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It aims to dismantle the prevailing narratives of development that perpetuate these inequalities and critiques the prevailing structures and relations of power that define the lives of those categorized as 'underdeveloped'. 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const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=36026961"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper explores the intertwined nature of global inequalities and imperialism, arguing that both concepts are mutually reinforcing and entrenched in the legacy of modernity. It aims to dismantle the prevailing narratives of development that perpetuate these inequalities and critiques the prevailing structures and relations of power that define the lives of those categorized as 'underdeveloped'. 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Honor Fagan and Ronaldo Munck (eds.), 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development and imperialism: rethinking old concepts for a new age","attachmentId":58377235,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35783753/Development_and_imperialism_rethinking_old_concepts_for_a_new_age","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35783753/Development_and_imperialism_rethinking_old_concepts_for_a_new_age"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="66883799" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66883799/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_and_x2028_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku">The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change edited by J. Timmons Roberts and A. Bellone Hite&#x2028; Globalization, Development and Human Security edited by Anthony McGrew and Nana K. Poku</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38401308" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PennyGriffin">Penny Griffin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Development and Change, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book is an intellectual tour de force. It considers the contemporary Keynesian intellectual counter-revolution with regard to the political economy of underdevelopment. The basic thesis of the work is that there were two economic epochs in the postwar period. The first constituted the golden age of capitalism (1945-1973), to borrow a phrase coined by Cambridge (UK) Keynesians. The second period, post-1980, was not so benevolent an age. The global growth record of all countries and regions during the golden age was phenomenal-nobody disagrees. In the second phase since 1980 there has been considerable divergence in global growth and income, mainly because of economic collapse in Africa and Latin America, making the last two decades of the twentieth century lost decades for some. Again there is no disagreement with that-the question is why. Writers such as Amartya Sen talk about capabilities and rights without much reference to the costs of their provision. Jeffrey Sachs speaks of the big-push fundamentalism of increasing aid (mainly to Africa). Bill Easterly outlines the abject failure of development assistance. Dani Rodrik advocates a more eclectic and technocratic 'identify the constraints to growth' approach. Paul Collier elucidates on the povertyconflict traps of the bottom billion along with possible Iraq/Afghanistan-like protracted interventions to prevent conflict re-igniting. In this book Amsden argues that the first postwar era succeeded because developing countries were left alone to pursue independent strategies of economic development that were also 'demand' driven, while during the second phase they were subjected to colonial style prescriptions dictated by the structural adjustment syndrome; something that morphed into poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), which is really structural adjustment in drag. Both periods, Amsden argues, were driven by American dominance of an empire, unprecedented in its sheer size and extent. The golden age has been described as the era of 'Pax Americana'; the post-1980 globalization phase is likely to be remembered as less benign. Throughout history empires last while they are seen to provide security and prosperity in return for the tribute they exact. Underlying the thinking behind the second phase was the market fundamentalism of the 'Washington Consensus' quartet, something that has latterly changed its emphasis to institutional quality. The Washington consensus 'high priests' are curiously unforthcoming in producing a popular version of their own solutions to the world's contemporary economic predicament. Could they be a tad embarrassed by their failure to deliver? What is missing in Amsden's analysis is the fact that the earlier American and Western laissez faire (or in Richard's Nixon's words: 'don't give a damn') attitude to the home-grown development strategies of the third world was predicated on a genuine fear of countries adopting, in whole or in part, the alternative Soviet model. In fact, countries like India did rather well by playing off the two superpowers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change edited by J. Timmons Roberts and A. Bellone Hite\u0026#x2028; Globalization, Development and Human Security edited by Anthony McGrew and Nana K. Poku","attachmentId":77908411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66883799/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_and_x2028_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66883799/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_and_x2028_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="74884028" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74884028/Globalisation_and_Development_Inequalities_Challenges_and_Prospects_for_A_just_Development_">Globalisation and Development Inequalities: Challenges and Prospects