and <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Strana" title="Malá Strana">Lesser Town</a>. The Old Town <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">Burgomaster</a> and the dead bodies of seven New Town councilors were defenestrated from the respective town halls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The coup in Prague contributed to the limitation of ruling power and prevented the resumption of pre-Hussite conditions. </p><p>On October 6, 1483, three Prague municipalities signed a treaty on unity and common action, which brought the dominion of the <a href="/wiki/Utraquism" title="Utraquism">Utraquism</a>. The development then led to <a href="/wiki/Religious_peace_of_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Religious peace of Kutná Hora">religious reconciliation</a> and the declaration of equality of both churches at the Kutná Hora Assembly in 1485. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1618_Defenestration_of_Prague">1618 Defenestration of Prague</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1618 Defenestration of Prague"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg/233px-Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg/350px-Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg/466px-Prague_Castle_defenestration_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>The window (top floor) where the 1618 defenestration occurred. A monument stands to the right of the castle tower.</figcaption></figure> <p>This defenestration significantly influenced the history of Europe and led to the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Special:EditPage/Defenestrations of Prague">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/300px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/450px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg/600px-Prager.Fenstersturz.1618.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>1662 woodcut of the 1618 event, by engraver <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian_the_Elder" title="Matthäus Merian the Elder">Matthäus Merian the Elder</a> for chronicler <a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Abelin" title="Johann Philipp Abelin">Johann Philipp Abelin</a>'s <i>Theatrvm Evropaevm</i></figcaption></figure><p>In 1555, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> had settled religious disputes in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> by enshrining the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a></i>, allowing a prince to determine the religion of his subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> since 1526 had been governed by <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> kings, who did not force their Catholic religion on their largely Protestant subjects. In 1609, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia (1576–1612), increased Protestant rights. He was increasingly viewed as unfit to govern, and other members of the Habsburg dynasty declared his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias</a>, to be family head in 1606. Matthias began to gradually wrest territory from Rudolf, beginning with Hungary. In 1609, to strengthen his hold on Bohemia, Rudolf issued the <i><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Majesty" title="Letter of Majesty">Letter of Majesty</a></i>, which granted Bohemia's largely Protestant estates the right to freely exercise their religion, essentially setting up a Protestant Bohemian state church controlled by the estates, "dominated by the towns and rural nobility".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Rudolf's death, Matthias succeeded in the rule of Bohemia (1612–1619) and extended his offer of more legal and religious concessions to Bohemia, relying mostly on the advice of his chancellor, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Klesl" title="Melchior Klesl">Melchior Klesl</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conflict was precipitated by two factors: Matthias, already aging, and without children, made his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand of Styria</a>, his heir and had him elected king in 1617. Ferdinand was a proponent of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and not likely to be well-disposed to Protestantism or Bohemian freedoms. Bohemian Protestants opposed the royal government as they interpreted the Letter of Majesty to extend not only to the land controlled by the nobility or self-governing towns but also to the king's own lands. Whereas Matthias and Klesl were prepared to appease these demands, Ferdinand was not; in 1618 he forced the Emperor to order the cessation of construction of some <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> chapels on royal land. When the Bohemian estates protested against this order, Ferdinand had their assembly dissolved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defenestration">Defenestration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defenestration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Defenestrations_of_Prague" title="Special:EditPage/Defenestrations of Prague">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22">"Defenestrations of Prague"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Defenestrations+of+Prague%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 23 May 1618, four Catholic lords regent, Count <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Bo%C5%99ita_of_Martinice" title="Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice">Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice</a>, Count <a href="/wiki/Vilem_Slavata_of_Chlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilem Slavata of Chlum">Vilem Slavata of Chlum</a>, Adam II von Sternberg (who was the supreme <a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">burgrave</a>), and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobkowitz (who was the grand prior), arrived at the Bohemian Chancellery at 8:30 am. After preparing the meeting hall, members of the dissolved assembly of the three main Protestant estates gathered at 9:00 am, led by <a href="/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_Maty%C3%A1%C5%A1_Thurn" title="Jindřich Matyáš Thurn">Count Thurn</a>, who had been deprived of his post as <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgrave" title="Burgrave">burgrave</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Karl%C5%A1tejn_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlštejn Castle">Karlštejn Castle</a> by the Emperor. The Protestant lords' agenda was to clarify whether the four regents present were responsible for persuading the Emperor to order the cessation of Protestant church construction on royal lands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Count of Martinice himself: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lord Paul Rziczan read aloud<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a letter with the following approximate content: His Imperial Majesty had sent to their graces the lord regents a sharp letter that was, by our request, issued to us as a copy after the original had been read aloud, and in which His Majesty declared all of our lives and honour already forfeit, thereby greatly frightening all three Protestant estates. As they also absolutely intended to proceed with the execution against us, we came to a unanimous agreement among ourselves that, regardless of any loss of life and limb, honour and property, we would stand firm, with all for one and one for all<span class="nowrap"> </span>... nor would we be subservient, but rather we would loyally help and protect each other to the utmost, against all difficulties. Because, however, it is clear that such a letter came about through the advice of some of our religious enemies, we wish to know, and hereby ask the lord regents present, if all or some of them knew of the letter, recommended it, and approved of it.