for ‘A just Development’</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47179753" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JTagarirofa">Jacob Tagarirofa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Greener Journal of Social Sciences, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper explores the ramifications of globalisation as a process, ideology and a theory on the embryonic and apparent discrepancies in development status between and within nations. It illuminated on the socioeconomic and political forces behind globalisation and the implications of that process on access to resources, exercise of political and economic power in international governance and the resultant asymmetrical relations between nations in the global village. This endeavour was enabled through a multi-perspective approach in which various macro and micro sociological theories defined the lens for analysis some which entails the New International Division of Labour theory and the World Systems' theory as they were intrinsically a function and agent for the materialisation of the process of globalisation. Methodologically, the paper adopted the qualitative comparative case study approach which perfectly ushered the opportunity to juxtapose intricacies of different events and outcomes of the lopsided international relations on development between nations in the global village. The paper maintained the notion that, globalisation was an ideological apparatus meant to mystify and veil the realities of exploitation dictated by the new world system yet positively skewed to the Industrialised World at the peril of the Developing Countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Globalisation and Development Inequalities: Challenges and Prospects for ‘A just Development’","attachmentId":82876483,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74884028/Globalisation_and_Development_Inequalities_Challenges_and_Prospects_for_A_just_Development_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74884028/Globalisation_and_Development_Inequalities_Challenges_and_Prospects_for_A_just_Development_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="70751115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70751115/The_Persistent_Problem_Inequality_Difference_and_the_Challenge_of_Development">The Persistent Problem: Inequality, Difference, and the Challenge of Development</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28980701" href="https://virginia.academia.edu/JohnEcheverriGent">John Echeverri-Gent</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Persistent Problem: Inequality, Difference, and the Challenge of Development","attachmentId":80368472,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70751115/The_Persistent_Problem_Inequality_Difference_and_the_Challenge_of_Development","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70751115/The_Persistent_Problem_Inequality_Difference_and_the_Challenge_of_Development"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="3288011" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3288011/Imperialism_and_Underdevelopment_in_the_Thirdworld">Imperialism and Underdevelopment in the Thirdworld</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3770366" href="https://unn-ng.academia.edu/ItaitaWilson">Itaita W I L S O N Perewari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Indeed, imperialism has been one of the most dominant forces in world politics over the last four centuries, carving up whole countries while oppressing indigenous peoples and obliterating entire civilizations. Imperialism is not just about armies, labor and gold. Imperialism has a cultural dimension. When one part of the world systematically oppresses another, it changes not only the material make-up of those societies, it also affects the cultures. According to Rodney (1972): “Africa in the fifteenth century was not just a jumble of different ‘tribes.’ There was a pattern and there was historical movement. Societies such as feudal Ethiopia and Egypt were at the furthest point of the process of evolutionary development. Zimbabwe and the Bachwezi states were also clearly on the ascent away from communalism, but at a lower level than the feudal states and a few others that were not yet feudal such as those in Western Sudan.” This above insight by Rodney shows that Africa had a particular pattern of development before interference from without the continent. As it was and still is with Africa so has it been with the rest of the third world countries in Asia and Latin America. This is why we can say that the political and economic life of the so-called Third –World countries cannot be discussed or given a cursory glance without taking consideration of the influence of the developed or industrialized nations of the west and North America. This view came as an antithesis to the Modernization paradigm of political economy, which stated that the third world’s economic and political life can be studied as a closed system meaning; underdevelopment in the third world is an original situation. However , the above thesis remains what the neo-Marxist scholars of the school of imperialism have come to contradict, because truly the politics of the third- world countries of Asia ,Africa, and Latin America ,cannot be studied outside the imperialist incursion of the third world , which is an offshoot of the growth of advanced capitalism. This is why Lenin in his book considered imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism. Capitalism as an economic ideology was influenced greatly by the Industrial Revolution in the west, starting from Britain in 1760(Collins concise encyclopedia) , and later spreading to other parts of Europe in the 18th century. The growth of capitalism and its spread around Europe further brought about the saturation of the European markets. So in essence there was need for markets elsewhere for these goods. So the continents of Africa, Asia and Latin America became seen as veritable markets for for these goods. Thus was born the idea of colonialism, which was consequently a manifestation of imperialism, whereby territories were turned into colonies of the principal authority for the main purpose of plunder. The colonization of the third world countries by imperialist Europe halted and distorted the development patterns that were being followed by the now called third world countries. Where these imperialists were not allowed to peacefully assume power, they took it by force. Today, even after the decolonization of the countries of the so-called third world, the industrialized nations are not only exporting goods but also capital in the form of machinery, technology, investments and loans. This paper is aimed at elucidating the concept and phenomenon of imperialism vis-à-vis the underdevelopment situation in the third world today.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imperialism and Underdevelopment in the Thirdworld","attachmentId":31122871,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3288011/Imperialism_and_Underdevelopment_in_the_Thirdworld","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3288011/Imperialism_and_Underdevelopment_in_the_Thirdworld"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="66883796" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66883796/The_globalization_and_development_reader_perspectives_on_development_and_global_change">The globalization and development reader: perspectives on development and global change</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38401308" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PennyGriffin">Penny Griffin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This book is an intellectual tour de force. It considers the contemporary Keynesian intellectual counter-revolution with regard to the political economy of underdevelopment. The basic thesis of the work is that there were two economic epochs in the postwar period. The first constituted the golden age of capitalism (1945-1973), to borrow a phrase coined by Cambridge (UK) Keynesians. The second period, post-1980, was not so benevolent an age. The global growth record of all countries and regions during the golden age was phenomenal-nobody disagrees. In the second phase since 1980 there has been considerable divergence in global growth and income, mainly because of economic collapse in Africa and Latin America, making the last two decades of the twentieth century lost decades for some. Again there is no disagreement with that-the question is why. Writers such as Amartya Sen talk about capabilities and rights without much reference to the costs of their provision. Jeffrey Sachs speaks of the big-push fundamentalism of increasing aid (mainly to Africa). Bill Easterly outlines the abject failure of development assistance. Dani Rodrik advocates a more eclectic and technocratic 'identify the constraints to growth' approach. Paul Collier elucidates on the povertyconflict traps of the bottom billion along with possible Iraq/Afghanistan-like protracted interventions to prevent conflict re-igniting. In this book Amsden argues that the first postwar era succeeded because developing countries were left alone to pursue independent strategies of economic development that were also 'demand' driven, while during the second phase they were subjected to colonial style prescriptions dictated by the structural adjustment syndrome; something that morphed into poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs), which is really structural adjustment in drag. Both periods, Amsden argues, were driven by American dominance of an empire, unprecedented in its sheer size and extent. The golden age has been described as the era of 'Pax Americana'; the post-1980 globalization phase is likely to be remembered as less benign. Throughout history empires last while they are seen to provide security and prosperity in return for the tribute they exact. Underlying the thinking behind the second phase was the market fundamentalism of the 'Washington Consensus' quartet, something that has latterly changed its emphasis to institutional quality. The Washington consensus 'high priests' are curiously unforthcoming in producing a popular version of their own solutions to the world's contemporary economic predicament. Could they be a tad embarrassed by their failure to deliver? What is missing in Amsden's analysis is the fact that the earlier American and Western laissez faire (or in Richard's Nixon's words: 'don't give a damn') attitude to the home-grown development strategies of the third world was predicated on a genuine fear of countries adopting, in whole or in part, the alternative Soviet model. In fact, countries like India did rather well by playing off the two superpowers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The globalization and development reader: perspectives on development and global change","attachmentId":77908415,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66883796/The_globalization_and_development_reader_perspectives_on_development_and_global_change","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66883796/The_globalization_and_development_reader_perspectives_on_development_and_global_change"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="3530680" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3530680/The_Poverty_of_the_Global_Order_co_authored_with_Philip_McMichael_">The Poverty of the Global Order (co-authored with Philip McMichael)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3006218" href="https://ualberta.academia.edu/DiaDaCosta">Dia Da Costa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Globalizations, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">"This paper argues