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slawata001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slawata001.jpg/240px-Slawata001.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slawata001.jpg/360px-Slawata001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Slawata001.jpg/480px-Slawata001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Vilem_Slavata_of_Chlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilem Slavata of Chlum">Vilem Slavata of Chlum</a></i>, 1618 enamel on copper, by a follower of <a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Custos" title="Dominicus Custos">Dominicus Custos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the regents gave any answer, they requested that the Protestants give them the opportunity to confer with their superior, <a href="/wiki/Waldstein_family" title="Waldstein family">Adam von Waldstein</a>, who was not present. If they were given the opportunity, the Protestants were to receive an official answer to their grievance by the next Friday (the encounter took place on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Ascension Day</a>, and they all had to observe the holy day). The Protestant lords, however, demanded an immediate answer. Two regents, Adam II von Sternberg and Matthew Leopold Popel Lobkowitz, were declared innocent by the Protestant Estate holders, deemed to be too pious to have any responsibility in the preparation of the Emperor's letter. They were removed from the room; before leaving, Adam II von Sternberg made it clear that they "did not advise anything that was contrary to the Letter of Majesty". This left Count Vilem Slavata of Chlum and Count Jaroslav Bořita of Martinice (who had replaced Thurn as castellan), both known Catholic hard-liners, and <a href="/wiki/Filip_Fabricius" title="Filip Fabricius">Philip Fabricius</a>, the secretary to the regents. They eventually acknowledged responsibility for the letter and, presuming they would only be arrested, welcomed any punishment the Protestants had planned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p> Count von Thurn turned to both Martinice and Slavata and said, "You are enemies of us and of our religion, have desired to deprive us of our Letter of Majesty, have horribly plagued your Protestant subjects<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and have tried to force them to adopt your religion against their wills or have had them expelled for this reason." Then to the crowd of Protestants, he continued, "Were we to keep these men alive, then we would lose the Letter of Majesty and our religion<span class="nowrap"> </span>... for there can be no justice to be gained from or by them". Shortly thereafter, the two regents and their secretary were defenestrated, but they survived the 70-foot (21-metre) fall from the third floor.<sup id="cite_ref-beaulac2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaulac2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mackay_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics maintained the men were saved by angels or by the intercession of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a>, who caught them; later Protestant <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphleteers</a> asserted that they survived due to falling onto a dung heap, a story unknown to contemporaries and probably coined in response to divine intervention claims. Philip Fabricius was later ennobled by the Emperor and granted the title <i>Baron von Hohenfall</i> (literally 'Baron of Highfall').<sup id="cite_ref-vehse_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vehse-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1527px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 505px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 500px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1844 illustration by Czech-Austrian painter Karel Svoboda"><img alt="1844 illustration by Czech-Austrian painter Karel Svoboda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg/241px-Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg/361px-Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg/481px-Karel_Svoboda_Defenestrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1844 illustration by Czech-Austrian painter <a href="/wiki/Karel_Svoboda_(artist)" title="Karel Svoboda (artist)">Karel Svoboda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 505px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 500px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pražská defenestrace roku 1618 by Czech painter Václav Brožík, 1890"><img alt="Pražská defenestrace roku 1618 by Czech painter Václav Brožík, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg/322px-V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="322" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg/483px-V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg/644px-V%C3%A1clavBRO%C5%BD%C3%8DK-Defenestrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pražská defenestrace roku 1618</i> by Czech painter <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bro%C5%BE%C3%ADk" title="Václav Brožík">Václav Brožík</a>, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 505px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 500px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polyxena of Lobkowitz safeguarding royal officials Slavata and Martinic, thrown out of windows of the royal castle in Prague in 1618, by Brožík, c. 1880–1891"><img alt="Polyxena of Lobkowitz safeguarding royal officials Slavata and Martinic, thrown out of windows of the royal castle in Prague in 1618, by Brožík, c. 1880–1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg/293px-Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg/439px-Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg/585px-Brozik_Vaclav_017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Polyxena_of_Lobkowicz" title="Polyxena of Lobkowicz">Polyxena of Lobkowitz</a></i> <i>safeguarding royal officials <a href="/wiki/Vilem_Slavata_of_Chlum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilem Slavata of Chlum">Slavata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Borzita_of_Martinice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice">Martinic</a>, thrown out of windows of the royal castle in Prague in 1618</i>, by Brožík, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880–1891</span> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after the defenestration, the Protestant estates and Catholic Habsburgs started gathering allies for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutmann_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutmann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Matthias in 1619, Ferdinand II was elected Holy Roman Emperor. At the same time, the Bohemian estates deposed him as King of Bohemia and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V,_Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick V, Elector Palatine">Frederick V, Elector Palatine</a>, a leading <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and son-in-law of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, King of Scotland, England and Ireland. </p><p>Because they deposed a properly chosen king, who also happened to be emperor, the Protestants could not gather the international support they needed for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutmann_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutmann-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just two years after the defenestration, Ferdinand and the Catholics regained power in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a> on November 8, 1620. This became known as the first battle in the Thirty Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was plundering and pillaging in Prague for weeks following the battle. Several months later, twenty-seven nobles and citizens were tortured and <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square_execution" title="Old Town Square execution">executed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Square" title="Old Town Square">Old Town Square</a>. Twelve of their heads were impaled on iron hooks and hung from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Bridge_Tower" title="Old Town Bridge Tower">Old Town Bridge Tower</a> as a warning. This contributed to the resentment that gave rise to the Thirty Years' War.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_defenestrations">Further defenestrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further defenestrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More events of defenestration have occurred in Prague during its history, but they are not usually called "defenestrations of Prague". </p><p>Sometimes, the name "the fourth" or "the third defenestration of Prague" is used, although it has no standard meaning. For example, it has been used<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the death of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Masaryk" title="Jan Masaryk">Jan Masaryk</a>, who was found below the bathroom window of the building of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 March 1948. The official report listed the death as a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was widely believed he was murdered, either by the nascent Communist government in which he served as a non-partisan foreign minister, or by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">Soviet secret services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Prague police report in 2004 concluded after forensic research that at least one other person was involved in Masaryk's death.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report was seemingly corroborated in 2006 when a Russian journalist said that his mother knew the Russian intelligence officer who defenestrated Masaryk.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a more recent investigation opened in 2019 again called those findings into question, with new research claiming that Masaryk fell not from the bathroom window, but from the adjacent exterior ledge. That investigation was shelved in 2021, with investigators citing a continuing lack of sufficient evidence to make conclusive determinations regarding the events of Masaryk's death.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPichova2023" class="citation web cs1">Pichova, Hana (2023-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/3b591k520">"Prague as the Site of Defenestration: On the Twentieth Anniversary of Bohumil Hrabal's Death"</a>. <i>The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230615123427/https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/3b591k520">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/1866/1373/1/The%20Westphalian%20Legal%20Orthodoxy%20-%20Myth%20or%20Reality.pdf">"The Westphalian Legal Orthodoxy – Myth or Reality?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the History of International Law</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 148–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718050020956812">10.1163/15718050020956812</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1866%2F1373">1866/1373</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815132659/https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/bitstream/1866/1373/1/The%20Westphalian%20Legal%20Orthodoxy%20-%20Myth%20or%20Reality.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Westphalian+Legal+Orthodoxy+%E2%80%93+Myth+or+Reality%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-177&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1866%2F1373&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718050020956812&rft.aulast=Beaulac&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapyrus.bib.umontreal.ca%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2F1866%2F1373%2F1%2FThe%2520Westphalian%2520Legal%2520Orthodoxy%2520-%2520Myth%2520or%2520Reality.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefenestrations+of+Prague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackay-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackay_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKayHillBuckler1995" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D.; Buckler, John (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0000mcka_vb/page/498/mode/2up"><i>A history of Western society: from the Renaissance to 1815</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Prague+International&rft.atitle=Police+shelve+investigation+into+mysterious+death+of+Jan+Masaryk&rft.date=2021-03-10&rft.aulast=Fra%C5%88kov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=K%C3%A9zrov%C3%A1%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.radio.cz%2Fpolice-shelve-investigation-mysterious-death-jan-masaryk-8711639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefenestrations+of+Prague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Henry Frederick Schwarz, <i>The Imperial Privy Council in the Seventeenth Century</i> (Cambridge, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1943, issued as volume LIII of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_Historical_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard Historical Studies (page does not exist)">Harvard Historical Studies</a></i>), pp. 344–347 (it contains an English translation of part of Slavata's report of the incident is printed in).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&oldid=1258014144">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defenestrations_of_Prague&oldid=1258014144</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th_century_in_Prague" title="Category:17th century in Prague">17th century in Prague</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1410s_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Category:1410s in the Holy Roman Empire">1410s in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th_century_in_Bohemia" title="Category:15th century in Bohemia">15th century in Bohemia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1618_in_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Category:1618 in the Habsburg monarchy">1618 in the Habsburg monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_defenestration" title="Category:Deaths by defenestration">Deaths by defenestration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hussite_Wars" title="Category:Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incidents_of_anti-Catholic_violence" title="Category:Incidents of anti-Catholic violence">Incidents of anti-Catholic violence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Category:Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1419_in_Europe" title="Category:1419 in Europe">1419 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Category:Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Category:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Czech-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Czech-language text">Articles containing Czech-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2024">Articles needing additional references from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2022">Articles needing additional references from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 18:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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