that the legitimacy of the global order depends not on economic progress alone, but on the progressive naturalization of its epistemological foundations, through ‘new solutions’ to old problems by states and development agencies. New solutions become methods of social control through which the dominant visions of what count as viable futures are reproduced. We critique efforts to humanize development (e.g., by the World Bank, Amartya Sen) as evidence of development’s epistemological crisis. Deploying Karl Polanyi’s distinction between formal and substantive economy, we consider examples of substantive economy, which realize equality through strategic sovereignty and representational power, in collective and individual terms. These represent practical and epistemological ‘spaces of hope’ for critique of the crisis of the market epistemology that infects development studies and international relations."</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Poverty of the Global Order (co-authored with Philip McMichael)","attachmentId":31255791,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3530680/The_Poverty_of_the_Global_Order_co_authored_with_Philip_McMichael_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3530680/The_Poverty_of_the_Global_Order_co_authored_with_Philip_McMichael_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="46442535" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/46442535/Development_policies_do_they_really_fight_against_global_inequalities_and_injustice_An_alternative_and_critical_analysis">Development policies: do they really fight against global inequalities and injustice? An alternative and critical analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44210592" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/AnderArredondoChopitea">Ander Arredondo Chopitea</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines development policies in the fight against inequalities and global justice using alternative and critical theories, establishing the connections between the capitalist system and development policies as a social phenomenon inherent to it, and thus examining if these policies can address their abstract motivations and goals of justice and equality. The general findings of the paper suggest that development policies contribute to the intensive and extensive expansion of capitalism, as an instrument to impose and never confront Western economic’ interests. Moreover, the concepts of "charity discourse" and "development imperative" are introduced as the ideological foundations of development policies, which serve both to extend the idea that the struggle against inequalities and injustice generated by the capitalist system can and must be resolved within the framework of this system, and as as a device of social control and hegemony production from Western societies to the rest of the world.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development policies: do they really fight against global inequalities and injustice? An alternative and critical analysis","attachmentId":80129777,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46442535/Development_policies_do_they_really_fight_against_global_inequalities_and_injustice_An_alternative_and_critical_analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/46442535/Development_policies_do_they_really_fight_against_global_inequalities_and_injustice_An_alternative_and_critical_analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="59059800" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59059800/Reflections_on_development_grassroots_approaches_and_alternative_politics_in_the_Third_World">Reflections on ‘development’: grassroots approaches and alternative politics in the Third World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="70301228" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndresEscobar80">Andres Escobar</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on ‘development’: grassroots approaches and alternative politics in the Third World","attachmentId":73172840,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59059800/Reflections_on_development_grassroots_approaches_and_alternative_politics_in_the_Third_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59059800/Reflections_on_development_grassroots_approaches_and_alternative_politics_in_the_Third_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="30821120" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30821120/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku">The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change edited by J. Timmons Roberts and A. Bellone Hite; Globalization, Development and Human Security edited by Anthony McGrew and Nana K. Poku</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="767706" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/PennyGriffin">Penny Griffin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Development and Change, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Globalization and Development Reader: Perspectives on Development and Global Change edited by J. Timmons Roberts and A. Bellone Hite; Globalization, Development and Human Security edited by Anthony McGrew and Nana K. Poku","attachmentId":51254208,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30821120/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30821120/The_Globalization_and_Development_Reader_Perspectives_on_Development_and_Global_Change_edited_by_J_Timmons_Roberts_and_A_Bellone_Hite_Globalization_Development_and_Human_Security_edited_by_Anthony_McGrew_and_Nana_K_Poku"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55913351,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":55913351,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_55913351" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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